Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF A PELTON TURBINE
A Thesis submitted to the
Department of Mechanical & Production Engineering
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Since this program has been carried out as a thesis in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering of Ahsanullah
University of Science and Technology (AUST), we are thankful to our university for its support.
Offering the deepest appreciation to our supervisor, Mr. Mahbubul Muttakin for his kind
and generous guidance throughout the thesis.
We are indebted to Dr. Dewan Hasan Ahmed for his help and suggestion.
We are thankful to Md. Faysal Khan and Md. Minal Nahin for their precious
propositions.
Mr. Sirajul Islam, Mr. Abdul Awal and Md. Shorif without them the thesis might be
incomplete. Truly relieved by their help and support.
We are obliged to our friends Shafayat Sourov, Rakibul Hasan, Fahmid Hasan, Rafikur
Rahman Bijoy, Enamul Hasib who never hesitated in supporting us, morally and technically.
Encouragement, help and patience of family members which kept us inspired and hopeful
throughout the work and especially at the time of crisis; we would like to thank them, deeply and
sincerely.
ABSTRACT
The thesis includes a literature survey of Pelton turbine, incorporating a historical review. Pelton
hydraulic turbines are impulse-type turbo machines commonly used in hydroelectric plants with
medium-to-high water head and in various energy recovery applications. This turbine more
specifically Pelton wheel will be used to do lab experiment in Fluid Machinery Laboratory.
The aim of the present work is to provide detailed performance measurements on a Pelton
turbine model, along with the design and geometrical dimensions of its runner/buckets and
nozzle. The measurements include the net water head, flow rate and the torque and rotation
speed of the runner, from which the corresponding efficiency and shaft power are computed.
Flow is varied and head is measured for each variance to calculate the power in the system.
Other parameters necessary for the study are also measured and recorded for the study.
The results are presented in graphical method and the properties of the graph are used to discuss
the properties of the turbine under study.
The Pelton wheel under study is of a smaller scale though it acts as a representative of a similar
system in large scale.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................ i
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ ii
NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................ vi
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 2 ..................................................................................................................... 4
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 4
2.1 Water Wheels: ...................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1Types of Water Wheels:.................................................................................. 4
2.2 Turbine: ................................................................................................................ 7
2.2.1 Types of Turbine: ........................................................................................... 8
2.3 Hydraulic Turbines: ............................................................................................ 10
2.3.1Classification: ............................................................................................... 10
2.3.2 Pelton Wheel: ............................................................................................... 11
2.3.3 Background of Pelton Wheel: ...................................................................... 11
2.4 Advantages of Pelton Wheel: ............................................................................. 13
2.5 Comparison with other turbines: ........................................................................ 13
2.6 Uses of Pelton Wheel: ........................................................................................ 13
iii
Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................ 15
Theory .......................................................................................................................... 15
3.1 Working principle of pelton wheel: .................................................................... 15
3.2 Working Proportions for Design of Pelton Wheel: ............................................ 18
3.3 Pelton turbine losses and efficiencies: ................................................................ 22
CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................... 25
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP .......................................................................................... 25
4.1 Full setup: ........................................................................................................... 25
4.2 Design: ................................................................................................................ 27
4.2.1 Bucket: ......................................................................................................... 27
4.2.2 Rim:.............................................................................................................. 27
4.2.3 Shaft: ............................................................................................................ 28
4.2.4 Wheel Casing: .............................................................................................. 28
4.2.5 Brake Drum:................................................................................................. 30
4.2.6 Supporting Table:......................................................................................... 30
4.2.7 Disposal bucket: ........................................................................................... 31
4.3 Equipments: ........................................................................................................ 32
4.3.1 Pressure Gauge: ........................................................................................... 32
4.3.2 Flow Meter: .................................................................................................. 33
4.3.3 Tachometer: ................................................................................................. 34
4.3.4 Stop watch:................................................................................................... 34
4.3.5 Spring Balance: ............................................................................................ 35
4.4 Construction: ...................................................................................................... 36
4.4.1 Construction of penstock: ............................................................................ 36
iv
NOMENCLATURE
Symbol
Description
unit
Bb
Cv
Co-efficient of velocity
N/A
Db
Diameter of jet
Head
Lb
Jet ratio
N/A
rpm
Ns
Specific speed
rpm
Pressure
Pa
Pi
Inlet power
Watt
Po
Outlet power
Watt
Flow rate
m3/s
Torque
N.m
m/s
Velocity
m/s
va
m/s
No. of buckets
N/A
N/m3
Speed ratio
N/A
rad/s
Efficiency
Density of water
kg/m3
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Page no.
