Connections

Bolts and Bolted Connection
Topics
p
9 General Information
9 Design Resistance of individual fastener
Non
Non-preloaded
preloaded Blots
Rivet Connections
Preloaded Bolts
9 Design
g for block tearing
g
Worked Example
9 Pin
Pi connections
i
9 Injection
j
bolts
General Information
Types of Bolts & Rivets
Rivets
Bolts
Anchor Bolts
General Information
Types of Bolts
Non-Preloaded
Non Preloaded Bolts
Class 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, & Class 8.8, 10.9
Preloaded Bolts
Class 8.8, Class 10.9
The yield strength fyb and the ultimate strength fub for bolts
are g
given in Table 3.1 in EN 1993-1-8:
Bolt class
4.6
4.8
5.6
5.8
6.8
8.8
10.9
fyb
(N/mm2)
240
320
300
400
480
640
900
fub
(N/mm2)
400
400
500
500
600
800
1000
General Information
Tensile Stress Area
Th
Thread
d
Diameter of Bolt
d (mm)
Tensile Area
As (mm2)
12
84.3
16
157
20
245
24
353
30
561
Tensile Area As determined

g
at thread region
Shank
Nominal Diameter d
Area A determined at shank
Positioning
g of Holes
Detailing requirement
Minimum end distance
Minimum edge distance
g
Maximum end and edge
distance
Minimum
i i
bolts
b l spacing
i
Maximum bolts spacing
Holes dimensions
Normal
+1 mm for M 12
+2 mm for M 16 up M 24
+3 mm for M 27 and bigger
Close fitting flushed bolts
for bolt M20 must be the
clearance d < 0,3 mm
Positioning
g of Holes
e4
e3
S b l ffor end
Symbols
d & edge
d di
distances
t
and
d spacing
i
off fasteners
f t
8
Positioning
g of Holes
Minimum and maximum spacing and end and edge distances
f bolts
for
b lt and
d rivets
i t are given
i
in
i Table
T bl 3.3
3 3 iin EN 1993
1993-1-8.
1 8
Table 3.3: Minimum and maximum spacing and end and edge distances
Distances and
spacings
Minimum
Maximum
End distance e1
1.2d0
4t + 40mm
End distance e2
1.2d0
4t + 40mm
Distance e3
In slotted holes
1.5d0
Distance e4
In slotted holes
1.5d0
Spacing p1
2.2d0
min{14t: 200mm}
Spacing p2
2.4d0
min{14t: 200mm}
Positioning
g of Holes
Failure modes in bolted composite joints:
(a) net-section failure;
(b) shear-out failure;
(c) bearing failure
e1
p1
Adequate
q
End
Distance
Inadequate
q
End
Distance
10
Positioning
g of holes
In compression between the fasteners, the local buckling
resistance:
need not to be checked if p / t < 9 and = 235 / f y
1
according to EN 1993-1-1 using 0,6 p1 as buckling length

and t is the thickness of the thinner outer connected part
For staggered rows of fasteners
Minimum line spacing of p2 = 1.2d0
Minimum distance between any two fasteners of L = 2.4d

2 4d0
11
Design
g of Bolts
Single
g &
double shear
12
Design
g of Bolts - Shear Resistance
Shear Resistance in one Shear Plane
1) When the shear plane passes through the
threads of bolt:
Fv , Rd
v f ub As
=
M2
Where, v = 0.6 for Class 4.6, 5.6 & 8.8

v = 0.5
0 5 for Class 4.8,
48 5
5.8,
8 6
6.8
8&
10.9
fub is the ultimate strength
g of bolt
As is the tensile stress area of bolt
M 2 = 1.25 refer to NA to SS EN 1993
13
Design
g of Bolts - Shear Resistance
Shear Resistance in one Shear Plane
2) When the shear plane passes through the
shaft of bolt:
Fv , Rd
v f ub A
=
M2
Where, v = 0.6 for all Class

fubb is the ultimate strength of bolt
A is the full area of bolt
M 2 = 1.25 refer to NA to SS EN 1993
14
Design
g of Bolts - Bearing
g Resistance
Bearing Resistance
Fb , Rd =
k1 b f u dt
M2
d0
M 2 = 1.25
d
Where, d is the bolt diameter

t is
i the
th nominal
i l thickness
thi k
off the
th
e1
connected plate
fu is the strength of material
b is the smallest of {d, fub/fu, 1.0}
e
For end bolts: d = 1
3d 0
p 1
For inner bolts: d = 1 3d 0 4
p1
e2
p2
k1 = min 2.8 - 1.7,1.4 - 1.7,2.5
d0
d0
p2
k1 = min 1.4 - 1.7,2.5

d0
15
Resistance in Bearing
g
In oversized holes reduce bearing by 0.8
If load on a bolt is not parallel to the edge,
the bearing resistance may be verified
separately for the bolt load components
parallel and normal to the end
p
R 10
20
30
e1 40
p 1 60
e1 40
tw
5,6
tp
10
IPE 200
P 10 - 140 x 100
M 20 - 5.6
L 140
10
50
VSd = 110 kN
4
4
10
16
Bearing
g Resistance of Bolt Group
p
p1
p1 = 3 d0
For holes 2 (end bolts)

1,2 d 0
e1
=
=
= 0,4
3 d0
3 d0
e1
e1 = 1,2 d 0
F
For holes 1 (inner bolts)

Holes 1
Holes 2
3 d0
p1
=
0,25 =
0,25 = 1 0,25 = 0,75
3 d0
3 d0
If F b , Rd F b , Rd for individual fastener,, apply
pp y 1),
), if not 2).
)
Total bearing resistance based on direct summation
2,5 d t f u
2,5 d t f u
2,5 d t f u
Fb , Rd = ( )
= (2 0,4 + 2 0,75
0 75 )
= 2,3
M2
M2
M2
Total bearing resistance based on smallest individual resistance
2,5 d t f u
2,5 d t f u
2,5 d t f u
Fb. Rd = ( )
= (2 0,4 + 2 0,40 )
= 1,6
M2
M2
M2
17
Design
g of Bolts - Tensile Resistance
Non-preloaded bolts in tension
Simple method ignores prying action
Bolt resistance down-graded
More
M
exact method
h d
Full bolt resistance used
Total
T
t l bolt
b lt fforce
Ft = F + Q
Prying Action
18
Design
g of Bolts - Tensile Resistance
Tensile Resistance
Ft , Rd =
k2 f ub As
M2
M 2 = 1.25
Where, fub is the strength of bolt

