Kashig Project - Village Kashig: A Socio-Economic Survey

Village Kashig: A socio –economic survey
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. SHER SINGH PARMAR

(M.A I) Student has successfully completed the village survey and has submitted the report
to the University of Pune for the partial fulfillment of the course Gb. 205 (A) for Semester
II M.A. The work incorporated in the village survey “VILLAGE KASHIG : A SOCIO –
ECONOMIC SURVEY” is original and this work is accomplished under our guidance
and supervision.
GUIDE - Head,
Mrs. Sarmila Choudhuri , Department of Geography
Department of Geography University of Pune,
Dr.D.Y.Patil Arts,Commerce & Ganeshkhind,
Science College, Pimpri, Pune 411007.
Pune 411018.
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DATE OF SURVEY: 17 / 3/2002.
COPYRIGHT© :
The Head ,
The Department of Geography,
University of Pune,(Ganeshkhind),
Pune 411007.
NO PART OF THIS SURVEY REPORT SHALL BE

REPRODUCED/RESTORED/RETRIEVED WHETHER MANUALLY OR
ELECTRONICALLY IN WHATSOEVER FORM IN ANY LANGUAGE
BY ANYONE WITHOUT PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE
HEAD, THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, UNIVERSITY OF
PUNE, GANESHKHIND, PUNE-411007, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.
Photos in the present text were taken by THE AUTHORS
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Acknowledgement
Our sincere thanks to the Department of Geography, Dr. D.Y.Patil

ARTS, COMMERCE & SCIENCE COLLEGE (University of Pune),Pimpri,
Pune for providing us with the means of conducting the village survey. A
more heartfelt obligation to Mr. Jayprakash Jadhav and Mrs. Sarmila
Chowdhuri for their valuable guidance, support and encouragement through
out the period of our efforts. We are thankful to villagers of Kashig who
have co-operated with us while collecting the information about the
villagers.
SHER SINGH PARMAR
GHENAND PANDURANG
GODSE UMESH
RAMESH
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INDEX
Chapter No. Topic Page No.

1 Introduction 13
2 The village:Geographical personality 19
3 Settlement Morphology 27
4 Cultural characteristics 39
5 Demographic Characteristics 45
6 Agriculture 49
7 Occupational Structure 55
8 Social Amenities 61
9 Conclusion 67
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LIST OF TABLES
Sr. No. Table No. Title Page No.
1 3.1 Wall Material 32
2 3.2 House Type 33
3 3.3 Roof Material 34
4 3.4 Use of Material 35
5 5.1 Age and Sex Ratio 47
6 5.2 Age Structure 48
7 6.1 Procedure for the cultivation of rice 51
8 6.2 Area /size land Holding 52
9 6.3 Expenditure and profit analysis for rice 54
10 7.1 Occupational Structure(2002) 57
11 7.2 Occupational Structure(1991) 59
12 8.1 Status Of Education 63
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LIST OF MAPS / FIGURES / PHOTOS

Sr. No. Title Page No.
1 Location of Kashig Village 21
2 Contour Map of Village 24/81
3 Cross Profile Drawing 25
4 Settlement Map of Kashig Village 29/83
5 Graph of Houses 33
6 Graph of roofs 34
7 Uses of Fuel 35
8 Agriculture Land Use 36/85
9 forestation 37/87
10 General Landuse 38/89
11 Area/Size of Land Holding 53
12 Graph of Occupation 58
12 Status of Education 64
13 Old world charm- Kashig 71
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Introduction
In plain words one defines Geography as “the study of earth”. But ,what
Could that mean? In the ‘study of earth’, a Geographer has to look into the
“Physical” as well as “Human” aspects of the earth. “Physical” because unless that is
done so one can not really understand the place of study and “Human” more so
because after all the study is meant for human beings.
The uniqueness of Geography is that it combines a large number of subjects in
its area of command. Hence ,it is possible to define every aspect of the description of a
place. Also, Geography puts a greater emphasis on the influence of human beings over
their surroundings and vice-versa. So , human beings become the center of study in
many cases of study.
Geography always has tried to find out the true nature of a region. So ,many a
time one finds that the ‘Regional Geography’ is accorded a very high degree of
importance in the study of Geography. One has to understand that in Geography , we
emphasize on the description of a place or region , . So , many a time , it is often said
that a Geographer is better able to describe a region than any one else.
Importance of the Field work in Geography
Fieldwork is highly important in Geography. As we have seen in the definition

