ICOMIA Standard No. 36-88 Marine Engine Duty Cycle 1 Purpose The purpose of this standard is to provide a standard duty cycle which corresponds closely enough to average consumer use so that average or composite values of mportant engine parameters, suchasaverage rate of fuel consumption, or average specific fuel con- sumption may be provided so that diferent engines may ‘be compared in a simple and rational manner. In add- tion, the concept of Marine Engine Efficiency Index is introduced in order to provide an approximate quantita- tive guide which allows for the effects of boat speed and the power to weight ratio of the engine and fuel It should be clear that different boats and motors may have very different performance characteristics, and dit ferent boat operators may have very different driving characteristics. Therefore the composite quantities by the standard should be regarded as 2 comparative ‘guide only. 2 Scope This standard describes a standard duty cycle which ‘may be used for determining average operating charac- teristics for recreational marine engines intended for propeller driven boats. The duty cycle is a five mode cycle based on an assumed standard torque charac- teristic for steady state boat operation and an assumed fraction of time for each of the modes. The assumed tor- ue characteristic is a simple 1.5 power law chosen to bea reasonable fit to the wide range of steady state tor- que characteristics that have been measured for awide range of boat and motor combinations. The fraction of time at each mode is based on the measurement of, engine RPM on instrumented boats used by typical ‘The lowest speed mode of this duty cycle, no load idle, is chosen to represent the combined boat operation modes of idle out of gear, idle in gear, and low speed, off idle operation in gear. For typical marine engines, all three boat modes have similar rates of fuel consump- tion. Because of coupling difficulties with some engine/ dynamometer combinations at low speed, the torque in this lowest mode is chosen to be zero so that the engine may be uncoupled from the dynamometer in this mode. Because this idle mode represents three different modes of boat operation, the fraction of time assigned to this mode is relatively high. 3 Definitions Definitions are as defined or referenced in ICOMIA 28-83, 4 References 1$0 3048 Reciprocating Internal Engines: Combustion © ICOMIA 1988 Performance Part 1 Standard reference condi tions and declarations of Power, fuel consumption and. lubricating oll con sumption, Part 2: Tests Methods, Part 3: Test Measurements. 5 Operating Modes The engine shall be operated at five steady state modes as defined in Table 1 ‘The engine shall be operated first in mode 5 so that the maximum steady state torque at rated speed may be determined. The remaining modes shall be operated in order of decreasing speed and power. 6 Engine Preparation and Operation Engine selection, installation, break-in and operation shall be as specified in ISO 3046 and ICOMIA 28-83. However, because of possible difficulties in maintaining steady speed and torque at iow torque, the require- ments on maintaining steady speed’ and torque accuracy may be relaxed provided that the interpolation technique of Sect. 9 is used. Table 1 Engine Engine Torque} Assumed Mode| Speed | as Fraction | Fraction as Fraction | of Maximum | of Total Time of Rated Torque Spent in ‘Speed at Rated ‘Mode ‘Speed 1 Idle ° 0.40 2 oa 0283 0.25 ei | 08 oes 01s 4 08 o716 oid) || Di 1.000 0.06 7 Measurement of Emissions Measurement of emissions from marine engines is often complicated by the compact, integrated design of the exhaust system for cooling, tuning and noise reduc tion, In order to obtain realistic measurements, the engine shallbe testedas the complete package as sold, but care shall be taken to minimize the effects of water addition to the exhaust gases, pulsating exhaust flows ‘and incomplete mixing of the exhaust products. In order to ensure that repeatable, representative measure- ments of the exhaust emissions are taken, the design and location of the exhaust probe shall be verified. ae8 Accuracy of Measurement At the rated speed and torque, all parameters shall be measureable to a percentage accuracy no less than those as specified by the current version of ISO 3046/3. These percentage accuracies shall be maintained for the additional four modes of this marine cycle except that in the case of torque, the tolerance rather than the percentage tolerance shall remain constant. For exam- ple, if the required percentage accuracy for torque at rated speed and power is +2% and maximum torque at rated speed is 200Nm, then the tolerance for torque at all conditions shall be 4Nm. Tha required accuracy for, derived quantities involving torque, such as brake specific. fuel consumption, shall be modified approp- riately to allow for the permitted tolerance in torque, as indicated in ISO 3046/11 1 9 Accuracy of Operating Conditions It the observed values of torque and engine speed fora given mode differ from the requirements of Table 1 by less than the measurement tolerances as specified in Sect. 8, then only one set of measurements need be taken. However, for some combinations of engine, ‘dynamometer, control, and instrumentation, particularly at low load and extended operation, it may be difficult 10 maintain the desired tolerances for torque and engine ‘speed. For these situations, the desired unknown quan- tity may be obtained by linear interpolation from measurements close to the desired condition. if the dynamometer is accurately load or speed controlled, then the desired unknown quantity may be obtained by interpolation between two conditions of constant tor que or constant speed. If neither torque nor speed are accurately maintained, then the desired unknown quan- tity may be obtained by linear interpolation from three surrounding points provided that the triangle defined by the three surrounding points in the torque/speed plane contains the combination of torque and speed specified in Table 1 For example, ifitis desired to determine the value of the ‘unknown quantity X at the point having torque T, and N,, (le. the quantity X) and the values of X at thé points T,N,, T, N,,and T, N, have been measured to be X, X, and k, respectively, then the interpolated value of X, iS calculated according to the equation: X, AK, FAKE AK YB where A, =(T,—T,) (N,N, —(T,—T,) (N—No) A, = (1-7) (NN) = (T.—T) (NSN) A (LAT) (NAN) # (TAT) (NSN) + TT), — No 10 Calculation of Composite Parameters In calculating composite parameters, the component ‘quantities at each mode are weighted according to the fraction of ime spent at each mode as given in Table 1 For example, if itis desired to determine the composite © ICOMIA 1998 ICOMIA 36-88 value of a directly measured quantity X, such as fuel consumption rate, then the composite value of X is calculated according to the formula: man, +025%, + 015%, +0144, + 006%, Mf it is desired to determine the composite value of a which will always have the form of a fraction X/Y, then onosrdVeonste DXF LA, O.40X, + 0.25X, + 0.1K, + 0.14X, + 0.06%, Oa0¥, + 0267, + 0:6Y, + 014Y, + 006Y, Note that (X/Y) composite # 5) (X/Y) F, ‘since the denominator Y, ofthe first mode is always zero for specific quantities in the no load idle condition, and 50 X/Y, is infinite. 11 Calculation of Marine Engine Efficiency Index The Marine Engine Efficiency Index is a parameter which is approximately proportional to overall efficiency ofatypicalsystem as typically used in recreational boat- + ing. The index is defined at two different boat speeds, 24 km/h and 72 km/h, and makes allowance for the brake specific fuel consumption of the engine, the power to weight ratio of the engine, the mass of fuel consumed in a typical consumer day and the speed of the boat. The index does not make allowance for variations in propshaft speed and propeller efficiency. it should be remembered that the index is only a comparative guide for a particular set of assumptions and that for specific, applications other parameters may give @ more ‘meaningful comparative guide. At 24 km/h, the Marine Engine Efficiency Index is, defined by: / 4°(1 0.021 M/P)/ 9, and at 72 km/h, the Marine Engine Efficiency Index is defined by: le =4-(1-0.113 M/P)/9,, where M =mass in kg of engine, drive and fuel necessary to operate four hours of marine duty cycle P = rated power in kW andg,, = composite brake specific fuel consump- tion in kg/kW - h as determined by this standard. 36/2