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Nortel
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

NortelNetworksCorporation,
formerlyknownasNorthern
TelecomLimited,NorthernElectric
andsometimesknownsimplyas
Nortel,wasamultinational
telecommunicationsanddata
networkingequipmentmanufacturer
headquarteredinMississauga,
Ontario,Canada.Itwasfoundedin
Montreal,Quebecin1895.Atits
height,Nortelaccountedformore
thanathirdofthetotalvaluationof
allthecompanieslistedonthe
TorontoStockExchange(TSX),
employing94,500people
worldwide.[4]

NortelNetworksCorporation

Type

Public

Tradedas

OTCPink:NRTLQ
(http://www.otcmarkets.com/stock/NRTLQ/quote)
formerlyTSX:NT.TO,NYSE:NT

Industry

Telecommunications
Networkingequipment

Fate

Bankruptcy

Founded

1895
Montreal,Quebec

Headquarters Mississauga,Ontario,Canada

OnJanuary14,2009,Nortelfiledfor
Numberof
18(US,July2012)[1]
employees
protectionfromitscreditorsinthe
~35(nonUS,July2012)
UnitedStates,Canada,andtheUnited
AT&T/BellCanada
Parent
Kingdom,inordertorestructureits
(18951956)
debtandfinancialobligations.[5]In
BellCanada(19561983)[2]
June2009,thecompanyannouncedit
BCEInc.(19832000)
wouldceaseoperationsandselloffall
BusinessMadeSimple
Slogan
ofitsbusinessunits.[6]Theperiodof
www.nortelus.com(http://www.nortelus.com)
Website
bankruptcyprotectionwasextended
toFebruary2,2013.[7]Aspartofthe
bankruptcyproceedingsintheUnitedStates,NortelNetworksInc.publishesmonthlyoperatingreports
outliningcashreceiptsanddisbursements.[8]

Contents
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 NorthernElectricandManufacturingCompany
1.3 NorthernElectricCompany
1.4 IndependencefromWesternElectric
1.5 NorthernTelecomand"DigitalWorld"
1.6 Deregulation
1.7 OpticalboomandtheRightAngleTurn
1.8 AftertheInternetbubble
1.8.1 Accountingrestatements
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2
3

5
6
7

1.8.2 OwensandZafirovski
1.9 Liquidation
1.9.1 Protectionfromcreditors
1.9.2 Windup
Products
Criticismandcontroversy
3.1 Hackershadfreeaccessforyearswithoutbeingdetected
3.2 Governmentbailouts
3.2.1 2003
3.2.2 2009
3.3 IllegalbreachoftrustinNortel'sHealthandWelfareTrust
3.4 Bookkeepingirregularities
3.5 Executivecompensation
3.5.1 2001compensation
3.5.2 2003compensation
3.5.3 2008compensation
3.5.4 2009compensation
3.5.5 2010compensation
3.6 TreatmentofNortelpensioners
3.7 NortelexCEOfilesasacreditorseeking$1billionfromtheproceedsofbankruptcy
3.8 Conflictsofinterest
Corporateinformation
4.1 Headquarters
4.2 Globalworksites,partners,andcustomers
4.3 Businessstructure
4.4 Corporategovernance
4.4.1 Formermembersoftheboardofdirectors
4.4.2 PastLeadership
Legacy
5.1 EMetroTel(NewNortel)
Seealso
References
7.1 Footnotes
7.2 Citations
7.3 Bibliography
Externallinks

History
Origins
AlexanderGrahamBellconceivedthetechnicalaspectsofthetelephoneandinventeditinJuly1874,[9]
whileresidingwithhisparentsattheirfarminTutelaHeights,[10]ontheoutskirtsofBrantford,Ontario.He
laterrefineditsdesignatBrantfordafterproducinghisfirstworkingprototypeinBoston.[11]Canada'sfirst
telephonefactory,createdbyJamesCowherdofBrantford,wasathreestorybrickbuildingthatsoonstarted
manufacturingtelephonesfortheBellSystem,leadingtothecity'sstyleasTheTelephoneCity.[12][Note1]
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AfterCowherd'sdeathin1881whichresultedintheclosureofhisBrantfordfactory,amechanical
productiondepartmentwascreatedwithintheBellTelephoneCompanyofCanadaandproductionof
CanadiantelephonesandtelephoneequipmentwastransferredtoMontrealin1882,[15]duetorestrictions
onimportingtelephoneequipmentfromtheUnitedStates.[17]Inadditiontophones,fouryearslater,the
departmentstartedmanufacturingitsfirstswitchboard,a50lineStandardMagnetoSwitchboard.[15][18]The
smallmanufacturingdepartmentexpandedyearlywiththegrowthandpopularityofthetelephoneto50
employeesin1888.[19]By1890ithadbeentransformedintoitsownbranchofoperationswith200
employees,andanewfactorywasunderconstruction.[15]
Asthemanufacturingbranchexpanded,itsproductionabilityincreasedbeyondthedemandforphones,and
itfacedclosureforseveralmonthsayearwithoutmanufacturingotherproducts.[20]Thiswasaproblem
becausetheBellTelephoneCompanyofCanada's(laterrenamedtoBellCanada)charterwouldnotallow
themtobuildotherproducts.Soin1895,theBellTelephoneofCanadawasrequiredtospinoffits
manufacturingarmtobuildphonesforsaletoothercompanies,aswellasotherdevicessuchasfirealarm
boxes,policestreetcallboxes,andfiredepartmentcallequipment.Thiscompanywasincorporatedasthe
NorthernElectricandManufacturingCompanyLimited.[15]

NorthernElectricandManufacturingCompany
NorthernElectricandManufacturingCompanyLimitedwasincorporatedon7December1895,bythe
followingcorporatemembers(orBoardofDirectors):[21]CharlesFleetfordSiseSr.,PresidentofBell
CanadaProvisionalDirectorRobertMackay,merchantProvisionalDirectorHughPaton,managerof
theSheddenCompanyProvisionalDirectorTheHon.JosephRosaireThibaudeau,SenatorProvisional
DirectorRobertArcher,gentlemanProvisionalDirectorCharlesP.Sclater,secretaryProvisional
DirectorLewisB.McFarlane,manager,allofthecityanddistrictofMontreal,Quebec.
Theinitialstockcapitalwas$50,000at$100pershare,with93percentheldbytheBellTelephone
CompanyofCanadaandtheremainderheldbythesevencorporatemembersabove.[21]Thefirstgeneral
stockholdersmeetingwasheldonMarch24,1896.
InDecember1899,TheBellTelephoneCompanyofCanadaboughtacablingcompanyfor$500,000a
CanadiancharternameditTheWireandCableCompany.[22]NorthernElectricandManufacturingfurther
expandeditsproductlinein1900,manufacturingthefirstCanadianwindupgramophonesthatplayedflat
discs.[23]In1911theWireandCablecompanychangeditsnametotheImperialWireandCable
Company.[24]

