Giao din v tuyn ca h thng GPRS: Kin trc h thng, kin trc phn lp,

cc knh, k thut x l.
Li ni u
Phn chia cng vic
Danh mc hnh v
Danh mc bng biu
Thut ng vit tt
1.Tng quan v GPRS
2.Kin trc h thng ca GPRS.
3.Kin trc phn lp.
4.Cc knh
5. K thut x l trong GPRS.
6.Kt lun.
Ti liu tham kho

1.Tng quan v GPRS.

Nhu cu ca vic truyn d liu trong thng tin di ng ngy cng tng. Trong khi
, h thng thng tin di ng GSM c thit k ch yu truyn tn hiu thoi khng
p ng c nhng nhu cu d liu mi nh cc dch v d liu (gi nhn E-mail,
WWW) hay truy cp WAP trn nn mng IP (nh mng Internet). Nhng dch v ny
cn bng thng v cc ng truyn s liu ph hp m chun GSM khng th p ng
c hon ton, v tc d liu qu chm, thi gian kt ni lu v phc tp. Hn na,
chi ph kh cao v GSM da trn chuyn mch knh. V giao din v tuyn, mt knh lu
lng ch cp c cho mt user trong ton b thi gian cuc gi, nn vic s dng ti
nguyn v tuyn khng hiu qu.
GPRS l mt bc quan trng trong qu trnh trng thnh ca mng GSM. Nhng
khc vi dch v chuyn mch knh trong GSM, GPRS l mt h thng chuyn mch
gi.
Dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS - General Packet Radio Service) c pht trin
da trn cc thnh phn ca mng GSM hin c, v vy tit kim c chi ph, ti
nguyn, gim nghn mch. Hn na, GPRS cn nng cao c cht lng dch v d
liu, tng tin cy. GPRS p dng nguyn tc gi v tuyn nn truyn d liu hiu qu
hn mng GSM. Chuyn mch gi chia d liu ra thnh cc gi nh ri truyn ring r
sau tp hp li pha thu.
Trong chuyn mch knh, mng thit lp mt kt ni bng cch cp pht cho MS mt
knh v tuyn. Khi d liu c truyn dn qua mng, cho d ch l mt lng nh d
liu, knh v tuyn cng b chim gi trong sut thi gian kt ni. Ngi s dng b tnh
cc trong sut thi gian kt ni d thng tin c c truyn n ch hay khng.
2

Trong mng chuyn mch gi, mng ch cp pht gi d liu khi c nhu cu. V th,
mt knh v tuyn c chia s gia nhiu MS ng thi. Thm vo , mt MS c th
s dng 8 khe thi gian. Khi MS to mt gi d liu, mng gi gi d liu ny n ng
a ch trn knh v tuyn ri u tin. V lung d liu c chia lm nhiu gi d liu,
nn knh v tuyn c s dng rt hiu qu. V vy, cng ngh chuyn mch gi c
hiu qu s dng ti nguyn v tuyn cao v kinh t hn so vi GSM.
c im ca h thng GPRS
Trong khi h thng GSM s dng chuyn mch knh truyn thoi, th h thng
GPRS s dng chuyn mch gi, nhng u theo chun GSM. Khi mt bn tin c
truyn i, n c chia thnh nhiu gi. Khi nhng gi ny n ch thu n c tp hp
li cho ra bn tin ban u. Tt c cc gi ny u c lu trong b m d liu.
Nhng gi d liu t MS c th dng nhiu knh v tuyn khc nhau trong sut qu
trnh truyn.
MS trong h thng GPRS c th ch c dng cho chuyn mch knh, hoc cho c
chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi ty theo ch lm vic c chn.
2.Kin trc h thng ca GPRS.
V GSM c thit k cho lu lng chuyn mch knh nn vic a dch v chuyn
mch gi vo pht trin ln chuyn mach gi i hi phi b sung thm thit b cho
mng cng nh nng cp cc phn mm tng ng.

