Name Climate Change & Air Pollution 1. Base your answers to questions 29 and 30 on the following graph SUNSPOT NUMBER A 1980 1985 1990 1995 7000 2005, DATE @NASA If given a graph of temperature for the same dates asin the above graph, the temperature graph would bbe expected to look most like which of the following? 4 2) ake alerenkesianian a oe 9 ) hava 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2008 1960 1986 1980 1996 2000 2006 DATE DATE DA tl 4980 4985 1890 1895 2000 2005 DATEBase your answers to questions 2 through 5 on the following air pollutants (A) CFCs (B) Ozone (© Carbon dioxide (D) Sulfur dioxide © DDT Fluctuates seasonally because of photosynthetic plants AA BB OC DD HE Releases chlorine into the atmosphere once hit by UV radiation AA BB ©)C DD HE Is the major pollutant that wet scrubbers, unlike other commonly used devices, can remove from exhaust gases of electric power and industrial plants AA BB OC DD HE Known to cause human neurological damage AA BB OC DD HE Increased acid deposition in an area near the Ohio Valley can lead to which of the following effects on ‘human health? A) Causing acute skin diseases B) Changing the pH of drinking water ©) Causing additional coronary disease D) Exacerbating respiratory problems E) Increasing the number of miscarriages Primary pollutants such as NO are typically able to bbe transported by prevailing winds above cities A) inthe B) in the warmer air above the inversion layer ©) in the inversion layer D) in the colder air below the inversion layer E) in the warmer air below the inversion layer der air above the inversion layer In the eastern US, the main source of acid rain is A) SO: emissions from coal-burning plants B) SO: emissions from motor vehicles ©) CO2 emissions from motor vehicles D) NOx emissions form motor vehicles E) NOs emissions from coal-buming plants 9. Which of the following is NOT a secondary air pollutant? A) SO2 B) O3 ©) S03 D) PANs E) Ha02 10, Which of the following statements about urban industrial smog is FALSE? A) Nine out of ten of the most air-polluted cities due to industrial smog can be found in China B) Itis still a problem today in most developed countries because of the large amounts of coal that is bumed. C) Itis amajor problem in industrialized urban areas of developing countries because of the large amounts of coal that is bumed. D) Tiny particles such as salt and the carbon in soot give smog its gray color E) Metal sulfide ores such as PbS when roasted or smelted can release sulfur dioxide, which leads to industrial smog 11. In comparison to brownish smog, A) is formed from UV rays B) is found above crowded cities C) isincreased by motor vehicle exhaust D) is formed mostly from sulfur dioxide E) is not increased by volcano eruptions 12. High levels of “bad,” ground-level ozone have NOT been measured above gray-air smog A) tropical rainforests where hydrocarbons are naturally released by the trees and vegetation, B) deserts where UV rays have a more penetrating effect with increased libido C) oceans where atmospheric particles in sea water can be converted by sunlight D) cities with sunny, warm, and dry climates E) areas with lots of motor vehicles13. Compounds such as NO2, Os, and PANs are A) photochemical oxidants that can irritate the respiratory tract and damage vegetation B) photochemical reductants that can iritate ‘mucus membranes and damage vegetation C) photochemical oxidants that can cause spontaneous combustion D) primary pollutants that can irritate the mucus membranes and pollute aquatic ecosystems E) secondary pollutants that can iritate the skin and pollute aquatic ecosystems 14. Acid deposition can be formed by 1 NOpreacting with water vapor Il. SOs reacting with water vapor IIL. COtreacting with water vapor A) Tonly B) Iand Il only ©) Land I only D) Tand II only E) 1,11, and Il 15. A city is immersed in a brownish tinted smog. What can be inferred from this observation? A) UV says had nothing to do with the formation, of this brownish haze B) The automobiles in the city alone are responsible for this brownish haze C) Anearby coal-fired factory is responsible for this brownish haze D) Nitrogen dioxide is responsible for this brownish haze E) Sulfur dioxide is responsible for this brownish haze 16. Secondary pollutants are ALWAYS A) formed by UV rays B) emitted by factories and cars C) found near cities and urban areas D) formed from primary pollutants E) precursors to acid rain 17. Which of the following is a deadly, colorless, and