NorthernElectricCompany
Theconstructionofanewmanufacturingplantstartedin1913atShearerStreetinMontreal,Canada,as
preparationsbeganforthetwomanufacturingcompanies'integration.Then,inJanuary1914,theNorthern
ElectricandManufacturingCompanyandtheImperialWireandCableCompanymergedintotheNorthern
ElectricCompany,commonlyknownsimplyasNorthernElectric,andthenewcompanyopenedthedoors
onanewmanufacturingplantinJanuary1915.ThisfacilityatShearerStreetwastheprimary
manufacturingcentreuntilthemid1950s.[23]EdwardFleetfordSisewasthepresidentandhisbrotherPaul
FleetfordSisewasthevicepresidentandgeneralmanager.[25]
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DuringtheFirstWorldWar
NorthernElectric
manufacturedthePortable
Commutator,aonewire
telegraphicswitchboardfor
militaryoperationsinthe
field.In1922,Northern
startedtoproduce,for$5,the
"Peanut"vacuumtube,
Anaudioamplifiermanufacturedby
1950Logo
whichrequiredonlyasingle
NorthernElectric.
drycellbattery.Theuseof
alternatingcurrentwasstill
underdevelopmentduringthistime.The"NorthernElectricPeanuttubewasthesmallesttubemade,and
drewonlyonetenthofanampereandwasthemostremarkableradiofrequencyamplifierevermade."[26]
Duringthe1920sNorthernElectricmadekettles,toasters,cigarlighters,electricstoves,andwashing
machines.[27]InJanuary1923,NorthernElectricstartedtooperateanAMradiostationwithcallletters
CHYC,intheShearerStreetplant,andmuchoftheprogrammingwasreligiousservicesfortheNorthern
Electricemployeesandfamiliesinthecommunity.InJuly1923,CHYCAMwasthefirstradiostationto
provideentertainmenttotheridersofthetranscontinentaltrain,inaparlorcarfittedwitharadiosetto
receivethebroadcastasitleftMontrealandtraveledwest.[28]Laterinthe1920s,Northerncreatedthefirst
talkingmoviesoundsystemintheBritishEmpireforatheaterinMontreal.[27]
DuringtheGreatDepressioninthe1930s,NorthernElectricwasaffected,likemostothercompanies.From
thebeginningof1930throughtheendof1933,salesdroppedfrom$34millionto$8.2million,andthe
numberofemployeesdroppedfrom6,100to2,400.[29]

IndependencefromWesternElectric
In1949,anantitrustsuitintheU.S.forcedAT&T/WesternElectrictosellitsstakeinNorthernElectricto
BellCanada.AT&TspunoffNorthernElectricin1956.DeprivedofitsWesternElectrictie,Northern
begandevelopingitsownproducts.In1953,NorthernElectricproduceditsfirsttelevisionsetsusingtubes
madebyRCA.[30]BellCanadaacquired100percentofNorthernElectricin1964throughpublicstock
offeringsstartingin1973,Bell'sownershipofNorthernElectricanditssuccessorswouldbereduced,
thoughitcontinuedtohavemajoritycontrol.
In1966,theNorthernElectricresearchlab,NorthernElectricLaboratories(thepredecessortoBell
NorthernResearch),startedlookingintothepossibilitiesoffiberopticcable,andin1969,beganworkon
digitizingtelephonecommunications.Alsoin1969,NorthernbeganmakinginroadsintotheU.S.market
withitsswitchingsystems.In1972,itopeneditsfirstfactoryintheU.S.inMichigan.In1975,Northern
beganshippingitsfirstdigitalswitchingsystems,oneoftheearliestsuchsystemstobesold.
NorthernTelecomwas,withBellNorthernResearch,intheearly70'sapartownerofMicroSystems
InternationalasemiconductormanufacturerbasedinNepean,outsideOttawa.

NorthernTelecomand"DigitalWorld"

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In1976,thecompanynamewaschangedtoNorthernTelecomLimited,andmanagementannouncedits
intentiontoconcentratethecompany'seffortsondigitaltechnology.NorthernTelecomwasthefirst
companyinitsindustrytoannounceandtodeliveracompletelineoffullydigitaltelecommunications
products.Theproductlinewasbranded"DigitalWorld"andincludedthewellknownDMS100,afully
digitalcentralofficeswitchservingasmanyas100,000lines,whichwasakeycontributortothecompanys
revenueforcloseto15years.
Startingin1977,NortelgrewrapidlyaftertheintroductionofitsDMSlineofdigitalcentraloffice
telephoneswitches,especiallyaftertheAT&Tbreakupin1984.NorthernTelecombecameasignificant
supplierinEuropeandChinaandwasthefirstnonJapanesesuppliertoNipponTelegraphandTelephone.

Deregulation
In1983,duetoderegulation,BellCanadaEnterprises(latershortenedtoBCE)wasformedastheparent
companytoBellCanadaandNorthernTelecom.BellNorthernResearchwasjointlyowned5050byBell
CanadaandNorthernTelecom.Thecombinedthreecompanieswerereferredtoasthetricorporate.[31][32][33]
AsNortel,thestreamlinedidentityitadoptedforits100thanniversaryin1995,thecompanysetoutto
dominatetheburgeoningglobalmarketforpublicandprivatenetworks.