Hnh 2.1 Kin trc h thng ca GPRS

2.1 MS
MS gm TE (terminal equipment- Thit b u cui) dng ch cc loi in thoi
di ng hoc my tnh PC cm tay m ng dng c th chy trn ) v MT (Mobile
Terminal-u cui di ng) l cc trm di ng khc nhau, to ra c ch cho vic thu
pht tn hiu d liu.
MS c th hot ng mt trong 3 ch ph thuc vo kh nng ca mng v my
di ng.
-

Ch A h tr ng thi c dch v GSM v GPRS (c chuyn mch knh

(CS) v chuyn mch gi (CS), v d nh ng thi SMS v thoi). S h tr ny gm

truy nhp, gim st, lu lng.
- Ch B cho php MS c th ng k vi mng c dch v GPRS v GSM.
Nhng ngc vi ch A, n ch c s dng mt trong hai dch v ti mt thi im.
Khi MS truyn cc gi, nu kt ni CS c yu cu th truyn dn PS t ng c t
vo ch treo.
- Ch C h tr truy nhp khng ng thi. User phi chn dch v kt ni. V
th mt user ch C ch c th hot ng mt dch v c chn trc, cn dch
v khng c chn th khng th truy nhp c (tr SMS c th nhn gi bt c lc

no). Nu mt user ch h tr lu lng PS (GPRS) v khng c lu lng chuyn mch

knh th lun lm vic trong ch C.
2.2. GPRS BSS (Phn h con trm gc ca GPRS)
BSS gm BSC (Base Station Controller-iu khin trm gc) v BTS (Base
Transceiver Station-Trm thu pht gc).
BTS iu khin lu lng gia trm gc v chnh n thng qua gi din v tuyn
Um.
BTS x l c lu lng PS v CS, n chuyn s liu PS n SGSN v CS n MSC.
BSC cung cp cc chc nng ca knh v tuyn c lin quan. BSC c th thit lp,
gim st, ngt kt ni cuc gi chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. N l mt chuyn
mch dung lng cao cung cp nhiu chc nng nh : chuyn giao, n nh knh. Mt
MSC c th phc v mt hay nhiu BSC. Mi BSC yu cu thit lp mt hay nhiu PCU
(Packet control unit-Khi iu khin gi). PCU cung cp giao din d liu vt l v logic
ngoi trm gc (BSS) cho lu lng d liu gi.
Khi c lu lng thoi v d liu bt ngun t mt thit b u cui thu bao th n
c chuyn qua BTS v t BTS n BSC theo nh chun GSM. Tuy nhin, ng ra ca
BSC, d liu c tch ra theo hai ng. Tn hiu thoi c gi n trung tm chuyn
mch di ng MSC) theo chun GSM cn d liu c gi n thit b mi l SGSN,
ngang qua PCU thng qua giao tip frame relay (giao din Gb). SGSN thit lp mt knh
ngm gia MS v mt mng d liu gi thng qua giao thc ng gi d liu (PDP).
Giao thc ny cung cp thng tin nh tuyn v h s QoS theo yu cu truyn d liu
gia MS v GGSN.
2.3. MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch
v di ng).
MSC thc hin chc nng chuyn mch trong GSM. MSC iu khin cc cuc gi
n v t cc in thoi khc hoc cc h thng d liu, nh mng PSTN, mng ISDN,
PLMN n mt mng ring khc.
C th c nhiu MSC tng ng vi mt SGSN hoc mt MSC c th c kt ni
vi nhiu SGSN ty thuc vo lu lng thc t.
5

