Manual For Science

General Studies Manual

for
UPSC and State Public Services
Examinations
2014
Everyday Science and Technology
Module-1: Select Concepts & Applications in Physics
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Last Updated: December 2013
2013 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved
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General Studies Manual for UPSC and State Public Service Examinations
Everyday Science & Technology--1: Physics

Contents
Motion of freely falling bodies and projectile motion ...........................................3
Freely falling bodies ................................................................................................... 4
Vertical Free Fall of the Bodies and Air Resistance .............................................................4
Terminal Velocity................................................................................................................. 4
Projectile motion ........................................................................................................ 4
Vertical Projectile Motion .................................................................................................... 5
Horizontal Projectile Motion....................................................................................... 7
Oblique projection Motion ................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 2.
Circular Motion ..................................................................................................... 8
Uniform Circular Motion ............................................................................................. 8
Centripetal Force ........................................................................................................ 9
Practical Applications of Centripetal Force .......................................................................10
Centrifugal force....................................................................................................... 11
Applications of Centrifugal Force ...................................................................................... 11
Chapter 3.
Gravitation.......................................................................................................... 12
Keplers Laws ........................................................................................................... 12
Keplers First law (Law of orbits) ....................................................................................... 12
Second law (Law of areas)................................................................................................. 13
Third law (Law of periods) ................................................................................................. 13
Newtons universal law of gravitation............................................................................... 14
Artificial Satellites.................................................................................................... 14
Chapter 4.
Types of Orbits .................................................................................................... 16
Geostationary Orbit (GEO) ........................................................................................ 17
Geosynchronous Orbit .............................................................................................. 17
Advantages of GEO satellites ............................................................................................ 18
Disadvantages of GEO Satellites ....................................................................................... 18
Inclined Orbit ..................................................................................................................... 19
Polar Orbit ............................................................................................................... 19
Altitude of Geostationary Orbit ................................................................................ 19
Clarke Orbit ....................................................................................................................... 20
Other Orbits....................................................................................................................... 21
Low Earth Orbits ...................................................................................................... 21
LEO systems Pros and Cons ............................................................................................... 22
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)........................................................................................ 22
Polar Orbits .............................................................................................................. 23
Sun-synchronous orbit ............................................................................................. 24
Frozen Orbits ..................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 5.
Surface Tension................................................................................................... 25
Definition and Unit of Surface Tension......................................................................25
Adhesive and Cohesive Forces ........................................................................................... 25
How Surface Tension works? .................................................................................... 26
Capillary Action........................................................................................................ 26
Applications of Capillary Action in daily lives ...................................................................27
Chapter 6.
Viscosity .............................................................................................................. 28
Flow of liquid through Pipes..................................................................................... 28
Applications of Viscosity in Everyday Life ..........................................................................29
Bernoullis theorem .................................................................................................. 30
Everyday applications of Bernoullis Theorem:..................................................................31
Chapter 7.
Heat .................................................................................................................... 31
Specific Heat Capacity .............................................................................................. 32
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ThermalMember
Expansion...................................................................................................
33
Every day applications of thermal expansion of solids .....................................................33
Change in state of mater.......................................................................................... 34
Latent Heat ....................................................................................................................... 34
Cooling due to evaporation ............................................................................................... 35
Fusion of Ice Experiment .................................................................................................... 35
Working of Refrigerators.................................................................................................... 36
Chapter 1.
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2|P a g e

Freezing Mixtures............................................................................................................... 36
Latent heat of fusion ......................................................................................................... 36
Latent heat of vaporization ............................................................................................... 37
Impact of pressure Melting Points ..................................................................................... 37
Chapter 8.
Humidity and Relative Humidity .........................................................................38
Relative Humidity .............................................................................................................. 38
Chapter 9.
Light.................................................................................................................... 39
Refraction of light .................................................................................................... 39
Measuring Refractive Index................................................................................................ 40
Total Internal Reflection .......................................................................................... 40
Relation between critical angle and refractive index.........................................................41
Optical Fibres .................................................................................................................... 41
Lenses....................................................................................................................... 42
Behaviour of Rays in Convex Lens...................................................................................... 43
Behaviour of Rays in Concave Lenses ................................................................................ 43
Real Images and Virtual Images ....................................................................................... 44
Lens Formula & Power of the Lens .................................................................................... 45
Twinkling of Stars .............................................................................................................. 46
Mirage ...................................................................................................................... 46
Human Eye & Eye Defects......................................................................................... 47
Dispersion of Light .................................................................................................... 48
Color of Objects........................................................................................................ 48
Primary Colors, Secondary colors and Complimentary Colors .................................49
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Chapter 1.
Motion of freely falling bodies and projectile motion
Freely falling bodies

