SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

IRAWAN YUSUF
Department of Physiology
Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University
Makassar

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS IT ?
Signal transduction is a series of steps by which
external stimuli are converted into chemical
signals and than into cellular responses. A
hormone or neurotransmitter binds to a specific
receptor in the cell wall. This stimulates cell to
produce second messengers which relay the
hormonal signal to intracellular sites triggering
the cells various responses.
Previous

Next

INTRODUCTION
WHAT HAPPENS?
A signal transduction pathway can be divided
into three nain steps
Perception perception of the environment
Transduction the first messenger trigger the
increase of second messenger
Induction the cellular response to the stimulus
Previous

Next

INTRODUCTION
Cells

communicate with each other via chemical

messengers
Signal transduction.
There are three general types of intercellular
communication:
Paracrine communication
Autocrine communication
Endocrine communication

Previous

Next

The Component of Signal Transductions

Ligands

(hormones,

drugs)
Receptors
Second Messengers
Effectors

Previous

Next

neurotransmitters,

Structure and function of receptors

Chemical Messengers

Neurotransmitters: Chemicals released from nerve

endings which travel across a nerve synapse to
bind with receptors on target cells, such as muscle
cells or another nerve. Usually short lived and
responsible for messages between individual cells

Hormones: Chemicals released from cells or glands

and which travel some distance to bind with
receptors on target cells throughout the body

Chemical messengers switch on receptors without

undergoing a reaction

Previous

Next

Nerve1

Blood
supply

Nerve2
Hormone
Neurotransmitters

Previous

Next

Receptors for Ligands

Many

of the receptors for chemical messengers

have now been isolated and characterized
There are three types of receptor; membrane
receptor, cytoplasmic receptor and nuclear
receptor
Their propertis change quantitatively (downregulation or up-regulation) or qualitatively
(desensitization or hypersensitization) with
changes in physiologic conditions
Previous

Next

Second Messenger
Molecules

that transmit and amplify signal

Several second messengers have now been
isolated and characterized
cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)
cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate)
IP3 (inositol triphosphate)
DAG (diacylgliserol)
Ca2+
Previous

Next

Effectors
Molecules

affected by second messengers

Effectors affected by second messenger through
phosphorylation or transcription
Effectors concits of:
Ion channels
Genes
Enzymes

Previous

Next

PS

S
(-)

ACh

K+ Channel

M
Gi
AC, adenylate cyclase enzyme
ACh, acetylcholine
3,5-AMP, 3,5-adenin monophosphate
ATP, adenin triphosphate
cAMP, cyclic adenin monophosphate
Gi, G protein inhibitory
Gs, G protein stimulatory
NE, norepinephrine
PDE, phosphodiesterase enzyme
PKA, protein kinase A

NE

Ca2+ Channel

Gs

AC

ATP

PKA
cAMP
phosphorylation
PDE
3,5-AMP

Gene transcriptions

C-fibers terminal

Glutamate

Subs P

Na+ Channel

Ca2+ Channel

NMDA

AMPA NK1
IP3

Na+

Ca2+
PKA
(Phosphorylation)

Cornu Posterior Axon

PKC
(Phosphorylation)

Mechanism of Light Excitation

Dark state

Light state

Mechanism of Light Excitation