OpticalboomandtheRightAngleTurn
In1998,withtheacquisitionofBayNetworks,thecompany'snamewaschangedtoNortelNetworksto
emphasizeitsabilitytoprovidecompletesolutionsformultiprotocol,multiservice,globalnetworkingover
theInternetandothercommunicationsnetworks.Asaconsequenceofthestocktransactionusedto
purchaseBayNetworks,BCEceasedtobethemajorityshareholderofNortel.
In2000,BCEspunoutNortel,distributingitsholdingsofNorteltoitsshareholders.BellNorthern
ResearchwasgraduallyabsorbedintoNortel,asitfirstacquiredamajorityshareinBNR,andeventually
acquiredtheentirecompany.
Inthelate1990s,stockmarketspeculators,hopingthatNortelwouldreapincreasinglylucrativeprofits
fromthesaleoffibreopticnetworkgear,beganpushingupthecompany'ssharepricetounheardoflevels
despitethecompany'srepeatedfailuretoturnaprofit.UndertheleadershipofCEOJohnRoth,salesof
opticalequipmenthadbeenrobustinthelate1990s,butthemarketwassoonsaturated.Whenthe
speculativetelecombubbleofthelate1990sreacheditspinnaclelateintheyear2000,Nortelwasto
becomeoneofthemostspectacularcasualties.
Atitsheight,Nortelaccountedformorethanathirdofthetotalvaluationofallthecompanieslistedonthe
TorontoStockExchange(TSX),employing94,500worldwide,with25,900inCanadaalone.[4][34]Nortel's
marketcapitalizationfellfromC$398billioninSeptember2000tolessthanC$5billioninAugust2002,as
Nortel'sstockpriceplungedfromC$124toC$0.47.WhenNortel'sstockcrashed,ittookwithitawide
swathofCanadianinvestorsandpensionfundsandleft60,000Nortelemployeesunemployed.Rothwas
criticizedafteritwasrevealedthathecashedinhisownstockoptionsforapersonalgainofC$135million
in2000alone.[35]

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CEOJohnRothretiredin2001.Hisplannedsuccessorandchiefoperatingofficer,ClarenceChandran,
alreadyonsickleaveduetocomplicationsfollowinghis1997stabbinginSingapore,[36]decidedtoquit,
however.[37]ChieffinancialofficerFrankDunnwaseventuallychosenasRoth'spermanentreplacement.

AftertheInternetbubble
Accountingrestatements
FrankDunnpresidedoveradramaticrestructuringofNortel,whichincludedlayingofftwothirdsofits
workforce(60,000staff)andwritedownsofnearlyUS$16billionin2001alone.Thishadsomeinitial
perceivedsuccessinturningthecompanyaround,withanunexpectedreturntoprofitabilityreportedinthe
firstquarterof2003.Theblackinktriggeredatotalof$70millioninbonusestothetop43managers,[38]
with$7.8milliongoingtoDunnalone,[39]$3milliontochieffinancialofficerDouglasBeatty,and$2
milliontocontrollerMichaelGollogly.[40]IndependentauditorDeloitte&Toucheadvisedauditcommittee
chairmanJohnCleghornandboardchairman"Red"Wilsontolookintothesuspiciousresults,who
promptlyhiredthelawfirmWilmerHaletovetthefinancialstatements.[41]InlateOctober2003,Nortel
announcedthatitintendedtorestateapproximately$900millionofliabilitiescarriedonitspreviously
reportedbalancesheetasofJune30,2003,followingacomprehensiveinternalreviewoftheseliabilities.
TheCompanystatedthattherestatement'sprincipaleffectswouldbeareductioninpreviouslyreportednet
lossesfor2000,2001,and2002andanincreaseinshareholdersequityandnetassetspreviouslyreported
onitsbalancesheet.Adozenofthecompany'smostseniorexecutivesreturned$8.6millionofbonusesthey
werepaidbasedontheerroneousaccounting.Investigatorsultimatelyfoundabout$3billioninrevenuehad
beenbookedimproperlyin1998,1999,and2000.Morethan$2billionwasmovedintolateryears,about
$750millionwaspushedforwardbeyond2003andabout$250millionwaswipedawaycompletely.The
accountingscandalhurtbothNortel'sreputationandfinances,asNortelspentanestimatedUS$400million
onoutsideauditorsandmanagementconsultantstoretrainstaff.[41]
Dunn,Beatty,andGolloglywerefiredonApril28,2004forfinancialmismanagement,andlatercharged
withfraudbytheRCMP.[42][43]ThetrialbeganonJanuary16,2012,[44]endingwithacquittalsforall
three.[45][46]
TheUnitedStatesSecuritiesandExchangeCommission(SEC)alsofiledchargesagainstthemandfour
vicepresidentsforcivilfraud.[43]OnDecember19,2014,remainingcivilchargesfromtheOntario
SecuritiesCommissionandSECweresimultaneouslydropped.[47]
ToimproveNortel'sliquidityinsupportofitsoperations,Nortelreachedanagreementin2003withExport
DevelopmentCanadaforittoprovideNortelwithacreditsupportfacilityofuptoUS$750million.[48]
WalterRobinsonoftheCanadianTaxpayersFederationdenouncedthelineofcredit,callingit"corporate
welfareatitsworst."[49]
OwensandZafirovski
AfterDunn'sfiring,retiredUnitedStatesAdmiralBillOwensatthetimeamemberoftheboardof
directorswasappointedinterimCEO.NortelNetworkssubsequentlyreturnedtousingtheNortelname
forbrandingpurposesonly(theofficialcompanynamewasnotchanged).NortelacquiredPECSolutions,a
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providerofinformationtechnologyandtelecommunicationsservicestovariousgovernmentagenciesand
departments,inJune2005andrenameditNortelGovernmentSolutionsIncorporated(NGS).[50][51]LG
ElectronicsandNortelformedajointventureinAugust,withNortelowning50%plusoneshare,tooffer
telecomandnetworkingsolutionsinthewireline,optical,wirelessandenterpriseareasforSouthKorean
andglobalcustomers.
PeterW.Currie,previouslytheChiefFinancialOfficer(CFO)oftheRoyalBankofCanada,wasnamed
CFOofNortelin2005,havingpreviouslyservedasNorthernTelecom'sCFOinthe1990s.GaryDaichendt,
theformerChiefOperatingOfficerofCiscoSystems,washiredasPresidentandCOO,andwasexpectedto
succeedOwensasCEO.Shortlyafterward,DaichendtappointedexCiscoChiefScienceOfficerGary
KunisasChiefTechnologyOfficer(CTO).BothGaryswereconcernedabouttheoveralldirectionof
Nortel,especiallywhencomparedtoCisco,theirpreviousemployer.Justthreemonthslater,Daichendt
resignedafterbothhisrestructuringplanandhissuggestionthatOwensandCurrieleavethecompany
immediatelywererejectedbytheboardofdirectors.Kunisquitshortlythereafter.[52]Attheyear'send,
directorsLynton"Red"WilsonandJohnCleghornretiredfromtheboard.
MikeS.Zafirovski,whohadservedasPresidentandCEOofGELightingandthenasMotorolaPresident
andCOO,succeededOwensaspresidentandCEOonNovember15,2005.[53]Motorolafiledasuitagainst
Zafirovski'shiring,allegingthathisnewpositionwouldbreakthetermsofthenondisclosureagreementhe
hadsigned.Nortelagreedtopay$11.5milliononhisbehalftosettlethelawsuit.[54]Nortelalsopaidout
US$575millionand629millioncommonsharesin2006tosettleaclassactionlawsuitthataccusedthe
companyofmisleadinginvestorsaboutthecompany'shealth.
CurriesteppeddownasExecutiveVicePresidentandCFOinearly2007.InFebruary2007,Nortel
announceditsplanstoreduceitsworkforceby2,000employees,andtotransferanadditional1,000jobsto
lowercostjobsites.TheSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionfiledcivilfraudchargesagainstNortelfor
accountingfraudfrom2000to2003thefraudwasallegedlytoclosegapsbetweenitstrueperformance,its
internaltargetsandWallStreetexpectations.Nortelsettledthecase,paying$35million,whichthe
Commissiondistributedtoaffectedshareholders,andreportedperiodicallytotheCommissiononremedial
measurestoimproveitsfinancialaccounting.
NortelannouncedplansinFebruary2008toeliminate2,100jobs,andtotransferanother1,000jobsto
lowercostcentres.[55]Aspartofthereductions,NortelshutdownitsCalgarycampusin2009.[56]
Duringitsreportingofthirdquarter2008results,Nortelannounceditwouldrestructureintothree
verticallyintegratedbusinessunits:Enterprise,CarrierNetworks,andMetroEthernetNetworks.Aspartof
thedecentralizationofitsorganization,fourexecutivepositionswereeliminated,effectiveJanuary1,2009:
ChiefMarketingOfficerLaurenFlahertyChiefTechnologyOfficerJohnRoeseGlobalServices
PresidentDietmarWendtandExecutiveVicePresidentGlobalSalesBillNelson.Anetreductionof
1,300jobswasalsoannounced.[57]Asitsstockpricedroppedbelow$1,theNewYorkStockExchange
notifiedNortelthatitwouldbedelistedifitscommonsharesfailedtoriseabove$1persharewithin6
months.[58]RumourscontinuedtopersistofNortel'spoorfinancialhealth,amidthelate2000srecession,
anditsbidsforgovernmentfundswereturneddown.[59]