Vertical Free Fall of the Bodies and Air Resistance

All objects in free fall experience same acceleration
When there is no air, the acceleration of an object under free fall is independent of its mass
When we let a coin and feather fall in an airless tube, both reach the bottom at same time.

g
m
mg T

A skydiver with an unopened parachute falls quite rapidly and when the chute opens due to the shape and size of the body the air
resistance increases and the descent is slowed.
Automobiles are streamlined in shape to reduce air resistance and improve fuel consumption
Terminal Velocity

-
parac
Projectile motion

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Vertical Projectile Motion

When an object is thrown vertically upward, the maximum height attained by it is proportional to square of its initial velocity
When an object is thrown vertically upward, time taken by it in reaching at the top point is equal to the time taken by it to reach back to
ground
Velocity of the body falling from a height h on reaching the ground is equal to the velocity with which it is projected vertically upwards
to reach the same height h. Hence the upward velocity at any point in its flight is the same as its downward velocity at that point.

downward

=
Where:
v= final velocity
u= initial velocity
g = gravitation acceleration
= gt
(1)
(2)
= 2.(3)
Maximum Height attained

ma
-u= -2gh
h= ..(4)

Time of Ascent (t1)
1

gt1
t1=
Time of descent (t2)

t2
ug
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=

Time of Flight

ascent1
t2).
Velocity of a body dropped from a hight

v.

v2gh
2

2

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h

th

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A coin was thrown vertically upwards and it rose to a length of 10 metre. The velocity with which the body was thrown
upwards is ___:
A.
12 m/s
B.
14 m/s
C.
16 m/s
D.
18 m/s
Answer: 1
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A coin was thrown vertically upwards and it rose to a length of 10 metre. The time taken by the body to reach the
highest point is
A. 1.43 seconds
B. 1.96 seconds
C. 1.82 seconds
D. 2.35 second
2
Answer:
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Horizontal Projectile Motion

A body A which is freely falling and the body B projected horizontally from the same height at the same time will strike the ground
simultaneously at different points. The two bodies will be at same vertical point at any point of time.
-
-

x-

u

u
u
-unv

1
Correct Answer is B. In this question

h = 10 m, v = 0, u = ?, g = -9.8 ms-
v - u = 2gh
0 - u = -2 x9.8 x10
u2 = 196
u = 14 m/s
2
1.43 seconds.
v= u - gt
0 = 14 - 9.8 x t
t = 1.43 second
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v

Oblique projection Motion

f)

Chapter 2.
Circular Motion
Uniform Circular Motion

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-1

motion
Centripetal Force

Centripetal force is the force that is directed toward the center of an orbital path/spinning object which keeps the revolving object in its
orbit. This is in opposition to the "centrifugal force" - a kind of fictitious force that appears to try to pull the object away from the center
of the orbit (due to inertia).
The centripetal force causes acceleration towards the centre of the circle and this acceleration is called the centripetal acceleration.
An artificial satellite orbiting around the earth does not fall down. This is so because the attraction of earth provides the necessary
acceleration for its motion.
Both Centripetal Force and Centrifugal Force play role in a Washing Machine
Wheel of an automobile spins in mud because the centripetal force is not enough to hold the mud on tyre.

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Example:

.
So
v2=
.
.
144

Practical Applications of Centripetal Force
Artificial Satellites
An artificial satellite orbiting around the earth does not fall down. This is so because the attraction of earth ?
(a) Does not exist at such distance.
(b) Is neutralized by the attraction of the moon.
(c) Provides the necessary speed for its steady motion.
(d) Provides the necessary acceleration for its motion.
Answer:
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3
D. The examiner wants you to decide between speed and acceleration. Please note that an artificial satellite moving round the Earth in a
circular orbit possesses an acceleration which is "constant" in magnitude but "changing in direction". An artificial satellite revolves round
the earth under centripetal acceleration. By the launch rocket, immediately before the satellite is established in the predetermined orbit, the
speed given to it is 30, 000 km/hr. The speed must be great enough so gravity doesn't bring the satellite back to Earth, but not so great that
10|P a g e

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Washing Machines Spin Dryer

f

Centrifugal force

Centrifugal force is in opposite direction to Centripetal force. On earth, it is minimum at poles and maximum at equator.
In centrifuges, heavier particles move away from the centre while lighter particles remain near axis of rotation.
When a sample of blood is centrifuged, the red blood cells accumulate at the bottom, because red blood cells are heavier than White
Blood Cells.

equator

Applications of Centrifugal Force
Centrifuges

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the satellite escapes gravity out into space. This means that the speed, which is provided by the rocket is the source of the centrifugal force,
and the attraction of the earth holds it from moving away from this centrifugal force. In this question Option D is correct answer.
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Washing Machines

Other applications

tube.

