Specific Learning

Disabilities
National Association
of Special Education
Teachers

IDEA defines a specific learning disability as:

The term means a disorder in one or more of

the basic psychological processes involved
in understanding or in using language,
spoken or written, that may manifest itself
in an imperfect ability to listen, think,
speak, read, write, spell, or to do
mathematical calculations, including
conditions such as perceptual disabilities,
brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction,
dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.

Learning Disability
Disorders

not included. The term

does not include learning problems
that are primarily the result of visual,
hearing, or motor disabilities, of
mental retardation, of emotional
disturbance, or of environmental,
cultural, or economic disadvantage.

Learning Disability

Under the Individuals with Disabilities

Education Improvement Act 2004 the
definition of a specific learning disability
is unchanged. However, Section 1414(b)(6)
IDEA 2004 states that schools shall not be
required to take into consideration whether
a child has a severe discrepancy between
achievement and intellectual ability in oral
expression, listening comprehension,
written expression, basic reading skill,
reading comprehension, mathematical
calculation, or mathematical reasoning.

Learning Disabilities
Learning

disabilities can be
characterized by a discrepancy
between a students ability and his or
her achievement in areas such as
reading, writing, mathematics, or
speaking. This option is up to the
individual school, or agency doing
the assessment.

Learning Disability
Discrepancy

Formula
EGE = # year in school x IQ
100+ 1.0
EGE = MA + CA + Grade Age / 3 5
SD = CA IQ
300+ .17 2.5

Causes
learning

disabilities. Learning
disabilities are presumed to be
disorders of the central nervous
system and a variety of factors may
contribute to their occurrence.
Learning disabilities may be due to:

Causes
Heredity.

Learning disabilities tend

to run in families. It is not unusual to
discover that people with learning
disabilities come from families in
which other family members have
reported similar difficulties.

Causes
Problems

during pregnancy and

childbirth. Learning disabilities may
be caused by illness or injury during
or before birth. Learning disabilities
may also be caused by the use of
drugs and alcohol during pregnancy,
RH incompatibility with the mother (if
untreated), premature or prolonged
labor or lack of oxygen or low weight
at birth.

Causes
Incidents

after birth. Head

injuries, nutritional deprivation,
poisonous substances, (e.g., lead),
and child abuse can contribute to
learning disabilities

Characteristics
Students who have learning disabilities may
exhibit a wide range of traits, including:
problems with reading comprehension
spoken language
writing
reasoning ability
Hyperactivity
Inattention
perceptual coordination problems may also
be associated with learning disabilities.

Characteristics
Other

traits that may be present

include a variety of symptoms,
such as:
uneven and unpredictable test
performance
perceptual impairment
motor disorders

Characteristics
behaviors

such as impulsiveness
low tolerance for frustration
problems in handling day-to-day
social interactions and situations
inconsistent school performance

Characteristics
difficulty

remembering today
what was learned yesterday, but
may know it tomorrow
short attention span (restless,
easily distracted)

Characteristics
letter

and number reversals

(sees "b" for "d" or "p", "6" for
"9", "pots" for "stop" or "post")
poor reading (below age and
grade level)
frequent confusion about
directions and time (right-left,
up-down, yesterday-tomorrow)

Characteristics

personal disorganization
(difficulty in following simple
directions/schedules; has trouble
organizing, planning, and
making best use of time;
frequent loss or misplacement of
homework, schoolbooks, or other
items)

Characteristics
impulsive

and/or inappropriate
behavior (poor judgment in
social situations, talks and acts
before thinking)
failure on written tests but high
scores on oral exams (or vice
versa)

Characteristics

speech problems (immature language

development, trouble expressing
ideas, poor word recall)
difficulty understanding and following
instructions unless they are broken
down to one or two tasks at a time
seems immature and has difficulty
making friends

Characteristics
trouble

remembering what
someone just told him or her
poor coordination (in gross
motor activities such as walking
or sports and/or in fine motor
activities such as tying a
shoelace, holding a pencil, or
handwriting - inconsistent, slow,
messy, or illegible)

