N.D.Cal. 3-15-cv-04324 48 0

Case 3:15-cv-04324-WHO Document 48 Filed 03/20/16 Page 1 of 17
1 IRELL & MANELLA LLP

David A. Schwarz (State Bar No. 159376)
2 DSchwarz@irell.com
1800 Avenue of the Stars, Ste. 900
3
Los Angeles, CA 90067-4276
4 Tel: 310-277-1010
Fax: 310-203-7199
5
PETA FOUNDATION
6 Jeffrey S. Kerr (admitted pro hac vice)
JeffK@petaf.org
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1536 16th Street NW
8 Washington, DC 20036
Tel: 202-540-2171
9 Fax: 202-540-2208
10 Matthew Strugar (State Bar No. 232951)
11 Matthew-s@petaf.org
Martina Bernstein (State Bar No. 230505)
12 MartinaB@petaf.org
2154 W. Sunset Boulevard
13 Los Angeles, CA 90026
Tel: 323-739-2701
14 Fax: 213-484-1648
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Attorneys for Plaintiff
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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19 NARUTO, a Crested Macaque, by and through

his Next Friends, PEOPLE FOR THE
20 ETHICAL TREATMENT OF ANIMALS,
INC., and ANTJE ENGELHARDT, Ph.D.
21
Plaintiff,
22
vs.
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24 DAVID JOHN SLATER, an individual,

BLURB, INC., a Delaware corporation, and
25 WILDLIFE PERSONALITIES, LTD., a
United Kingdom private limited company,
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Defendants.
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Case No.: 15-cv-4324-WHO

NOTICE OF APPEAL AND
REPRESENTATION STATEMENT OF
PLAINTIFF NARUTO
Judge: Hon. William H. Orrick
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4066884
________________________________________________
NOTICE OF APPEAL
Plaintiff and Appellant Naruto, a Crested Macaque, by and through his Next Friend,
2 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Inc. (PETA) and Dr. Antje Engelhardt, hereby
3 appeals to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit from (1) the Judgment of the
4 District Court, entered in this case on February 18, 2016 (Dkt. No. 47), a copy of which is attached
5 hereto as Exhibit A; and (2) the District Courts Order Granting Motions to Dismiss, entered in
6 this case on January 28, 2016 (Dkt. No. 45), a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit B.
7 Dated: March 20, 2016
Respectfully submitted,
IRELL & MANELLA LLP
By: /s/ David A. Schwarz

David A. Schwarz
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________________________________________________
NOTICE OF APPEAL
4066884
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REPRESENTATION STATEMENT
Pursuant to Rule 12(b) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure and Ninth
3 Circuit Rule 3-2, all parties to the action are listed below along with the names, addresses and
4 telephone numbers of their respective counsel.
5
For plaintiff and appellant Naruto:
IRELL & MANELLA LLP

DSchwarz@irell.com
Tel: 310-277-1010
Fax: 310-203-7199
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PETA FOUNDATION
Jeffrey S. Kerr (to be admitted pro hac vice)
JeffK@petaf.org
1536 16th Street NW
Washington, DC 20036
Tel: 202-540-2171
Fax: 202-540-2208
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PETA FOUNDATION
Matthew Strugar (State Bar No. 232951)
Matthew-s@petaf.org
MartinaB@petaf.org
Los Angeles, CA 90026
Tel: 323-739-2701
Fax: 213-484-1648
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For defendant and appellee Blurb, Inc.:
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COOLEY LLP
Jessica Valenzuela Santamaria (220934) (jsantamaria@cooley.com)
Angela L. Dunning (212047) (adunning@cooley.com)
Jacqueline B. Kort (284370) (jkort@cooley.com)
3175 Hanover Street
Palo Alto, CA 94304-1130
Telephone: (650) 843-5000
Facsimile: (650) 849-7400
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________________________________________________
NOTICE OF APPEAL
4066884
-2 -
For defendants and appellees David John Slater and Wildlife Personalities, Ltd.:
Andrew J. Dhuey (State Bar No. 161286)

ajdhuey@comcast.net
456 Boynton Avenue
Berkeley, CA 94707
Tel: 510-528-8200
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Dated: March 20, 2016
IRELL & MANELLA LLP