5

Chapter 3.
Gravitation

Keplers Laws
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Keplers First law (Law of orbits)

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Second law (Law of areas)

ime.

planet
phelionposition.

Third law (Law of periods)

T2R3

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Planet
Time
Period
(Earth Years
Mean Distance from Earth (x109

m)
Mean Velocity (x 103

m/s)
T2 / R3 ( x10-25) years2
/km3
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
0.241
0.615
1
1.881
57.91
108.21
149.6
227.94
47.875
35.056
29.806
24.144
2.991
2.985
2.987
2.988
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Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
11.862
29.458
84.015
164.788
248.4
778.3
1427
2869
4498
5900
13.072
9.651
6.804
5.438
4.732
2.985
2.986
2.99
2.984
3.004
Newton

Newtons universal law of gravitation

1 2

..where

-112Kg-2

Artificial Satellites

Selection of tangential speed is very much important in case of launch artificial satellite launches. They are projected with such a
speed that the radius of their curved path is greater than the radius of earth. However, not such a high speed that the satellite
leaves the orbit and gets lost in space.
The speed of an artificial satellite does NOT depend upon its mass. This implies that at a particular distance from earth, all objects
would move at same speed of revolution.
Higher the orbit is, lower is its speed, so when a satellite moved from higher orbit to lower orbit, its speed increases.
If we throw the satellite of a speed lesser than 7900 meters per second or 28500 kilometers per hour, it will simply fall on earth. The
speed higher than this will produce an elliptical orbit. However if this speed is more than 11.2 kilometers per second, it will escape
the earths gravitation field and will never come back.
Equator or the places near to equator are found suitable for launching the satellites as it will save efforts.
Satellites are launched in Eastward direction, it also saves efforts.

graphics
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F
F(centripetal)

V=
m

F
F(centripetal)

=

= /

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6
=. . 3

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Howeve

Launching a satellite on Equator versus Poles

Launching a satellite in eastward versus westward direction

40000246060=462 (though exact speed is 465.1 meters per second))
Chapter 4.
Types of Orbits

An artificial satellite is always falling towards earth, but it has enough tangential velocity to continue fall indefinitely.
Centripetal force on the satellite balances the gravitational attractive force of the earth. This balance does not depend upon the mass
and size of the satellite.

indefinitely.

Tangen

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Geostationary Orbit (GEO)

fr

circular-

Orbit

The orbit is circular
The orbit is in equatorial plane i.e. directly above the equator and thus inclination is zero.
The angular velocity of the satellite is equal to angular velocity of earth
Period of revolution is equal to period of rotation of earth.
Finish one revolution around the earth in exactly one day i.e. 23 hours, 56 Minutes and 4.1 seconds
There is ONLY one geostationary orbit.
Geosynchronous Orbit

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Geosynchronous

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seconds
.

Advantages of GEO satellites

--
-
--

-
high- -

Disadvantages of GEO Satellites

-of-

-of--

-

-
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Inclined Orbit

Polar Orbit

Altitude of Geostationary Orbit

The height of the geostationary orbit is 35786 kilometers above earth
In Geostationary Orbit, the satellite moves with an orbital speed of 11068 km per hours.
A minimum of three satellites are needed to cover the entire earth
Super synchronous orbit is a disposal / storage orbit above GSO. From earth, they would seem drifting in westerly direction.
Sub synchronous orbit is a orbit close to but below GSO and is used for satellites undergoing station, changes in an eastern
direction.