As is the tensile stress area of the bolt
For countersunk bolts: k2 = 0.63
For regular bolts: k2 = 0.9
19
Punching
g Shear Resistance
Punching Shear Resistance
B p , Rd =
tp
0.6d mt p f u
M2
M 2 = 1.25
plate thickness
dm the mean of the across points and

across flats dimensions of the bolt
head or the nut, whichever is smaller
d1 + d 2
dm =
2
d1
d w dm
d2
20
Combined Shear and Tension

Fv , Ed
Fv , Rd
Fv , Ed
Ft , Ed
+
1 .0
Fv , Rd 1.4 Ft , Rd
10
1.0
0.5
0
0
05
0.5
10
1.0
1.4
Ft , Ed
Ft , Rd
21
Reduction of Bolt Shear Resistance

When the thickness of steel packing tp exceeds d/3, the
shear
h
resistance
i t
should
h ld be
b reduced
d
d by
b p which
hi h is
i given
i
by:
9d
p =
but p 1,0
8 d + 3 tp
Packing
gp
plates
1,0
tp
05
0,5
0,3 d
1,0 d
1,5 d
22
Effect of Long
g Joints
If Lj > 15d, the design shear resistance Fv,Rd should be
reduced
d
db
by a reduction
d ti
factor
f t Lf which
hi h is
i given
i
as:
Lf
Lf = 1
1.0
L j 15d
200 d
but 1.0 Lt 0,75
0.75
0
0
15d
65d
LJ
23
Rivet Connection
Philosophy of design was used for bolts (class A)
Bolts spacing's recommendations came from rivets
Table 3.3 for min and max spacing
p
g of rivets & bolts
Clause 3.6 Design resistance of rivets & bolts
24
Slip-Resistant
p
Connections
The design slip resistance at ultimate of a preloaded class
8.8 or 10.9 bolt should be tanked as:
Fs , Rd =
k s n
M3
FP , C
Wh
Where,
ks is
i the
th coefficient
ffi i t corresponding
di
to
t different
diff
t holes
h l
(see Table 3.6)
FFpp.Cd
P ,C
n in
i the
th number
b off friction
f i ti
planes
l
is the friction coefficient
Fp,C is the design preloading force of bolt
Fs.Rd
FP , C = 0.7 f ub As
f to NA to SS EN 1993
M 3 = 1.25 refer
25
Friction Coefficient
Tests
EN 14399-2:2002 High strength structural bolting for
preloading Part 2 : Suitability Test for Preloading
Table for different classes of friction surfaces
With painted surface results in a loss of pre-load
Class of friction surfaces
Slip factor
A blasted, metal spraying

(EN 1090)
0,5
B blasted (EN 1090)
04
0,4
C cleaned (EN 1090)
0,3
D cleaned (EN 1090)
02
0,2
26
Values of ks
Table 3.6 Values of ks
Description
Normal holes
Oversized holes
or short
h t slotted
l tt d holes
h l with
ith the
th axis
i off the
th slot
l t perpendicular
di l to
t
the direction of load transfer
Long
L
g slotted
l tt d holes
h l with
ith th
the axis
i off the
th slot
l t perpendicular
di l to
t the
th
direction of load transfer
ks
10
1,0
0 85
0,85
0,7
Short slotted holes with the axis of the slot parallel to the
direction of load transfer
0,76
Long slotted holes

with the axis of the slot parallel to the direction of load transfer
0,63
27
Slip
p Resistance at Serviceability
y
The design slip resistance at Serviceability of a preloaded
class 8.8 or 10.9 bolt should be tanked as:
Fs , Rd , ser =
k s n
M 3, ser
FP , C
M 3, ser = 1.1 refer

f to
t NA to
t SS EN 1993
F bolts
For
b lt to
t pass the
th check,
h k it h
has to
t satisfy
ti f Fs , Rd , ser Fv , Ed , ser
28
Combined Shear and Tension

If connection subjected combined tensile force Ft,Ed
or Ft,Ed,ser
,
, ,
and shear force, the design slip-resistance per bolt should be
taken as follows:
For ultimate resistance
Fs , Rd =
k s n (FP, C 0.8 Ft , Ed )
M3
M 3 = 1.25
For serviceability resistance:
Fs , Rd , ser =
k s n (FP , C 0.8 Ft , Ed , ser )
M 3, ser
M 3, ser = 1.1
29
Design
g for Block Tearing
g
Block tearing consists of failure in shear at the row of bolts
along
l
th
the shear
h
fface off th
the h
hole
l group accompanied
i db
by tensile
t
il
rupture along the line of bolt holes on the tension face of the
bolt group.
g
p
Block tearing subject concentric load
Block tearing subject eccentric load
30
Block Tearing
g Resistance
For symmetric bolt group subject to concentric loading
Veff ,1, Rd =
f u Ant
M2
(
1 3)f A
+
y
nv
M0
Ant net area subjected to tension