Figure 1.1The configuration of the nozzle and buckets in a Pelton wheel .............................1
Figure 1.2General arrangement of the Pelton wheel ..............................................................2
Figure 1.3Water strike on Pelton wheel ..................................................................................3
Figure 2.1Overshot water wheel .............................................................................................5
Figure 2.2 Undershot water wheel ..........................................................................................6
Figure 2.3 Breast water wheel ................................................................................................7
Figure 2.4 Schematic of Impulse and Reaction turbines with pressure and velocity graph. ..9
Figure 2.5 Turbine classification ..........................................................................................10
Figure 2.6 Pelton's original patent (October 1880). ..............................................................12
Figure 3.1 Pelton wheel working procedure .........................................................................16
Figure 3.2 Velocity diagram of Pelton wheel .......................................................................17
Figure 3.3 Dimensions of Bucket. ........................................................................................20
Figure 3.4 Schematic layout of hydro plant ..........................................................................22
Figure 3.5 Efficiency vs. speed at various nozzle settings. ..................................................23
Figure 3.6 Power vs. speed of various nozzle setting. ..........................................................24
Figure 3.7 Pelton turbine losses and efficiencies ..................................................................24
Figure 4.1 Front View of upper portion of the Setup ...........................................................25
Figure 4.2 Back View of upper portion of the setup.............................................................25
Figure 4.3 Showing the torque measurement arrangement of the setup and nozzle position...26
Figure 4.4 Isometric view of full setup .................................................................................26
Figure 4.5 Bucket ..................................................................................................................27
Figure 4.6 Rim ......................................................................................................................27
Figure 4.7 Shaft .....................................................................................................................28
Figure 4.8 Front View of Casing ..........................................................................................28
Figure 4.9 Orthographic View of casing...............................................................................29
Figure 4.10 Solidworks view of casing.................................................................................29
Figure 4.11 Solidworks view of Brake drum ........................................................................30
Figure 4.12 Solidworks view of supporting table .................................................................30
vii
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Page no.
5.1 Data Table .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.1 Calculation Table ...................................................................................................49
ix
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse hydraulic machine that is actively used for
the production of power from kinetic energy of flowing water. It is the only form of impulse
turbine in common industrial use. It is a robust and simple machine that is ideal for the
production of power from low volume water flows at a high head with reasonable efficiency.
The Pelton wheel constructed in this thesis reproduces all the characteristics of full size machines
and allows an experimental program to determine the performance of a turbine.
Impulse turbines operate through a mechanism that first converts the high head through a nozzle
into high velocity, which strikes the buckets at a single position as they pass by. These turbines
are suited for relatively low power and high head derivations. The Pelton wheel is comprised of
three basic components that include the stationary inlet nozzle, the runner and the casing. The
multiple buckets are mounted on a rotating wheel. They are shaped in a manner that divides the
flow in half and deflects the water by an angle of 180o.
The nozzle is positioned in a similar plane as the wheel and is arranged so that the jet of water
impinges tangentially on to the buckets. The nozzle is controlled by a ball valve regulator.