odorless gas that can accumulate when a caris left running in a sealed garage? A) COB) NO2 C) $02 D) SPM E) Os 18. SO» and CO> emissions in the US primarily originate from A) oil buming and industry respectively B) coal buming and cars respectively C) coal buming and forest fires respectively D) volcanoes and cars respectively E) oil buming and cars respectively 19, Which of the following is NOT anatural source of air pollutants such as carbon oxides and sulfur oxides? A) Volcanoes B) Forest fires C) Decaying plants D) Salt particulates from oceans E) The above are all sources of air pollutants World production of major chlorofluorocarbons. onnesyear) : ae 1200000 1000 000 mm CFE-1 20, According to the graph above, which period is characterized by the greatest decrease in CFC emissions? A) 1973-1976 C) 1988-1991 E) 1994-1997 B) 1985-1881 D) 1991-1994Base your answers to questions 21 and 22 on the graph below. In the Netherlands, there was a shift in fuel usage from oil to natural gas. However, the mid-1980s saw an increased usage in coal which reversed the trend caused by the previous fuel shift Then in 1983, the sulfur content in coal began to be reduced and fuel gas desulphurization began, both to minimize pollution. ficoney Improvement rodeo sulphur ontent in eoal [tue gs ‘esulpharzatin greatest promise for the future in reducing S02 emissions? A) Efficiency improvement of fuel usage B) Efficiency improvement of fuel usage C) Reduction of sulfur content in coal D) The shift from oil to natural gas E) Desulphurization of flue gas ‘Which of the following policy changes has resulted in the largest net reduction of SO2 emissions so far? A) Efficiency improvement of fuel usage B) The increase in coal usage C) Reduction of sulfur content in coal D) The shift from oil to natural gas E) Desulphurization of flue gas 23. Which of the following is NOT a property of sulfur dioxide, SO2? A) Itis acolorless gas B) Ithas an odor C) It causes many people to have respiratory problems D) A source of the gas is paper manufacturing E) It accumulates in human tissue 24, All of the following are major sources of nitrogen oxides EXCEPT A) volcanic gases B) batteries C) lightning-atmosphere reactions D) oil combustion E) forest fires 25, Within the last three decades, US emissions of NOx has and US emissions of SO2 has A) increased, increased B) increased, decreased C) decreased, decreased D) decreased, increased E) remained constant, increased 26. Radon is found 1 in drinking water IL in building materials IIL in the atmosphere A) Ionly B) [only C) Monly D) Land III only E) | land Ill 27. Which of the following is an example of a secondary pollutant? A) Carbon monoxide B) Sulfur dioxide C) Ozone D) Nitrous oxide E) None of the above 28. Which of the following elements is NOT important in the formation of industrial smog? AC BO ON D)He EH29. Which of the following substances is believed to be amajor source of acid rain? A) CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) B) CFC’s C) Sodium Hydroxide D) SO> (Sulfur Dioxide) E) Dioxin 30. Photochemical smog A) is produced from photographic chemicals such as silver nitrate B) is generated through the sunlight-activated conversion of NO2 to NO C) is present mainly in developing nations D) is known also as London-type smog E) is characterized by high levels of sulfur dioxide 31. The largest single source of CFCs to the atmosphere is A) aerosol propellants B) refrigerators C) electronic part cleaners D) car air conditioners E) foam product manufacture 32. The majority of NOs emission is caused by A) industrial fuel combustion B) electric utilities C) transportation D) denitrification E) industrial chemical synthesis 33. Which of the following greenhouse gases has the longest life span? A) methane B) carbon dioxide C) nitrous oxide D) chlorofluorocarbons E) ozone 34. Since the 1980's, worldwide output of CFC's has B) decreased D) remained the same A) ceased entirely C) increased E) gone unmeasured 35 36 37. 