Geography is mainly a science, which describes the earth. Now in order to describe the
earth, one has to move about and know for oneself the details of the area of study.
Thus, it follows inevitably that Geography cannot be a classroom science , but needs a
vast deal of fieldwork to support and increase our knowledge of the subject.
There is a need of fieldwork in Geography because as we have earlier said we
attempt to describe a region in Geography. When we have to describe the region it
follows then we have to visit the region and see the area and make a survey(photo
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number 33). Surveying is another important part in the study of Geography because it
includes the actual part of field study.
To quote L.S.BHAT & ASLAM MAHMOOD (FIELDWORK &
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES IN GEOGRAPHY),``….fieldwork provides
us an opportunity to observe, to plot on a map and to acquaint the people about the
distribution of various phenomena and to understand the causal relationship among
them.”
So , we have to do a vast deal of fieldwork when we deal with Geography.
Aims of a village survey
Village survey is a type of fieldwork which the Post-Graduate scholars have

to perform as part of their curriculum.
In a village survey , more emphasis is put on the socio-economic study of the village.
There are mainly two reasons for including such a study in the syllabus of the
students:
1. The students of Geography should be well versed with all forms of fieldwork and
should have an idea as to how it is conducted .
2. To help students increase knowledge of their surroundings by allowing them to mix
with their environment.
The present survey programme has successfully completed both the objectives
as mentioned above . The exposure to the idea of fieldwork was indeed fruitful as it
made us realize what it calls for to be a Geographer. Also, we mingled with the
people of the rural area of Pune district and regret to say the life we saw in the
village is hardly related to life we lead in the city.
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RAISON D’ ETRE for Selection of the village

For the present survey , the village Kashig in Mulshi Tahsil of District Pune was
selected by our group. The main reason was its accessibility from Pune. It is within a
distance of 50 kms from Pune. It is located at the foot of Fort Tikona and the hill of
Mandovi. The Hudshi dam is situated quite near the village boundaries , but the
villagers were not allowed to lift water from the dam until recently. Thus, the village
has to face a severe water problem in the months following the monsoons.
Also, the village has other economic problems like a lack of funds for any new
activity, a lack of proper implementation of Government schemes ,etc.
This site provides us an ideal tableau for our study ,because we could read the
profile of the village’s development from the period of its known history till today. We
have made an attempt to predict about its future prospects , but not with authority,
also . Village officers (revenue) were busy. Hence, we had depend on other source
such as N G O ,etc.
Objectives of the study

In keeping with the guidelines proposed by the U.N.O. :C.H.B.P.(1977), the
objective of our study can be summarized as understanding and evaluation of the
following prominent traits of the personality of village Kashig:
(1) The geographical facet and the present site and situation in the context with
previous ones.
(2) Land and agriculture .
(3) Housing and settlement.
(4) Public utilities.
(5) Community facilities.
(6) Social situation.
(7) Economic situation.
(8) Socio-religious scene.
(9)Development plans.
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The Physical setting of the village

The village Kashig (photo numbers 1,2,3) is located on the southern slopes of
the fort Tikona( photo numbers 4,5). The hill Mondoi borders the village on eastern
side. Over the southern edge , lies the lake Hudshi(photo number 6 ). Many of the
wadis of the village are particularly located on the break points over hill slopes. It
reminds one of the hill villages in Himachal pradesh and other Himalayan regions.
The village is located at about 50 kms from Pune. The nearest large settlement
is Paud in southern direction and kale colony on the Mumbai-Pune Highway.
It can be reached by road from Pune via Kamshet . One may travel by rail from
Pune to Kamshet and further by road , too.There is presently a shuttle bus service
between Kamshet and Kale colony(Pavana nagar). Also, one may travel by lacally
available conveyance like jeeps, etc.Presently, any one coming from Pune has first to
get down at Kamshet and then take a bus or other local coveyance upto Pavana
nagar.Again, one has to change conveyance at Pavana nagar for further onward
journey till Javan trijunction where roads from Lonavala ,Paud and Shilim meet.Here,
on the left handside, there is a big arc type entrance gate announcing the name of the
local Khandoba temple.Following the kuccha track down from this magnificent
entrance gate for roughly a kilometre , one may reach the village Kashig.One has to
park one’s vehicle in the Khandobe temple area, because the steep slope further down
is non motorable.On the way down , one may have a glimpse of the Khandoba
temple.The village is easily approachable by vehicles from the southern side .Here,
one may get down on the Lonavala-Paud road and travel on foot to different wadis
constituting the village.Else, one may use a two wheeler to reach by this route.
The village is reachable by helicopter , too, because the relatively level
topography of agricultural field makes an ideal landing ground .However , there is
presently no air services for reasons of no demand for it.
Climate
Kashig lies on the leeward side of the Western Ghats and falls in the hot tropical belt.
It has hot summers with monsoons in the late summer months. The winters are dry and
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cool. According to Koppen classification , the area falls under “Aw” type of climate
,i.e.,hot with dry winters.
The area receives around 70 to 80 cms of rainfall annually in sharp contrast to
600 cm. annual rainfall received by locations in the western ghats such as
mahabaleshwar.
Drainage pattern
The Kashig village is located near Pavna dam and the village slope area is
medium in the Kashig gathon. Lower order streams have steep slope. The Kashig
village unirrigated area is 26.19% . The kashig village has 67.36% area under forest
cover.However, the surrounding hills display a barren look devoid of a rich vegetative
cover.
Soil
The soil in the area is mostly brown(photo numbers 7,8,9). The part where the
land is very near the lake, the soil shows darker shades, but it generally varies from
shades of light(photo number 7 ) to dark brown(photo number9) . Detailed soil survey
was not carried out. So, the exact predictions of chemical composition of local soil is
not possible. But, in general ,it can be said that the humus content of the soil is very
low.
Flora & Fauna
General vegetation observed in the area is predominantly thorny shrub(photo