2.4. GMSC (Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center-MSC cng)

GMSC trong GPRS hon ton ging vi GMSC trong GSM. N chuyn mch knh
cc cuc gi gia GSM v PSTN, mng in thoi c nh, v th n h tr chc nng
nh tuyn cc cuc gi n MSC ni m thu bao ng k.
2.5. HLR (Home Location Register-Thanh ghi a ch thng ch)
L ni lu tr thng tin ca thu bao di ng. Thng tin ny bao gm dch v b
sung, cc tham s nhn thc, tn im truy xut (APN) v v tr ca MS. i vi GPRS,
cc thng tin thu bao c trao i gia HLR v SGSN. Thng tin nhn thc trong
GPRS c ly trc tip t HLR n SGSN ch khng qua MSC/VLR nh trong CS ca
GSM.
Thng tin t HLR n SGSN c thit lp bi nh khai thc ca thu bao. Thng tin
ny c chuyn i khi ngi khai thc thay i thng tin ca thu bao, hoc khi mt
SGSN cn thng tin v thu bao sau khi ng nhp hoc roaming. SGSN c cng c
thng bo v roaming.
2.6. VLR (Visitor Location Register-Thanh ghi a ch tm ch)
VLR cha thng tin v tt c cc MS hin ang nh v trong MSC hoc SGSN.
SGSN cha cc chc nng VLR cho chuyn mch gi. Tng t, VLR chuyn mch
knh l mt thnh phn tng thch ca MSC.
VLR cha thng tin thu bao tm thi m MSC v SGSN cn cung cp cc dch
v cho thu bao.
Khi mt MS i n vng qun l ca MSC mi hoc vng nh tuyn SGSN, VLR
ca MSC hoc SGSN yu cu v lu tr d liu v MS t HLR. Nu MS thc hin
mt cuc gi khc vo lc khc th thng tin cn thit thit lp cuc gi sn sng.
GPRS VLR gm phn mm trong SGSN. VLR cha thng tin v SGSN ang c
s dng. i vi h thng GPRS, trc tip HLR (khng phi l (CS) MSC/VLR nh
trong GSM ) c dng cho th tc nhn thc ca MS. V th, SGSN t c b ba
nhn thc t HLR.

2.7. Mng li
Trong mng li, cc MSC da trn k thut chuyn mch knh khng x l c lu
lng gi. V th c hai thnh phn mi c thm vo l GGSN v SGSN .
SGSN cp pht v nh tuyn gi d liu gia MS v PDN (Packet Data NetworkMng d liu gi) ng thi thu thp thng tin v vic s dng ti nguyn GPRS.
SGSN: SGSN chu trch nhim phn phi gi d liu n v i t trm di ng trong
vng phc v ca n. Nhim v ca n bao gm lun c qun l di ng , qun l nh
tuyn v truyn gi, qun l lin kt logic v chc nng nhn thc v tnh cc. Thanh
ghi v tr ca SGSN lu tr thng tin nh v tr cell, VLR hin ti v d liu c nhn ca
user (IMSI, a ch s dng trong mng d liu gi) ca tt c cc user GPRS ng k vi
SGSN ny.C th coi SGSN l MSC chuyn mch gi. N gi cc gi IP c nh a
ch n MS c ng nhp trong vng phc v ca SGSN. Mt thu bao GPRS c th
c phc v bi bt c SGSN no trong mng tt c ty thuc vo v tr. Lu lng
c nh tuyn t SGSN n BSC, ngang qua BTS n MS.
GGSN: ng vai tr nh mt giao tip gia mng xng sng GPRS v mng d
liu gi bn ngoi. N chuyn i gi n t SGSN vo dng giao thc gi thch v gi
chng n mng gi tng ng. hng khc, a ch PDP ca gi d liu ang n
c bin i thnh a ch GSM ca user ni n. Gi d liu nh a ch li c
gi n SGSN qun l n. V mc ch ny, GGSN lu tr a ch SGSN hin ti v
thng tin c nhn ca user trong khi ng k v tr. GGSN cng thc hin chc nng nhn
thc v tnh cc. Thng c mi quan h nhiu nhiu gia SGSN v GGSN. Mt
GGSN l giao tip vi mng d liu gi bn ngoi ca nhiu SGSN. Mt SGSN c th
nh tuyn gi ca n qua nhiu GGSN khc nhau n cc mng d liu gi khc
nhau.
Giao tip Gb kt ni gia BSC vi SGSN. Qua giao tip Gn v Gp, d liu user v d
liu bo hiu c truyn dn gia cc SGSN. Giao tip Gn s c dng nu SGSN
nh v trong cng mt mng PLMN, trong khi giao tip Gp c dng nu trong cc
mng PLMN khc nhau.

