5.

5.1
5.1.1 B
f : A B .

.
.
{1, 2,..., n}
n n ; | A |= n .
N
.

.

-
,
.
:
5.1.1

A B ,
A B = | A B |=| A | + | B |,

| A B |= | A | | B | .

.
:
| A1 A2 An |= | A1 | + | A2 | + + | An | ,
;
| A1 A2 An |= | A1 | | A2 | | An | .
5.1.1 S


.
,
.
1 ,
1 , .

.
a .
5.1.2
180.
180 180 = 22 32 5 ,
2a 3b 5c , a {0,1, 2}, b {0,1, 2}, c {0,1} .

( a, b, c ) {0,1, 2} {0,1, 2} {0,1}
3 3 2 =
18 .
5.1.3
B


C D.
C C ( 3)
C B ( 2).
3 2 . , D
2 2 . 10 .
5.1.4

2N

n 2n, n N .
2N N , 2N N !

.
5.1.5
( )

m
,m Z,n N
n

Q= {

m
| m Z , n N } .
n

( m, n )

. N Q

.

.

 !
5.2

k N,k n .

5.2.1 k (-)
- 1-1 {1, 2,..., k} ,
k
.
(-)
.
1 2

x1 x2 xk
k - .

x1 x2 xk

V (n, k ) k n
. | V (n, k ) | :
n
X , n .
, ()
k 1 n 1 .
| V ( n 1, k 1) | .
| V ( n, k ) |=n | V ( n 1, k 1) |, 2 k n .

| V ( n, k ) |= n | V ( n 1, k 1) |= n(n 1) | V(n 2, k 2) |= = n(n 1) (n ( k 2)) | V ( n ( k 1),1) |

| V (m,1)
=| m, m N

5.2.1 - -
| V ( n, k ) |= n( n 1) ( n ( k 1)) .

P(n ) .

| P( n ) |=
| V ( n, n ) |=
n( n 1) 2 1 .

n ! = 1 2 n , n = 1, 2,...

0! = 1 .

5.2.2

5.2.1
,
.
(,
,).
, 3 5
. | V (5,3) |= 5 4 3 = 60 .
5.2.2

?
,
4 ,
4! = 1 2 3 4 = 24 .

n {1, 2,..., n} .

 5.2.2

i1i2 in je

, 2413
,
- .

5.2.3

() .

(),

()

.
.
:
5.2.3

.

k ,
2k + 1 ,
.
5.2.3 1,2,3,4,5
2x3
( 123, 54 ).


.

123, 4,5 ?
1
1
4
5

2
2 3
3
5
4

.
{1, 2,3, 4,5}

 .

12354,
12345. ,


. ,
,
,
. .
5. 3
n
1 2

{1, 2,..., n}
p(1) p(2) p ( n )
a {1, 2,..., n} . a, p( a ), p( p( a )), p(p(p(a))),... . ,
k p k ( a ) ,
p 1-1 a . p k ( a ) = a . a , p ( a ),..., p k 1 ( a )
p =

( ( a p ( a )... p k 1 ( a )) ).

. ,
. p
.

12 34 56
(134)(2)(56) .
32 4 1 6 5

( ) ,

.
.
n
n ! . Sn .
n ! .

n
n ! 2 n ( ) n ( Stirling )
e

5.4.

 5.4.1 - - .
- - C (n, k ) .
| C (n, k ) | . - -
- x1 x2 xk - {x1 , x2 ,..., xk }
. - x p (1) x p (2) x p ( k )
p {1, 2,..., k } {x1 , x2 ,..., xk } .
!. - !
-.
5.4.1 - -
=
| C ( n, k ) |

n( n 1) ( n ( k 1))
n!
.
=
k!
k !( n k )!

5.4.2

n!

|, n k 0
n =
| C ( n, k ) |
k !( n k )!
.
k =

0, k > n

.
:
| C ( n,=
k ) | | C ( n, k 1) |

n ( k 1)
,1 k n .
k

5.4.2

n + 1 n n
=

+ .
k k 1 k

- n + 1 {1, 2,..., n, n + 1} .
n + 1 | C (n, k ) |
n + 1 | C ( n, k 1) | . | C ( n + 1, k=
) | | C ( n, k ) | + | C ( n, k 1) | ,
.

 , ,

n k . ,
, ,

0
0

1 1
0 1

2 2 2
0 1 2

3 3 3 3
0 1 2 3

1
1 1
1 2 1

1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
.........................