numbers 10,6). On the same slopes ,the afforestation and reforestation programmes
have been undertaken. Therefore ,Nilgiri, Subabhul and a few mango trees are seen.
On many land pieces , nothing but grass grows in monsoon(photo number 9 ) and it is
harvested as cattle feed in winter.
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A number of afforestation programmes were under taken. The forest land area is
67.36%.We observed existence of a few birds like sparrows, etc.
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INDEX
SETTLEMENT
WELL
SHOP S
FLOOR MILL .
WATER SUPPLY
TEMPLE
PUCKKA ROAD __________________

__________________
KUCHHA ROAD -------------------------
-------------------------
TIKONA FORT
TULJABHAVANI TEMPLE TM
TOILET T
DUTTA TEMPLE DM
PRIMARY SCHOOL PS
BHAIRAVNATH TEMPLE BM
HIGH SCHOOL HS
SAMAJ MANDIR SM
MHASOBA MANDIR MM
KHANDOBA MANDIR KM
TANK TANK
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Settlement morphology
The term “settlement morphology” includes in its ambit the arrangement of dwellings in
a settlement ,their nature and total numbers.
SETTLEMENT TYPE &PATTERN:

The settlement type seems to be a sparse one, since different wadis are
scattered over a large geographical area.However,we find it to be a dispersed/clustered
type by applying the common formula of the DEGREE OF DISPERSION as follows:
C=AxK
B OR NUMBER OF HOUSES/NUMBER OF SETTLEMENT x .25
C = 72/6 x .25 = 3.00

The settlement pattern varies from place to place.For example,
Shindewadi has a triangular settlement pattern , as houses are located within the area
enclosed by two streets meeting in a triangular fashion.
In Kashig , there are 72 houses and total population is 798. The 6 settlements in
Kashig are divided into main Gaothan and wadis scattered about it in different
directions. The Gaothan is situated mainly on level land and rocky surface. The
satellite settlements are Shindewadi, Shelkewadi, Bhimnagar, Tidkewadi and
Temgharwadi. As the population of main Gaothan goes on increasing, the farther off
lands are brought under plough. Thus ,a need to settle near the land arises to reduce
the commuting distance. This gives rise to different Wadis and Vastis.
Housing
The houses in nearly all settlements are made up of mud(photo numbers 11,12)
and have metal sheets as roof(photo number 13)These are generally built from locally
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available building material. Occasionally ,we find brick houses(photo numbers 14, 32)
,but roof remains almost similar,i.e.,sloping which helps in proper drainage of rain
water. Some houses have thatched roofing. Nearly all the houses have mud-flooring
spread with cow dung.
Majority of the houses have a typical plan. On entrance ,through a narrow
door, first, we see a cattle shed. Next ,on a raised plinth is the sitting place. Behind
that, lay the closed rooms which may be divided into kitchen, bedrooms, etc according
to use.
Table No 3.1 WALL MATERIAL