Characteristics
difficulty

interpreting body
language, facial expression, or
tone of voice
difficulty with development of
sound/symbol correspondence

Learning Disabilities
Learning disabilities may occur in
the following academic areas:
Spoken language: Delays,
disorders, or discrepancies in
listening and speaking;
Written language: Difficulties
with reading, writing, and
spelling;

Learning Disabilities
Arithmetic:

Difficulty in
performing arithmetic functions
or in comprehending basic
concepts;
Reasoning: Difficulty in
organizing and integrating
thoughts; and
Organization skills: Difficulty in
organizing all facets of learning.

Learning Disabilities
Some

of these problems can be

found in all children at certain
stages of development. When a
child has a cluster of symptoms
that do not disappear as she/he
gets older, you might suspect
learning disabilities.

Common Types
I-Dyslexia - a language-based
disability in which a person has
trouble understanding words,
sentences, or paragraphs.

Symptoms of Dyslexia
Symptoms in preschoolers
Some of the symptoms of dyslexia or SLD
in a preschooler could include:
Delayed speech.
Problems with pronunciation.
Problems with rhyming words and learning
rhymes.
Difficulty with learning shapes, colors and
how to write their own name.
Difficulty with retelling a story in the right
order of events.

Symptoms of Dyslexia
Symptoms in primary school children
Some of the symptoms in a primary school
age child could include:
Problems with reading a single word.
Regularly confuses certain letters when
writing, such as 'd' and 'b' or 'm' and 'w'.
Regularly writes words backwards, such as
writing 'pit' when the word 'tip' was
intended.

Symptoms of Dyslexia
Problems

with grammar, such as

learning prefixes or suffixes.
Tries to avoid reading aloud in class.
Doesn't like reading books.
Reads below their expected level.

Symptoms of Dyslexia

Symptoms in high school children

Some of the symptoms in a high school
student could include:
Poor reading.
Bad spelling, including different
misspellings of the same word in one
writing assignment.
Difficulties with writing summaries.
Problems with learning a foreign language.

Types
II-Dyscalculia - a mathematical
disability in which a person has a
difficult time solving arithmetic
problems and grasping math
concepts.

Dyscalculia-Symptoms
Normal

or accelerated language
acquisition: verbal, reading, writing.
Poetic ability. Good visual memory for
the printed word. Good in the areas
of science (until a level requiring
higher math skills is reached),
geometry (figures with logic not
formulas), and creative arts.

Dyscalculia-Symptoms
Difficulty

with the abstract concepts

of time and direction. Inability to
recall schedules, and sequences of
past or future events. Unable to keep
track of time. May be chronically
late.

Dyscalculia-Symptoms
Mistaken

recollection of names. Poor

name/face retrieval. Substitute
names beginning with same letter.

Dyscalculia-Symptoms

Inconsistent results in addition,

subtraction, multiplication and division.
Poor mental math ability. Poor with money
and credit. Cannot do financial planning or
budgeting. Checkbooks not balanced.
Short term, not long term financial
thinking. Fails to see big financial picture.
May have fear of money and cash
transactions. May be unable to mentally
figure change due back, the amounts to
pay for tips, taxes, etc

Dyscalculia-Symptoms
When

writing, reading andrecalling

numbers, these common mistakes
are made: number additions,
substitutions, transpositions,
omissions, and reversals.

Dyscalculia-Symptoms

Inability to grasp and remember math

concepts, rules, formulas, sequence (order
of operations), and basic addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division
facts. Poor long term memory (retention &
retrieval) of concept mastery- may be able
to perform math operations one day, but
draw a blank the next! May be able to do
book work but fails all tests and quizzes.

Dyscalculia-Symptoms
May

be unable to comprehend or
"picture" mechanical processes. Lack
"big picture/ whole picture" thinking.
Poor ability to "visualize or picture"
the location of the numbers on the
face of a clock, the geographical
locations of states, countries, oceans,
streets, etc.