Liquidation
Protectionfromcreditors
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OnJanuary14,2009,Nortelfiledforprotectionfromcreditors,intheUnitedStatesunderChapter11ofthe
UnitedStatesBankruptcyCode,inCanadaundertheCompanies'CreditorsArrangementAct,andinthe
UnitedKingdomundertheInsolvencyAct1986.[5][60][61]Nortelwasthefirstmajortechnologycompanyto
seekbankruptcyprotectioninthisglobaldownturn.[62]Nortelhadaninterestpaymentof$107milliondue
thenextday,approximately4.6%ofitscashreservesofapproximately$2.3billion.[63]Afterthe
announcement,thesharepricefellmorethan79%ontheTorontoStockExchange.ExportDevelopment
CanadaagreedtoprovideuptoC$30millioninshorttermfinancingthroughitsexistingcreditsupport
facilitywithNortel.TheCanadiangovernmentresistedcharacterizingitspositiononNortelasabailout.[64]
Nortelinitiallyhopedtoreemergefrombankruptcy,implementingaretentionbonusplaninaneffortto
retainitstopexecutivesduringtherestructuringperiod.Thesebonuses,totalingUS$45million,were
targetedat1,000executivepositions.[65]AttheendofJanuary2009,Nortelannouncedthatitwouldbe
discontinuingitsWiMAXbusinessanditsagreementwithAlvarion.[66][67]Nortelsubsequentlysoldits
Layer47applicationdeliverybusinesstoIsraelitechnologyfirmRadwarefor$18million,afterRadware
hadinitiallyplacedastalkinghorsebid.[68][69]Nortelhadacquiredtheapplicationswitchproductlinein
October2000whenitpurchasedAlteonWebSystems.[70]
Windup
Withtheworseningrecessionandstockmarketdeclinedeterringpotentialcompaniesfrombiddingfor
Nortel'sassets,andmanyofNortel'smajorcustomersreconsideringtheirrelationshipswiththe
restructuringcompany,[71]inJuneNortelannouncedthatitnolongerplannedtoemergefrombankruptcy
protection,andwouldseekbuyersforallofitsbusinessunits.[72]Afterannouncingitplannedtoselloffall
ofitsassets,NortelsharesweredelistedfromtheTorontoStockExchangeonJune26,2009atapriceof
$0.185pershare,downfromitshighin2000whenitcomprisedathirdoftheS&P/TSXcomposite
index.[72][73][74]MikeZafirovskisubsequentlyresignedinAugust,andNortel'sboardofdirectorswas
reorganizedwiththreemembersinsteadofnine.[75]Nortelhandedout$14.2millionincashcompensation
tosevenexecutivesin2009.Nortelalsopaidout$1.4millionto10formerandcurrentdirectors,andpaid
$140milliontolawyers,pension,humanresourcesandfinancialexpertshelpingtooverseethecompanys
bankruptcyproceedings.[76]
NokiaSiemensNetworksmadeastalkinghorsebidtopurchaseNortel'sCDMAandLTEassetsfor$650
million.[72]BytheJuly21deadlineforadditionalbids,MatlinPattersonandEricssonhadmadeoffers,[77]
andEricssonemergedasthevictorinthefollowingauction,withapurchasepriceof$1.13billion.[78][79]
AvayawonanauctionforNortel'sEnterpriseSolutionsbusiness,includingNortel'sstakeinNortel
GovernmentSolutionsandDiamondWare,for$900million,[80]afterhavingplacedastalkinghorsebidof
$475million.[81]InNovember,NortelsolditsMEN(MetroEthernetNetworks)unittoCienaCorporation
forUS$530millionincashandUS$239millioninconvertiblenotes,[82][83]anditsGSMbusinessatauction
toEricssonandKapschforUS$103million.[84][85][86][87]HitachipurchasedtheNextGenerationPacket
Coreassets.[88]Asinsuranceagainstjudgmentsinclassactionlawsuitsfiledbyformeremployees,John
RothfiledinDecember2009foraUS$1billionindemnificationfromNortel,joiningthelistofU.S.
creditors.[89]