==========================
Type of house Number Percentage
BRICK + MUD 60 83.33

CEMENT + MUD 9 12.50
OTHER 3 4.17
TOTAL 72 100.00
Source :- (Data collected during field work done in march 2002.)
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TYPES OF HOUSES
4%
13%
MUD
BRI CK
CEMENT
83%
(Fig. No.1)
Materials used for construction of the house tell us about economic status of
family. In the village , 83.33% house are made up of brick ,4.16% of cement , 12.5% of
other material . Since more percentage of houses are made up of brick and cement ,
this shows that village Kashig is relatively social – economically developed.
Table No 3.2 HOUSE TYPE
TYPE OF HOUSE NO. OF PEOPLE
OWN 65
RENTED 7
Source : -(Data collected during field work done in march 2002.)
House is one of the basic necessities of human beings. It provides shelter to

each and every individual. Housing types tells us about cultural and social aspects of
the settlers, also.
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Table No 3.3 ROOF MATERIAL

=========================
Types of roof Number Percentage
Metal Sheets 65 90.27

Thatched 3 4.17
Tiled 4 5.56
Grand Total 72 100.00
Source:- (Data collected during field work done in march 2002.)
TYPES OF ROOFS
6% 4%
METAL SHEETS
THATCHED
TI LED
90%
( Fig No.2)
Most of the houses in village Kashig have roofs made up of metal sheets , i.e ,
90.27%.The 4.17 % of the houses have roofs made up of Thatch, and 5.56% of tiles.
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Table No 3.4 USE OF FUEL
USE OF FUEL NUMBER % OF PEOPLE USED

Wood 59 49.16
Biogases 58 48.33
Kerosene 2 1.66
Others 1 0.83
Total 120 100.00
USES OF FUEL
60
49.16 48.33
50
40
30
20
10
1.66 0.83
0
Wood Biogases kerosene Others
(FiG. No. 3)
Kashig is a rural village. In Kashig, 49.16% houses are using firewood as a fuel. There
are 48.33% houses using the biogas as a fuel, 1.66% house Kerosene, 0.83 houses other
fuels.In fact, we noticed mounds of ready to use sun baked cow/cattle dung cakes in the
corners of a few agricultural fields.
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CULTUARAL CHARACTERASICS
Language
Marathi language in its rural dialect is the mother tongue of all surveyed
families.However, we noticed that some of the village youth are fluent in English
language, too!In fact, we noticed such a youth as have command over spoken English
preside over a meeting of the villagers.
Culture:
GENERAL:
As other small villages of Maharashtra, Kashig too shows customs and cultures
peculiar to the village. The village Gaothan has two temples. In Shindewadi, Shelkewadi
& Tidkewadi ,there is a temple of Lord Shiva each. Generally, the forms of Lord Shiva
are worshiped as the Gram-Daivata. There was not a single temple to be found in the
Bhimnagar which is a new name for Harijan Vasti. This is because the people have been
baptized into the Neo-Buddhist fold and they do not worship Hindu deities. There are
various Mandals such as Bhajani Mandals, Tarun Mandals (youth groups), Mahila
Mandals (Women’s group), and lazim Mandals, folk dance groups. In the main village ,
there is a temple dedicated to Lord Khandoba recently renovated by the efforts of the
villagers(photo numbers 15,16).It contains inter alia deities like Lord Ganapat(photo
numbers 17, 18)i.The place is pleasantly clean and tranquil.
Some of the agricultural fields contain in their corners miniature l to relatively
very small temples dedicated to various local deities and spirits of ancestors, most
probably as a means to please heavenly spirits to protect their crops(photo numbers 27 &
31).The very presence of these little agricultural temples reflect the predominance of
agriculture in the rural life of the village.
The festivals like ‘Ganpati’ and ‘Devi Navratra’ are celebrated in unison in the
village. In the month of Margasheersh , the festival of Khandoba is celebrated from
‘Pratipada’ to ‘Champa Shashti’.
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We found villagers full of traditional hospitality and simplicity as reflected in their warm
gestures towards strangers like us.In fact, we were offered by simple compassionate
farmers free of cost a few kg. Of NACHANI .We, of course, refused politely,as we did not
want to take away their hard earned grains just for nothing.It was really pleasantly
surprising to us , because we know by our daily experience that in a city like Pune people
have become so commercial that they won’t offer to a stranger even a cup of tea!
However, village elders complained that their younger ones were loosing contact with
the rural virtues under modern influences, like they have turned to wheat instead of bread
made from more sumptuous and healthy NACHANI .We were told by villagers that bread
made from Nachani is excellent for mental peace and health!
POLITICAL:
Villagers are politically quite active. BJP, NCP,AINC,& SHIV SENA are the
main political influences in the village.Political and other decisions are taken by group
meetings and consent.
Status / empowerment of women