Dyscalculia-Symptoms
Poor

memory for the "layout" of

things. Gets lost or disoriented
easily. May have a poor sense of
direction, loose things often, and
seem absent minded. (Remember
the absent minded professor?)

Dyscalculia-Symptoms
May

have difficulty grasping

concepts of formal music education.
Difficulty sight-reading music,
learning fingering to play an
instrument, etc.

Dyscalculia-Symptoms
May

have poor athletic coordination,

difficulty keeping up with rapidly
changing physical directions like in
aerobic, dance, and exercise classes.
Difficulty remembering dance step
sequences, rules for playing sports.

Dyscalculia-Symptoms
Difficulty

keeping score during

games or difficulty remembering how
to keep score in games, like bowling,
etc. Often looses track of whose turn
it is during games, like cards and
board games. Limited strategic
planning ability for games, like chess.

Types
III-Dysgraphia - a writing disability in
which a person finds it hard to form
letters or write within a defined
space.

Dyscalculia-Symptoms
Generally

illegible writing (despite

appropriate time and attention given
the task)
Inconsistencies: mixtures of print and
cursive, upper and lowercase, or
irregular sizes, shapes, or slant of
letters
Unfinished words or letters, omitted
words

Dyscalculia-Symptoms
Inconsistent

position on page with

respect to lines and margins.
Inconsistent spaces between words
and letters
Cramped or unusual grip, especially:
Holding the writing instrument very
close to the paper, or
Holding thumb over two fingers and
writing from the wrist

Dyscalculia-Symptoms
Strange

wrist, body, or paper position

Talking to self while writing, or
carefully watching the hand that is
writing

Dyscalculia-Symptoms
Slow

or labored copying or writing even if it is neat and legible

Content which does not reflect the
student's other language skills

Types
IV-Dysorthographia: Individuals with
this disorder have difficulties utilizing
clues from several sources that aid in
deciding on the correct spelling of a
word. It is a specific learning
disability that involves an inability or
delay in learning to properly spell
words from letters

DysorthographiaSymptoms
Dysorthographia

involves persistent
problems with symbol recognition
and ordering that are essential for
proper spelling.

DysorthographiaSymptoms
People

who are poor spellers typically

have trouble analyzing the sounds,
syllables, and meaningful parts of
words in both spoken language and
written language.

DysorthographiaSymptoms
.

In addition, they often have trouble

learning other types of symbolic
codes such as math facts and math
operation signs

Types
Auditory

and Visual Processing

Disabilities - sensory disabilities in
which a person has difficulty
understanding language despite
normal hearing and vision. HANDOUT

Prevalence
As

many as 1 out of every 5 people

in the United States has a learning
disability. Almost 3 million children
(ages 6 through 21) have some form
of a learning disability and receive
special education in school.

Prevalence
In

fact, over half of all children who

receive special education have a
learning disability

Gender Differences
LD

is twice as common in males as in

females, Males are significantly more
likely than females to fall within each
major disability group.

Co-morbidity
Co-morbidity

means that certain

diseases and disorders tend to
occur together

In

25% of the cases of Learning

disabilities, a co-morbid
condition is Attention
Deficit/Hyperactive DisorderAD/HD

Educational Implications
Supports

or changes in the classroom

(sometimes called accommodations)
help most students with LD.

Educational Implications
Specifically,

technology can help

individuals with disabilities become
more efficient and effective learners

Other Facts
Learning

disabilities should not be

confused with other disabilities such
as mental retardation, autism,
deafness, blindness, and behavioral
disorders.

Other Facts
New

statistics indicate that

about 47.5% of the disability
population are individuals with
learning disabilities

Other Facts
Approximately

85% of all
individuals with learning disabilities
have difficulties in the area of
reading.

Other Facts
44%

of parents who noticed their

child exhibiting signs of problems
with learning waited a year or more
before acknowledging their child
might have a serious problem.

Other Facts
35%

of children with learning

disabilities drop out of high school.
This is twice the rate of students
without learning disabilities. Of those
who do graduate, less than two
percent attend a four-year college,
despite the fact that many are above
average in intelligence.