Anv net area subjected to shear
For bolt group subject to eccentric loading:
Veff ,2, Rd = 0.5
f u Ant
M2
(
1 3)f A
+
y
nv
M0
M 0 = 1 .0
M 2 = 1.25
31
Angles
g
connected through
g one Leg
g
Where
member are connected unsymmetrically
or the member itself is unsymmetrical (angles, channels,
tees)
The eccentricity of the connection should be taken into
account
For angles connected by a single row of bolts in one leg
The member may
y be treated as concentrically
y loaded
The design ultimate resistance based on a modified net
section
32
Angles
g
connected through
g one Leg
g
For an unequal angle connected by its smaller leg, Anet is
taken as the net section area of an equivalent equal angle
e1
d0
e2
1 bolt
N u , Rd = 2.0(e2 0.5d 0 )tf u / M 2
33
Angles
g
connected through
g one Leg
g
e1
2 bolts
e1
p1
N u.Rd
2A netf u
M2
N u ,Rd = 2 Anet f u / M 2
p1
3 or more bolts
p1
N u.Rd =
3A netf u
M2
N u ,Rd = 3 Anet f u / M 2
Where:
Wh
2 = 0,4 if p1 2,5 d0
2 = 0,7
, if p1 5,0
, d0
3 = 0,5 if p1 2,5 d0
3 = 0,7 if p1 5,0 d0
Anet = nett area off angle
l
34
Worked Example
p 1 - Angle
g connected
through one Leg
Design a single angle to carry an axial permanent action of
70kN and an imposed load of 35kN.
Try an 80 60 7 angle of S275 steel connected through the
long leg by a single low of two 20mm bolts in 22mm holes at
80mm centres
centres, as shown in following Figure
35
Worked Example
p 1
Design load = 1.35 70 + 1.5 35 = 147 kN
Design strength:
t=7mm,, fy = 275 N/mm2, fu = 430 N/mm2
Net area
A = (56.5 + 76.5) 7 = 931mm 2
Anet = (56.5 + 76.5 22) 7 = 777mm 2
The spacing:
p
g
p1 80
=
= 3.64
d 0 22
p1 = 80 mm
Using
U
i
T
Table
bl 6.1,
6 1 for
f intermediate
i t
di t values
l
off pitch
it h p1
1 values
l
off
may be determined by linear interpolation
0.7 0.4
= 0.54
5
2
.
5
= 0.4 + (3.64 2.5)
36
Worked Example
p 1
The ultimate resistance of the net cross section
N u , Rd =
Anet f u 0.54 777 430

=
10 3 = 164kN
M2
1.1
Th yielding
The
i ldi
resistance
i
off the
h section
i
N pl , Rd =
Af y
M0
931 275
10 3 = 256kN > 164kN
1.0
N t , Rd = N u , Rd = 164kN > 147kN
45
Design resistance in block tearing considering rows as staggered:
130
37
Worked Example
p 1
Ant = (45 11) 7 = 238mm 2
Anv = (130 33) 7 = 679mm 2

Veff , 2 , Rd
1
f y Anv
f u Ant
= 0 .5
+ 3
M2
M0
0.5 430 238 275 679

+
1 .1
3
= 46.5 + 107.8 = 154.3kN > 147 kN
=
The angle is satisfactory.
38
Worked Example
p 2 Fin Plate
3 x M20, 8.8
P10 - 230 x 110
meteril S235
35
IPE 300
S235
10
HEA 200
S235
45
70
230
70
VSd = 100 kN
45
5
50 50
60
39
Worked Example
p 2 Fin Plate
80
45
70
70
230
70
70
45
50
50
In beam web
VRd,11 =
0,5 fu,b1 Ant
M2
1
Anv
+
fy,b1
M0
3
(
0,5 360 (50 11)7,1 1
220 2 22 11)7,1
=
+ 235
3
1,2510
1,0 103
3
= 39.9 +159kN = 199kN
40
Worked Example
p 2 Fin Plate
45
70
70
70
70
45
50
50
In beam web
NRd,u,6 =
fu,u b1 Ant
M,u
1
Anv
+
f y,b1
M0
3
360 7,1(140 2 22) 1

2 7,1(50 11)
=
+
235
1,1
1,0
3
= 223 + 75.1 = 298 kN
41
Pin Connections
Pin connections in which no rotation is required may be
d i
designed
d as single
i l bolted
b lt d connections,
ti
provided
id d th
thatt th
the
length of the pin is less than 3 times the diameter of the pin.
42
Design
g of Pin
Given thickness t & do
a
FEd M 0 2 d 0
F
d
+
: c Ed M 0 + 0
2 t fy
3
2 t fy
3
Given geometry c, a & do

t 0,7
FEd M 0
: d 0 2,5 t
fy
43
Analysis
y
of Pin - Shear
Resistance of one shear area of pin in
shear
h
FV, Rd =
0,6Af up
M2
FV, Ed
Wh
Where,
fup iis the
h ultimate
li
tensile
il strength
h
of the pin
A is the cross
cross-sectional
sectional area of the
pin
Fv,Ed = 0.5FEd
M 2 = 1.25
0.5FEd
0.5FEd
a c
c a
FEd
44
Analysis
y
of Pin - Bending
g
Ultimate Resistance of the pin in bending
M Rd =
1.5Wel f yp
M0
0.5FEd
M Ed
0.5FEd
b
Serviceability Bending Resistance
M Rd , ser =
0.8Wel f yp
M 6 , ser
M Ed , ser
Where fyp is the yield strength of the pin

Where,
a c
c a
Wel is the elastic modulus of the pin,
Wel =
M 6 , ser
d 3
FEd
32
= 1.0 refer to SS to EN 1993
M 0 = 1 .0
M Ed
FEd
(b + 4c + 2a )
=
8
45
Analysis
y
of Pin Bending
g & Shear
Combined Shear and Bending moment
resistance of the pin:
M Ed
M Rd
Fv , Ed
+
Fv , Rd
Fv,Ed
Fv,Ed
b
1 .0
a c
c a
FEd
M Ed
FEd
(b + 4c + 2a )
=
8
46
Analysis
y
of Pin - Bearing
g
Ultimate Bearing Resistance of the pin and the plate
Fb , Rd =
1.5tdf y
M0
Fb , Ed
Serviceability Bearing Resistance
Fb , Rd , ser =
0.6tdff y
M 6 , ser
Fb , Ed , ser
Wh
Where,
t is
i the
th thickness
thi k
off th
the connected
t d part;
t
d is the diameter of the pin;
fy is the lower of the yield strengths of the pin and the
connected part;
M 6 , ser = 1.0 refer to SS to EN 1993