The village is typically representative of male dominated patriarchal society of
India(photo number 11).Women are merely onlookers in any group decisions in the
village(photo number 19).Nearly, all major decisions in the village are taken by
males(photo number 11). It is frequently seen that the women do most of the work and
still get ill-treated by her husband.
The daughters are considered a liability and the number of school dropouts is
higher amongst girls than boys. Also , we witnessed large families raring for son as
compared to a female child. About personal discrimination , it is not advisable to
comment without certain proofs . We could not come to know the exact age of marriage
of girls .Either the villagers are not aware or they choose to disobey the laws, but more
often than not the girls are married in their sixteenth or seventeenth years. Even boys
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marry at an early age so as to bring in an additional pair of hands to do labour in the

grim struggle for existence.
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DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERASICS
====================================
Table No. 5.1 : AGE AND SEX RATIO
Age Male Male % Female Female %

groups(years)
0-4 17 7.80 14 8.09
5 – 19 77 35.32 50 28.90
20 – 34 43 19.72 38 21.97
35 – 49 42 19.27 37 21.39
50 – 64 21 9.63 25 14.45
65 – above 18 8.26 9 5.20
Total 218 100.00 173 100.00
Sex ratio is the ratio between male and female population. The population of
kashig is 798. In kashig , males outnumber females. This shows the male dominating
factor in kashig.
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Table No .5.2 AGE STRUCTURE
AGE GROUP (years ) NO. OF PERSON

0–5 39
5 – 10 55
15 – 30 106
30 – 60 120
Above – 60 36
Population distribution in village Kashing is uneven. Number of males is more

than females in the 0 to 5 year age group . This may be due to a lack of medical
facilities, poor socio economic status of women in the society , etc.
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Agriculture
The agricultural practices in the area are mostly rain fed in nature. The means of
irrigation is water from the Pavana dam, which was not allowed to be lifted till recently
and even then it is too costly a practice to be adopted by the villagers. The best they can
do is to draw water from wells, but these also are not available in this region. So , the
best they can do is to cultivate their lands in the period of rains.Agricultural fields are
generally rectangular in shape and separated from each otherby raised earth/mud
boundaries(photo numbers 20,21).
The principal crop in this region is rice. It is the staple food of the people of this
region , also. It is grown as the Kharif crope, i.e., rainy crop.Other crops grown in
varying degrees are: Nachani and Wheat .
Generally the following pattern of cropping is followed for the rice crop in
this area:
Table No 6.1 Procedure for the cultivation of Rice.

=====================================
Months Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

March Nursery plot
April Ploughing
May Ploughing Furrowing Ploughing
June Sowing in Nursery
July 6 inch saplings Soft ploughing Plant saplings
August Wedding
September Wedding
October
November Cutting Drying
December Threshing Storing
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In the months of December and January , the work of threshing, winnowing and
storing for use or selling in the market takes place. Generally, the paddy is sold and not
the rice.
Rice is the main crop and most of the farmers cultivate it in their fields. So ,there
is very less or no fallow land at all in the monsoon season. On the other hand , a lot of
land is left fallow in the winter or Rabi season. Only the lands, which are more or less
level and have a good water holding capacity, are cultivated in this season. Crops such
as Beans , wheat , nachani, Gram or Jowar are grown optionally in land holdings.
The villagers mostly own the land they cultivate , but the size of these land
holdings is very small and uneconomical to cultivate . They generally cultivate their own
land and very little or almost no land is given out for share cropping and tending.
Table No. 6.2 area / size of land holdings
Area of land( acre ) Number of land holders Percentage