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InFebruary2010,Ernst&Young,thecourtappointedmonitorofNortel'sCanadianbankruptcy
proceedings,reportedthattheassetsofNortel'sHealthandWelfareTrusthadashortfallof$37millionin
itsnetassetsasofDecember31,2008.Thetrustsupportspensioners'medical,dentalandlifeinsurance
benefits,aswellasincomesupportforsomegroupssuchaslongtermdisabilityrecipients.[90]Alsoin
February,Nortelnegotiateda$57milliondealtowindupthehealthcareandotherbenefitsprovidedto
formerCanadianemployees.Shortlyafterwards,Nortelproposedspending$92.3Monretentionbonusesfor
1,475employeesinitsNortelBusinessServicesandCorporategroups,with$2.5millioninincentives
goingtoChristopherRicaute,presidentofNortelBusinessServices$27millionallocatedforCanadian
employeesand$55millionallocatedforU.S.employees.[91]Theproposedplanwaslaterextendedbyan
additional$27million.[92]Claimingthattheretentionbonusesproposalwasextraordinary,actingUStrustee
RobertaDeAngelisobjectedtothepaymentof$55.6millionto866employees.[93]However,court
appointedrepresentativesforNortel'sformeremployees,whoarecreditorsintheOntariobankruptcycourt,
havesignedanagreementtonotopposeanyemployeeincentiveprogram.
GenbandpurchasedtheCarrierVoIPandApplicationSolutions(CVAS)unitinMay2010,asNortel
accepteditsstalkinghorsebidof$282million,withadjustmentsthatdecreasedthenetsalepricetoabout
$100million,withoutaformalbiddingprocess.[94][95][96]EricssonpurchasedNortel'sshareinitsjoint
venturewithLGElectronicsforUS$242million,formingLGEricsson,inJune2010.[97][98]Ericssonalso
purchasedNortel'sfinaloperatingunit,theMultiServiceSwitchdivision,inSeptember2010forUS$65
million.[99][100][101]Nortel'sOttawacampusonCarlingAvenuewaspurchasedbyPublicWorksand
GovernmentServicesCanada(PWGSC)inOctober2010foracashpurchasepriceofCDN$208
million.[102]
Nortel's53.13%stakeinTurkishcompanyNortelNetawasacquiredbyOneEquityPartners(OEP)and
RheaInvestmentsfor$68millioninDecember2010.[103][104]
ThelastmajorassetofNortel,approximately6,000patentsandpatentapplicationsencompassing
technologiessuchaswireless,wireless4G,datanetworking,optical,voice,Internet,andsemiconductors,
wassoldfor$4.5billiontoaconsortiumincludingApple,EMC,Ericsson,Microsoft,ResearchInMotion,
andSony,pendingAmericanandCanadiancourtapproval.[105][106](Googlehadplacedtheinitialstalking
horsebidof$900million[107]andlateruppedthebidto$1,902,160,540,then$2,614,972,128,and
eventually$3.14159billion,whicharereferencestoBrun'sconstant,MeisselMertensconstant,andpi.)[108]
BankruptcyfilingsstatethatNortelowesformerCanadianengineers$285,000forpatentawardsthatwere
notpaid.[109]
InOctober2011,theadministratorsofNortel'sBritishsubsidiarylosttheirappealtooverturnacourtorder
requiringthemtopay2.1billionintoNortel'sunderfundedpensionplan.[110]
NortelNetworksU.S.retirementincomeplanisnowmanagedbyPBGCPensionBenefitGuaranty
Corporation[111]
January2014,apactbetweenU.S.andEuropeandivisionsofNortelNetworksisapprovedbyU.S.judge.
Corp.[112]

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April2016,NortelNetworksCorp.wentbacktocourtforafreshroundoflegalargumentsinasevenyear
oldbankruptcywhichhascostcreditorsabout$2billionincludingattorneyfees.[113]

Products
Nortelmadetelecommunications,computernetworkequipmentandsoftware.Itservedbothgeneral
businessesandcommunicationscarriers(landlinetelephone,mobilephone,andcableTVcarriers).
Technologiesincludedtelephonic(voice)equipment,fiberoptics,localwireless,andmultimedia.
Pastproductsincluded:

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TelephoneSystems

Telephonesets
andterminals

LANandMANequipment

Nortelbusiness
ApplicationServer5200and
phones,digital
ApplicationServer5300(AS5300) setsforMeridian
andNorstar

BaystackandERS(EthernetRoutingSwitch),
managednetworkswitchesforEthernetERS
8600,ERS8300,ERS5600,ERS5500,ERS
4500,ERS2500

DigitalMultiplexSystem(DMS
andSL100families)largescale
digitalcarrierphoneswitch

NorthernElectric
homephones

MultiserviceSwitch(MSS)(formerlyPassport)
MSS20000,MSS15000,MSS7400,MSS6400

Meridian1(SL1)mediumto
largescalePBX

NorthernTelecom
MetroEthernetRoutingSwitch8600
homephones

MeridianNorstarsmallto
NortelSecureNetworkAccess(switchand
mediumscaledigitalkeytelephone Nortelpayphones
software)
system
NortelCommunicationServers,
mediumtolargescaleVoIPPBX
SystemsCS2100,CS2000,
CS1500,CS1000

NortelIPPhone
1120E

DV1minicomputerdigitalvoice
anddatasystem

NortelIPPhone
1140E

SG1analogstoredprogram
controlPBX
SP1analogstoredprogramcontrol
carrierswitch
Routers

Software

OtherWANequipment

SecureRouter1000Systems
SR1004,SR1002,SR1001S,
SR1001

Visualization
Performance&
FaultManager
(VPFM)

1Mbit/smodem

SecureRouter3120

NortelEnterprise
SwitchManager

S/DMSSONET

SecureRouter4134

NortelFileand
Inventory
Manager

OPTeraLongHaul

SecureRouter8000Systems
SR8002,SR8004,SR8008,
SR8012

NortelMultilink
TrunkingManager

VPNRouters1750,2700,2750,
5000

NortelMulticast
Manager
NortelSpeech
Server
PassportCarrier
Release
NortelRouting

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Manager
NortelSecurity
Manager
NortelVLAN
manager
Unified
Communications
Management
Agile
Communication
Environment

