Chapter 17

The Tide of War Turns

Calls for
Emancipation
Frederick
Douglas
and other
abolitionists urged President
Lincoln to emancipate, or free,
enslaved Americans.
Reasons Lincoln did not end
slavery
1) Lincoln did not believe he had
the power under the
Constitution to abolish slavery.
2) Did not want to upset the
Border States (slave states
that remained in the Union).
3) Most Northern Democrats and
Republicans opposed
emancipation.
4) Lincoln did not want the issue
of slavery to divide the nation
further.

Abraham Lincoln Before and After Civil War

The Emancipation Proclamation

After the Unions defeated the

Confederates at the Battle of
Antietam, Lincoln decided to end
slavery in the Confederate
States.
On January 1, 1863, Lincoln
issued the Emancipation
Proclamation, which freed all
slaves in the Confederate
territories.
Freeing Southern slaves
weakened the Confederacy, and
Emancipation Proclamation was
seen as a military action.
WATCH Bio.com Emancipation
Proclamation

Soldiers
African-American
Emancipation Proclamation
declared that African-American
men willing to fight will be
received into the armed service of
the United States.
By the end of the Civil War about
180,000 African-Americans served
in the Union Army.
African-American soldiers were
1) organized into all-black regiments
led by white officers,
2) given the worst jobs, and
3) paid less than white soldiers.
) 54th Massachusetts Regiment was
the first all black regiment, which
included 2 sons of Frederick
Douglas.
WATCH 54th MA Regiment Documentary and Glory movie

Disagreements About the War

Shortage of food in
Richmond and other cities
in the Southern states
caused riots.
By the end of 1863,
Confederate lost nearly 40
percent of its men. Some
were on leave, but many
were deserters.
President Lincolns main
opponents were the
Copperheads.
Copperheads were
Northern Democrats who
favored peace with the
South.

 Both
the South
and
North
The
Draft
Laws
needed more soldiers. As a
result, both sides passed laws of
conscription, also known as a
draft
SOUTH
Confederates were drafting
soldiers since 1862.
By 1863, all white men between
18 and 45 were required to
serve in the military.
EXCEPTIONS NOT TO FIGHT
1) Owned 20 or more slaves
2) Hire a substitute for as much
as $6,000
Rich mans war, but a poor mans
fight.

The Draft Laws

NORTH
The Union passed a draft
law in March 1863.
The Union allowed
draftees to hire
substitutes.
The Union offered $300
bounties, or cash
payments, to men who
volunteered to serve.
Only a small percentage of
men in the North were
drafted. Most men in the
North volunteered and
received the bounty.

Economic Effects of the War

Food shortages were common

because so many farmers were
fighting in the Civil War.
Another problem was inflation,
an increase in price and
decrease in the value of money.
War production helped the
Northern industry and economy
provide the North advantages
over the South.
WATCH CNN Doomsday Food
Supply

Economic Effects of the War

In 1861, the federal

government established the
first income tax, tax on
earnings.
In 1862, the federal
government issued a new
paper currency known as
greenbacks.
Border states sold cotton to
Northern traders, and
cotton became known as
Yankee gold.

Civil War Prison Camps

One
of the worst prison
camps in the North was
in Elmira, New York. In 1
year 24 percent of
Elmiras prisoners died.

The camp with the worst

reputation in the South
was in Andersonville,
Georgia. As many as 100
men per day died from
starvation, disease, and
exposure.
WATCH Elmira and
Andersonville
Documentaries

Women Aid the War Effort

DO NOW Wednesday, March 30

Susie King Taylor was an AfricanAmerican woman who volunteered

with an all African-American
regiment and wrote about her
experiences.
Dorothea Dix led 3,000 nurses in
Union hospitals.
Harriet Tubman was a runaway slave
that served as a spy for Union
forces.
Belle Boyd was the most famous spy
for the Confederacy.
Clara Barton founded the American
Red Cross, a relief agency to help
the war effort.

Union Generals
After the Battle of Antietam General
McCellan got fired, and President
Lincoln replaced him with:
1) General Ambrose Burnside (12,600
Union troops died at the Battle of
Fredericksburg),
2) General Joseph Hooker (At the
Battle of Chancellorsville, the
Union were defeated by the
Confedeartes with only half as
many men),
3) General George Meade (Did not
finish Lee and the Confederates
after the Battle of Gettysburg),
AND
4) General Ulysses S. Grant (General
Lee surrendered to General Grant
at the Appomattox Court House).