0 4 5.56
0.1 – 2.0 41 56.94
2.1 – 4.0 20 27.78
4.1 – 6.0 3 4.16
6.1 and above 4 5.56
Total 72 100
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6% 6%
4%
0
0. 1 – 2. 0
28%
2. 1 – 4. 0
4. 1 – 6. 0
6. 1 and above
56%
( Figure no. 4 )
In Kashig ,72 persons have their own land. The figure number ( 4 ) above gives complete
details as regards the size of land holdings and related aspects.
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Table No 6.3
Expenditure and Profit Analysis for Rice(Cultivation per acre of land)
Particulars of Rate(Rs.) Qty. Amt. Particulars of Rate Qty Amt.
input output
Seeding 8.00 30kg 240.00 Consumption of 800.00 4q 3200
paddy(4 persons)
Burning the field 50.00 10 lab. 500.00 Selling paddy 800.00 5q 4000
Preparing the 50.00 5 lab. 250.00 Selling straw 15 600 900
field /stack
Ploughing 150 4 pl. 600.00
Wet ploughing 150 1 pl. 150.00
Sowing 50.00 7 lab. 750.00
Weeding 40.00 4 lab. 160.00
Urea 35.00 10 bags 350.00
Cattle dung 100 2.5cart 250.00
Cutting 50.00 8 lab. 400.00
Threshing 50.00 10 lab. 500.00
Total 4150.00 8100
Lab: Labours q: quintals
The above table illustrates the input and output analysis for rice cultivation per acre of
land under ideal conditions. The total input by a farmer amounts to Rs. 4150. While the
output obtained is almost twice the input, i.e. ,Rs.8100.However, the survey of the village
does not reflect such a situation and profits. This is because there are many other factors
controlling the cultivation and production of crop like fertility of the soil, uncertain rain
fall , and destruction of crops by animals, pests, insects ,etc. If we reduce the cost of the
home consumption and the cost of straw which forms the animal feed , the farmer is not
left with a substantial amount of profit. The farmer is barely able to make both the ends
meet.Hence, farming is not a profitable activity in this village and is being carried out
more as an occupation rather than a business
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Occupational Structure
The villagers of Kashig are mostly landowners and practice agriculture on their
available piece of land(photo numbers 3,21,22,23,24,25,26,27). Mostly rice, Jowar, gram
and beans are grown with an occasional patch given to wheat, nachni or wari. Some
farmers grow only grass for cattlefeed.We noticed some villagers practicing poultry ,too.
But, this is not a sufficient source of income for the villagers. So, many work as
labourers in the fields of others. Some of the younger generation commute upto Kale
colony or Kolvan, Paud , etc. to work as labourers ,luggage bearers or servents in shops
and hotels.
The table of occupation structure of the village is given below. It will give an idea
of how the division of labour is made in the village.
Table No 7.1 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE
Occupation Number Percentage
Agriculture 95 24.36
Working in jobs 36 9.23
Housewives 101 25.90
Students 108 27.69
Others 050 12.82
Total 390 100.00
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OCCUPATION
Other
Agriculture Agriculture
Working in jobs
Students Housewives
Working in
jobs Students
Other
Housewive
s
( Fig. No.5 )
People engaged in various occupational gives us the idea about the general set
up of the village, whether it is agriculture or not .
In Kashig ,95 people , i.e., 24.36% people are engaged in agriculture and 50,
i.e., 12.82% in other types of unspecified economic activities. Because agriculture is
unable to provide livelihood to all the rural folk in Kashig, 9.23% villagers are working
in jobs.
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Table No 7.2 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE
MALE FEMALE TOTAL PERCENTAGE

TYPE
Mining 0 0 0 0
Manufacturing & 2 0 2 0.38

Services
Construction 1 0 1 0.1
Transportation 2 3 5 0.9
Other Services 5 1 6 1.14
Marginal Workers 2 142 144 27.37
Non Workers 200 168 368 69.96
Total 526 99.85
Source:- (Data collected census Handbook 1991.)
Labour force engaged in various occupations gives us an idea about the general
set up of the village, whether it is agricultural or trade and industry oriented . In Kashig
, 0.3% people are engaged in manufacturing & services , 0.1% people in construction ,
0.9% people in trade and transport. 144 people ,i.e., 27.37% workers work on daily or
monthly wages & 368 people ,i.e. ,69.96% are non workers or the dependent
populationpeople . So, it is quite clear the population of Kashig is unevenly distributed.
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SOCIAL AMENTIES
Drinking Water
The village sometimes faces acute shortage of hygienically safe drinking water , despite
the presence of motor pumps to lift and provide the same . FOR EXAMPLE, IT WAS
FOUND DURING THE COURSE OF PRESENT SURVEY THAT VILLAGERS
WERE SUSTAINING ON DIRTY WATER FROM OLD WATER TANK LOCATED
IN THE AREA , SINCE THE WATER PUMPSET HAD GONE OUT OF ORDER 15
DAYS BACK!(photo number 30 )
Education
The educational facility available in Kashig is a school up to standard 10th in the

Gaothan. A separate building attached to the temple is provided in the village for the
same purpose. For higher education , the villagers have to go to the farther off places
like Kolvan, Paud, or Pune itself. The village has facilities of education up to 10th
standard.
Status of Education
There always is a vast difference between the facilities of education available in the
village and the number of people deriving benefit through them. Of the villagers ,
majority of the population above 35 years of age is illiterate. For females , this age
comes down to 25 years. Below this age , we found that the villagers have had at least a
primary schooling. In the age group of 15 to 20 years, we found that girls have generally
given up education while the boys are still pursuing their higher education. But, in the
age group of 5 to 15 years , most of the children are studying and we found parents
encouraging them to study better.
Table No. 8.1 STATUS OF EDUCATION
Years of Schooling Male Female