Criticismandcontroversy
Hackershadfreeaccessforyearswithoutbeingdetected
InSeptember1991,JulianAssangeofWikiLeakswasdiscoveredintheactofhackingintotheMelbourne
masterterminalofNortel.[114]
In2004,itwasdiscoveredthatcrackers(malicioushackers)gainedalmostcompleteaccesstoNortel's
systems.Thoughttohaveoriginatedin2000,fornearlytenyearstheyaccesseddocumentsincluding
emails,technicalpapers,research,developmentreports,andbusinessplans.Thebreachwasnotproperly
addressedbythetimethecompanystartedsellingsomeofitsassetsin2009,followingabankruptcyfiling.
TheWallStreetJournalreportsthathackersworkingfromChineseIPaddressesusedsevenpasswordsof
Nortelexecutives,includingaformerCEO,topenetratenetworksownedbythecompany.[115]
BrianShields,aformersystemssecurityadvisorforNortel,ledaninternalinvestigationonthebreachand
exposedrootkitsoftwareonatleasttwomachinesin2009thatallowedhackerstocontrolthemremotely
andmonitoremail.Despitetheoriginaldiscoveryin2004andthesubsequentinvestigationthatledtothe
rootkitdetectionin2009,Nortelallegedlyignoredtheproblemandfailedtodiscloseittopotentialbuyers
ofitsbusiness.AvayaandGenbandbothacquiredpartsofNortel,andsomeemployeesusedoldNortel
machinesconnectedtothenewcompanies'networks.AlthoughAvayasaysithasdealtwiththeissue,
Shieldssays"it'sdespicablethatNorteldidn'tsayanything,"leavingituptohimtoinformthenew
companyofhisinvestigation.NortelrefusedtocommentonTheWallStreetJournalreport,butformer
CEOMikeZafirovski,inchargebetween2005and2009,claimedthecompany"didnotbelieveitwasa
realissue."[115][116][117][118][119]
Mr.ShieldswentontotelltheCanadianBroadcastingCorporationthathebelievestheextensive
cyberattacksonNortelcontributedtoitsdownfall.[120]

Governmentbailouts
2003

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OnFeb16,2003theWinnipegSunpublishedanarticlecriticisingtheCanadianFederalgovernmentfor
proppingupmegaloserNortelthroughExportDevelopmentCanada(EDC).Thearticleinterviewed
WalterRobinsonoftheCanadianTaxpayersFederationwhotermedthisEDCsupportas"corporatewelfare
atitsworst."MrRobinsonwasappalledthatCanadianswhoalreadylostbillionsonNortelonthestock
marketwouldbeaskedforevenmoremoneythroughtheirtaxestosupportNortel.[49]
2009
EDChadagreedtoprovideupto$30millioninshorttermfinancingthroughanexistingbondingfacility.
TheCanadiangovernmentresistedcharacterizingitspositiononNortelasabailout.[121]

IllegalbreachoftrustinNortel'sHealthandWelfareTrust
TherehavebeenreportsoffinancialirregularitiesatNortel'sHealthandWelfareTrust.DianeUrquhart,a
financialanalyst,testifiedbeforeaparliamentarycommitteethat$100millionismissingfromtheHWT
andthata$37millionloantothecorporationhasnotbeenpaidback.[122]TheHWTwasanunregistered
trustmaintainedbyNorteltoprovidemedical,dental,lifeinsurance,longtermdisabilityandsurvivor
incomeandpensiontransitionbenefits.[123][124]Until2005Nortelfullyfundedthedisabilityinsuranceinits
HWT.However,itisallegedthatsincethen,theHWTGovernanceCommitteesandthirdpartytrustee,
NorthernTrust,breachedtheirfiduciarydutiestoprotectNortel'sdisabledemployeesandsurvivorsof
deceasedemployeesbyallowingNorteltomisdirectover$100millionfromtheHWTforpurposes
inconsistentwiththetermsoftheHWT.[125]AsofMarch1,2012,NorthernTrustcontinuestoactasthe
payingagentforCanadianNortelpensioners.[126]

Bookkeepingirregularities
In2007boththeU.S.SecuritiesandExchangeCommissionandtheOntarioSecuritiesCommissionlaid
chargesagainstformerseniorfinancialofficialsfromNortelincludingFrankDunnwhowasfiredfrom
Nortelin2004.FrankDunnwaspromotedfromchieffinancialofficertoreplaceJohnA.RothasCEOin
November,2001.AccordingtotheSEC,Dunnandthreeotherfinancialofficersbegantofudgerevenueby
misusing"billandhold"transactionsstarting"nolaterthanSeptember,2000".TheSECsaidthatatleasta
year'sworthoftheallegedbookkeepingtookplacewhileJohnRothwasstillCEOofNortel,eventhough
nochargeswerelaidagainsthim.[127][128]

Executivecompensation
2001compensation
InthearticleNortel'sRothRakesItInpublishedbyLightReading,Nortelwascriticizedforraisingits
CEOspayjustdaysbeforeheannouncedhisintentiontoretireinMay2001.Thearticlewentontostate
thatNortelssharepricestumbledalmosttwentyfoldduringRothsyearsatthehelmofNortelandits
numberofemployeesdroppeddramatically.[129]
2003compensation

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In2003Nortelpaidtensofmillionsofdollarsinsocalled"returntoprofitability"bonuses,largelytoa
selectgroupofseniormanagers.The"returntoprofitability"hasbeenallegedtobeafabricationachieved
bythereleaseof$490millioninreservestoboostearnings.[130]
2008compensation
In2008,despitecontinuinglosses,layoffs,anddecliningsharepricesatthestrugglingtelecomgearmaker,
NortelNetworksCEOMikeZafirovskiwasawardeda21.5percentpayincreaseto$10.1million.[131]
2009compensation
AsNortelenteredbankruptcyproceedings,itpaidoutretentionbonusestoalmost1,000topexecutives,
totallinguptoUS$45million,[65]drawingcriticismasthecompanywithheldseverancepaymentsto
employeeslaidoffpriortothecreditorprotectionfiling.Nortelproceededwiththousandsofadditional
layoffswithoutseverance,[132][133]andthepensionfundremainedunderfunded,[134]whileNortelpaid$14.2
millionincashtosevenexecutives.Nortelalsopaid$1.4milliontotenformerandcurrentdirectors,and
paid$140milliontolawyers,pension,humanresourcesandfinancialexpertshelpingtooverseethe
companysbankruptcyproceedings.[76]
2010compensation
InaU.S.courtfilingonFebruary11,2010,Nortelproposedtospend$92.3Monretentionbonusesfor
1,475employeesinitsNortelBusinessServicesandCorporategroups.Accordingtotheplan,Christopher
Ricaurte,presidentofNortelBusinessServices,wouldreceive$2.5millioninincentives.Inall,Canadian
employeeswereeligiblefor$27million,U.S.employees$55million,andabout$10millionwouldgoto
others.ThisproposedplancamethesameweekNortelnegotiateda$57milliondealtowinduphealthcare
andotherbenefitsforformerCanadianemployees.[135]Claimingthattheretentionbonusesproposalwas
extraordinary,actingUStrusteeRobertaDeAngelisobjectedtothepaymentof$55.6millionto866
employees.[93]However,courtappointedrepresentativesforNortelformeremployees,whoarecreditorsin
theOntariobankruptcycourt,havesignedanagreementtonotopposeanyemployeeincentiveprogram.