F
F(centripetal)

=

-r
23

86164.09
86164.09

T=86164.09seconds

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=
=
. . .
=7.546x10
= 4.2310 meters
= 42300

Clarke Orbit

surface

Clarke

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-
-ia
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-

.
Other Orbits

G
Low Earth Orbits

The International Space Station is in a

LEO that varies from 320 km (199 mi)
to 400 km (249 mi) above the Earth's
surface

travelling

Orbital Decay
The satellites particularly in the LEO are subject to a drag produced by
an atmosphere due to frequent collisions between the satellite and
surrounding air molecules. The amount of this drag keeps increasing
or decreasing depending upon several factors including the solar
activity. The more activity heats of the upper atmosphere and can
increase the drag. This drag in a long duration causes a reduction in
the altitude of a satellite's orbit, which is called orbital decay.
So, the major cause of the orbital decay is Earth's atmosphere. The
result of the drag is increased heat and possible reentry of satellite in
atmosphere causing it to burn. Lower its altitude drops, and the lower
the altitude, the faster the decay. Apart from Atmosphere, the Tides
can also cause orbital decay, when the orbiting body is large enough to
raise a significant tidal bulge on the body it is orbiting and is either in a
retrograde orbit or is below the synchronous orbit. Mars' moon
Phobos is one of the best examples of this.

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-sat

fast-
21|P a g e

-.

LEO systems Pros and Cons

ince

-

.
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
-

Member

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dela

Pole
22|P a g e

planes.

Polar Orbits

Polar orbits are useful in earth mapping
A satellite in polar orbit would pass over equator on different longitude in successive times.
No one spot on the Earth's surface can be sensed continuously from a satellite in a polar orbit, however, to make them work on a
particular area, they are launched in highly elliptical orbit with its apogee over that area

-

W-

Some important notes about Polar orbits:

Th

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Sun-synchronous orbit
Sun-

sun-

h-

W-
-

-

The satellite passes over a given location on Earth every time at the same local solar time.
Thus, it guarantees the same illumination condition, which varies only with seasons.
The orbit is Quasi-polar in nature and so ensures coverage of the whole surface of the Earth
Every time a sun-synchronous satellite completes one revolution around earth, it traverses a thin strip on the surface of the Earth.
During the next revolution it traverses another strip as shown in the diagram.
Frozen Orbits

-
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- -
24|P a g e

Chapter 5.
Surface Tension
Definition and Unit of Surface Tension
ater-

Adhesive and Cohesive Forces

gl

8
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How Surface Tension works?

influence

-

Capillary Action
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Where:

=90 and h = 0. The level of liquid remains the same.
= 0
Applications of Capillary Action in daily lives

mouth.

mosqu
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continuously.

Chapter 6.
Viscosity

Flow of liquid through Pipes

-v2)

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gradient-2Poise

Fluid
Glycerine
Castor oil
Olive oil
Turpentine
Water
Mercury
Honey
Blood
Air
(poise)
13.4
9.86
0.84
0.015
0.018
0.0015
0.2
0.0027
-3
0.019 X 10
Applications of Viscosity in Everyday Life

Working of Lubricants
Fric

even.

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Viscosity of Blood

29|P a g e

Bernoullis theorem

fal

--

1.
2.
3.
-
m

mgh

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30|P a g e

another. -
.

Everyday applications of Bernoullis Theorem:

Wings of Aeroplane

plane.
How storms blow off the roofs?

How a moving train attracts a person standing nearby on a platform?

Chapter 7.

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Heat
31|P a g e

radiation

Specific Heat Capacity
Observations

different.

N

i
t)
t

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-1K-1
inert
32|P a g e

Sr. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Substance
Lead
Mercury
Copper
Aluminium
Wood
Kerosene
Ice
Water
Paraffin Wax
-1
-1
Specific Heat Capacity (J kg K )

128
138
386
899
1755
2090
2130
4180
2900

Thermal Expansion

expansion

Every day applications of thermal expansion of solids

.
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Bimetallic Strip

33|P a g e

restored.

Thermal Expansion and Railway Lines

Clock Pendulums

Change in state of mater


Latent Heat

34|P a g e

Cooling due to evaporation

Fusion of Ice Experiment

kumar

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35|P a g e

-

Working of Refrigerators

Freezing Mixtures

s

-
Latent heat of fusion

kg-

5

36|P a g e

Latent heat of vaporization

Late

6

Impact of pressure Melting Points

regelation

pressure.
Skates, Sledges and Snowballs

Impact of impurities on Melting Points

120.56.225.142
Impact of Pressure on Boiling Points

Cooking food in a pressure cooker has various advantages apart from cooking in short time, such as:
1. Cooking in Pressure cooker retains vitamins and minerals better
2. Cooking in Pressure cooker prevents oxidation of food material
37|P a g e

3. Cooking in Pressure cooker is easier in high altitudes

Which among the above statements is / are correct?
4
Answer:

and

Chapter 8.
Humidity and Relative Humidity

3

Relative Humidity

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All are correct statements.