Figure 1.1: The configuration of the nozzle and buckets in a Pelton wheel
A friction dynamometer consists of a 8inch diameter brake wheel fitted with a fabric brake band
which is tensioned by a weight hanger and masses with the fixed end being secures via a spring
balance to the support frame. A tachometer may be used to measure the speed of the turbine.
The runner of the Pelton turbine consists of double hemispherical cups fitted on its periphery.
The jet strikes these cups at the central dividing edge of the front edge. The central dividing edge
is also called a splitter. The water jet strikes edge of the splitter symmetrically and equally
distributed into the two halves of hemispherical bucket. The inlet angle of the jet is therefore
between 1o and 3o. Theoretically if the buckets are exactly hemispherical it would deflect the jet
through 180. Then the relative velocity of the jet leaving the bucket would be opposite in
direction to the relative velocity of the jet entering. This cannot be achieved practically because
the jet leaving the bucket then strikes the back of the succeeding bucket and hence overall
efficiency would decrease. Therefore in practice the angular deflection of the jet in the bucket is
united to about 165 or 170. And the bucket is slightly smaller than a hemisphere in size. The
amount of water discharges from the nozzle is regulated by a ball valve.
Objectives:
To construct a Pelton Turbine with proper design and to analyze its performance under
different static heads.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
the wheel
is
is
comparatively low.
Unlike undershot wheels, overshot wheels gain a double advantage from gravity. Not
only is the momentum of the flowing water partially transferred to the wheel, the weight of the
water descending in the wheel's buckets also imparts additional energy. The mechanical power
derived from an overshot wheel is determined by the wheel's physical size and the
available head, so they are ideally suited to hilly or mountainous country. On average, the
undershot wheel uses 22 percent of the energy in the flow of water, while an overshot wheel uses
63 percent, as calculated by English civil engineer John Smeaton in the 18th century.
Undershot wheels are also well suited to installation on floating platforms. The earliest
were probably constructed by the Byzantine general Belisarius during the siege of Rome in 537.
Later they were sometimes mounted immediately downstream from bridges where the flow
restriction of arched bridge piers increased the speed of the current.
2.2 Turbine:
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and
converts it into useful work. A turbine is a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a
rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so
that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. Early turbine examples
are windmills and waterwheels.
Gas, steam, and hydraulic turbines have a casing around the blades that contains and
controls the working fluid. Credit for invention of the steam turbine is given both to the British
engineer Sir Charles Algernon Parsons (18541931), for invention of the reaction turbine and to
Swedish engineer Gustaf de Laval (18451913), for invention of the impulse turbine. Modern
steam turbines frequently employ both reaction and impulse in the same unit, typically varying
the degree of reaction and impulse from the blade root to its periphery.
The word "turbine" was coined in 1822 by the French mining engineer Claude
Burdin from the Latin turbo, or vortex, in a memo, "Des turbines hydrauliques ou machines
rotatoires grande vitesse", which he submitted to the Acadmie royale des sciences in
Paris. Benot Fourneyron, a former student of Claude Burdin, built the first practical water
turbine.
1. Impulse turbine:
In this type, a powerful working fluid jet from no. of nozzles, strikes the cups or buckets
on the periphery of the turbine wheel thereby causing the wheel to rotate. That means, the turbine
rotates due to impulse (force) of fluid jet.
2. Reaction turbine:
Ideally, in this type of turbine, a closed drum or a cylinder is arranged the shaft and on
the periphery of the drum some nozzles are arranged at right angles (cross) to the shaft instead of
cups or buckets, as shown in figure. High pressure fluid from a boiler enters the drum at one end
and this fluid when escaping through the nozzles exerts heavy back pressure on the body of the
nozzles. Due to this back pressure, the drum rotates (backward) along with the shaft. In other
words, this type of turbine rotates due to reaction and so is called the reaction turbine.
Practically, no pure reaction turbine exists. It may be mentioned here that the reaction type
8
turbine produces very small power and its uses and applications are limited to small power plants
only.