Tt c SGNS c kt ni qua mng xng sng GPRS da trn IP. Trong mng ny,
SGSN ng gi PDN v truyn dn chng dng GPRS Tunneling Protocol GTP. C hai
loi mng xng sng GPRS:
Intra PLMN: kt ni cc SGSN ca cng mt mng PLMN.
Inter PLMN: kt ni cc SGSN ca cc mng PLMN khc nhau. Cn phi c
s chp nhn roaming (chuyn vng) gia hai nh cung cp mng thit lp
mng ny.
SGSN chu trch nhim phn phi gi d liu n v i t trm di ng trong vng
phc v ca n. Nhim v ca n bao gm lun c qun l di ng, qun l nh tuyn v
truyn gi, qun l lin kt logic v chc nng nhn thc v tnh cc. Thanh ghi v tr
ca SGSN lu tr thng tin nh v tr cell, VLR hin ti v d liu c nhn ca user
(IMSI, a ch s dng trong mng d liu gi) ca tt c cc user GPRS ng k vi
SGSN ny.

BSC
B TS

M S

BSC

B TS

I n te r- P L M N
SG SN
I n tra - P L M N
G PRS b a c k b o ne

P LM N 1

G PRS b a c k b o n e

B o rd e r G a te w a y

SG SN

B o rd e r G a te w a y

I n tra - P L M N
G PRS b a c kb o ne

P LM N 2

SG SN

G G SN

G G SN

P a c k e t d a ta n e tw o rk
R o u te r

H o st

LA N

Hnh 2.2

Hnh trn ch hai mng intra PLMN kt ni vi mt inter PLMN. Cng giao tip
gia PLMN v inter PLMN c gi l border gateway. N thc hin chc nng an
ton bo v mng intra PLMN trc cc user khng c nhn thc.
Giao tip Gn v Gp cng c nh ngha gia cc SGSNs. N cho php SGSN trao i
h s ca user khi MS di chuyn t mt vng SGSN ny n vng SGSN khc.
Giao tip Gi kt ni PLMN vi PDN ring hoc cng cng, nh mng Internet. Giao
tip vi IP (IPv4 v IPv6) v mng X.25.
HLR lu tr h s user, a ch SGSN hin ti, v a ch PDP cho mi user GPRS
trong PLMN. Giao tip Gr c dng trao i thng tin gia HLR v SGSN. V d,
SGSN thng bo vi HLR v v tr hin ti ca MS. Khi MS ng k vi mt SGSN mi,
HLR s gi h s user cho SGSN ny. GGSN dng ng bo hiu gia GGSN v HLR
(giao tip Gc) cp nht thanh ghi v tr ca n.
C th kt hp cc th tc attachment v cp nht v tr ca GSM v GPRS. Hn na,
bn tin tm gi ca chuyn mch knh GSM c th thc hin ngang qua SGSN. V th,
giao tip Gs kt ni c s d liu ca SGSN v MSC/VLR.
3.Kin trc phn lp.
3.1 Transmision Plane (Mt phng truyn dn)
Hnh 3.1 m t cu trc cc giao thc trong mt phng truyn dn GPRS, cung cp
ng truyn d liu ngi dng v bo hiu knh chung, nh kim sot lung, pht hin
v sa sai.

Hnh 3.1: Mt phng truyn dn

SGSN GGSN
Mng GPRS backbone ng gi d liu v truyn gia cc GSN thng qua giao thc
GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol) ng thi giao thc ny cng truyn cc tn hiu bo
hiu lin quan. GTP c s dng gia cc GSN trong cng mt PLMN (qua giao din
Gn) v gia cc GSN cc PLMN khc nhau (qua giao din Gp). trong mt phng
truyn dn, GTP to mt ng hm (tunnel) truyn gi d liu v cung cp giao thc
khin v qun l ng hm.
Cc gi GTP mang gi IP ca ngi dng hay gi X.25. lp di GTP, giao thc
chun TCP/UDP c dng truyn dn gi GTP trong mng xng sng GPRS. X.25
cn ng truyn tin cy (reliable data link) nn TCP c dng. UDP l gio thc khng
m bo (unreliable) dng truy cp vo mng d liu gi trn nn IP . Giao thc IP
lp mng c s dng nh tuyn gi d liu qua mng xng sng. Cc giao thc
Ethernet, ISDN v ATM phi hot ng di IP.
Tm li, trong mng xng sng GPRS ta c cu trc truyn dn qua cc lp IP/X.25
GTP TCP/UDP IP.
Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP)
Giao thc SNDCP dng truyn d liu gia SGSN v MS. Giao thc ny c cc
chc nng:
-

Ghp nhiu kt ni ca lp mng vo mt ng kt ni logic o ca lp LLC bn

di.