38|P a g e

Chapter 9.
Light
Refraction of light

medium

constant

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39|P a g e

:

dium.

Measuring Refractive Index

Substance
Air
Ice
Water
Ethanol
Sulphuric acid
Kerosene
Quartz
Glycerine
Benzene
Crown glass
Flint glass
Canadian balsm
Sodium chloride
R b
Refractive Inde
1.0029
1.3
1.33
1.35
1.43
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.5
1.52
1.65
1.53
1.54
1 71

The apparent depth of an object seen through a glass slab of refractive index 1.5 is 4 cm. The actual depth is __:
A. 5 cm
B. 6 cm
C. 8 cm
D. 4 cm
5
Answer:
Total Internal Reflection
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5
Refractive index of glass, = 1.5; Apparent depth = 4 cm; Actual depth = ?. = Actual depth / Apparent depth. 1.5=?/4. ?=6 cm
40|P a g e

reflection.
Relation between critical angle and refractive index

airdiamond
airdiamond
Periscope

p

periscope

water.
Optical Fibres

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-
l

Lenses

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.
42|P a g e

Behaviour of Rays in Convex Lens

Behaviour of Rays in Concave Lenses

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Real Images and Virtual Images

Position and nature of images at various positions of object in case of convex lens

Ray Diagram
Position of
Object
at infinity
Position of
Image
at F
Nature
and
Size of Image
real,
point-sized
Practical
Application
Telescope
objective
lens
beyond 2F
between F
and 2F
real,
diminished
inverted
Camera
at 2F
at 2F
real, same
sized,
inverted
Terrestial
telescope
invert the
image so
that it is
upright.
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44|P a g e

Between
2F and F
beyond 2F
real,
enlarged
inverted
Projector
at F
at infinity
real,
infinitely
large,
inverted
Spotlights
between F
and O
on the side
of the
object
virtual,
enlarged,
erect
Magnifying
Glass
Position and nature of images at various positions of object in case of concave lens

itself.
Ray Diagram
Position
Object
at infinity
between
infinity and O
of
Position
Image
at F
of
between F
and O
Nature and Size of Image

virtual,
point-sized
virtual, erect
and diminished
Lens Formula & Power of the Lens


45|P a g e


12

1 +P2
-2
Twinkling of Stars

Mirage

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Human Eye & Eye Defects

Cornea

fron

Age (yr)
10
20
30
40
50
60
Near point (cm)

10
12
15
25
40
100
120.56.225.142
47|P a g e

Short-sightedness or Myopia

Thi
Long sightedness (or) Hypermetropia

Dispersion of Light

disper

Color
Violet
Indigo
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
wavelength
400 - 440
440 - 460
460 - 500
500 - 570
570 - 590
590 - 620

Color of Objects
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Primary Colors, Secondary colors and Complimentary Colors

lack)

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49|P a g e

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General Studies Manual

Last Updated: December 2013

2013 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved

0Q RCTV QH VJKU RWDNKECVKQP OC[ DG TGRTQFWEGF QT EQRKGF KP CP[ OCVGTKCN HQTO

2013 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved | Email: suresh@gktoday.in

Member Name: sunil kumar Member's Email address: tripathisunilkumar21@gmail.com

2013 Suresh Soni | All Rights Reserved | Email: suresh@gktoday.in

Motion of freely falling bodies and projectile motion

Freely falling bodies

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Vertical Projectile Motion

Maximum Height attained

Time of descent (t2)

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Velocity of a body dropped from a hight

Horizontal Projectile Motion

Correct Answer is B. In this question

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Uniform Circular Motion

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Keplers First law (Law of orbits)

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Mean Distance from Earth (x109

Mean Velocity (x 103

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Geostationary Orbit (GEO)

The angular velocity of the satellite is equal to angular velocity of earth

Period of revolution is equal to period of rotation of earth.

There is ONLY one geostationary orbit.

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Altitude of Geostationary Orbit

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Low Earth Orbits

The International Space Station is in a

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

Some important notes about Polar orbits:

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Definition and Unit of Surface Tension

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How Surface Tension works?

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Flow of liquid through Pipes

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Applications of Viscosity in Everyday Life

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Specific Heat Capacity

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Specific Heat Capacity (J kg K )