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David A. Schwarz
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________________________________________________
NOTICE OF APPEAL
4066884
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EXHIBIT A
0.0 01
Case
Case3:15-cv-04324-WHO
3:15-cv-04324-WHO Document
Document48
47 Filed
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Page61of
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1 IRELL & MANELLA LLP

2 DSchwarz@irell.com
3
4 Tel: 310-277-1010
Fax: 310-203-7199
5
PETA FOUNDATION
6 Jeffrey S. Kerr (to be admitted pro hac vice)
JeffK@petaf.org
7
1536 16th Street NW
8 Washington, DC 20036
Tel: 202-540-2171
9 Fax: 202-540-2208
10 Matthew Strugar (State Bar No. 232951)
Matthew-s@petaf.org
11
12 MartinaB@petaf.org
13 Los Angeles, CA 90026
Tel: 323-739-2701
14 Fax: 213-484-1648
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19 NARUTO, a Crested Macaque, by and through

his Next Friends, PEOPLE FOR THE
20 ETHICAL TREATMENT OF ANIMALS,
INC., and ANTJE ENGELHARDT, Ph.D.
21
Plaintiff,
22
vs.
23
24 DAVID JOHN SLATER, an individual,

BLURB, INC., a Delaware corporation, and
25 WILDLIFE PERSONALITIES, LTD., a
United Kingdom private limited company,
26
Defendants.
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Case No.: 15-cv-4324-WHO

JOINT STIPULATION AND JUDGMENT
Complaint filed: September 23, 2015
Judge: Hon. William H. Orrick
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4066884
________________________________________________
STIPULATION AND FINAL JUDGMENT
Case
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4
Pursuant to Local Rule 7-12, Plaintiff Naruto, a Crested Macaque, by and through his Next
2 Friends, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Inc. (PETA) and Antje Engelhardt, Ph.D.
3 (Plaintiff), and Defendants Blurb, Inc., David J. Slater, and Wildlife Personalities, Ltd.
4 (Defendants, and together with Plaintiff, the Parties), by and through their respective counsel,
5 hereby stipulate as follows:
6
WHEREAS, Plaintiff filed a complaint on September 23, 2015;
WHEREAS, Defendants filed respective motions to dismiss on November 6, 2015 (Dkt.
8 Nos. 24, 28) (the Motions to Dismiss);

WHEREAS, the Court granted the Motions to Dismiss on January 28, 2016 (Dkt. No. 45);
9
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WHEREAS, Plaintiff has elected not to file an amended complaint;
11
WHEREAS, the Parties believe the interests of efficiency, judicial economy and avoiding
12 piecemeal determinations counsel in favor of deferring any applications for attorneys fees and
13 determination thereof until after any appeal has been resolved; and
14
WHEREAS, the Parties reserve all other rights;
15
NOW THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY STIPULATED between the Parties, by and through
16 their counsel of record, subject to the approval of the Court, that:

17
(1)
Judgment be entered in favor of the Defendants; and
18
(2)
Any motions for attorneys fees incurred prior to the entry of judgment shall be
19 filed: (i) within 14 days after the time to appeal has expired, if no appeal is filed, or (ii) within 14
20 days after the Ninth Circuit dismisses any appeal or mandate issues, if an appeal is filed.
21 Dated: February 17, 2016
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IRELL & MANELLA LLP
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David A. Schwarz
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________________________________________________
4066884
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COOLEY LLP
By: /s/ Angela L. Dunning

Angela L. Dunning
Attorneys for Defendant

BLURB, INC.
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By: /s/ Andrew Dhuey