38 39 The periodic fluctuations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration are most directly explained by A) daily variations in air temperature B) daily variations in sea level C) seasonal variations in photosynthetic activity D) variations in ocean temperature E) variations in levels of industrial activity ‘Which of the following atmospheric pollutants is entirely anthropogenic in origin? A) Carbon dioxide B) Nitrogen oxides C) Polychlorinated biphenyls D) Methane E) All ofthe above Which of the following is a colorless gas with an unpleasant odor that damages plastic and breaks down rubber? A) Sulfur dioxide C) Ozone E) Argon Sources of suspended particulate matter (PM1o) include all of the following EXCEPT A) factory exhaust B) volcanoes C) unpaved roads D) anclear power plants E) plowing B) Nitrogen Dioxide D) Carbon Dioxide ‘Which of the following environmentally hazardous behaviors is INCORRECTLY matched with its effect? ‘A) Burning fossil fuels--adds CO2 and O3 to the troposphere B) Using nitrogen fertilizers--produces acid rain C) Refining petroleum--releases toxic heavy metals into troposphere D) Deforestation--increases soil erosion E) Strip mining-- leaches carcinogens into groundwater40 41 43 44 45. ‘Acid rain contributes to all of the following EXCEPT A) the deterioration of paint and stone B) increased maintenance costs C) leached soil nutrients D) depleted fish stocks E) decreased lead and copper concentrations in drinking water The term "smog" refers to 1 the atmospheric formation of ozone and peroxyacyl nitrates IL sulfur dioxide emissions IIL high-phosphorous dust clouds A) only B) Ionly C) Monly D) Land I only E) | Nand Ill All of the following are considered greenhouse gases EXCEPT A) methane B) nitrous oxide (N20) ©) carbon dioxide D) helium E) carbon tetrafluoride ‘The highest concentrations of acid deposition in the world can be found in A) US B) Russia ©) France D) Saudi Arabia E) China ‘Natural rainfall without the influe pollution has a pH of A)20 B)56 ©)72 D)83 Carbon monoxide emissions are ce of human air E) 121 I greater in developed countries than developing countries IL greater in high income countries than low income countries IIL greater in North America than in Europe A) Tonly B) only ©) Monly D) Tand I only E) I, Wand II 46. Emissions of all the following have declined since 1970 EXCEPT A) particulate matter C) carbon monoxide E) VOCs According to a 1998 WHO repost, seven of the ten most polluted cities in the world are in China This is due primarily to B) sulfur dioxide D) nitrogen oxides 47 A) an abundance of nuclear energy plants B) the effects of agricultural runoff C) sulfur dioxide and soot D) particulate matter emissions E) volatile plant-derived isoprene 48. Which of the following types of vegetation is most vulnerable to acid deposition? A) Mountaintop forests because they have thin soils and are filled with evergreens B) Valley forests because acid runoff tends to accumulate in valleys C) Taiga forests because they have soils that are low in calcium and magnesium D) Rainforests because there is the most surface area and nutrient leaching E) Deciduous forests in temperate areas because they have thin soils and lose their leaves seasonally 49. Which of the following human influences on the nitrogen cycle most effectively contributes to the proliferation of weedy plant species which can outgrow and perhaps eliminate other plant species? ‘A) Removing nitrogen from the soil by mining nitrogen containing minerals B) Removing nitrogen from topsoil by harvesting nitrogen rich crops C) Adding large amounts of NO into the atmosphere by burning fuels D) Adding NO? to the atmosphere through the action of anaerobic bacteria on commercial fertilizers E) Accelerating the deposition of acidic nitrogen compounds onto terrestrial ecosystems50 51 53 Reduced calcium in soil decreases plant productivity and soil's ability to buffer acids. This in tum causes more soil acidification which further depletes soil nutrients. This is an example of A) threshold points B) bioaccumulation C) additivity D) negative feedback E) synergistic effects ‘Which of the following is NOT away in which deposition of chemicals such as H2SO4 can harm. vegetation? A) By releasing aluminum ions from insoluble compounds, hindering uptake of nutrients by plants B) By deoxygenating soil after reacting with calcium compounds C) By leaching plant nutrients such as magnesium from soils D) By promoting the growth of acid-loving mosses that kill trees E) By weakening trees so that they are more susceptible to disease ‘Which of the following is the best description of a DIRECT way in which acid rain harms vegetation? A) By dissolving away the chlorophyll from plant leaves B) By bumming through the roots of many types of vegetation C) By dissolving normally insoluble compounds such as heavy metals D) By burning holes in leaves and needles E) By damaging the waxy cuticle of leaves and needles, causing nutrients to leach ‘Acid deposition can