Nn gii nn d liu v b cc phn header (mo u) khng cn thit.

Air Interface (Giao din khng gian) phn ny, xem xt lp data link (lin kt s
liu) v lp physical (vt l) giao din Um.
a. Lp Data Link: lp ny c phn thnh hai lp con l lp LLC (gia MS SGSN)
v lp RLC/MAC (gia MS BSS).
Lp LLC (Logical Link Control iu khin kt ni logic) cung cp cc ng kt
ni logic tin cy cao (highly reliable logical link) gia cc MS v SGSN. Chc nng ca
10

n da trn giao thc HDLC, bao gm: kim sot lin lc, phn phi, kim sot lu
lng, pht hin li v truyn li (ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest). Lp ny cung cp
cc chc nng m ha d liu v cho php truyn cc khung c chiu di thay i. C ch
truyn d liu c xc nhn v khng xc nhn u c h tr. Giao thc ny phn
ln nng cp theo giao thc LAPDm trong GSM.
Lp RLC/MAC giao din khng gian gm 2 chc nng. Lp RLC/MAC h tr c
hai ch hot ng xc nhn v khng xc nhn.
- Chc nng chnh ca lp RLC (Radio Link Control iu khin kt ni v tuyn) l
thit lp ng truyn tin cy gia MS v BSS, bao gm phn chia v kt hp li khung
LLC trong khi d liu RLC v pht thng bo ARQ i vi cc t m khng sa sai
c.
- Lp MAC (Medium Access Control) iu khin qu trnh truy cp ca MS trong
knh v tuyn. N dng cc thut ton phn gii tranh chp, ghp nhiu ngi dng
PDTCH v lp quyn u tin da trn yu cu v QoS.
b. Lp vt l: lp vt l gia MS v BSS c phn thnh 2 lp con l PLL (Physical
Link Layer ) v RFL (physical RF Layer).
PLL (Physical Link Layer lp lin kt vt l) cung cp knh vt l gia cc MS v
BSS Lp ny c nhim v: m ha knh (pht hin, truyn thng tin sa li (Forward
Error Correction FEC), nh du cc t m khng sa c), pht hin nghn kt ni
vt l.
RFL (physical RF Layer) hot ng di lp RLL mt trong s cc chc nng ca
n l m ha v gii m.
BSS SGSN
BSSGN (BSS GPRS Application Protocol): phn phi thng tin nh tuyn v thng
tin QoS lin quan gia BSS v SGSN. Giao thc Network Service lp di hot ng
da trn giao thc Frame Relay.

11

3.2. Mt phng bo hiu (Signalling Plane)

Cc giao thc mt phng bo hiu dng iu khin v h tr cho chc nng ca
mt phng truyn dn nh GPRS attach/detach, kch hot PDP context, iu khin ng
nh tuyn v ch nh ti nguyn mng.
Trong hnh, gia MS v SGSN, giao thc GMN/SM (GPRS Mobility Management /
Session Management) h tr qun l phin v qun l di ng khi thc hin cc chc
nng nh GPRS attach/detach, chc nng bo mt, kch hot giao tip PDP context v
cp nht nh tuyn.

Bo hiu gia SGSN v cc thanh ghi HLR, VLR v EIR dng cc giao thc thng
thng nh ca GSM v m rng vi mt s chc nng ca GPRS. MAP (Mobile
Application Part) l thnh phn m rng c tnh mng di ng ca SS7, s dng gia
SGSN v HLR cng nh gia SGSN v EIR, n truyn ni dung bo hiu lin quan n
cp nht v tr, thng tin nh tuyn, thng tin ngi dng v bt tay. S trao i cc bn
tin MAP thit lp qua phn TCAP (transaction capabilities application part) v SCCP
(Signalling Connection Control Part). Thnh phn ng dng h thng trm gc (Base
Sation System Application Part BSSAP+) truyn thng tin bo hiu gia SGSN v
VLR (qua giao din Gs). Cc thng tin bo hiu ny qun l di ng khi phi hp chc
nng ca GPRS v GSM, nh kt hp cp nht v tr thu bao GPRS v khng phi
GPRS, phi hp GPRS/IMSI attach hay qun l cc MS t cuc gi GSM vo GPRS.
12

