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Chapter8
Hydraulicvalves

Introduction
Themostimportantconsiderationsinanyfluidpowersystemiscontrol.Thecontrollingelements
arecalledvalves
Therearethreetypesofvalves
Directionalcontrolvalves
Determines thepaththroughwhichafluidtraversesagivencircuit.
Pressurecontrolvalves
Protects againstoverpressurewhichmayoccurduetoexcessiveactuatorloadsorduetothe
closingofavalve
(pressurerelief,pressurereducing,sequenceunloading,andcounterbalancevalves)
Noncompensatedflowcontrolvalvesareusedwhereprecisespeedcontrolisnotrequired
flowratevarieswithpressuredropacrossaflowcontrolvalve
Pressurecompensatedflowcontrolvalves automaticallyadjusttochangesinpressuredropto
produceaconstantflowrate

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DirectionalControlValves(DCV)
A valve is a device that receives an external signal (mechanical, fluid pilot signal, electrical or
electronics) to release, stop or redirect the fluid that flows through it.
DCV is to control the direction of fluid flow in any hydraulic system
List the DCV

DirectionalControlValves(DCV)

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DirectionalControlValves(DCV)

DirectionalControlValves(DCV)
DCV may be actuated by a variety of methods
When an electric coil or a solenoid is energized. It creates
a magnetic force that pulls the armature into the coil. It
causes the armature to push the spool
It can be shifted by applying a pilot signal (hydraulic or
pneumatic) against a piston at either end of the valve
spool.
In manual, the spool is shifted manually by moving a
handle pushing.
In mechanical, the spool is shifted by mechanical linkages
such as cam and rollers.

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DirectionalControlValves(DCV)
Check Valve allows flow in one direction but blocks the flow in the opposite direction

Pilot operated check vlave: always permits free flow in one direction but permits flow in
normally blocked opposite direction if the pilot pressure is applied at the pilot pressure point of
the valve.

CheckValve
Inthefreeflowdirection,thefluidpressureovercomesthe
springforceatabout5psi
Intheoppositedirection,thefluidpressurepushesthepoppet
intheclosedpositionandnoflowispermitted

Graphicsymbolofacheckvalvealongwithitsnoflowand
freeflowdirections

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DirectionalControlValves(DCV)
Shuttle Valve allows two alternative flow sources to be connected in a one branch circuit.

It has two inlets and one outlet

Outlet receives flow from an inlet that is at a higher pressure.
One application for a shuttle valve is to have a primary pump inlet P1 and a secondary pump
The secondary acts as a backup supplying flow to the system if the primary pump loses
pressure

DirectionalControlValves(DCV)
2 way 2 position DCV (Normally closed)

The valve in its normal state. The valve is held in this

position by the force of the spring

The valve in its actuated state. The valve is shifted

into this position by applying a force to overcome the
resistance of the spring.
The flow is allowed to go to the outlet port.
2 way 2 position DCV (Normally Open)
The spring holds the valve in a position in which
ports P and A are connected

When the valve is actuated, the flow is blocked from

going to A

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DirectionalControlValves(DCV)
Application 2/2 DCV
A pair of two-way valves is used to fill and drain a vessel

Valve 1 is shifted to the open position while valve 2 is remains closed

Valve 2 is shifted to open position while valve 1 is remains closed. This drains the vessel.

DirectionalControlValves(DCV)
3 way 2 position DCV (Normally closed), with push button actuation and spring return
The valve in its normal state. The pressure port P is
blocked and outlet A is connected to the tank

In the actuated position, the pressure port is

connected to the tank and the tank port is blocked.
3 way 2 position DCV (Normally Opened)
The valce sends pressure to the outlet and blocks the
tank port in the normal position.

In the actuated postion, the pressure port is blocked

and the outlet is vented to the tank

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DirectionalControlValves(DCV)
Application 3/2 and 3/3 DCV
3/3 DCV may be used to fill and drain vessel
The closed neutral (tandem) position is required to hold the vessel at some constant fluid level

Hold

Fill

Drain

DirectionalControlValves(DCV)
Application 4/2 and 4/3 DCV
4/2 DCV is used to control a double acting cylinder
The valve is in the normal position, the pump line is connected to the end of the cylinder and the
blind end is connected to the tank
The pump line is connected to the blind end of the cylinder and the rod end to the tank

The cylinder retracts

Fully rectracted, the pump flow goes over to the pressure relief valve and back to the tank
The cylinder extends
Fully extended, the pump flow goes over to the pressure relief valve and back to the tank

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DirectionalControlValves(DCV)
Solenoid Actuated valve
It can be actuated using a solenoid
When the electric coil is energized, it creates a magnetic force that pulls the armature into the coil
This causes the armature to push on the push pin to move the spool of the valve.