Andrew Dhuey
Attorney for Defendants

DAVID J. SLATER AND WILDLIFE
PERSONALITIES, LTD.
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FILERS ATTESTATION
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Pursuant to Civil Local Rule 5-1(i)(3) regarding signatures, David A. Schwarz hereby
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14 attests that concurrence in the filing of this document has been obtained.
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David A. Schwarz
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________________________________________________
4066884
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PURSUANT TO STIPULATION, IT IS SO ORDERED that, the Court having granted
2 Defendants Motions to Dismiss, judgment is hereby entered in favor of all defendants as to all
3 claims. Plaintiff shall take nothing by way of his complaint. The Parties reserve all other rights.
4
5 Dated: February 18, 2016
______________________________
The Honorable William H. Orrick
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________________________________________________
4066884
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EXHIBIT B
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6
NARUTO, et al.,
Case No. 15-cv-04324-WHO
Plaintiffs,
8
ORDER GRANTING MOTIONS TO

DISMISS
v.
9
DAVID JOHN SLATER, et al.,
10
Re: Dkt. Nos. 24, 28
Defendants.
United States District Court

Northern District of California
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12
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INTRODUCTION
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This case arises out of allegations that Naruto, a six-year-old crested macaque, took
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multiple photographs of himself (the Monkey Selfies) using defendant David John Slaters
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camera. The complaint, filed by the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and
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Antje Engelhardt as Next Friends, alleges that defendants Slater, Blurb, Inc. (the publisher of
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a book by Slater containing the Monkey Selfies), and Wildlife Personalities, Ltd. (a United
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Kingdom company that, along with Slater, falsely claims authorship of the Monkey Selfies)
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violated Narutos copyright by displaying, advertising, and selling copies of the Monkey Selfies.
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On January 6, 2016, I heard argument on the defendants motions to dismiss that assert that
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Naruto does not have standing and cannot state a claim under the Copyright Act. Because the
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Copyright Act does not confer standing upon animals like Naruto, defendants motions to dismiss
24
are GRANTED.1
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Blurb and Next Friends request judicial notice of exhibits containing content from internet
webpages. Dkt. Nos. 26, 33. Because I do not rely on these materials in granting defendants
motions, and even if I had it would not change my analysis, the requests are DENIED as moot.
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BACKGROUND
I accept the allegations in the complaint as true for purposes of the motions to dismiss.

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Naruto is a six-year old crested macaque who lives in a reserve on the island of Sulawesi,
Indonesia. Compl. 14 [Dkt. No. 1]. He is highly intelligent and possesses grasping hands
and opposable thumbs with the ability to move his fingers independently. Id. 25, 27. Because
the reservation where he lives is immediately adjacent to a human village, Naruto has encountered
tourists and photographers throughout his life. Id. 28, 29. He was accustomed to seeing
cameras, observing cameras being handled by humans, hearing camera mechanisms being
operated, and experienced cameras being used by humans without danger or harm to him and his
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community. Id. at 30. On information and belief, Naruto authored the Monkey Selfies
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sometime in or around 2011 by independent, autonomous action in examining and
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manipulating Slaters unattended camera and purposely pushing the shutter release multiple
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times, understanding the cause-and-effect relationship between pressing the shutter release, the
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noise of the shutter, and the change to his reflection in the camera lens. Id. 31, 33.
The Next Friends allege that Slater has repeatedly infringed on Narutos copyright on the
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Monkey Selfies by falsely claiming to be the photographs authors and by selling copies of the
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images for profit. Id. 35. They claim that defendants have violated sections 106 and 501 of the
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Copyright Act of 1976, by displaying, advertising, reproducing, distributing, offering for sale, and
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selling copies of the Monkey Selfies. Id. 43, 44. They allege that Naruto is entitled to
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defendants profits from the infringement and seek to permanently enjoin defendants from
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copying, licensing, or otherwise exploiting the Monkey Selfies and to permit Next Friends to
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administer and protect Narutos authorship of and copyright in the Monkey Selfies. Id. at p. 9-
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10.
24
LEGAL STANDARD
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To survive a motion under either Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) or 12(b)(6), the
26
plaintiff must allege enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face. Bell Atl.
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Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007). A claim is facially plausible when the plaintiff
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pleads facts that allow the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for
2
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the misconduct alleged. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citation omitted). There
must be more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully. Id. While courts
do not require heightened fact pleading of specifics, a plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to
raise a right to relief above the speculative level. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 570.