M 0 = 1 .0
47
Analysis
y
of Pin - Serviceability
y
If the pin is intended to replaceable, the contact bearing stress
should
h ld satisfy
ti f
h,Ed f h , Rd
h,h Ed = 0,591
f h , Rd =
2.5 f y
E FEd , ser (d 0 d )
d2 t
M 6 , ser
the diameter of the pin;

the diameter of the pin hole;
d0
t
the thickness of the connected part;
fy is the lower of the yield strengths of the pin and the connected part;
FEd,ser the design value of the force to be transferred in bearing
bearing, under
the characteristic load combination for serviceability limit states
48
Injection
j
Bolts
Injection bolts may be used as an alternative to ordinary
bolts and rivets for category A, B & C connections.
Bolts of class 8.8 or 10.9
The design ultimate shear load of any bolt in a Category A
Preloaded injection bolts should be used for Category B
and C connections
49
Injection
j
Bolts Bearing
g Strength
g
The design bearing strength of an injection bolt
Fb,b Rd,
Rd resin
fb,resin
tb, resin
kt
ks
kt ks d tb ,re sin f b ,re sin

=
M 4
coefficient depending
p
g of the thickness ratio
bearing strength of the resin
effective bearing thickness of the resin
1,0 for serviceability limit state
1,2 for ultimate limit state
1 0 for holes with normal clearances or (1,0
1,0
(1 0 - 0,1
0 1 m),
m)
for oversized holes; m the difference between the normal
and oversized hole dimensions
50
Injection
j
Bolts
2
1
2
t2
t1
t2
1,33
1,0
,
1
1.0
2
2.0
t1/ t2
(EC3) Figure 3.5:Factor as a function of the thickness ratio of the connected plates
(EC3) Table 3.5: Values of and tb,resin

t1/t2
tb,resin
b
i
2.0
1.0
2t2 1.5d
1.0 < t1/t2 < 2.0
1.66-0.33(t
1.66
0.33(t1/t2)
t1 1.5d
1.0
1.33
t1 1.5d
51
Weld Design
52
Topics
p
Basis of design
Fillet weld
Detailing
g requirements
q
Design model
p
method for design
g resistance
Simplified
Design example
long
g welds
Connection to unstiffened flange
g members
Full resistance of connecting
Full Strength Butt Welds

Welding in cold
cold-formed
formed zones
53
The Heat Source

For structural steelwork the het source is
an electric arc.
Arc heat is expended during the melting of
metall electrodes
l
d as it
i iis in
i the
h heating
h i
off
base parts. Approximate values of arc
heat expanded in shielded metal
metal-arc
arc
welding:
Dissipation into the environment: 20%
Transition with molten drops: 26%
Vaporization
V
i ti
off electrode
l t d metal:
t l 24%
Absorption by base metal: 30%
54
The Heat Affected Zone

Melting point of steel 1400 1500.
Arc temperatures typically 6000.
Molten metal in the weld pool typically 2500 - 3000.
3000
High temperature affects the structure of base metal. Grain
size enlarges at boundaries of the weld joint - in the heat
affected zone (HAZ).
(HAZ)
Outside the HAZ grain size is the
same as in the base metal.
metal
55
The Heat Affected Zone

The metal in HAZ have relatively poor mechanical properties.
56
Carbon Steel: Weldability

y
Carbon:
Low C steels considered very weldable
Medium C steels fairly weldable
High C steels poor weldability
Other alloys
Low alloy steels similar to medium carbon steels
High
g alloy
y steels g
generally
yg
good weldability
y under
controlled conditions
Steels can be assessed in terms of the Carbon Equivalent
Value (CEV):
M + Si N i + Cu Cr + M o + V
CEV = C + n
+
+
6
15
5
57
Carbon Equivalent
q
in Steel
CEV = 0.3 0.4 have a low
hardenability and are easy to
weld.
CEV = 0.4
0 4 0.5
0 5 are more
hardenable and greater care is
required to avoid HAZ
hardening.
CEV > 0.5 are much more
difficult to weld because of
their high hardenability.
CE limit for steel plates

Grade(MPa)
CEV limit (%)
235
0.40
275
0.44
355
0.49
420
0.52
460
0.55
460a
0.50
550a
0.83
690a
0.83
a: quenched & tempered
58
Residual Stress
Unhomogenous heating
causes local thermal
expansion of metals. This is
reflected in residual stress
after cooling.
Residual stress is a tensile
stress in the center of a weld.
Tensile stress in a weld is
compensated by compressive
stress in base metal.
59
Residual Stress
During
g welding,
g edges
g move relative to
each other, mostly perpendicular to
the welding direction.
Residual stress results in shrinkage of
the structure.
structure
The opposite welding sequence may
make the distortion smaller.
The residual stress decreases as
annealing temperature increases.
60
Welded Connections
Four most common types of welds are introduced in EN
1993-1-8:
(a)butt
Fillet welds
Butt welds
Plug
g welds
Groove
G
welds
ld
a
61
Type of Joints
Transverse
fill t weld
fillet
ld
Lap Joint
Butt Joint
Edge Joint
Longitudinal
fill t weld
fillet
ld
Tee Joint
Corner Joint
62
Weld
W
ld Symbols
S b l
(BS EN22553: 1995)
Additional symbols:
Weld all round
Field weld
63
Detailing
g Requirements
q
for Fillet Weld
1. Fillet welds terminating at the
end
should
returned
continuously around the corners
for a distance > twice the leg
length s.
2. The length of the longitudinal
fillet weld L should be not less
than the transverse spacing Tw.
3. In lap joints the minimum overlap
Lp should 4 times min(t1,t2).
4. Single welds should not be used
except where the parts are
restrained to prevent opening of
the joint.
L > Tw
L
Tw
2s
min
t1
Lp
t2
64
Detailing
g Requirements
q
for Fillet Weld
5. Single fillet welds should not be
subject to bending about the
longitudinal axis.
6 The longitudinal spacing between
6.
effective lengths of weld sw should
not exceed 300mm or 16t for
compression elements and 24t for
tension elements.
incorrect
sw
65
Effective Throat Thickness
The effective throat thickness, a, should be taken as