2 types of solenoid designs used to dissipate the heat developes in electric current flowing in the
coil
Air gap solenoid: dissipates the heat into surrounding air
Wet pin solenoid: the push pin contains an internal passage way that allows the tan port oil to
communicate between housing of the valve and the housing of the solenoid

DirectionalControlValves(DCV)
Pilot operated DCV
They are used in a hydraulic system operating at a high pressure

The force required to actuate the DCV is high

The operation at a high pressure uses a small DCV that is actuated by either a solenoid or
manually

This pilot DCV in turn uses the pressure of to actuate the main DCV

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DirectionalControlValves(DCV)
Application of Pilot operated DCV to control the table of a surface Grinder
The table is fitted with adjustable stops
The pilot valve is DCV that is actuated by a push
button
When stop S1 hits push button B1, the pilot valve
Sends a pilot signal to the main valve to shift the
Configuration in the right envelope of the main valve
The cylinder will extends
At the end of the extension, S2 hits B2.
The pilot signal directions to be reversed.
The main valve moves to the configuration in the left enveloppe of the main valve and the double
cylinder retracts.

Example
A cylinder with a bore diameter of 7 cm and a rod diameter of 3.125 cm is to be used in a
system with a 45 LPM pump. Use the graph to determine the pressure drops across the DCV
when the cylinder is rectracting. (P>A, B>T)
The flow from P to B is the pump flow into the rod end

p 3.2bar
The flow from A to T is the return flow out the
blind end. The flow rate is greater than the pump
flow and must be determined

Apiston
Arod

D
4

2
piston

4 7

38.5cm 2

D 3.125

4
4
2
rod

Qreturn Q pump

7.7cm 2

APiston
38.5
45
56.26 LPM
38.5 7.7
APiston Arod

p 6.2bar

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PressurecontrolValves
Pressure Reducing valve
It is used to maintain reduced pressures in specified locations of hydraulic systems
It is actuated by downstream pressure and tends to close as this
pressure reaches the valve setting
It uses a spring loaded spool to control the downstream pressure
If the downstream pressure is below the valve setting, the fluid flows
freely
When the outlet pressure increases to the valve setting, the spool
moves to partially block the outlet port.
If the valve closes completely, leakage past the spool causes downstream pressure to build up
above the valve setting

This is prevented from occuring because a continuous bleed to the tank is permitted via a
seperate drain line to the tank.

PressurecontrolValves
Pressure Reducing valve
Two cylinder are connected in parallel
The circuit is designed to operate at a maximum pressure
P1, which is determined by the PRV
It is the maximum pressure at which cylinder 1 operates
By the function of this machine, cylinder 2 is limited to
pressure P2 (P2< P1). This can accomplished by placing a pressure reducing valve
If the pressure in the cylinder 2 circuit rises above P2, the pressure reducing valve closes partially
to create a pressure drop across the valve.
The disadvantage is that the pressure drop represents the lost energy that is being converted into
heat.
Example: the primary part of the circuit is operating at 180 bar. A secondary circuit supplied from
the primary via a pressure reducing valve requires a constant flow of 30 LPM at 100 bar. Find the
power loss over PRV.
180 100 30
600

4kW

4 kW cannot be dissipated by natural cooling and heat exchanger may be required.

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PressurecontrolValves
UnloadingValve
It is used to dump excess fluid to tank at littlet or no pressure
A common application is in high low pump circuits where two pumps
move an actuator at a high speed and low pressure.

The circuit the shifts to a single pump providing a high pressure to perform work

PressurecontrolValves
CounterbalanceValve
It is normally closed valves. Used to maintain a back pressure on a vertical cylinder to prevent it
from failling due to gravity

During the downward movement of the cylinder, the counterbalance velveis set to open at
slightly above the pressure required to hold the piston up

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PressurecontrolValves
SequenceValve
It is used to force two actuators to operate in sequence.
Instead of sending flow back to the tank, a sequence valve allows flow to branch circuit, when a
preset pressure is reached
Without the sequence valve, the cylinder extends together
The clamp cylinder extends completely and then the bend

The pressure rises and open the sequence valve 1.

During the retraction the sequence valve has no effect on

the circuit

Orifice as a flow meter or flow control device

Such a device can be used as a flowmeter by measuring the pressure drop (p)across the orifice
An orifice can also be used as a flow control device

Q 38.1CA
English unit

p
SG

Q 0.0851CA
Metric unit

p
SG
24

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Needle valves
It is used to regulate the speed of hydraulic cylinders and motors by
controlling the flow rate to these actuators
It is designed to give fine control of flow in small diameter piping
Their name is derived from their sharp, pointed conical disk and
matching seat

Easy read & adjust flow control valve.