TreatmentofNortelpensioners
OnJune23,2010theNewsandObserverpublishedastorycriticizingtreatmentpensionershavebeen
receivingfromtheirformeremployer,Nortel.Accordingtothearticle,Nortelhasaskedafederalcourtto
terminatemedicalcoverage,prescriptiondrugcoverage,longtermdisability,andlifeinsuranceof4,000
retireesanddependents,claimingthebenefitsarecostingthecompany$2millionpermonth.Nortelblamed
thecompany'screditorsforthisdecision.[136]

NortelexCEOfilesasacreditorseeking$1billionfromtheproceedsofbankruptcy
InthemiddleofthedecadeseveralclassactionlawsuitswerefiledagainstJohnRothandothers,byformer
employeeswhofeltthattheir401Kcompanyplansweredepletedduetomisrepresentationbythe
defendants.TheyclaimedtheyweredupedintoinvestinginNortelstock,whenthosewhoencouragedthem

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todosoallegedlyknewthatthecompanywasailing.JohnRothleftNortelin2001withmorethan$130
million.
In2009Mr.Rothfiledaclaimfor$1billion,aimingtobecomeacreditortotheassetsofNortelalongwith
allotherNortelemployees,incasetheclassactionlawsuitsagainsthimsucceeded.[137][138]

Conflictsofinterest
DuringNortel's2002annualshareholders'meetingheldinHalifax,NovaScotia,severalshareholders
(includingRobertVerdun)complainedaboutnonarmslengthrelationshipswithserviceproviderssuchas
directorYvesFortier,whoprovidedlegalservicestoNortelwhilesittingonitsboard,andNortel'sauditors,
Deloitte&ToucheLLP,whowerepaid$15millionfornonauditingservices.[139]

Corporateinformation
Headquarters
Nortel'scurrentheadquartersislocatedat5945AirportRoadin
Mississauga,Ontario.[140]Previouslocationsofitsheadoffices
includeBrampton,Ontario(soldtoRogersCommunicationsin2006
andnowknownasRogersPark,Brampton)and195TheWestMall
inToronto(nowusedbySNCLavalin).[141]

Globalworksites,partners,andcustomers
NortelexpandedintotheU.S.in1971.Thecompanyeventuallyhad
employeesinover100locationsintheU.S.withR&D,software
engineering,andsalescentresinmanystatesincludingCalifornia,
Florida,Georgia,Illinois,Maryland,Massachusetts,NorthCarolina,
Texas,andVirginia.Nortel'sfullserviceR&Dcentreswerelocated
inOttawa(itsR&Dheadquarters),Beijing,andGuangzhou.[142]In
Canada,NortelalsohasR&DsitesinMontreal,Belleville,and
Calgary.IntheUnitedStates,Nortel'smajorR&Dsiteswerein
ResearchTrianglePark(NorthCarolina),Richardson(Texas),
Billerica(Massachusetts),andSantaClara.
NortelhadasignificantpresenceinEurope,MiddleEast,Africa,the
Caribbean,andLatinAmerica.Norteldeliverednetwork
infrastructureandcommunicationservicestocustomersacrossAsia
in(mainland)China,HongKong,Taiwan,SouthKorea,Japan,
Singapore,Thailand,Malaysia,India,Pakistan,Australia,New
Zealand,andTurkey(Nortelowned53.17%ofNortelNeta,
originallyestablishedasajointventurewithTurkishPTTin
1967).[143]).Inaddition,thecompanyhadthreejointventuresinthe

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Nortel'sformerheadofficesat195
TheWestMall

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People'sRepublicofChina,includingGuangdongNortelTelecommunicationsEquipment(GDNT),which
operatedNortel'sfullserviceR&DcentresinChina.

Businessstructure
Atthestartof2010,basedonmembershipinNortel'sbenefitplan,therewere1,637employeesworkingfor
NortelNetworksand982workingforNortelTechnologyinCanada.[144]InFebruary2008,Nortel
employedapproximately32,550peopleworldwide,including6,800employeesinCanadaand11,900inthe
UnitedStates.[55]Norteloperationsweredividedintothefollowingsegments:[145][146]
CarrierNetworks(CN):Mobilitynetworkingsolutions,includingCDMA,GSM,andUMTS,and
carriernetworkingsolutions,bothcircuitandpacketbased.
EnterpriseSolutions(ES):Enterprisenetworkingsolutions,includingcircuitandpacketbased
voice,data,security,multimediamessagingandconferencing,andcallcentres.
MetroEthernetNetworks(MEN):Opticalandmetropolitanareanetworkingsolutions,forcarrier
andenterprisecustomers.
GlobalServices(GS):Servicesinfourareas:networkimplementation,networksupport,network
management,andnetworkapplications(includingwebservices).