th perpendicular
the
di l distance
di t
f
from
th roott off the
the
th weld
ld
to a straight line joining the fusion faces.
For p
penetration fillet weld,, the throat thickness
account should be taken of its additional throat
thickness.
66
Effective Throat Thickness
Fillet weld often used for connecting parts where the fusion
f
faces
b t
between
60 and
d 120.
120
A simplified relationship of the throat thickness (a) and the
leg
g length
g ((s)) is g
given in following:
g
Angle
Throat
between
thickness
(s)
fusion faces(
faces())
a=0.5s
120
a=0.87s
60
Equal legged fillet weld
60 67
0.87
68 - 74
0.8
75 -80
0.75
81 90
0.7
91 100
0.65
101 106
0.6
107 113
0.55
114 - 120
0.5
67
Fillet Welds
Each weld transfers a
l
longitudinal
it di l shear
h
VL and
d
transverse forces or shear
VTy and VTz between the
plates.
The average normal and
shear stresses w and w
on the weld throat may be
expressed in terms of the
forces
w La = VTy sin + VTz cos

w La =
(V
) - VL
Ty cos - VTz sin
2
68
Fillet Welds
It is customary to assume that the static strength of the weld id
determined
d
t
i d by
b the
th average throat
th
t stresses
t
w and
d w alone.
l
From Von. Mises Yield Criterion, the plane stresses must be satisfied
w + 3 w f uw
2
In which fuw is the ultimate tensile strength of the weld.

Substituting the foregoing two equations into w 2 + 3 w 2 f uw
and rearranging leads to
3 VTy + VTz + VL - 2(VTy sin + VTz cos ) ( f uw La )

2
This is often simplified conservatively to

VR af uw
L
3
VR = VTy + VTz + VL
2
69
Simple
p Design
g Method
The simple design method of EC3-1-8 is based on those
VR af uw
2
2
2
equations
ti
V = V +V +V
L
Ty
Tz
The design weld forces per unit length due to the factored
loads are limited by
Fw, Ed Fw, Rd
Where,
Fw, Ed =
VR
L
Fw , Rd = a f vw, d
(4.3)
fu
(4.4)
f vw, d =
3 w Mw
w is a correlation factor
St l grade
Steel
d
fu (MPa)
(MP )
fvw,d (MPa)
(MP )
S235
360
208
S275
410
223
S355
470
241
S450
550
254
70
Correlation Factor w
Standard and steel grade
Correlation
f
factor
w
EN 10025
EN 10210
EN 10219
S 235
S 235 W
S 235 H
S 235 H
0,80
S 275
S 275 N/NL
S 275 M/ML
S 275 H
S 275 NH/NLH
S 275 H
S 275 NH/NLH
S 275 MH/MLH
0,85
S 355
S 355 N/NL
S 355 M/ML
S 355 W
S 355 H
S 355 NH/NLH
S 355 H
S 355 NH/NLH
S 355 MH/MLH
0,90
S 420 MH/MLH
1,00
S 460 NH/NLH
S 460 MH/MLH
1 00
1,00
S 420 N/NL
S 420 M/ML
S 460 N/NL
S 460 M/ML
S 460
Q/QL/QL1
S 460 NH/NLH
71
Design
g Model of Fillet Welds
EC3-1-8 also provides a less conservative directional method,
and which assumes w parallel to the weld throat,
throat ; and
breaks up w into and
The stress
Th
t
model
d l iin
EC3-1-8
a effective throat thickness of the fillet weld
normal stresses perpendicular to the throat

normal stresses parallel to the axis of weld (omitted)
shear
h
stresses perpendicular
di l to the
h axis
i off weld
ld
shear stresses parallel to the axis of weld
72
Design
g Model
2
2
Based on the criterion w + 3 w f uw , the design resistance of
the
h fillet
fill weld
ld will
ill b
be sufficient
ffi i
if the
h following
f ll i
are both
b h satisfied:
i fi d
+ 3( + II )
2
and
fu
w M 2
(4 1)
(4.1)
0.9 f u
M2
Where, fu is the ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part joined;

w is a correlation factor
M 2 = 1.25 refer to SS to EN 1993
73
Two Fillet Welds under Parallel Shear

F
II =
2 a
From plane stress analysis is
fu
F
2a w Mw 3
throat thickness,
not
ot leg
eg length
e gt
74
Fillet Weld under Normal Shear

= =
II = 0
R
2
H to be
Has
b satisfied
i fi d
+ 3
2
fu
w MW
After substitution
) (
2
2 +3R
= 2 R
2
fu
w MW
fu
2 w MW
75
Cantilever Bracket
VSd = FSd
Shear force
Transferred by web fillets
II = FSd 2 ahh
Bending moment
M Sd = FSd e
Transferred by the shape of weld

Centre of gravity Iwe and cross section modulus Wwe
For weld at lower flange cross section modulus Wwe,1
, and
stress is:
M Sd
1 = 1 =
2Wwe ,1
For upper weld on flange is:
2 = 2 =
M Sd
2Wwe , 2
76
Flange
g Web Weld
Welds are loaded by longitudinal
shear
h
f
force:
VI =
VSd S
Vl
VSd
Where, VSd is the shear force

S is the static moment of flange
to neutral axis
I is the moment of inertia
This longitudinal force is carried by two welds

effective thickness, a, shear stress:
fu
VI
II =
2a
3 w MW
Maximum stress is at the point of maximum shear force
77
Worked Example
p Tension Member
To avoid torsion due to the applied force acting at an
eccentricity C = 30mm, b1 < b2
Simple method
Take moment about b2,
F C = w (b1a + a (a/ 2 ))
or
F C a2
b1 =
- a
2
w
b1
Plate
F=250kN
a=100
C
b2
100X100 angle
From force equilibrium

F = w (b1 + a + b2 )
b2 =
or
- a - b1
78
Worked Example
p Tension Member
Use 6mm fillet weld, w = 0.94 kN / mm for longitudinal weld.
250 30 100 2
b1 =
100 = 29.8mm
2
0.94
b2 =
250
- 100 - 29.8 = 136mm
0.94
Add one leg length and rounded to the nearest 5mm,