..........................
.

.

:
n
k

n
n k ,0 k n

n
, n ,
k

-:=

-

(= n ) , .
2
k k + 1
n n + 1
k + k ++ k =

k + 1

(- )

n .
5.4.1 n -
.
?

 4- .

,
. ,

n n( n 1)( n 2)( n 3)
.
4 =
4!

5.4.2

k
k
=
k2 + 2 ,
1
2

n(n + 1)(2 n + 1)
,n N .
6
k =1
n
n
n
k
k n + 1
n + 1 n( n + 1)(2n + 1)
. k 2 = + 2 =
.
+ 2

=
6
=
k 1=
k 1 1=
k 1 2

2
3
n

=
k2

5.2.2.

: (a + b)n = (
a + b)( a + b) ( a + b) = x1 x2 xn .

x {a ,b}
1

x2{a ,b}
..............
xn {a ,b}

x1 x2 xn b n k
a . | C (n, k ) | (
n k b )
a n k bk . k {0,1,..., n} ,
.

n
n n k k

x
x
x
=
12 n
a b ,
k =0 k

a= b= 1 ,

k = 2
k =0

a = b = 1 ,

(1)

k =0

(1 + x )

=
(1 + x ) (1 + x ) ,
m+n m + n

k m m p n m q

k x = p x q x =
=
k 0
=
p 0 =
q 0

m+n

n
0.
k =

m n p+q
x
0 p m p q

0 q n

x k :

m + n
=
k

mn
=

0 p m p q

0 q n
=
p+q k

mn

p q.

0 p
0 q
=
p+q k

5.5

.
, ,
,

.
x m( x ) N .
.
5.5.1
X m : X N .
X m( x ) (
) x .
M = ( X , m)
=
M {m( x ) x | x X } .
| M |= m( x ) .
xX

U m X U ,
N {0,1, 2,..., n,...} =
m( x ) 0 x X .
U , M {m( x ) x | x U } .
=
M {m( x ) x | x X } =
m(=
x ) 0, x U
=
{0 x | x U } .
, , :
5.5.2
M = {m1 x1 , m2 x2 ,..., m k xk }
K = {n1 x1 , n2 x2 ,..., nk xk } 0 ni mi , i =
1, 2,..., k .
M = {m1 x1 , m2 x2 ,..., m k xk } K = {n1 x1 , n2 x2 ,..., nk xk }
M K = {max{m1 , n1}x1 , max{m2 , n2 }x2 ,..., max{mk , nk }xk } .
M = {m1 x1 , m2 x2 ,..., m k xk } K = {n1 x1 , n2 x2 ,..., nk xk }
M K =
{min{m1 , n1}x1 , min{m2 , n2 }x2 ,..., min{mk , nk }xk } .

 m( x=
) 1, x X
.
5.6.
5.6.1 -
M = {m1 x , m2 x2 ,..., mn xn } - . Ako
je k=|M|, k- .
1

5.6.1 3- {2a,3b}
:
aab,aba,abb,baa,bab,bba,bbb.
5.6.2 {2a,3b}
:
aabbb,ababb,abbab,abbba,baabb,babab,babba,bbaab,bbaba,bbbaa.
x (.
)
m( x ) = .
5.6.1 - M ={x1 , x2 ,..., xn } je
nk .
- y1 y2 yk .
n .
n
n
...
n =
nk .
k

- M ={x1 , x2 ,..., xn }
.
5.6.3 -?
{xi , xi ,..., xi } - {x1 , x2 ,..., xk } {0, 1} - i1 , i2 ,..., im
1 0. ,
-, 2k .
1

 5.6.2 M = {m1 x1 , m2 x2 ,..., mn xn }

( m1 + m2 + + mn )!
.
m1 ! m2 ! mn !

k = m1 + m2 + + mn mi
xi , i = 1, 2,..., n .
k

m1 x1 ,
m1
k m1
k m1
m2 x2 , .
m2

. ,

k k m1 k m1 mn 1

m m
mn
2
1

k!
( k m1 )!
( k m1 mn 1 )!
k!
=

m1 !( k m1 )! m2 !( k m1 m2 )!
mn !0!
m1 ! m2 ! mn !

( m1 + m2 + + mk )!

m1 ! m2 ! mk !

m1 , m2 ,..., mk .