Below 1 71 108
1-4 62 22
5-10 72 42
11 and above 13 2
Total 218 174
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120
100
80
Mal e
60
Femal e
40
20
0
Bel ow 1 Pr i mar y Hi gh 11 and
School above
(Fig No.6)
In all ,there are 61.30% of children in the 1st class, about 28.76%
upto 4th class and about 39.04% in the 5th to 10th class and 5.13% in 11th &
above in the entire village.
There are 114 children in 5th to 10th classes. Among them 72 are boys
and 42 girl students . The literacy rate for males is higher than females.
Health
The health and medical status of the villagers was not personally checked ,
but generally the complaints of epidemics in the pre-monsoon and monsoon
seasons prevail.
Children were not found affected with apparent symptoms of
malnutrition or negligence. The comment on actual diseases is avoided here
because of a lack of authority. But , there appears to be a general lack of
awareness as regards health and hygiene amongst the villagers, which may
actually be leading to health problems.In fact, we noticed that the houses
have on their back sides poor drainage systems which may lead to breeding
of mosquitoes in ill maintained drains covered with filth,heaps of garbage
and ash(photo numbers 28,29).
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FAMILY PLANNING
Although women don’t appear to be emancipated , yet consumerism seems

to have ensured a general preference for family planning devices amongst
rural folk . However , no statistics can readily be given.
Medical Facilities
The medical facilities available in the village are meagre and barely enough
for population it supports. There is no resident doctor in the village. A
visiting doctor visits once in three days and provides medical care. In case
of emergency , the villagers rush the patients to Kale Colony which is at
about half an hour’s journey from the village.
There is a midwife in the village who helps women during maternity ,
but the cases of complication needing hospitalization have to be taken to
Pune.
Transport
Kashig is connected to the settlements of Paud and Kale Colony(Pavana

nagar) by a tar road. The road does not pass through the village , but
through Javan which acts as the post office for Kashig , also .
The buses of Mahatashtra State Transport Corporation connect Javan with

Pune on one side and Pavana Nagar on the other.
But,inside the village , we found that the roads are in a bad condition. There
are mud roads, which are not perennially motorable. Some roads linking
Wadis with the main Gaothan are not even walkable when the rains are at a
peak.
For moving farm products for trade purposes , the commonly used
means of transport is the bullock cart(photo number 12). Of course, some
even resort to bicycle and head loads for the same purpose.
CONNECTIVITY
Kashig may be said to be lying on a branch-network of transport lines ,

since a branch from the main Lonavala-Javan route artery connects
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with it. It lies in a area with a poor connectivity ratio of 0.33 , if the
connectivity is calculated by taking into consideration following places
as vertices/nodes: kamshet, kale colony (pavana
nagar),brahmanaali,gevande,javan and kashig.
This ratio has been obtained by using following formula:
Connectivity =
2 ( number of observed routes)/maximum number of possible routes.
Or
2(or)/(mXm-m) , where ‘m’ is the total number of place/nodes.
Thus,
2(5)/6X6-6 OR 10/36-6 OR 10/30 OR 0.33
Communication
There is a post office in Javan to which Kashig is connected. There are few
telephone connections in the village , but there is no public booth which
offers STD facility. But , television and radio are commonly seen in the
village as mass communication media.
Economic planning
This is an important aspect regarding economic condition of the villagers.

There is Nationalized bank in Javan along with a post office. The voluntary
institute ‘Jeevan Sanstha’ encourages womenfolk to save their income in its
Patpedh, also i.
But , in the villagers there is lack of awareness and no appreciable
turn for economy. They are not keen to save and provide for future.
Neverthless , the efforts of ladies like Shantabai and Sugandhabai working
for Jeevan Sanstha are seen to have made a change in the attitude of at least
the women of the village.
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CONCLUSION
Kashing village is a small village located near the pavna dam. It is a typical
Maharashtrian village. It comes under Tahsil Mulshi of pune district.
The main occupation of the village is agriculture though the Balutedars
maintain their traditional occupation. The main purpose of such a location
is to utilize all the fertile land for cultivation.
The amenities in the village are electricity, road, bus, pipelines for
drinking water and well for irrigation . Villager has to carry the patient
either to the next village or to Pune for proper medication. This is very
much troublesome and uneconomical to the poor villagers. As far as
literacy is concerned , 30% of the total village is literate. The educational
facilities available in the village are not upto the mark. The houses in the
village are mainly made up of mud, stone, brick, & cement and roofs of tin,
asbestors, tiles, cement sheet, etc. There are few houses constructed purely
from cement.
The village has relatively poor accessibility , but some private

vehicles are present. It receives very heavy to moderate amount of rainfall
during the monsoon months which make the accessibility rather more bad.
This village is serviced by state transport buses from pune and also by
private jeeps.
The villagers have domesticated cows, bullocks, buffaloes, and goats