5mm
We get, b1 = 35mm and b2 = 145mm.
Directional method
Use 6mm fillet weld
For longitudinal weld: w, L , Rd = 0.94 kN / mm
For transverse weld:
w ,t , Rd = 1.15kN / mm
79
Worked Example
p Tension Member
Moment about b2
F C = wL b1a + wt a(a/ 2 )
100 2
b1 = 250 30 - 1.15
(0.94 100 ) = 18.6mm
2
Force equilibrium
F = wL (b1 + b2 ) + a wt or b = F - a wt - b
2
1
wL
b2 =
250 - 100 1.15

- 18.6 = 125mm
0.94
Add one lleg llength

th and
d rounded
d d tto th
the nearestt 5
5mm,
We get, b1 = 25mm and b2 = 130mm
80
Long
g Welds
In lap joints, the design resistance of fillet weld should be
reduced by multiplying it by a reduction factor Lw to allow the
effects
ff
off non-uniform
if
di
distribution
ib i
off stress along
l
its
i length.
l
h
//
//
//
//
Lw
81
Long
g Welds
In lap joints longer than 150a, Lw should be taken as Lw,1

,
given by:
Lw ,1 = 1.2
0 .2 L j
150a
1 .0
Lj is the overall length of the lap in the direction of the force

transfer.
Lw,1
1.2
0.6
0
0
150
300
Lj
a
82
Long
g Welds
For fillet welds longer
g than 1.7metres connecting
g transverse
stiffeners, Lw should be taken as Lw,2 given by:
Lw
Lw, 2 = 1.1
17
but Lw, 2 1.0 & Lw, 2 0.6
Lw is the length of the weld (in meters).
Lw, 2
1.1
0.6
0
0
1.7
8.5
Lw (m)
83
Connections to Unstiffened Flanges

g
Effective width of an unstiffened T-joint
84

g
For unstiffened I- or H-section, effective width beff should be
obtained
bt i d ffrom:
beff = t w + 2 s + 7k t f
tf
Where k =
tp
f y, f
f
y, p
1 .0
fy,ff is the yield strength of the flange

fy,p is the yield strength of the plate
f a rolled
ll d II or H-section
H
i
s = r for
s = 2a for a rolled I- or H-section
85

g
For unstiffened column flanges,
Ft , fc , Rd = (t wc + 2 s + 7 k t fc )
Where
t fb f yb
M0
t fb
f yc t fc
; 1
k = min
f t
yb fb
twc is the web thickness of column

tfc is
i the
th flange
fl
thi k
thickness
off column
l
tfb is the thickness of beam flange
fyb is
i the
th yield
i ld strength
t
th off beam
b
rc
fyc is the yield strength of column

t fc
beff
t wc
86
Weld Design
g for Full Resistance of
Connecting Members
Loading
Loading by Normal Force (Not directly in code)
t
a > 0,7
f u / Mw
= FSd / (t h)
FSd
the acting design force
fu
plate design strength
t
the
h thinness
hi
off connecting
i
plate
l
b
width of connecting plate
full capacity of a plate the thickness S235:
a > 0,7
( fy / M0) t
f u / Mw
FSd
(235 / 1,10) t
= 0,7
= 0,52 t 0,5 t
360 / 1,25
87
Weld Design
g for Full Resistance of
Connecting Members
Loading
Loading by Shear Force (Not directly in code)
t
a > 0,85
f w / Mw
= VSd / (t h)
VSd
the design shear force in weld
VSd
full capacity of a plate the thickness S235
f y /( 3 M 0 ) t
t
235 /(1,1 3 ) t
0,85
= 0,85
= 0,36 t 0,4 t
a > 0,85
f w / Mw
f u / Mw
360 / 1,25
88
Full Strength
g Butt Welds
Full penetration butt welds are formed when the parts are
connected
t d together
t
th with
ith th
the thi
thickness
k
off the
th parentt metal.
t l
For thin parts, it is possible to achieve full penetration of the
weld.
weld
For thicker parts, edge preparation may have to be done to
achieve the welding.
The types of butt joints:
89
Design
g of Full Strength
g Butt Welds
The strength of butt welds =
parent metal if matching
electrodes are used.
Matching electrode specified
minimum tensile strength,
strength yield
strength, elongation at failure
and Charpy impact value each
equivalent,
i l t b
better
tt than,
th
those
th
specified for the parent
materials.
Wled reinforcement
Throat
thickness
Backing member
90
Throat Thickness of Partial Penetration

Butt Welds
The specified penetration should 2t, t is the thickness of
the thinner part jointed.
The throat thickness of partial penetration butt welds, a,
should be obtained by:
a = anom - 2 mm
91
Throat Thickness of T-butt Joints

Full penetration T joints
anom ,1 + anom , 2 t
cnom
and
cnom 3 mm
Partial penetration with an effective

width
idth
anom ,1 + anom , 2 < t

a1 = anom,1 2 mm
a2 = anom,2 2 mm
Partial penetration butt

weld considered as a full
penetration butt weld
92
Stress Distribution in Butt Weld

Uniform stress distribution
along the weld length is
often assumed.
It is true for plastic
redistribution of stresses.
In elastic stage, especially
fatigue design, the actual
stress is much higher than
that of the parent metal.
93
Stress Distribution in Butt Weld

High stress concentrations
should be avoided occurring
at sharp re-entrant corners
in joints.
To reduce the stress
concentration, the gradual
transition from one section
to the other is recommended.
Transition in section reduces

stress concentration
94
Root Opening
p
g
Root opening is used for electrode accessibility to the base or
root of the joint.
The smaller the angle of the bevel, the larger the root opening
m st be to get good fusion
must
f sion at the root
root.
If the root opening is too larger, more weld metal is required.
60
3mm
45
6mm
30
9mm
Root opening
95
Welding
g in Cold Formed Zones
Welding may be carried out within a
length 5t either side of a cold formed zone,
if one of the following conditions is fulfilled:
Cold-formed
Cold formed zones
ones are normali
normalized
ed after
cold-forming but before welding
r/t - ratio satisfy the relevant values
r/t
Maximum thickness (mm)

