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Semi- centralized systems (packaged systems) plus the first type of Centralized Systems ;
Centralized Ducted All Air Systems and today I will continue explaining other types of
centralized systems which are:
Centralized Fluid Based Hydronic Systems.
Combined (Hybrid) Water and Air Systems.
You can review the following previous topics for more information and good following:
Electrical Load Classification and Types
1. The use of a chiller (on roofs or plant rooms) to cool the water which would be circulated
via circulating pumps to the terminal units (example fan coil units) located in the occupied
space.
2. The use of boilers (in plant rooms) to heat the water which would be circulated via
circulating pumps to the terminal units located in the occupied space. Hydronic heating
systems employ a variety of terminal units that include fan coil units, baseboard radiators,
convectors, unit heaters, and radiant floors.
The hydronic system piping in All Water Systems can be arranged in 3 basic
configurations:
Two pipe systems consist of a network of insulated pipes; one pipe supplies chilled water and
the second pipe returns it to the chiller. The secondary water is cold in summer and
intermediate seasons and warm in winter. With water-changeover, chilled water is circulated
during the cooling season and hot water during the heating season. The problems occur during
the mid-seasons where cooling can be required part of the time and heating part of the time
and no heating or cooling the rest of the time.
In the three pipe system, hot water and chilled water are fed to each fan coil, with a common
return. This is somewhat more expensive than 2-pipe system, since a third pipe must be run
to each unit. Since the hot water and cold water are mixed in the return, these inefficient
systems are seldom installed today.
In the four pipe system, the chilled water loop and the hot water loop are completely
separate. While these systems are most expensive to install, they are easier to operate in
unpredictable climates.
Hybrid systems use both air and water (cooled or heated in central plant room) distribution to
room terminals to perform cooling or heating function. Unlike all-water system, this system
ensures ventilation air in the spaces so that indoor air quality is not sacrificed.
The air side is comprised of central air conditioning equipment, a duct distribution system,
and a room terminal. The supply air, called primary air, usually has a constant volume which is
determined by the need for outside (fresh) air for ventilation. When in cooling mode the
primary air is dehumidified, to provide comfort and prevent condensation, by a central
conditioning unit. In the winter, heating mode, the air is humidified, by the central
conditioning unit, to limit dryness.
The water side consists of a pump and piping to convey water to heat transfer surfaces within
each conditioned space. The water used can be chilled by direct refrigeration, by using
chilled water from a primary cooling system, or by heat transfer through a water-to-water
exchanger. Chillers usually supply chilled water anywhere from 35-48F. Individual room
temperature control is by regulation of either the water flow through it or the air flow over
it. In the winter, the heating capacity of the coil in a conditioned space must be great enough
to heat the space and offset the cool primary air, which is provided. Water Portion of the
system which is determined by the need for outside (fresh) air for ventilation. When in
cooling mode the primary air is dehumidified, to provide comfort and prevent condensation,
by a central conditioning unit. In the winter, heating mode, the air is humidified, by the
central conditioning unit, to limit dryness.
c- Types of evaporative coolers (swamp cooler, desert cooler and wet air cooler):
1- Portable units:
Locationexternal wall/window.
Permanently wired and plumbed.
Install towards prevailing summer winds.
Suitable for: open areas 3050 m2.
Roof installation.
Cool air is ducted into rooms through ceiling outlets.
Existing heating ductwork is not suitable.
Consider carefully in water restricted areas or when dependent on limited water
supply.
All the components of the central air washer are enclosed in the box which is also called as
the air handling unit. In this unit the water is sprayed from the spray nozzles. There is a large
blower that sucks the atmospheric air and blows it over the spray of water. As the air flows
over the water, the particles of water absorb heat from the air and get evaporated. Due to
loss of heat the temperature of air reduces and it gets humidified. The cool and humidified
air leaves the washer and enters rooms to be cooled via the ducts. The whole air washer unit
should be kept in open space so that fresh air can be absorbed continuously.
In the next Topic, I will explain Main HVAC Equipments that need some attention from the
electrical engineer. So, please keep following.
Note: these topics about HVAC in this course EE-1: Beginner's electrical design course is an
introduction only for beginners to know general basic information about electrical HVAC
Power loads. But in other levels of our electrical design courses, we will show and explain in
detail the HVAC Loads Estimation and HVAC equipment Capacities with examples for different
types of buildings.
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