Animalia

Phyla and Taxonomy

Kingdom Animalia
4 Kingdoms

Plantae
Protista
Fungi
Animalia

How do you become a member?

Although the animal kingdom is extremely
diverse, its members share a number of
characteristics, as follows:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

All animals are multicellular.

All animals are heterotrophic.
The dominant generation in the life cycle
of animals is the diploid generation.
Most animals are motile during at least
some part of their lifecycle.
Most animals underage a period of
embryonic development during which two
or three layers of tissues form.

All Animals share 7 common characteristics

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Tissue complexity
Body symmetry
Cephalization
Gastrovascular cavity
Coelom
Segmentation
Protostomes and deuterostomes

Tissue complexity
Parazoa or eumetazoa
Two types of eumetazoa are diploblastic or triploblastic
Ectoderm - Everything on the outside (e.g., skin, nails, brain, spine)
Endoderm - Everything on the inside (e.g, heart, lungs, organs)
Mesoderm - Blood and bones (e.g., immune system)

Body symmetry
Animals that have either radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry
Organism have only one orientation front and back (or top and bottom)
Rostal - front of the fish
Dorsal - the top of the fish
Vertal - the bottom of the fish
Caudal - the back of the fish

Cephalization
Animals with bilateral symmetry
increase the nerve tissue
an interior end as organism increase complexity
brains have developed with sensory organs for seeing, smelling, tasting and
feeling

Gastrovascular cavity
Guts of where food is digested
Processes that can occur are limited
Two opening designate a digestive track
The stomach flips itself to eat

Coelom
Something with an inside of fluid.
Coelom develops from mesoderm
pincushions the internal organs and allow for their expansion and contraction
Acoelomate animals lack a coelom (e.g., flat worms)
Pseudocoelomates that have false coelom
Belongs to platyhelminthes.

Segmentation
Hox Gene
8 to 9 hox genes that super important
Some of the body parts are the same and repeat

Protostomes and deuterostomes

Develop their mouth first - protostomes
Develop their mouth last - deuterostomes
A sphere of cells is called a Blastula

Porifera (sponges)
Without sponges there would be no sand
Water enter and exit the osculum
feed by filter

Cnidaria (Jellyfish, coral)

Diverse and seem different
Medusa and polyp
The Polyp is sessile

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Three kinds of acoelomate (flatworms, free-living flatworms)
Tapeworms are internal parasites often live in the digestive tract
Flukes animals are parasites that sucks tissue fluids or blood

Nematoda (roundworms)
15,000 of roundworms
roundworms may contain 27 million eggs
and 200,000 a single day
heterotrophic and an internal body cavity called a
pseudocoelom

Rotifera (multicellular cell)

A multicellular cell
Own organism (Rotifer)
Pseudocoelomate animals

Mollusca (clams, snails, octopus)

invertebrates
Abt. 85 thousand species
Clams, snails, and octopus
Are coelomates, the coelom tends to
be small and the body cavity is haemocoel through the blood circulation
There circulatory system is mainly open

Annelida (segmented worm=earth worm)

Segmented worm = earth worm
17 thousands species
Annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic,
coelomate, invertebrate organisms

Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crabs)

Insect, spiders, and crabs
invertebrate having an exoskeleton
segmented body and jointed appendages
Over million of described species

Echinoderms (sea star, sea urchin)

Sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollar
Marine animal
Recognizable by radial symmetry
7000 living species
Second-largest grouping of deuterostomes

Chordata (something with a spine, mammal)

Anything with a spine
Mammals, vertebrates
Over 65,000 living species
Bilaterally symmetric, deuterostome coelomates,
and the vertebrate chordates display segmentation