Fully
ll killed
kill d Aluminium-killed
l
i i
kill d
steel
(Al 0,02 %)
25
10
3,0
30
2,0
1,5
1,0
any
any
24
12
10
6
96
Joints Classification & Modelling

for Structural Analysis
y
(this part for information only)
97
Introduction to Joint Design

g
Frame components
Beams
Beam-columns
Joints
Beam
Joint
Beam-column
98
Introduction
oduc o to
o Jo
Joint Design
es g
The lecture covers all the structural joints which are usually met
i a building
in
b ildi
frame:
f
beam-to-column joints (A)
beam splices (B)
column splices (C)
column bases (D)
A
A
C
C
A
A
A
D
Different types
yp of jjoints in a structure
99
Sources of Joint Deformability

Joint
J i t and
d Connection
C
ti
Joint
Left connection
Connection
single-sided joint
configuration
Left joint
Right joint
Right connection
double-sided joint
configuration
100
Joints Classification
Classification of joints according to rotational stiffness:
Simple (pinned) joints
g jjoints
Semi-rigid
Rigid joints
101
Joints Classification Rotational Stiffness

A joint may be classified according to its rotational stiffness, by
comparing its initial rotational stiffness Sj,ini with the boundaries.
102
Joints Classification Column Bases

Column bases may be classified as rigid provided the
following conditions are satisfied:
in frames where the bracing system reduces the horizontal
displacement by at least 80 % and where the effects of
deformation may be neglected:
If 0 0.5;
If 0.5 < 0 < 3.93 & S j ,ini 7 2 0 - 1 EI C / LC ;

if 0 3.93 & S j ,ini 48 EI C / LC ;
Otherwise if S j ,ini 30 EI C / LC
Where, 0 is the slenderness of a column in which both ends
are assumed to be pinned.
103
Joints Classification by
y Strength
g
A joint may be classified as full-strength, nominally pinned
or partial strength by comparing its design moment
resistance Mj,Rd.
Full-strength joints: design

resistance that of the
connected members & No
plastic hinge.
Partial-strength joints: The

bending resistance < that of
the connected members.
IIn pinned
i
d joints,
j i t the
th design
d i
resistance is quite limited
and it is therefore neglected.
Full-strength
Mj,Rd
Partial-strength
Pinned
Boundaries for strength

Joint strength
104
Sources of Joints Deformability

y
The bending moment Mb in the beam may be reduced to two
statically equivalent forces (one in tension, one in
compression) acting in the beam flanges.
Mb
single-sided joint
configuration
Mb2
Mb1
double-sided joint
configuration
105
Joints
Jo
s Modelling
ode
g
In a single-sided joint configuration, two main contributions
t the
to
th deformation
d f
ti
off the
th joint
j i t are defined:
d fi d
The deformation of the column web panel in shear;
The deformation of the connection in bending.
g
V
wp
Nc2
Mcc2
Vc2
VV
b1
b1
Nb1
Mb1
Mc1
Vc1
Nc1
Joint configuration
V
wp
Web panel in shear

V
b1
N
b1
M
b1
Connection in bending
106
Joints Modelling
g
For simplify, a single-sided joint configuration may be
modelled
d ll d as a single
i l joint;
j i t
and a double-sided joint configuration may be modelled as two
separate but inter
inter-acting
acting joints.
joints
107
Joints Modelling
g
When determining the design moment resistance and
rotational
t ti
l stiffness
tiff
for
f each
h off the
th joints,
j i t the
th influence
i fl
off the
th
web panel in shear should be taken into account by means of
the transformation p
parameters 1 and 2, where:
1 = 1 2 = 1-
M j ,b 2. Ed
M j ,b1, Ed
M j ,b1. Ed
M j ,b 2, Ed
2
2
1 is the value of for the right-hand side joint;

2 is the value of for the left-hand side joint.
will be used to determine design resistance of basic
components off joints
j i
108
Joints Modelling
g
A simplified method to determine the approximate for 1 and
2 is
i shown
h
in
i Table
T bl 5.4
5 4 in
i EN 1993
1993-1-8:
1 8
109
Joints Modelling
g
For frame design, the following joint modelling types are
usually made available to designers:
rigid / full-strength
full strength
rigid / partial-strength
pinned
As soon as the concept of semi-rigid joints is well accepted,
new available joint modelling types be identified:
semi-rigid / full-strength
semi-rigid / partial-strength
110
Semi-Rigid
g Joints
Modelling
g of jjoints ((elastic design)
g )
Mj
Mj
rigid joint
Mj
pinned joint
semi-rigid joint
111
Semi-Rigid
g Joints
The influence is not limited to the moment distribution; the
d fl ti
deflections,
th
the other
th internal
i t
l forces,
f
the
th collapse
ll
mode,
d the
th
collapse load are also affected by the joint properties.
pinned
i
d frame
f
semi-continuous
i
ti
f
frame
112
Joints Modelling
g & Frame Analysis
y
Stiffness
Resistance
Full-strength
Partial-strength
pinned
Rigid
Continuous
Semi-continuous
Semi-rigid
Semi-continuous
Semi-continuous
Pinned
Simple
* Without meaning
Modelling
Type of Frame Analysis