4.Cc knh trong GPRS

4.1 Knh vt l
Ging GSM, GPRS s dng phng php a truy xut phn chia theo thi gian
(TDMA) v a truy xut phn chia theo tn s (FDMA).
- di tn t 890 - 915Mhz cho truyn dn hng ln (t MS n BTS)
- di tn t 935 - 960Mhz cho truyn dn hng xung (t BTS n MS)
Mi di tn 25Mhz ny c chia lm 124 khong nh, mi khong nh c rng
l 200khz. Mt khong hng ln hp vi mt khong hng xung tng ng gi l
mt knh tn s. Khong cch gia hai tn s trong mt knh l 45Mhz. Mt BTS c
cp pht mt s knh.
Mi knh tn s c chia lm 8 khe thi gian. Mt trm di ng GSM dng mt
khe thi gian cho c hng ln v hng xung. Cn GPRS cho php mi trm di ng
truyn dn nhiu khe thi gian trong mt khung TDMA.V l thuyt th tc cc i
trong truyn d liu GPRS l 172.2kbps khi user dng 8 khe thi gian trong iu kin
ti u (thc t khng t c). Hn na hng ln v hng xung c cp pht
khng i xng, ph hp vi nhu cu thc t trong vic truy cp Internet l thu bao cn
tc cao ti d liu v V d, mt thit b GPRS c th x l 4 khe thi gian cho
hng xung v 2 khe thi gian cho hng ln. Trong iu kin v tuyn tt, tc c
th t 50kbps hng xung v 20kbps hng ln.
Trong GSM, mt knh c cp pht tm thi cho mt user trong ton b thi gian
cuc gi (d d liu c thc s c truyn hay khng). Ngc li, trong GPRS knh ch
thc s c cp pht khi gi d liu c gi hoc nhn, v c gii phng ngay khi
truyn dn xong. V th vic s dng ti nguyn rt hiu qu v linh ng, nhiu user c
th chia s cng mt knh vt l.
4.2. Knh logic trong GPRS
Da trn knh vt l, cc knh logic c nh ngha thc hin cc chc nng nh
bo hiu, qung b, ng b, phn knh, tm gi

13

Tng t GSM, c th chia lm hai loi: knh lu lng v knh bo hiu.

PDTCH (packet data traffic channel): truyn d liu user. N c n nh cho
mt MS. Mt MS c th s dng nhiu PDTCH ng thi.
PBCCH (packet broadcast control channel): l knh bo hiu im a im mt
chiu t BSS n MS. BSS dng PBCCH qung b thng tin v t chc mng
v tuyn GPRS n tt c cc MS trong mt cell. Ngoi ra, n cn qung b cc
thng tin h thng v dch v chuyn mch knh, MS ca GSM/GPRS khng
cn phi lng nghe knh BCCH.
PCCCH (pachet common control channel): knh bo hiu hai chiu im a
im vn chuyn thng tin bo hiu v qun l truy xut mng nh vic cp pht
ti nguyn v tuyn v tm gi. N gm 4 knh con:
1. PRACH (pachet random access channel): c MS dng yu cu PDTCH.
2. PAGCH (pachet access grant channel): dng cp pht PDTCH cho MS.
3. PPCH (packet paging channel): BSS dng tm v tr ca mt MS (tm gi) trc
khi truyn gi hng xung.
4. PNCH (pachet notification channel): bo cho MS bn tin PTM ang n.
Knh iu khin dnh ring l knh bo hiu hai hng im im. N cha
knh PACCH v PTCCH.

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1. PACCH (packet associated control channel): lun lun c cp pht kt hp vi

mt hay nhiu PDTCH c phn cho mt MS. N vn chuyn thng tin bo hiu n
mt trm MS ring (v d thng tin iu khin cng sut).
2. PTCCH (packet timing advance control channel): dng ng b khung.
Vic phi hp gia knh lgic chuyn mch knh v knh logic chuyn mch gi rt
quan trng. Nu PCCCH khng c sn trong mt cell, mt MS dng knh iu khin
chung (CCCH) ca mng GSM bt u truyn gi. Hn na, nu PBCCH khng c
sn, n s lng nghe knh qung b (BCCH) c thng bo v mng v tuyn.
Hnh ny m t nguyn tc cp pht knh. Mt MS yu cu truyn dn hng ln
bng cch gi mt pachet channel request trn PRACH hay RACH. Mng tr li trn
PDCH hay AGCH tng ng. N bo cho MS knh PDCH no c th dng c. Mt c
trng thi hng ln (USF) c truyn trn ng xung bo cho MS liu c knh
ln no rnh khng.