A locknut prevents unwanted changes in flow

Q Cv

P
SG

Cv=Valve Capacity Coefficient

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Example 8-5

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Servo Valves
It is a directional control valve that has infinitely variable positioning capability

It can control not only the direction of fluid flow but also the amount

It is coupled with feedback sensing devices which allow for the very accurate control of position,
velocity, and acceleration of an actuator

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Mechanical type servo valves

1- Force amplifier used for positioning control

2- Small input force shift the spool to right makes the oil flows to P1 retracting
hydraulic cylinder to right.
3- Feedback link shifts the sliding sleeve to right until it blocks off flow to
hyd. Cylinder.
4- A given input motion produced a specific and controlled amount of system
5- Applied f output motion.
6- System with output is feedback to modify the input is a closed loop in
hydraulic power steering system of automobiles, hydropower plants
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Electrohydraulic servo valves

Electrically controlled- Proportional metering valve

used in mobile vehicles & Industry

Torque motor includes : coils, pole pieces,

magnets, and an armature
Armature is supported for limited movement by a flexure tube
Flexure tube provides a fluid seal between hydraulic and
electromagnetic portions of the valve
Flapper attaches to the center of the armature and extends
down, inside the flexure tube
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Electrohydraulic servo valves

Torque motor includes : coils, pole pieces,
magnets, and an armature
Armature is supported for limited movement by a flexure tube
Flexure tube provides a fluid seal between hydraulic and
electromagnetic portions of the valve
Flapper attaches to the center of the armature and extends
down, inside the flexure tube
Nozzle is located on each side of the flapperflapper
motion varies the nozzle openings
Inlet pressurized hydraulic fluid is filtered and the supplied
to each nozzle through one of the two inlet orifices located at the ends of the fliter
The variation of the differential pressure between the ends of the spool is made by the flapper
motion between the nozzles
Four way valve spool driects flow from supply (pressure port) to the two outlet-to-load ports in an
amount proportional to spool displacement
Electrical current causes either clockwise or counterclockwise torque in the armaturedisplaces
the flapper between the two nozzles
Differential nozzle flow moves the spool to either right or leftuntil the feedback torque couteracts
the electromgnetic torque
Armature/flapper is returned to centerspool stops and remains displaced until the electrical input
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changes to a new level

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Electrohydraulic servo valves

Armature/flapper is returned to centerspool stops and
remains displaced until the electrical input changes to a
new level

Valve spool position is proportional to the electric signal

The actual outlet flow from the valve to the external load will depend on the load pressure

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Proportional control valves

It is called electrohydraulic proportional valves, similar to electrohydraulic servo valves (electrically
controled)

Servo valves

Proportional valves

Used inclosed loop systems

Used inopenloop systems

Electriccurrent inatorquemotor
coil to controlthemovement of
thevalvespool

Usesasolenoid produces aforce

proportional tothecurrent inits
coil

Controlling the current in the solenoid coil the position of the spring loaded spool can be controlled
A standard solenoid, a proportional valve can provide both directional and flow control capability in
a single valve

The graphic symbol contains two horizontal

lines( one @ top & bottom) to indicate the infinite
positioning capability of the spool

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Proportional control valves

The spool is designed to provide precise oil metering for good speed control for cylinder or motor

To accomplish this precise control, clearances between the spool and mating valve bore are very
small (0.0005 in)

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Cartridge valves
Integrated hydraulic circuits are compact hydraulic systems formed to make the hydraulic systems
more efficient and economical
It is formed by integrating various cartridge valves and other components into a single, machined,
ported manifold block

The cartridge valve is assembled into the

manifold block either by screw threads

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Advantages & Functions of Valve manifold Blocks

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Reduced no. of fittings to connect hydraulic Lines between various

components in a system.
Reduce oil leakage & contamination due to fewer fittings .
Lower installation time & cost.
Reduced service time by changing faulty cartridge.
Required small space for the system.

A variety of Different valve functions can be provided using cartridge valves

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Integrated hydraulics technology

It can provide easier installation and servicing, greater reliability, reduced leackage, expanded
design flexibility, and lighter, neater hydraulic packages for a variety of hydraulic applications

Integrated hydraulic circuit

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Hydraulic fuses
It is analogue to an electric fuse because they both are one shot devices

Partial circuit : pressure compensated pump

hydraulic fuse

It prevents hydraulic pressure from exceeding an allowable value in order to protect circuit
components from damage
Exceeds a design valuethe thin metaldisk ruptures to relieve the pressure as oil is drained back
to the oil tank

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Problem 8-43

Ap 0.65in
Ks 2000 lb / in
x 0.15 in
P

cracking pressure

P
pimp

F ks x 300

6461.5 psi
A
A
0.65

F ks S 2000(0.1 0.15)

769 psi
A
0.65
A
Problem 8-47

p 2000 psi
Q 25 gpm
HP

PQ 2000 25

29.2 HP
1714
1714

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Problem 8-51

Q 38.1CA
A

p
SG

2 3.14in
2

C= 0.8 (sharp edge)

50
713.3 gpm
0.9

Q 38.1 0.8

Problem 8-57

C 2.2 Lpm

kPa

p 687 kPa
SG 0.9

QC

p
687
2.2
60.8Lpm
SG
0.9

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Problem 8-58

P A P A( piston rod )

P A W P A( piston rod )

750 2

750 2 2000
4
P
1000 Psi
4

P
1848 Psi

2 1
4
4
Problem 8-59
2

Q 0.5

1848
231
22.65 gpm
87.23in / s
0.9
60
3

Q
87.23

37.2in / s
A 2 1
4
1000
231
Q 0.5
16.67 gpm
64.16in / s
0.9
60
Q
64.16
V
27.23in / s
A 2 1
40
4
Q AV

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