In deciding whether the plaintiff has stated a claim upon which relief can be granted, the
Court accepts the plaintiffs allegations as true and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the
plaintiff. See Usher v. City of Los Angeles, 828 F.2d 556, 561 (9th Cir. 1987). However, the court
is not required to accept as true allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of
fact, or unreasonable inferences. In re Gilead Scis. Sec. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir.
10
2008). If the court dismisses the complaint, it should grant leave to amend even if no request to
11
amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured
12
by the allegation of other facts. Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000).
DISCUSSION
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Defendants argue the complaint should be dismissed for lack of standing under Article III
15
and the Copyright Act of 1976. Slater Mot. at 2-3 [Dkt. No. 28]; Blurb Mot. at 4-5 [Dkt. No. 24].
16
To demonstrate standing under Article IIIs case or controversy requirement, a plaintiff must show
17
that: (i) it has suffered an injury in fact that is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or
18
imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; (ii) the injury is fairly traceable to the challenged
19
action of the defendants; and (iii) a favorable decision will be likely to redress the injury. Friends
20
of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envt Services (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180-81 (2000); see also
21
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992). The Ninth Circuit has stated that
22
Article III does not compel the conclusion that a statutorily authorized suit in the name of an
23
animal is not a case or controversy. Cetacean Cmty. v. Bush, 386 F.3d 1169, 1175 (9th Cir.
24
2004). I need not discuss Article III standing further, because regardless of whether Naruto fulfills
25
the requirements of Article III, he must demonstrate standing under the Copyright Act for his
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claim to survive under Rule 12(b)(6).
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A plaintiff seeking redress for a statutory violation must establish statutory standing.
Cetacean, 386 F.3d at 1175; Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 500 (1975). If a plaintiff has
3

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suffered sufficient injury to satisfy the jurisdictional requirement of Article III but Congress has
not granted statutory standing, that plaintiff cannot state a claim upon which relief can be
granted, and dismissal is appropriate. Cetacean, 386 F.3d at 1175. Statutory standing exists
when a particular plaintiff has been granted a right to sue by the specific statute under which he
or she brings suit. Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Congress must make its
intentions clear before [the courts] will construe a statute to confer standing on a particular
plaintiff. Id.
[T]he starting point for interpreting a statute is the language of the statute itself.
Consumer Prod. Safety Commn v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., 447 U.S. 102, 108 (1980). The Copyright
10
Act protects original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression, now
11
known or later developed, from which they can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise
12
communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. 17 U.S.C. 102(a). The
13
fixing of the work in the tangible medium of expression must be done by or under the authority
14
of the author. 17 U.S.C. 101. The Copyright Act defines neither works of authorship nor
15
author. The Ninth Circuit has observed that the Act purposefully left works of authorship
16
undefined to provide for some flexibility. Garcia v. Google, Inc., 786 F.3d 733, 741 (9th Cir.
17
2015).
18
Defendants argue that the Copyright Act confers no rights upon animals such as Naruto.
19
Next Friends respond that the Act has no definitional limitation. Opp. at 8 [Dkt. No. 31]. They
20
contend that standing under the Copyright Act is available to anyone, including an animal, who
21
creates an original work of authorship. Id. at 5. They argue that they have sufficiently alleged
22
that Naruto is the author of the Monkey Selfies and are not required to allege anything else to
23
demonstrate his standing. Id. at 7.
24
I disagree with Next Friends and follow the rationale of Cetacean. In that case, the
25
Cetacean Community (the Cetaceans), created by the self-appointed attorney for all of the
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worlds whales, porpoises, and dolphins, filed suit on behalf of the Cetaceans for violations of the
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Endangered Species Act, the Marine Mammal Protection Act, and the National Environmental
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Policy Act. 386 F.3d at 1171-72. Reviewing the district courts order granting dismissal, the
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Ninth Circuit examined the language of each statute to assess whether it evidenced congressional
intent to confer standing on animals. None did. The court held that if Congress and the President
intended to take the extraordinary step of authorizing animals as well as people and legal entities
to sue, they could, and should, have said so plainly. Id. at 1179 (internal quotation marks,
citations, and modifications omitted).2

