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FOR
INTRODUCTON:
Compressed air is a source of storing mechanical energy. It is a reversible
procedure where work can be returned with small loss of energy in the form of
heat. A compressor is machine which takes air from atmosphere, compressor it
with aid of some mechanical energy & delivers it to storage vessel. The pressure of
air is increased by reducing volume compressed air then can be taken by pipe
wherever it is required.
APPLICATION:
a. In blast furnace, boiler furnace.
b. Pneumatic tools spray painting, sand blasting.
c. Pneumatic conveying of cement & grains.
d. In construction of large projects, highway & tunnels.
e. Supercharging in IC Engines & gas turbines.
f. Pneumatic brakes & clutches.
g. In air conditioning drying & ventilators
CLASSIFICATION:
A. RECIPROCATING TYPE:
In this type, successive volumes of air or gas are confirmed within closed space
where pressure is increased by reducing the volume characterized for volumetric
capacity & large delivery pressure. For larger pressure ratio, the compression is
carried out in multistaging with intercooler so that the compression process can be
made near to isothermal so as to minimize the work to supplied.
B. ROTATING TYPE:
In this type, air is trapped in the space formed by two manually emerging
surface.Due to which the volume in between surfaces reduces & Pressure
increases.The rotary type compressor are characterized by large volumetric
2
capacity & relative low pressure .They are high running compressor. ROOTS,
BLOWERS, SLIDING, CENTRIFUGAL & AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS are
rotary compressor.
THEORY:
A volume Vs of the gas at the suction pressure p 1 is trapped between the left hand
rotor & the casing, of shown in figure. This trapped volume of the gas does not
change its stage until this space is opened to the high pressure side. Instantly, some
high pressure gas from the receiver rushes back & mixes irreversibly with the gas
in the blower until the pressure is equalized. The gas is then displaced in to the
receiver.
Figure 1(b) shows p-v diagram for roots blower. The flow gas in to the receiver is
not continuous despite the rotors at uniform speed.
2
Vap KJ /Cycle
1
KJ/min
4 Vs( p 2 p 1) n
60
KW
Where,
4vs n is the volume of air delivered per minute & n is the speed of rotor in
rev/min.
4vs is the volume of air delivered per revolution.
As the ideal compression process is isentropic, work required for isentropic
compression is,
Wi = 1
p 1 4 Vsn
60
( pp 21 )
-1] KW
Roots Efficiency =
8. CASING: Newly designed one piece style, including extra deep rib section for greater
rigidity under vaccum or pressure since. Every casing is hydraulically tested. In many
of internal inspection & clearance checks
IMPELLERS:
Are accurately machined for close tolerance operation, dynamically balanced for
smooth running & lower bearing loads. I.S. Grade 25 is used in standard model; however,
in higher speeds of compressors, forged/So G. Iron material is used with integral shaft
arrangement.
TIMING GEARS:
Alloy steel, Heat Treated, Helical Ground cut for greater strength & quieter
operation. Helical Gears Fitted with adjustable hub (called locking device) are mounted on
shaft for easy timing setting & easy in dismantling. No hydraulic jack or any Hammering
required ensuring longer life for Bearings.
STEELSHAFT;
Are carefully machined & ground from Chrome Alloy Steel. The ground shafts are
fitted in impellers through interference fit which eliminates torsional deflections & permits
increased ratings & Greater efficiency.
BEARINGS:
Are Heavy duty Roller Spherical, double row, for maximum loading Bearings are
held in machined bearing cartridges Gear & Bearings are fixed axially against shaft
shoulder to control thrust loads & maintain end clearances.
LUBRICATION:
The basic units in the series' features trouble free splash lubrication of a Timing
Gears, Generous size sumps are located in the Gear Case. The oil is poured in the gear
case & high temperature grease is poured in driver & driven cover. To prevent undedutcted
losses of lubricant, the series has been designed with visual indicator at oil end cover.
SPECIFICATIONS:
The technical specifications of the test rig are as follows:
Compressor Unit:
Model
TH - 42
Fabrication Number
220169
Manufacturing Year:
2000
Tested on
14/05/2000.
254.99 m3/hr
Working Pressure
0-3000 mm of WC
RPM
1440
MOTOR:
Power
5 HP
RPM
1440
Volts
Type
TEFC
3000 mm of WC
Dia. of Orifice
40 mm.
0.62
PROCEDURE:
1. Note down barometric pressure in mm of Hg & room temperature in c.
2. Start the compressor.
3. After reaching stable pressure note down manometer reading in mm of water to
obtain intake air pressure.
4. Note down the pressure gauge manometer reading in mm of Hg to determine
outlet air pressure
5. Note the time in sec required for 10 revolutions of energy meter.
7. Repeat the same procedure 3 - 7 for other desired pressure
10
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr.
Delivery
Manometer
Compressor
Inlet Air
Inlet Air
Time t (sec)
Head Ha in
No
pressure
Reading
speed 1440
Temp
Pressure
for 10 Rev of
metrs. of
(c)
(Bar)
Energy meter
air
(mm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Wi = 1
Roots Efficiency =
p 1 4 Vsn
60
( pp 21 )
-1]
KW
Calculations of V1
Actual volume of air compressed/sec at room temp & pressure is given by
V1= CdA
2 gHa
Where,
Cd= Coefficient discharge of Orifice
A= area of cross section of Orifice
d2
Dd = 4
2
Where, (D=0.040m)
11
g= 9.81 m/sec2
Ha= Equivalent manometer head of air in meters.
Ha is calculated as:
w Hw=a Ha
w= Density of water
Hw=Manometer head of water in mtrs.
a = Density of air
a is calculated by using relation:
PaVa = mRTa
a =
Pa
RTa
m = Density of mercury
Hm = Barometer height of mercury in m
R = Characteristic air constant
Ta = Temperature of intake air k
The atmospheric pressure is calculated as
Pa=
=101.4 Kpa
Similarly Pd= 117.3 Kpa
12
101.4 10 3
287 297
= 1.1896 Kg/m3
w Hw
a
10 123 103
1.1896
Calculation:
a) Actual work of compression
Wa=V (P2-P1)
Where,
V=Volume of air handled in cubic m/sec.
P1= Atmospheric pressure in bar.
P2 = Discharge pressure in bar.
b) Isentropic work of compression
Wi = 1
c) Roots Efficiency =
Wa=
p1 V
( pp 21 )
-1]
KJ/S
4 Vs n
(P2-P1)
60
13
4 0.06721404
60
(1.3-1)
= 1.88 KW
Wi= 1
p1 V
1.4
1.41
( pp 21 )
11020.0672
-1]
( 1.31 )
-1]
= 1.83 KW
Roots Efficiency =
Wi
Wa
1.83
1.88
= 97.49 %
Vs =Discharge
= CdA
2 gh
14