Figure 2.4: Schematic of Impulse and Reaction turbines with pressure and velocity graph.
Turbine
Impulse
Reaction
Pelton
wheel
Radial
flow
Inward
flow
Mixed
flow
Axial
flow
Outward
flow
Kaplan
turbine
Francis
turbine
Figure 2.5: Turbine classification
2.3.1Classification:
Classification according to the following criteria:
10
Propeller
turbine
11
The first wheel that Pelton put to practical use was to power the sewing machine of his
landlady, Mrs. W. G. Groves in Campton Ville. This prototype wheel is on display at a lodge in
Campton Ville. He then took his patterns to the Allan Machine Shop and Foundry in Nevada
City. Wheels of various types and sizes were made and tested. Hydro-electric plants of thousands
of horsepower running at efficiencies of more than 90 percent were generating electric power by
the time of his death in 1910. The Pelton wheel is acclaimed as the only hydraulic turbine of the
impulse type to use a large head and low flow of water in hydro-electric power stations. Pelton
wheels are still in use today all over the world in hydroelectric power plants. The Pelton Wheel
Company was so successful that it moved to larger facilities in San Francisco, in 1887.
12
Easy assembly
This turbine can strictly extract energy as of any fast-moving fluid, for example
air, but almost always use water for utmost efficiency.
They can prepared out of metal, plastic, ceramic materials, while metal is
generally preferred.
As Pelton turbine is not only turbines in existence, they are absolutely the mainly
ideal impulse turbines while low flow rates or small streams are only sources of
water accessible.
While they are ideal for location in which a stream of water has a high quantity of
pressure by a low flow rate.
The quantity of energy to be extract as of small streams that would have or else
gone to dissipate.
This is not the best turbines for low-pressure streams by a high flow rate.
13
14
Chapter 3
Theory
3.1 Working principle of pelton wheel:
The Pelton turbine is the most visually obvious example of an impulse machine. Nozzles
direct forceful, high-speed streams of water against a rotary series of spoon-shaped buckets, also
known as impulse blades, which are mounted around the circumferential rim of a drive wheel
also called a runner. As the water jet impinges upon the contoured bucket-blades, the direction of
water velocity is changed to follow the contours of the bucket. Water impulse energy exerts
torque on the bucket-and-wheel system, spinning the wheel; the water stream itself does a "uturn" and exits at the outer sides of the bucket, decelerated to a low velocity. In the process, the
water jet's momentum is transferred to the wheel and thence to a turbine. Thus, impulse energy
does work on the turbine. For maximum power and efficiency, the wheel and turbine system is
designed such that the water jet velocity is twice the velocity of the rotating buckets. A very
small percentage of the water jet's original kinetic energy will remain in the water, which causes
the bucket to be emptied at the same rate it is filled, and thereby allows the high-pressure input
flow to continue uninterrupted and without waste of energy. Typically two buckets are mounted
side-by-side on the wheel, which permits splitting the water jet into two equal streams. This
balances the side-load forces on the wheel and helps to ensure smooth, efficient transfer of
momentum of the fluid jet of water to the turbine wheel. Because water and most liquids are
nearly incompressible, almost all of the available energy is extracted in the first stage of the
hydraulic turbine. Therefore, Pelton wheels have only one turbine stage, unlike gas turbines that
operate with compressible fluid.
The operating characteristics of a turbine are often conveniently shown by
plotting torque T, brake power Pb, and overall turbine efficiency t against turbine
rotational speed n for a series of volume flow rates Qv,. It is important to note that the
efficiency reaches a maximum and then falls, whilst the torque falls constantly and linearly. The
optimum conditions for operation occur when the required duty point of head and flow coincides
with a point of maximum efficiency.
15
16
Let us consider that a jet of water issuing from the nozzle strikes the buckets of the runner of a
Pelton wheel. Velocity diagram of Pelton wheel is given below:
Where,
H= net head.
