Chapter 9:

Deflections Using Energy Methods

CIVL3310 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Professor CC Chang

Work and Energy Principles

Work done by external forces

W F F d F
F

W
F

1
F F
2

W F F

Work and Energy Principles

Where does the work go?

1
W F F
2

Saved in the beam in terms of

Strain energy

Member
force

i-th component

fi
F

Work - Energy

1
1
F F fi d i
2
2

Member
deformation

1
U i fi d i
2

WU

di

Total strain energy

1
U fi d i
2

fi

Virtual Work Principle

Under equilibrium, perturb the
fi d
structure
i
fi

Work - Energy

di

WU

1
1
F F fi d i
2
2
F

W F F

F
F

1
W F F
2

W U

W F F

Perturb F by F

F F fi d i
Perturb F by F

F F fi d i

Virtual Work Principle

W U

(Complementary) virtual work principle

Perturb F by dF

F F fi d i
Virtual work principle
Perturb F by F

F F fi d i

Virtual Work Principle

(Complementary) virtual work principle
Perturb F by F
f

fi

di

W U

F F fi d i
The complementary virtual work done by an external
virtualforce
force
system
external virtual
system
under the actual
actualdeformation
deformation
a structure
is equal
ofof
a structure
is equal
to to
the complementary strain energy done by the virtual
virtualstresses
stresses
under the actual
actualstrains
strains

Virtual Work Principle

F F fi d i

Superposition
Actual system

fi
fi d i

Virtual system

Virtual Work Principle

Looking for F

f i Li
1 F fi
Ei Ai

F F fi d i

W U

1
Actual system

fi

di

f iL i
EiAi

Virtual system

fi

F
1

Virtual Work Principle

W U

fi

fi

f i Li
1 F fi
Ei Ai

F 1

Virtual Work Principle

W U

Temperature effect

fi

F 1
F

d i T Li

1 F fi d i

Virtual Work Principle

W U

Misfit effect

fi

F 1
F

1 F fi d i

Virtual Work Principle

For Beams
M 0, 0, 0

1
U M(x) d
2

M(x)
M(x)

FF

Perturbation

U M(x) d

Integrate for the whole beam

M(x)
d
dx
EI
U

1L

1 L M2

20

2 0 EI

M(x) d

W U

M=0, 0, =0

M(x)

dx
L

M
U M d M dx
EI
0
0

M
F F M dx
EI
0

Virtual Work Principle

W U
w

F
F

M(x)
Deformation due to
actual loads

M(x)

Moment due to
actual loads

M
F F M dx
EI
0
Virtual force corresponds
to actual deformation

Virtual moment induced by

The virtual force

M
M A A M dx
EI
0

Virtual Work Principle

For Frames

W U

F
P

fL
M
F F
f

M dx
EI component
EI
component
Negligible

Castiglianos Principle
Work-Energy
fi
fi d i

W Fi U Fi
W Fi dFi U Fi dFi
W
U
W Fi
dFi U Fi
dFi
Fi F
Fi F
i

W
U

Fi F Fi F
i
i

Fi

Fi

dFi

Fi

k
1

1
W Fi Fi
2
F F
i i
Fi 2 k

W Fi
Fi
Fi
k

U
Fi
Fi F

1
U fi d i
n 2
f fL
i i i
n 2 EA

fi Fi

Castiglianos Principle
For Trusses
U
Fi
Fi F

f j2 L j
2E jA j

f j f jL j

Fi
Fi E jA j

For Beams
U
Fi
Fi F

M2
U
dx
2EI

M M

Fi
dx
Fi EI

For Frames
f j f jL j
M M

Fi

dx

Fi EI
Fi E jA j

Bettis Law of Reciprocal Deflections

L
M
F F M dx
EI
0

W U

Location 1

Location 2

MP
Q P2 M Q
dx
EI

P2

Virtual work principle

P Q1 M P

Q1

MQ
EI

dx

P Q1 Q P2
If P Q then

P2 Q1

Bettis Law

Bettis Law of Reciprocal Deflections

P

A B

Bettis Law of Reciprocal Deflections

P

M
B

M PM M
P B
dx M A
EI
P B M A
If P M (in magnitude) then B A (in magnitude)

Bettis Law and Flexibility Coefficients

Location j

Location i
1

ji f ji

Flexibility coefficient

Deflection at j due to a unit load at i

ij f ij

Deflection at i due to a unit load at j

f ij f ji

9. Deflections Using Energy Methods

Work-energy principle
Virtual work principle
Castiglianos principle
Bettis law