5.6.4 ?
6!
= 60 .
1!3!2!
5.5.3 - {m1 x1 , m 2 x2 ,..., m n xn }

{1 ,3, 2 } .
k!

a ! a ! a !
1

( a1 , a2 ,..., ak )
a1 + a2 + + an =
k
0 a1 m1
0 a2 m2
..................
0 an mn

- {m1 x1 , m 2 x2 ,..., m n xn }
{a1 x1 , a2 x2 ,..., an xn }
0 ai mi , i =
1, 2,..., n . 5.5.2 .
5.7

 5.7.1 x1 , x2 ,..., xk
( x1 + x2 + + xk ) n =

n!
x1a x2a2 xkak ,
a1 ! a2 ! ak !

a1 + a2 + + ak =
n

0 a1
0 a2
...........
0 ak

( x1 + x2 + + xk ) n = ( x1 + x2 + + xk )( x1 + x2 + + xk ) ( x1 + x2 + + xk ) =

y1{ x1 , x2 ,..., xk }
y2{ x1 , x2 ,..., xk }
.........................
yn { x1 , x2 ,..., xk }

y1 y2 yn

y1 y2 yn x1a x2a xka y1 y2 yn

1

{a1 x1 , a2 x2 ,..., ak xk } .

n!
,
a1 ! a2 ! ak !

.
5.7.2 ( - ) n
k N ,
n | kn k .
x=
x=

= x=
1
1
2
k

n!

a1 ! a2 ! ak !

a1 , a2 ,..., ak < n n , n

, 1 k .
5.7.1 x11
(1 x + 2 x 3 )7 .
(1 =
x + 2 x 3 )7

7!

a !b! c !1 ( x ) (2 x )
a

3 c

(a, b, c) a + b + c= 7, b + 3c= 11, a, b, c 0 .

b =11 3c, a =4 + 2c, c {2,3} .

7! 0
7! 2
1 ( 1)5 22 +
1 ( 1) 2 23 =84 + 1680 =1576 .
0!5!2!
2!2!3!

5.8
5.8.1 - .
5.8.1 5- {3a, 4b,1c} :
{3a, 2b},{3a,1b,1c},{2 a,3b},{2 a, 2 b,1c},{a, 4b},{a,3b,1c},{4 b,1c} .
5.8.1 - {m1 x1 , m2 x2 , , mn xn }

a1 + a2 + + an =
k

0 a1 m1

(*)

0 a2 m2
.................
0 an mn

, -
{a1 x1 , a2 x2 ,..., an xn } , ( a1 , a2 ,...., an ) .
5.8.2 - {m1 x1 , m2 x2 , , mn xn }
x k
(1 + x + + x m )(1 + x + + x m ) (1 + x + + x m ) .
,
1

a1

x a2 x an , ( a1 , a2 ,..., an )

0 ai mi , ai Z , i =
1, 2,..., n . x k

(*), .
,
5.8.3 - {x1 , x2 , , xn }

a1 + a2 + + an =
k

0 a1
0 a2

(**)

.................
0 an

x k (1 + x + + x k )n .

 .
a1 + a2 + + an ai , i = 1, 2,..., n
(. ai | ) k + n 1 k |
n 1 + . , k = 6 n = 5 , 0 + 2 + 1 + 0 + 3
+ || + | ++ ||| (0, 2,1,0,3) .
k + n 1 {k |,(n 1) +} .
(a1 , a2 ,..., an ) (**).

(**) .

( k + n 1)! k + n 1
=
.
k !( n 1)! k

-
{x1 , x2 , , xn }
.
5.8.4 x k
(1 + x + + x k ) n ?
1 + x + x 2 + + x k , ,
x m , m > k . n - ()
1 + x + x 2 + , , ,

1
| x |< 1 ).
1 x
n

1
n
(1 + x + x 2 + ) n =
= (1 x )
1 x

:
5.8.5 ( ) | x |< 1
f ( x )= (1 + x ) , R


2
k
0 + 1 x + 2 x ++ k x +

( 1) ( ( k 1))

=
k

, k 0,1, 2,... (
=
k!