Packet channel request

Packet immediate
assignment
Packet resourse
request
Packet resourse
assignment

PRACH or RACH
PRAGCH or AGCH
PACCH
PACCH

Hnh ny m t nguyn tc cp pht knh. Mt MS yu cu truyn dn hng ln

bng cch gi mt pachet channel request trn PRACH hay RACH. Mng tr li trn
PDCH hay AGCH tng ng. N bo cho MS knh PDCH no c th dng c. Mt c
trng thi hng ln (USF) c truyn trn ng xung bo cho MS liu c knh
ln no rnh khng.

15

5.K thut x l
5.1 M ho knh trong GPRS
Ty thuc vo mi trng v tuyn, c th s dng mt trong bn kiu m ha (CS1,
CS2, CS3, CS4), GSM ch s dng CS1. CS1 v CS2 pht hin v sa li tt vi dung
lng thp, trong bc u ca GPRS ch mt trong hai kiu m ha ny c dng. CS3
v CS4 cung cp dung lng cao hn nhng kh nng sa c li t hn.
Radio Block
USF

BCS
rate 1/2 convolutional coding

puncturing

456 bits

Hnh 5.1 Cu trc khi v tuyn ca CS1

Radio Block
USF

BCS

block
code

no coding

456 bits

Hnh 5.2 Cu trc khi v tuyn ca CS4

Trong m chp s dng t l m (R) nh th t m cng di, vic pht hin v sa li
cng d dng hn nhng phi truyn nhiu bit hn lm cho tc bit cao hn
Trong GSM s dng m chp vi R= , cn trong GPRS R c th thay i c,
nn tc cao hn.
Tc d liu ca GPRS
Kiu

Tin m

Bit

Bit

Bit

Ng ra

Bit

T l

Tc

ha (USF)

thng tin

chn l

ui

m chp

puncture

d liu

456

d
0

1/2

9.05

ha
CS-1

181

40

16

CS-2
CS-3
CS-4

6
6
12

268
312
428

16
16
16

4
4
-

588
676
456

132
220
-

2/3
3/4
1

13.4
15.6
21.4

V d CS2:
271 bit thng tin (gm c 3 bit c hng ln (USF)), 16 bit chn l, 3 bit tin m ho
v 4 bit ui c thm vo cui ca khi. Dng m chp c a thc to m
g(1) (D) = 1 + D3 + D4
g(2) (D) = 1 + D + D3 + D4
D l ton t tr.
ng ra ca b m chp, mt t m v(D) = (v(0)(D),v(1)(D)) chiu di 588 bit. Chui
bit lin tip ng ra c xc nh bng v(1)(D) = u(D).g(1)(D) v v(2)(D) = u(D).g(2)(D).
sau m ha, 132 bit l punctured, dn n t m c di l 456 bit. V t l m chp l
R

271 16 3 4 2

456
3

5.2 iu ch s
Trong GSM dng iu ch bn mc (GMSK) cn trong GPRS dng iu ch tm
mc. iu ch cng nhiu mc th cng d phn bit li.Nhng khi s mc ln th BER
tng, cht lng km.

Hnh 5.3

BER
8PSK
4PSK
2PSK

S/N

17

T th ta thy, vi cng mc tn hiu thu c, BER ca iu ch cng nhiu mc

th cng ln. Vy mun tng tc truyn (tng mc) m BER khng tng th phi tng
cng sut pht.
Trong GPRS nu tng cng sut pht c hai hng th MS mau ht pin. gii
quyt vn ny, ngi ta ch tng cng sut pht cho hng xung (tng mc iu ch)
dng 8PSK, cn hng ln vn gi nguyn GMSK, dn n phn gii iu ch trong
GSM v GPRS cng khc nhau.