A) never stimulate plant and tree growth B) continuously stimulate plant and tree growth by adding nitrates and sulfates into the soil C) stimulate plant and tree growth only briefly at first by adding nitrates and sulfates into the soil D) continuously stimulate fish and phytoplankton, growth by adding phosphates into water E) stimulate fish and phytoplankton growth only briefly at first by adding phosphates into ‘water 54. Acid rain d all of the following EXCEPT ‘A) damaging the surfaces of leaves B) interrupting gas exchange C) causing hypervitaminosis D) stunting growth E) encouraging the growth of competing mosses 55, Which of the following is NOT true about acid deposition in the US currently? A) The acidity in soils and lakes has decreased B) Sulfate concentrations in many lakes have declined. C) Much of the calcium and magnesium has already been leached out of soils and water D) SO2 emissions are lower than in 1990. E) NOs emissions have remained about the same since 1990. 56. Which of the following does NOT happen when a lake becomes more and more acidic? A) decomposing bacteria die out B) the bottom is covered with undecayed detritus C) fish populations disappear D) less desirable species of plankton invade E) moss populations die out near the shores 57. Al*3is A) leached into the water by acid rain, killing fish by asphyxiating them with their own mucus B) leached into the water by acid rain, poisoning Aish by accumulating in their fatty tissues C) leached into the water by excess nutrients, poisoning fish by causing acid shock D) directly added to aquatic systems by runoff from industrial waste, killing fish by asphyziating them with their own mucus E) directly added to aquatic systems from acid rain, poisoning fish by accumulating in their fatty tissues creases the productivity of vegetation by58 59 0. 61 63 ‘Which of the following is the most telling sign that acid deposition is occurring to alake? A) An increase in the concentration of aluminum ions B) An increase in the pH of the lake C) A change in the color of the lake to dark green D) A decrease in the number of aquatic organisms in a tributary siver E) A increase in water level Limestone is used in lakes affected by acid deposition because itis A) anatural base C) anatural acid E) aneutral base B) anatural alkaloid D) anatural buffer ‘As the pH of an aquatic environment decreases, the first species to disappear are A) phytoplankton —_B) algae ©) aquaticinsects DD) anadromous fish E) zooplankton ‘Airin a suburban area suffers from traffic-clogged motor vehicles and spraying of pesticides. Which of the following places most likely would be the best place to avoid breathing air pollutants? A) An office building B) Acar stuck in traffic C) An outdoors area D) Aresidential house E) A factory ‘Which of the following is the best way to reduce acid deposition in the US? A) Making smokestacks higher B) Building more smokestacks C) Adding calcium carbonate into lakes D) Switching from fossil fuels to other types of energy E) Developing acid resistant phytoplankton ‘The use of plants to clean up polluted soil is known as A) dilution C) bioremediation E) none of the above B) vapor extraction D) phytoremediation 64 65 66 ‘The Montreal Protocol of 198° the following to take place? A) Complete elimination of CFC’s by all by 1996. B) Complete elimination of CFC’s in developed countries by 1996 and less-developed countries by 2010, C) Reduction in transportation emissions to levels, ‘equal to those of the 1960s. D) Stabilization of greenhouse gases for the next one hundred years. E) Stabilization of greenhouse gases for the next fifty years The greenhouse effect relies on the greenhouse gases absorbing what kind of radiation? called for which of untries A) infrared rays C) microwaves E) x-rays B) ultraviolet rays D) visible light rays ‘Which of the following is a fact that scientists are entirely positive about? ‘A) Global warming is a natural climate change trend B) Global warming is occurring C) Greenhouse gases have resulted in global ‘warming D) The earth's surface temperatures will continue rising E) Global warming is amain cause of ozone depletion,67. Which statement about the greenhouse gases water vapor and CO is TRUE? A) COzis the primary greenhouse gas b its high concentration and is more easily influenced by human activities B) Water vapor is the primary greenhouse gas because offits high concentration and is more easily influenced by human activities C) Water vapor is the primary