.Very few farmers have modern equipments of plouging like tractor. But ,
most of them use bullock carts . Most important crop in the region is rice. In
rabi season ,they grow wheat. In summer season ,they grow onion etc.
PROSPECTS
The village has ample natural wealth in terms of sunshine and wind
which can very well be harnessed to generate non conventional energy by
installing wind mills .Further , promotion of agro based industries can
provide suitable employment to villagers , thereby reducing their
centripetal tendency to migrate to other greener pastures like Pune in
search of livelihood and better prospects.It has great potential for tourism
related tertiary economic activities,since it lies in a area replete with
Page 70
relatively greener surroundings compared to concrete jungles like Pune or

Mumbai . In fact, we noticed a foreign lady enjoying herself at a local tea
stall at the Javan Trijunction .
Effective rural planning for Kashig entails retention of all good old
rural virtues and introduction of benefits of modern civilization in terms of
economic and settlement rationalization.
In a nutshell ,Its safe to conclude that village kashig is socio
– economically developed,though not to the extent desired.Much
remains to be done.
Finally, one may round off the instant survey report by

paraphrasing the most famous lines of ROBERT FROST :
“Contours of achievements are lovely ,dark and deep,

But Kashig has a promise to keep,
Miles to go and Miles to go
Before the DREAMLAND KASHIG REACH!”
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Village Kashig: A socio –economic survey

This is to certify that Mr. SHER SINGH PARMAR

DATE OF SURVEY: 17 / 3/2002.

NO PART OF THIS SURVEY REPORT SHALL BE

Photos in the present text were taken by THE AUTHORS

Our sincere thanks to the Department of Geography, Dr. D.Y.Patil

SHER SINGH PARMAR

Chapter No. Topic Page No.

2 The village:Geographical personality 19

LIST OF MAPS / FIGURES / PHOTOS

Importance of the Field work in Geography

Fieldwork is highly important in Geography. As we have seen in the definition

Aims of a village survey

Village survey is a type of fieldwork which the Post-Graduate scholars have

RAISON D’ ETRE for Selection of the village

Objectives of the study

The Physical setting of the village

Flora & Fauna

General vegetation observed in the area is predominantly thorny shrub(photo

PUCKKA ROAD __________________

SETTLEMENT TYPE &PATTERN:

C = 72/6 x .25 = 3.00

Table No 3.1 WALL MATERIAL

Type of house Number Percentage

BRICK + MUD 60 83.33

Source :- (Data collected during field work done in march 2002.)

Table No 3.2 HOUSE TYPE

TYPE OF HOUSE NO. OF PEOPLE

Source : -(Data collected during field work done in march 2002.)

House is one of the basic necessities of human beings. It provides shelter to

Table No 3.3 ROOF MATERIAL

Types of roof Number Percentage

Metal Sheets 65 90.27

Source:- (Data collected during field work done in march 2002.)

Table No 3.4 USE OF FUEL

USE OF FUEL NUMBER % OF PEOPLE USED

Source:- (Data collected during field work done in march 2002.)

Status / empowerment of women

marry at an early age so as to bring in an additional pair of hands to do labour in the

Table No. 5.1 : AGE AND SEX RATIO

Age Male Male % Female Female %

Source:- (Data collected during field work done in march 2002.)

Table No .5.2 AGE STRUCTURE

AGE GROUP (years ) NO. OF PERSON

Source:- (Data collected during field work done in march 2002.)

Population distribution in village Kashing is uneven. Number of males is more

Table No 6.1 Procedure for the cultivation of Rice.

Months Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

Table No. 6.2 area / size of land holdings

Area of land( acre ) Number of land holders Percentage

Source:- (Data collected during field work done in march 2002.)

Table No 7.1 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE

Occupation Number Percentage

Source :- (Data collected during field work done in march 2002.)

Table No 7.2 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE

MALE FEMALE TOTAL PERCENTAGE

Manufacturing & 2 0 2 0.38

Other Services 5 1 6 1.14

Marginal Workers 2 142 144 27.37

Non Workers 200 168 368 69.96

Total 526 99.85

Source:- (Data collected census Handbook 1991.)

The educational facility available in Kashig is a school up to standard 10th in the

Table No. 8.1 STATUS OF EDUCATION