Here, the Copyright Act does not plainly extend the concept of authorship or statutory

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standing to animals. To the contrary, there is no mention of animals anywhere in the Act. The
Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit have repeatedly referred to persons or human beings when
analyzing authorship under the Act. See, e.g., Aalmuhammed v. Lee, 202 F.3d 1227, 1234 (9th
10
Cir. 2000) ([A]n author superintends the work by exercising control. This will likely be a person
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who has actually formed the picture by putting the persons in position, and arranging the place
12
where the people are to be.) (internal quotation marks, citations and modifications omitted)
13
(emphasis added); Urantia Foundation v. Maaherra, 114 F.3d 955, 958 (9th Cir. 1997) (For
14
copyright purposes, however, a work is copyrightable if copyrightability is claimed by the first
15
human beings who compiled, selected, coordinated, and arranged [the work].) (emphasis added);
16
Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730, 737 (1989) (As a general rule, the author
17
is the party who actually creates the work, that is the person who translates an idea in a fixed,
18
tangible expression entitled to copyright protection.) (emphasis added). Despite Next Friends
19
assertion that declining to grant a monkey copyright to a photograph would depart from well-
20
established norms, Next Friends have not cited, and I have not found, a single case that expands
21
the definition of authors to include animals. Opp. at 15.

Moreover, the Copyright Office agrees that works created by animals are not entitled to
22
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copyright protection. It directly addressed the issue of human authorship in the Compendium of
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Similarly, in Tilikum ex rel. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Inc. v. Sea World
Parks & Entmt, Inc., 842 F. Supp. 2d 1259, 1260-61 (S.D. Cal. 2012), PETA, acting as next
friends for five orcas, brought an action against Sea World alleging that the orcas were being held
in violation of the Thirteenth Amendment. Dismissing the case for lack of federal jurisdiction, the
court held that the amendments language was clear, concise, and not subject to the vagaries of
conceptual interpretation and as such there is simply no basis to construe the Thirteenth
Amendment as applying to non-humans. Id. at 1264.
5

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U.S. Copyright Office Practices issued in December 2014 (the Compendium). When
interpreting the Copyright Act, [the courts] defer to the Copyright Offices interpretations in the
appropriate circumstances. Inhale, Inc. v. Starbuzz Tobacco, Inc., 755 F.3d 1038, 1041 (9th Cir.
2014); see also Garcia, 786 F.3d at 741-42 (describing an expert opinion by the Copyright Office
as reflecting a body of experience and informed judgment to which courts and litigants may
properly resort for guidance) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). In section 306 of
the Compendium, entitled The Human Authorship Requirement, the Copyright Office relies on
citations from Trade-Mark Cases, 101 U.S. 94 (1879) and Burrow-Giles to conclude that it will
register an original work of authorship, provided that the work was created by a human being.
10
Compendium of the U.S. Copyright Office Practices 306 (3d ed.). Similarly, in a section titled
11
Works That Lack Human Authorship, the Compendium states that, [t]o qualify as a work of
12
authorship a work must be created by a human being. Works that do not satisfy this requirement
13
are not copyrightable. Id. at 313.2 (internal citations omitted). Specifically, the Copyright
14
Office will not register works produced by nature, animals, or plants including, by specific
15
example, a photograph taken by a monkey. Id. 3