greenhouse gas because of its high concentration but CO2is more easily influenced by human activities D) CO>is the primary greenhouse gas because of its high concentration but water vapor is more easily influenced by human activities E) Water vapor and CO: are equally important as greenhouse gases and are equally influenced by human activities se of 68. Which statement concerning the greenhouse effect is correct? A) Greenhouse gases absorb various wavelengths across the spectrum and transform this radiation to shorter wavelengths of radiation B) Greenhouse gases absorb various wavelengths of infrared and transform this radiation to shorter wavelengths of radiation. C) Greenhouse gases absorb various wavelengths of visible light and transform this radiation to longer wavelengths of radiation D) Greenhouse gases absorb various wavelengths of infrared and transform this radiation to longer wavelengths of radiation E) Greenhouse gases absorb various wavelengths of infrared and reflect this radiation back towards the Earth ‘Which of the following is a result of human interference in the carbo 6 A) Carbon gained by the ocean is transmitted to the atmosphere as carbon monoxide B) The atmosphere is gaining 2 gigatons/year of carbon, C) The land is absorbing 3 gigatons/year of carbon D) The ocean is gaining 2 gigetonslyear of carbon E) Very little of the carbon gained by the atmosphere is in the form of greenhouse gases 70 n Ozone depletion has all of the following effects upon the environment EXCEPT ‘A) areduction in food-crop production B) a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration C) a disruption of marine food chains D) an increased occurrence of skin c E) areduction in primary productivity in marine ecosystems ‘Which of the following groups of chemicals contributes to ozone depletion? cer A) CFC's B) PCB's C) HID's D) Furans E) Alkaloids ‘Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a result of ozone depletion? A) Increase in the incidence of melanoma B) Increase in the frequency of squamous « carcinomas C) Decrease in amphibian populations D) Increase in global temperature E) Increase in cataracts among livestock near the AntarcticB 74 ‘Changes between 1980 and 2000 Ed Sok 4 : — ames a Siete a ca aa on Above is a graph of ozone changes from 1980 to 2000 across the differing latitudes of the earth. What is the cause for the great discrepancy between ozone depletion at the poles and ozone depletion at the tropics? I Airin the stratosphere over the tropic has only been recently transported there from the lower atmosphere, causing for alower concentration of halogens I. Airin the stratosphere over the poles has remained there for years, allowing a higher concentration of halogens to accumulate IIL Polar vortexes form at the poles to force CFCs and ODCs to accumulate A) Ionly B) Land Il only ©) MandIlonly —D) Land Ill only E) 1,1, and I ‘Nitrogenous pollution contributes to all of the environmental problems EXCEPT: A) photochemical smog B) excess calcium and potassium compounds in soil ©) global warming D) ozone depletion E) acid rain 15: 16 7. Nitrogen Nitric Dioxide Oxide GAM Noon 3PM Time Shown above is shown a graph of the typical daily pattem of change in concentrations of air pollutants that lead to the development of photochemical smog over a city such as L.A. Which of the following most likely does X represent? A) HNOs B) NO3 C) Os D) (NH4)2SO4 E) NH3 Which of the following is the primary agent in the destruction of ozone? A) Carbon dioxide B) Chlorofluorocarbons C) High-sulfur coal D) Nitrous oxide E) Photochemical smog Alll of the following statements about the Kyoto Protocol are true EXCEPT A) The Kyoto Protoc States B) The Kyoto Protocol requires a reduction in greenhouse emissions C) The Kyoto Protocol has stricter requirements than the Montreal Protocol D) The Kyoto Protocol was signed by thirty-eight industrialized countries E) The Kyoto Protocol followed the Montreal Protocol ‘was signed by the United78. In late 2000, which of the following nations refused to honor the reductions in CO2 production it agreed to make under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol A) China B) Japan C) Germany D) us E) All of the above nations have honored the Kyoto Protocol 79. Which of the following is the first treaty that was signed by 36 nations in 1987 to cut emissions of CFCs into the atmosphere by 35% by the year 2000? A) Copenhagen Protocol B) Montreal Protocol C) London Protocol D) WMO Frotocol E) EPA Prot