Actual Velocity of Jet
va Cv 2 gH
Where,
Cv is the co-efficient of velocity of the jet which varies from 0.98 to 0.99.
II.
III.
The diameter of the jet is obtained if flow rate is known. For a single jet,
Q d 2va
4
Q d 2Cv 2 gH
4
4Q
d
C 2 gH
v
IV.
u
uv
1
2 gH
In practice the value is between 0.44 and 0.46 and the average is 0.45.
V.
DN
Or,
60
60u
N
Where,
N = speed of the wheel in revolutions/min.
VI.
D
d
VII.
VIII.
L= 2 to 3d
B= 3 to 5d
Depth of bucket
D= 0.8 to 1.2d
20
The number of buckets is usually obtained from the following empirical formula given by
Taygun.
zD
2d
15 0.5m 15
Where,
m is the jet ratio.
IX.
Ns
N P
H
Where,
N=rpm
21
Figure 3.4 shows the total headline, where the water supplies from a reservoir at a head
H1 above the nozzle. The frictional head loss, hf, is the loss as the water flows through the
pressure tunnel and penstock up to entry to the nozzle.
Then the transmission efficiency is
trans ( H 1 h f ) H 1 H H 1
2 gH
j va2 2 gH Cv2
The characteristics of an impulse turbine are shown in Fig. 3.5 and Fig 3.6
Figure 3.5 shows the curves for constant head and indicates that the peak efficiency
occurs at about the same speed ratio for any gate opening and that the peak values of efficiency
do not vary much. This happens as the nozzle velocity remaining constant in magnitude and
direction as the flow rate changes, gives an optimum value of U/C1 at a fixed speed. Due to
losses, such as windage, mechanical, and friction cause the small variation. Fig. 3.6 shows the
curves for power vs. speed. Fixed speed condition is important because generators are usually
run at constant speed.
H = H1 - (h f + h n )
24
CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
4.1 Full setup:
Different parts were designed and assembled in solidworks with proper dimensions.
25
Figure 4.3: Showing the torque measurement arrangement of the setup and nozzle position.
26
4.2 Design:
4.2.1 Bucket:
Bucket was made of Aluminum. The length of the bucket is, Lb=2.5 inch, width, Bb=4
inch and depth, Db= 1 inch. The length of the handle of the bucket is 2 inch and the gap between
two handles is 1 inch.
4.2.2 Rim:
The outer diameter is 9.5 inch and is has 12 buckets with equal division. Diameter for
shaft hole is 1.5 inch. The angle between two buckets is 30o. The rim is made of stainless steel
sheet metal. The thickness of the rim is 1 inch.
27
4.2.3 Shaft:
Length of the shaft is 18 inch and diameter of the shaft is 1.5 inch.
Material: stainless steel.
29
30
4.3 Equipments:
4.3.1 Pressure Gauge:
Pressure gauge was attached with pipeline before nozzle to measure the pressure. It is one
of the most important equipment of this setup.
Specification:
Range: (0~60) psi and (0~4) kgf/cm2
Working Pressure:
Steady: 3/4 of full scale value (recommendation 25% to 75% of full scale)
Fluctuating: 2/3 of full scale value (recommendation lower 50% of full
scale)
Short time: full scale value
Operating Temperature:
Ambient: -20 ~ 65C
Media (Fluid): -5 ~ 40C
32
Maximum permissible error: a) In the lower zone from qmin inclusive up to but
excluding qt is 5%
b) In the upper zone from qt inclusive up to and
including qs is 2%
33
4.3.3 Tachometer:
A tachometer was used to measure the RPM of the wheel.
35
4.4 Construction:
4.4.1 Construction of penstock:
The penstock was configured by GI pipe. The total length of the penstock is around 110
ft. The diameter of pipe is 1.5 inch. The penstock was constructed by the help of plumber. The
water reservoir is on top of the 10th floor. Different types of fittings were used while penstock
established. Some of them are named union, nipple, elbow, T-joint, reducer etc.