Chancellorsville Confederate
The Road
to Stonewall
Gettysburg
General
Thomas
Jackson was shot in the arm by
Confederate guards.

General Jackson led Confederates at

the First Battle of Bull Run, Second
Battle of Bull Run, Battle of
Fredericksburg, and Battle of
Chancellorsville.

After a surgeon amputated General

Jacksons arm he caught
pneumonia, and died on May 10,
1863.

After General Jacksons death,

General Lee moved Confederate
troops to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
to try to capture a supply of shoes.

WATCH Stonewall Jackson Portrait in a

 The Battle of Gettysburg lasted 3 days

The
Battle
oftroops
Gettysburg
with
90,000
Union
were led by
General Meade and 75,000
Confederate troops were led by
General Lee.
On July 3, 1863, General Lee ordered
General George Pickett to attack the
Union in the middle of the line. As a
result, 13,000 Confederate troops died
in what became known as Picketts
Charge.
On July 4, 1863, General Lee and
Confederates retreated back to
Virginia.
At the Battle of Gettysburg 23,000
Union soldiers were killed and 28,000
Confederate soldiers were dead or
wounded.
WATCH Gettysburg Documentary by

The Siege of Vicksburg

Starting in May 1863, General

Grant and Union troops surrounded
Vicksburg and prevented the
delivery of food and supplies to the
Confederates in Vicksburg.

Eventually the Confederates ran

out of food, and in desperation ate
mules, dogs, and even rats.

On July 4, 1863, the Confederates

surrendered to General Grant and
the Union in what became known
as the Siege of Vicksburg.

The Union achieved their goal of

gaining control of the Mississippi
River as part of the Anaconda Plan.

Shermans
Total
War
Union
General William
Tecumseh
Sherman marched through
Tennessee to Georgia and along
the Atlantic coast (North Carolina
and South Carolina).
General Sherman waged total war,
a war not only against enemy
troops, but against everything that
supports the enemy.
General Shermans troops tore up
rail lines, destroyed crops, and
burned and looted towns.
In the Election of 1864, President
Lincoln defeated Democratic
nominee George McClellan to win
re-election for a second term.
WATCH Shermans Terrifying Tactics

Virginia
Campaign
Grants
Led by General
Grant,
at the
Battle of Wilderness the Union
Army lost over 17,000 men and
at the Battle of Cold Harbor
7,000 Union soldiers died.
General Grant told President
Lincoln, Whatever happens, we
will not retreat.
General Lee and the
Confederates troops retreated
from Richmond leaving the
Confederate capital undefended.
On April 3, 1865, the Union Army
marched into Richmond to
capture the Confederate capital.

 From Richmond General Lee

Surrender
at Appomattox
and
the Confederate
soldiers
fled west.
Low on food and supplies,
General Lee and the
Confederates surrendered on
April 9, 1865 at the
Appomattox Court House,
Virginia.
General Grant offered
generous terms of surrender
to the Confederates allowing
soldiers to return home in
peace, taking with them their
personal possessions and
horses.

 Arlington
National
The Legacy
ofCemetery
the Warwas
built from Robert E. Lees
plantation.

The Civil War was the deadliest

war in American history.

During the 4 years of the Civil

War, 620,000 American soldiers
died (360,000 Union and
260,000 Confederate).
3,000,000 men served in the
armies of the North and South
(around 10 percent of the
population).
The North and South spent 5
times more than the government
in the previous 8 decades (80

The Thirteenth Amendment

Emancipation Proclamation
only freed slaves in the
Confederacy, did not free
slaves in the Border States.

By January 1865, Congress

passed the Thirteenth (13)
Amendment banning slavery
in the United States of
America.
WATCH 13th Amendment on
History Channel

On April 14, 1765, John Wilkes

Lincolns Assassination
Booth shot President Lincoln at
Fords Theatre in Washington D.C.
Sic semper tyrannis! (Ever thus to
tyrants!) The South is avenged,

Booth escaped after the shooting,

but Union troops found and killed
him a few days later.

On the same evening as the

shooting an accomplice stabbed
Secretary of State William Seward,
who later recovered.

Another person was suppose to

assassinate Vice-President Andrew
Johnson, but failed to carry out the
attack.

WATCH Lincolns Assassination and The Story of