),

 x )) n
(1 + (=

n
( x )k
=
k 0

( n )( n 1) ( n ( k 1))
( =
1) k x k
k!
k 0

( n + k 1) ( n + 1)n k
=
x
k!
k 0

, ,
n + k 1
.
k

5.8.5 4
,
?
4-
{, , } .
3 + 4 1 6 6 6 5
15 .
4 =
=
=
=
2

4 2

5.8.6 6
?
a1 , a2 , a3 ,
a1 + a2 + a3 =
6
a1 , a2 , a,3 0
a1 , a2 , a,3 Z
6 + 3 1 8
=
=
24 .
6 2

5.8.7 6
,
?
x 6
( x 0 + x 2 + x 4 + x 6 )( x 0 + x1 + x 2 )( x 0 + x1 + x 2 + + x 6 ) =

( )
(1 + x + 2 x 2 + x 3 + 2 x 4 + x 5 + 2 x 6 + )(1 + x + + x 6 ) =
=
+ 10 x 6 +

(1 + x 2 + x 4 + x 6 + x 8 + )(1 + x + x 2 )(1 + x + x 2 + ) =
A
B
C
1
1
1 + x + x2
2
+
+
=
=
+
+
x
x
(1
)
2
2
2
1 x
1 x (1 x ) (1 + x ) 1 x (1 x ) 1 + x

2
k
= A x k + B x k + C ( x )=
k 0
k 0 k
k 0

[ A + B k + C ( 1) ]x
k 0

n + k
k
k 0

 A, B, C

1 + x + x 2 A(1 + x )(1 x ) + B (1 + x ) + C (1 x ) 2
x =
1, x =
1, x =
0
=
B 3=
/ 2,C 1=
/ 4, A 3 / 4 . x 6
3 3 ( 2)( 3)( 4)( 5)( 6)( 7) 1
10 .
+
+ =
4 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
4
x

,
.
5.9 - ()

| A B |= | A | + | B | | A B | . n

5.9.1 ( - ()):

| A | | A A

An |
| A1 A2 =

i< j

|+

|A A

i< j <k

Ak |

.

Ai

a j

{=
mi1a1 , mi 2 a2 ,..., mik ak }, i 1, 2,..., n

a j :
mnj | A A A | ;
m | A | ;
1

=1

=1

1
j

| A

<

A |

,;

| A A
< <

A |

,;

m1 j m2 j mnj .

n
n
n
mnj =
m j m j

+ m j
m j
+
1
2

0, < n .
n n n n
(1 1) n =

0 1 + 2 3 + =
1, = n

( ) :

5.9.2

Ai , i = 1, 2,..., n

A .

| A1c A2c Anc |= | ( A1 A2 An ) c |= | A | | A1 A2 An |

= | A | Ai + | Ai Aj | + ( 1) n | A1 A2 An |
i

i< j

x Ai x i
:

,
, , .
5.9.1 100 70 ,60 ,50 , 40
,30 , 20 , 10 .
?
,, U
, ,
| Ac B c C c |= | U | (| A | + | B | + | C |) + (| A B | + | A C | + | B C |) | A B C |=
100 (70 + 60 + 50) + (40 + 30 + 20) 10 =
0

1. 2 , 3 4 , ?
9!/(2!4!3!)= 1260 . 8!/(l!4!3!) = 280. 7!/(2!4! 1!) = 105.
6!/(2!1!3!) = 60 . 6!/4! = 30.
5!/(1!l!3!)

= 20. 4!/2! = 12. ,

3! = 6. , , 280+105+60-30-20-12+6=389. 1260
389=871.

2. { 1,2,. . . , 9} 123, 456 789.

123 7! ( 123,4,5,6,7,8,9). 456 789. 123 456 5!
( 123,456,7,8,9 ). 123 789 456 789. 123. 456

3 7! 3 5!+ 3! .
{1, 2,...,100} 1?
2
100 2 = 4, B
2
2
100 3 = 9 , C 100 5 =25 , D
2
c
c
c
c
100 7 =49. | A B C D | ,
789 3! . 123, 456 789

3.

100 100 100 100 100 100

)+
+
+ 4 0 0 =61.
+
+
+
2
2
4 9 25 49 (2 3) (2 5)
4. {x1 , x2 ,..., xn } { y1 , y2 ,..., ym }, n m
100-(

m
m
m
m n ( m 1) n + ( m 2) n + ( 1) m 0n .
1
2
m
5. ( n ) n n (
) . n = p1a1 p2a2 pkak , n ( p1 ,... pk
1
1
1
), ( n ) =
n(1 )(1 ) (1 ) .
p1
p2
pk