Naruto is not an author within the meaning of the Copyright Act. Next Friends argue
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that this result is antithetical to the tremendous [public] interest in animal art. Opp. at 12.
18
Perhaps. But that is an argument that should be made to Congress and the President, not to me.
19
The issue for me is whether Next Friends have demonstrated that the Copyright Act confers
20
standing upon Naruto. In light of the plain language of the Copyright Act, past judicial
21
interpretations of the Acts authorship requirement, and guidance from the Copyright Office, they
22
have not.
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Next Friends argue that the opinion expressed in the Compendium should not apply, in part,
because the Monkey Selfies are foreign created works and thus are not required to be registered.
Opp. at 21. However, regardless of whether these particular photographs require registration, the
Compendium provides guidance regarding the core, disputed question whether authorship under
the Copyright Act contemplates works created by animals. Therefore, I rely on the Compendium
as an additional basis for my analysis to the extent that its interpretation has the power to
persuade. Inhale, Inc., 755 F.3d at 1042.
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CONCLUSION
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Defendants motions to dismiss are GRANTED. Any amended complaint should be filed
within 20 days of this Order.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: January 28, 2016
______________________________________
WILLIAM H. ORRICK
United States District Judge
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Case 3:15-cv-04324-WHO Document 48 Filed 03/20/16 Page 1 of 17

1 IRELL & MANELLA LLP

Attorneys for Plaintiff

19 NARUTO, a Crested Macaque, by and through

24 DAVID JOHN SLATER, an individual,

Case No.: 15-cv-4324-WHO

Case 3:15-cv-04324-WHO Document 48 Filed 03/20/16 Page 2 of 17

IRELL & MANELLA LLP

By: /s/ David A. Schwarz

Attorneys for Plaintiff

Case 3:15-cv-04324-WHO Document 48 Filed 03/20/16 Page 3 of 17

For plaintiff and appellant Naruto:

IRELL & MANELLA LLP

For defendant and appellee Blurb, Inc.:

Case 3:15-cv-04324-WHO Document 48 Filed 03/20/16 Page 4 of 17

Andrew J. Dhuey (State Bar No. 161286)

Dated: March 20, 2016

IRELL & MANELLA LLP

By: /s/ David A. Schwarz

Case 3:15-cv-04324-WHO Document 48 Filed 03/20/16 Page 5 of 17

1 IRELL & MANELLA LLP

Attorneys for Plaintiff

19 NARUTO, a Crested Macaque, by and through

24 DAVID JOHN SLATER, an individual,

Case No.: 15-cv-4324-WHO

WHEREAS, Plaintiff filed a complaint on September 23, 2015;

WHEREAS, Defendants filed respective motions to dismiss on November 6, 2015 (Dkt.

8 Nos. 24, 28) (the Motions to Dismiss);

WHEREAS, Plaintiff has elected not to file an amended complaint;

WHEREAS, the Parties reserve all other rights;

NOW THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY STIPULATED between the Parties, by and through

16 their counsel of record, subject to the approval of the Court, that:

Judgment be entered in favor of the Defendants; and

IRELL & MANELLA LLP

By: /s/ David A. Schwarz

Attorneys for Plaintiff

By: /s/ Angela L. Dunning

Attorneys for Defendant

By: /s/ Andrew Dhuey

Attorney for Defendants

By: /s/ David A. Schwarz

PURSUANT TO STIPULATION, IT IS SO ORDERED that, the Court having granted

Case 3:15-cv-04324-WHO Document 48 Filed 03/20/16 Page 10 of 17

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

Case No. 15-cv-04324-WHO

ORDER GRANTING MOTIONS TO

Re: Dkt. Nos. 24, 28

United States District Court

United States District Court

sometime in or around 2011 by independent, autonomous action in examining and

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claim to survive under Rule 12(b)(6).

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demonstrate his standing. Id. at 7.

citations, and modifications omitted).2

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copyright purposes, however, a work is copyrightable if copyrightability is claimed by the first

the definition of authors to include animals. Opp. at 15.

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example, a photograph taken by a monkey. Id. 3

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