Corporategovernance
Nortel'sboardofdirectorsresignedandtheboarddisbandedeffectiveOctober3,2012.Allremaining
executiveofficersalsoresignedeffectivethisdate.Aspartofthewinddownprocess,acourtorderwas
issuedprovidingErnst&YoungInc.,thecourtappointedmonitorinNortelscreditorprotection
proceedings,theabilitytoexerciseanypowerswhichmaybeproperlyexercisedbyaboardofdirectorsof
Nortel.[147]
Formermembersoftheboardofdirectors
[148]

JalynnH.Bennett,CM
Dr.ManfredBischoff
JamesBlanchard
RobertEllisBrown
FrankC.Carlucci,formerchairmanofthe
board
JohnCleghorn
FrankDunn
YvesFortier
Hon.JamesB.Hunt,Jr.
RobertAlexanderIngram[149]
KristinaM.Johnson
JohnAlanMacNaughton
Hon.JohnP.Manley

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RichardDavidMcCormick
ClaudeMongeau
WilliamOwens(Admiral)
HarryJonathanPearce,formerchairmanofthe
board
DavidRichardson,formerchairperson
JohnAndrewRoth
GuylaineSaucier
SherwoodSmith
JohnD.Watson
Lynton"Red"Wilson,formerchairmanofthe
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MikeZafirovski,formerpresidentandCEO

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PastLeadership
[150]

EdwardFleetfordSisePresidentoftheNorthernElectricCompany(19141919)
PaulFleetfordSisePresidentoftheNorthernElectricCompany(19191948)
RalphHolleyKeefler,PresidentoftheNorthernElectricCompany(19481964)
VernonOswaldMarquez,PresidentoftheNorthernElectricCompany(19671971)
JohnC.Lobb,President(19711974)
DavidG.Vice,PresidentandCOO
WalterFrederickLight,PresidentofNorthernTelecom(19741982)
EdmundB.Fitzgerald,President(19821989)
PaulG.Stern,CEO(19891992)
JeanMonty,President[151]
RoyMerrills,President
JohnRoth,President,CEOandChairmanoftheBoardofNortelNetworks(19972001)
FrankDunn,PresidentandCEOofNortelNetworks(20012004)
BillOwens,PresidentandCEOofNortelNetworks(20042005)
MikeZafirovski,PresidentandCEOofNortelNetworks(20052009)

Legacy
EMetroTel(NewNortel)
AgroupofNortelalumnihavecreatedtheirowncompany,namedE
MetroTel,tocontinueevolvingtheNortelproductintoanext
generationproductlinecalledtheUCx.BasedinPlano,Texas,the
companyconsistsofagroupofNortelengineersanddeveloperswho
workedontheNortelMeridian1,CS1000,CS2100,MeridianNorstar,
BusinessCommunicationManager,andSCSplatforms,while
employedatNortel.[152]TheyoffersupportforsomeNortelproducts.

Seealso

ANortel1140EUnistimIPPhone
inuseonaUCxfromEMetroTel

Accountingscandals
1MegModem
BellTelephoneMemorial
BellNorthernResearch
BusyOverride
CanadianIndustrialResearchandDevelopmentOrganizations
MultiserviceSwitch

NortelGovernmentSolutions
PassportCarrierRelease
NortelRetireesandformeremployeesProtectionCanada(NRPC)
ListofNortelprotocols

References
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Footnotes
1.AlexanderGrahamBellhadoriginallyaskedBostonmanufacturerCharlesWilliamstoprovideaninitialorderof
1,000telephonesforuseinCanada,butWilliams'smallshopwasonlyabletoproduceafractionofthatnumber.
BellthenspokewithaBrantfordfriend,JamesCowherd(1849?Feb.1881),whosetupCanadasfirst
telephonefactorywhichproduced2,398telephonestoBell'sspecificationsby1881.Dr.BellsentCowherdto
Bostonin1878tostudyWilliamsmanufacturingprocessesforanumberofmonthsCowherdthenreturnedto
BrantfordtobothproduceBell'sproductiontelephonesandhelpdevelopnewermodels.AmongCowherd's
designswasatransmitterfittedwithatriplemouthpieceallowingthreepeopletotalk,andsing,simultaneously.
Cowherd'suntimelyearlydeathfromtuberculosiswasnotedinmajortechnicaljournalsandledtotheclosureof
theBellSystems'manufacturingsupplierplantinBrantford.TelephoneproductionlaterresumedinMontreal,
eventuallyleadingtothecreationofNorthernElectric,laterrenamedNorthernTelecomandthen
Nortel.[13][14][15]ABrantfordExpositorarticlelaternotedofthehistoricfactorybuilding'sdemise:"[Brantford]
Cityofficialsandheritagecommitteemembershungtheirheadsinshamein1992whenitwaslearnedthata
buildingthatoncehousedthefirsttelephonefactoryintheworldhadbeenapprovedfordemolition.The
embarrassingoversightcametolighttoolatetostopwreckingcrews,whowerealreadytearingdowntheaged
buildingat32WharfeSt...Thebuilding,whereequipmentforAlexanderGrahamBell'sfirsttelephonewas
made,hadevenbeenpicturedandwrittenaboutinacityprintedbrochureaboutthegreatinventor.Aplaque
erectedby[the]TelephonePioneersofAmericaheraldingthebuilding'ssignificancehadbeenstrippedfromthe
structureinthemid1980sandgiventotheBrantCountyMuseum".[16]

Citations
1."NoticeofDebtors'MotionforEntryofanOrderPursuantto11U.S.C.105,363and1108Authorizingthe
DebtorstoTerminatetheDebtors'LongTermDisabilityPlansandtheEmploymentoftheLTDEmployees"
(PDF).RetrievedAugust6,2012.
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10.Patten,WilliamBell,AlexanderMelville.PioneeringTheTelephoneInCanada
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namewasWilliamPatten,notGulielmusPattenascreditedelsewhere)
11.MacLeod,Elizabeth.AlexanderGrahamBell:AnInventiveLife
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BrantCounty:18561866(http://images.ourontario.ca/brant/82662/page/82?n=),Brantford,ON:Canadian
MilitaryHeritageMuseum,1998,p.80,ref.citationsNo.142&143,whichinturncite:
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(http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/2/23/Electricity_The_Magic_Medium%2C_IEEE_Canadian_Region.pdf),
Thornhill,ON:IEEE,CanadianRegion,1985,p.4,ISBN0969231601.
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15.NortelNetworks(2011)."HistoryofNortel:1874to1899".NortelNetworks.RetrievedNovember13,2012.
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timeswithdifferentcontent(seethehelppage).
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haveclaimedmanyhistoriccitybuildings),BrantfordExpositor,5April2012.
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TorontoPress.p.177.ISBN9780802067388.
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46.TheStar(Toronto)http://www.thestar.com/business/article/1314720nortelverdictfrankdunntwoother
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52.[1](http://www.nationalpost.com/related/links/story.html?id=2180163)
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BusinessdataforNortel:Hoover's(http://www.hoovers.com/companyinformation/cs/company
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Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nortel&oldid=713903519"
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