Hnh 5.4
5.3 nh tuyn
nh tuyn l qu trnh ly gi d liu t mt thit b v gi n thng qua mng n
thit b ca mng khc. c th nh tuyn cc gi d liu, router phi c cc thng tin:
a ch ch, cc router lng ging, cc ng i n tt c cc mng t xa, ng i ti
u n mi mng, cch thc duy tr v kim tra thng tin nh tuyn. Router khng quan
tm n host m ch quan tm n mng v ng i ti u cho mi mng.
Xt mt v d in hnh ca nh tuyn gi d liu trong mng GPRS, trnh by
hnh 5.5.

18

BSC
B TS

M S

BSC

B TS

I n te r- P L M N
SG SN

G PRS b a c k b o n e

SG SN
I n tra - P L M N

I n tra - P L M N
G PRS b a c k b o ne

P LM N 1

B o rd e r G a te w a y

B o rd e r G a te w a y

G PRS b a c kb o n e

P LM N 2

SG SN

G G SN

G G SN

P a c k e t d a ta n e tw o rk
R o u te r

H o st

LA N

Hnh 5.5 nh tuyn gi d liu trong GPRS

Mt trm di ng PLMN1 gi gi d liu IP n mt host ni vi mng IP. Phn
SGSN ca MS ng gi gi d liu t MS, xem xt phm vi PDP v nh tuyn chng
qua mng xng sng GPRS trong cng mt PLMN (Intra-PLMN GPRS) n GGSN
thch hp. GGSN b cc phn thm vo bi SSGN v gi chng ra mng IP, ti y s
dng c ch nh tuyn IP chuyn gi n router ca mng ch. Sau sng phn phi
gi IP n host.
Gi s trm di ng ng k PLMN2. MS c c a ch IP t GGSN ca mng
PLMN2. Nh vy, MS c a ch IP cng mng vi a ch IP ca GGSN ca mng
PLMN2. By gi host gi gi d liu IP cho MS. Gi IP s c dn n GGSN ca
PLMN2. Nhng trong HLR cha thng tin thng bo rng MS ang PLMN1, nh vy
thng tin s c ng gi v gi chng thng qua mng xng sng GPRS lin PLMN
(Inter-PLMN GPRS Backbone) n SGSN PLMN1. n y, SGSN tch gi d liu v
chuyn chng ti MS.
Trong GPRS s dng hai dng nh tuyn l:
19

nh tuyn tnh (static routing)

nh tuyn ng (dynamic roting) gm RIP, OSPF, BGP.

nh tuyn tnh
Cu hnh nh tuyn phi thng qua ngi qun tr, ngi qun tr phi ghi cc
thng tin vo bng nh tuyn. Li im ca cch nh tuyn ny l: s dng t bng
thng trn ng truyn gia cc router, bo mt. Nhc im ca cch nh tuyn ny
l: ngi qun tr phi hiu r cu trc mng, khng ph hp vi mng ln trong vic cp
nht thng tin nh tuyn.
nh tuyn ng
y l qu trnh s dng cc giao thc tm v cp nht bng nh tuyn trn
router, m bo ng i ti mi mng. Mt s giao thc nh tuyn ng nh: RIP,
OSPF, BGP,
RIP s dng cch o n gin l m s bc nhy. Bc nhy trong mt mng l
cc router m gi d liu phi qua n vi mng . Mt c im quan trng ca RIP
l giao thc c phn lp, c ngha l subnet mask khng c gi khi cp nht ng i,
khc vi giao thc nh tuyn khng phn lp, iu ny lm RIP hot ng khng hiu
qu bng OSPF.
OSPF s dng thut ton Dijkstra tng hp ng i, thut ton ny s dng
bng thng ng truyn xc nh cc gi tr n mng t xa. Khng ging nh RIP,
OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn khng phn lp, ngha l thng tin v subnet c gi km
trong qu trnh cp nht ng i. Hn na, giao thc nh tuyn OSPF phi duy tr c
s d liu v cu trc mng nh vy n hot ng hiu qu hn RIP.
C hai thut ton RIP v2 v OSPF v2 u c s dng cho BG mng xng
sng GPRS trong cng mt PLMN.
Giao thc nh tuyn BGP l mt trong nhng giao thc nh tuyn phc tp, cho
php kt ni cc mng khc nhau vo Internet.

20