36
4.4.2 Nozzle:
The nozzle is made of brass. External thread diameter is 1 inch and nozzle diameter is
0.45 inch
37
4.4.3 Runner:
It has two parts, rim and bucket. The outer diameter of rim is 9.5 inch and it can
accommodate 12 buckets with equal divisions. Diameter for shaft hole on the rim is 1.5 inch.
The angle between two buckets is 300. The rim is made of 2 mm thick stainless steel sheet metal.
Later two circular portions were TIG welded to join together. The thickness of the rim is 1 inch.
Buckets were made of Aluminum. Using the oldest method, at first bucket pattern was
made according to the design and then sand cast aluminum bucket produced. The length of the
bucket is, Lb=2.5 inch, width, Bb=4 inch and depth, Db= 1 inch. The length of the handle of the
bucket is 2 inch and the gap between two handle is 1 inch. Then Buckets were drilled with
desired dimensions and later bolted on the rim maintaining equal angle of 300.
38
40
41
42
43
CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL DATA COLLECTION &
CALCULATION
5.1 Experimental procedures:
Gate valve of the main pipe line was opened at the very beginning of the experiment.
Then the belt of torque measurement arrangement with no tension was set. After that 2 lb load
applied to brake drum with the help of nut bolt which is attach with the frame. After setting the
load, ball valve was opened. As a result jet struck the buckets. For that runner began to rotate as
well as the brake drum. Pressure was set 10 psi to start the main procedure. Amount of flow
water was taken from flow meter. To calculate flow rate, Q, time was counted using stopwatch.
Tachometer was subjected to the shaft to find the speed, N of the wheel in rpm. Meanwhile the
reading from spring balance was taken. The same experiment for different pressure (12psi-30psi)
was repeated.
When the experiment was over, the load was removed from the brake drum and all the
valves closed which were provided for controlling the jet speed.
44
No.
of
obs.
Time
(s)
01.
Volume
(m3)
Pressure, P
(Pa)
Speed,
N
(rpm)
T1
(lb)
T2
(lb)
(T1-T2)
(kg)
Load for
braking
torque,
(T1-T2)
(lb)
3
113
8.8510-4
10
68.94103
190
02.
111
910-4
12
82.73103
210
5.25
3.25
1.47
03.
97
1.0310-3
14
96.52103
240
5.5
3.5
04.
93
1.0710-3
16
110.31103
235
1.81
05.
91
1.0910-3
18
124.1103
247
6.15
4.15
1.88
06.
88
1.1310-3
20
137.89103
250
6.5
4.5
2.04
07.
83
1.210-3
22
151.68103
310
2.26
08.
71
1.410-3
24
165.47103
315
7.2
5.2
2.35
09.
65
1.5410-3
26
179.2103
340
7.5
5.5
2.49
10.
60
1.6610-3
28
193.05103
410
7.8
5.8
2.63
11.
55
1.8210-3
30
206.84103
430
8.2
6.2
2.81
0.1
45
1.36
1.59
5.3 Calculation:
5.3.1 Sample calculation:
For observation no. 1:
Head, H =
68.94 103
9810
=7.02 m
Input power, Pi = QH
=9810(8.8510-4) 7.02
=60.94 Watt
Output power, Po = T1 T2 g
=1.369.81
2N
R
60
2 3.1416 190
0.09
60
=23.77 Watt
Efficiency, =
=
Po
Pi
23.77
60.94
=39%
46
Velocity, va =
=
Q
A
Q
d2
4Q
d2
4 (8.85 104 )
3.1416 (0.01143)2
=8.625 ms-1
Coefficient of velocity, Cv =
=
va
2 gH
8.625
2 9.81 7.02
=0.73
DN
60
47
Speed ratio, =
=
u
va
3.04
8.625
= 0.35
Specific speed, N s =
N Po
H
[where, Po is in kW]
= 2.56 rpm
48
CHAPTER 6
RESULT & DISCUSSION
6.1 Calculation Table:
No.
of
Obs.
H
(m)
Q
(m3/s)
va
(ms-1)
Cv
Pi
(W)
Po
(W)
Speed
ratio,
Efficiency,
(%)
Torque,
T
(N.m)
39%
Specific
speed,
Ns
(rpm)
2.56
01.
7.02
8.8510-4
8.625
0.73
60.94
23.77
0.35
02.
8.43
910-4
8.771
0.68
74.42
28.4
0.38
38.16%
2.46
1.29
03.
9.83
1.0310-3
10.03
0.72
99.32
35.10
0.38
35.34%
2.58
1.4
04.
11.24
1.0710-3
10.42
0.70
117.98
39.13
0.36
33.16%
2.26
1.6
05.
12.65
1.0910-3
10.62
0.67
135.26
42.72
0.37
31.64%
2.13
1.65
06.
14.05
1.1310-3
11.01
0.66
155.74
46.92
0.36
30.12%
1.99
1.8
07.
15.46
1.210-3
11.69
0.67
181.99
64.45
0.42
35.41%
2.56
1.98
08.
16.86
1.410-3
13.64
0.75
231.55
68.10
0.36
29.41%
2.4
2.06
09
18.26
1.5410-3
15
0.79
275.86
77.88
0.36
28.23%
2.51
2.19
10.
19.67
1.6610-3
16.17
0.82
320.31
99.2
0.4
30.96%
3.12
2.31
11.
21.08
1.8210-3
17.73
0.87
376.36
111.2
0.38
29.53%
3.17
2.47
Results:
Mean coefficient of velocity of the nozzle, Cv = 0.73
Mean speed ratio, = 0.37
Mean specific speed, Ns = 2.52
Mean efficiency of the wheel, = 32.81%
49
1.19
From the graph of head against flow rate; head increases from 7.2 m to 21.08 m and the
volumetric flow rate was increasing from 8.8510-4 m3/s to 1.8210-34 m3/s. As the head of
water increases the pressure is increased. This increase in pressure influences the power
delivered to the wheel by the jet of water. The curve fluctuated at some point. Due to frictional
loss and some leakage of pipe line it occurred.
50
This graph shows the relationship between speed and flow rate from the nozzle. As the speed
increases from 190 rpm to 430 rpm, the volumetric flow rate increases from 8.8510-4 m3/s to
1.8210-34 m3/s. So the head of water increases with the increase of speed. As the speed is
correlated with head so with the increase of head, speed of wheel also increases. Fluctuation
takes place at some point. Digital tachometers instability is the hindrance of it. Again frictional
loss of pipe line and some leakage losses are also responsible for it.
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This graph shows the relationship between torque and flow rate from the nozzle. As the torque
increases from 3 lb to 6.2 lb, the volumetric flow rate increases from 8.8510-4 m3/s to 1.821034
m3/s. So the torque increases with the increase of speed. Increase of speed results the increase
of applied load to the brake drum. As torque is interrelated with load so with the increase of load,
torque increases gradually. Digital tachometers instability is the main reason of the seesaw of
the curve.
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From the graph of output power against flow rate from the nozzle, as the flow rate increases from
8.8510-4 m3/s to 1.8210-34 m3/s output power increases from 23.77 watt to 111.16 watt. As the
flow rate of water increases the load is also increased. Flow rate is the reason for increasing the
speed of the wheel. And the load of the brake drum is related with torque. So increase of speed
and torque results the increase of output power. Head loss, leakage and tachometer instability is
the reason for the fluctuation.
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This graph shows the relationship between output power and input power. In this graph best
fitted line is used which maintains the straight line equation y=mx. Frictional loss, leakage loss,
inaccuracy in measurement, visual errors while taking data, large fraction inaccuracy, digital
tachometer instability etc. are the main reasons behind it. From this graph, slope, m=0.276. So,
efficiency determined from the curve is, = 27.6%.
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The main objective of this experiment is to construct Pelton Turbine with proper design
and accuracy as close as possible compared to ideal Pelton Turbine and to measure the
performance characteristics values using experimental procedure. And also to find the
performance characteristics curve. The whole construction was done with great keenness and
persistence.
According to design equation, the runner should have 21 buckets but as the main concern
of the thesis was only to demonstrate Pelton wheel for study purpose, 12 buckets were put in
work. The Jet ratio varies from 10 to 14 but for the same reason it was also overlooked. These
are some crucial points of deviation from standard values.
From result, coefficient of velocity, Cv, is 0.73. But in ideal condition it must be from
0.98 to 0.99. The reason of this error is sudden contraction of nozzle. For lack of spacing in
casing a short length of nozzle is used but the jet diameter remains same. So for this sudden
contraction coefficient of velocity is formed to be lower than the ideal one. For some losses the
values of specific speed, speed ratio differs from ideal values. Frictional loss, inaccuracy in
measurement, visual errors while taking data, round off error, leakage losses, digital tachometer
instability etc. are the main reasons behind it.
From the results, it is shown how Pelton Wheel reacts to different kinds of input.
Different flow rates give different values of work input. The slower the flow rates, the larger the
work being put into the wheel. The efficiency of the slower flow rates is also better than faster
one. The speed of the wheel is also dropped when much weight is being applied until it stopped
suddenly when the weight is too much for it to go against.
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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
The experiment of the thesis was carried out with an acceptable level of accuracy. It was
generally a success as the results obtained were useful for the analysis of the properties of
the machine. From the experimental results, it became possible for the real picture of the
operational basis of the machine to be displayed in such a way that the characteristics of the
turbine were visible in the graphical analysis used. The experiment was not fully accurate due to
several errors that resulted from several misdoings. The greatest being that it became really
difficult to acquire readings from the spring balance since the setup was vibrating as result of the
operation of the machine. As such, this explains the slight deviation of the results obtained in the
experiment that were later reflected in the graphs drawn to represent the work. Other errors may
have resulted from unseen leakages in the system and observational and computational errors.
The experiment was, however, carried out with a great level of keenness to reduce the
occurrence of such errors.
Some of the limitations are represented below:
Pressure must not exceed 30psi as it can be destructive for the buckets.
Initial load at the brake drum must be low for the same reason.
Vast amount of water gets wasted due to absence of recycling system design.
Due to excess rotation of the brake drum too much heat is generated which causes
the belt to cling with the brake drum.
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There is a huge field of research in this sector for further improvement. The further
recommendations are as follows:
A DC Motor can be coupled with the shaft to generate electricity. But this
power will be very small.
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REFERENCES
1. Yassi, Y. (1999) An experimental study of improvement of a micro hydro turbine
performance. University of Glasgow.
2. Thermo fluid Lab manual, University TenagaNasional.
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelton_wheel
4. http://www.green-mechanic.com/2014/06/pelton-wheel-turbine.html
5. http://4mechtech.blogspot.com/2014/06/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-ImpulseTurbine.html
6. http://www.oldpelton.net/history/
7. https://www.scribd.com/doc/138061490/Pelton-Turbine-Report#scribd
8. http://www.wika.us/products_PM_en_us.WIKA
9. http://www.hiscoi.com/eng/product/product_main.html?parent=1
10. http://fetweb.ju.edu.jo/staff/me/jyamin/Turbomachine%20Textbook/dke672_ch3.pdf
11. http://www.learnengineering.org/2013/08/pelton-turbine-wheel-hydraulic-turbine.html
12. http://www.ijens.org/1929091%20ijet.pdf
13. http://www.lselectric.com/how-a-pelton-wheel-works/
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