Elastic
g p
Rigid-plastic
Elastic-plastic
p
Continuous
Rigid
Full-strength
Rigid/full-strength
Semicontinuous
Semi-rigid
g
Partial-strength
g
Rigid/partial-strength
g /p
g
Semi-rigid/full-strength
Semi-rigid/partial-strength
simple
i
l
Pi
Pinned
d
Pi
Pinned
d
Pi
Pinned
d
113
St
Structural
t
lC
Connections
ti
114
Topics
p
9
9
9
9
General
Component method
Basic
s c co
components
po e ts
Resistance
Equivalent T
T-stub
stub in tension
Equivalent T-stub in compression
Design resistance of basic components
Bending moment resistance
9 Rotational stiffness
9 Rotation capacity
115
General
A joint may be represented by a rotational spring connecting
th centre
the
t lines
li
off the
th connected
t d members.
b
Th properties
The
ti off
the spring can be described by the relationship between the
bending
g moment Mj,Ed
p
g rotation Ed.
j Ed and the corresponding
116
Structural Properties
p
The design moment-rotation characteristic includes three
main structural properties:
Moment resistance (Mj,Rd)
The design moment resistance Mj,Rd is equal
eq al to the
maximum moment of the design moment-rotation
characteristic.
Rotational stiffness (Sj)
The definition of Sj applies
pp
up
p to the rotation Xd at
which Mj,Ed first reaches Mj,Rd, but not for larger
rotations.
Rotation capacity (Cd)
Cd is equal to the maximum rotation of the design
moment rotation characteristic.
moment-rotation
characteristic
117
Different Approaches
pp
Experimentation
Curve fitting
Finite element analysis
Si
Simplified
lifi d analytical
l i l models
d l Component
C
Method
M h d
Experiment
lt
Function
hb
= C1( kM )1 + C3 ( kM )3 + C5 ( kM )5
ta
118
Procedure of Component Method

Decomposition of joint
Component description
Joint assembly
Column web in tension

Connection
Components in tension
Classification
Representation
Modelling in analyses
Components in compression
Web panel in shear
Column web in compression
Joint
119
Basic Components
p
of a Joint
The structural properties of basic joint components re given
i Table
in
T bl 6.1
6 1 off EN 1993
1993-1-8.
1 8
VEd
For example:
1. Column web panel in shear
VEd
Fc,Ed
2. Column web in transverse compression

p
Ft,Ed
3. Column web in transverse tension

4. Column flange in bending
5 End-plate in bending
5.
6. Flange cleat in bending
Ft,Ed
Ft,Ed
t Ed
Ft,Ed
etc.
120
Basic Joint Components (Table 6.1)
121
Equivalent
q
T-Stub in Tension
In bolted connections an equivalent T-stub in tension may
b used
be
d tto model
d l the
th d
design
i
resistance
i t
off the
th following
f ll i
basic
b i
components:
column flange in bending;
end-plate in bending;
flange cleat in bending;
base plate in bending under tension.
F
n
m
t
B
L eff
2
B
122
Equivalent
q
T-Stub in Tension
T-stub Position
123
Equivalent
q
T-Stub in Tension
Failure modes
FT,Rd
Mode 1: Complete yielding of

the flange;
Q
0.5 FT,Rd+Q
Mode 2: Bolt failure with

yielding
y
g of the flange;
g ;
0.5 FT,Rd+Q
FT,Rd
T Rd
Q
0.5 FT,Rd+Q
Mode 3: Bolt failure.

is the design tension
Where, FT,Rd
,
resistance if a T-stub flange;
Q is the prying force.
0 5 FT,Rd
0.5
0.5 FT,Rd+Q
FT,Rd
0 5 FT,Rd
0.5
124
Equivalent
q
T-Stub in Tension
For Mode 1 without backing
plates,
l t
th d
the
design
i
ttension
i
resistance given as:
FT,1, Rd =
FT,1, Rd =
4 M pl ,1, Rd
m
2 M pl ,1, Rd
m
or
F/2
F/2
F/2
F/2
(no prying forces)
dw
Where,,
M pl,1, Rd = 0,25leff ,1t f f y / M 0

2
F/2 F/2
F/4
F/4
Q/2
Q/2
dw
F/4
F/4
Q/2
Q/2
m
C
C
125
Equivalent
q
T-Stub in Tension
For Mode 1 with backing plates.
hbp leff ,1
ebp 2d
FT,1, Rd =
FT,1, Rd =
4 M pl ,1, Rd + 2 M bp , Rd
m
2 M pl ,1, Rd
m
e bp
h bp
b
e bp
(no prying forces)
Where
Where,
M ppl,1,
fy / M0
, , Rd = 0, 25leff
ff ,1t f
2
M bp, Rd = 0,25leff ,1tbp f y ,bp / M 0

2
tbp
126
Equivalent
q
T-Stub in Tension
Where, m, emin, tf and leff are s indicated as following:
Dimensions of an equivalent T
T-stub
stub flange
127
Equivalent
q
T-Stub in Tension
For Mode 2:
FT,2, Rd =
2 M pl , 2 , Rd + n Ft , Rd
m+n
For Mode 3:
FT,3, Rd = Ft, Rd
2
Where M
Where,
= 0,25leff , 2t f f y / M 0
pl,2 ,Rd
n = e min
but n 1.25m
Ft,Rd is the design tension resistance of a bolt.
128
Equivalent
q
T-Stub in Compression
p
In steel- to-concrete joints, the flange of an equivalent T-stub
i compression
in
i
may be
b used
d to
t model:
d l
the steel base plate in bending under the bearing pressure on

the foundation;;
the concrete and/or grout joint material in bearing.
The design compression resistance of a T-stub flange FC,Rd

should be determined as follows:
FC, Rd = (b eff leff ) f jd

Where beff is the effective
Where,
effecti e width
idth of the T-stub
T stub flange
leff is the effective length of the T-stub flange,
fjd is the design bearing strength of the joint
129
Equivalent
q
T-Stub in Compression
p
The area of equivalent T-stub in compression may be
d t
determined
i d as follows:
f ll
c=t
fy
3 f jd M 0
where:
h
t iis the
th thickness
thi k
off th
the T
T-stub
t b fl
flange;
fy is the yield strength of the T-stub flange.
130
Design
g Resistance of Basic Components
p
For a single-sided joint, or
For a double-sided joint in which the beam depths are similar,
The design plastic shear resistance Vwp,Rd of an unstiffened
column web should be obtained using:
Vwp , Rd =
0.9 f y , wc Avc
3 M 0
Where, Avc is the shear area of the column,

see EN 1993-1-1.
1993 1 1
131
Design
p
Where a column web is reinforced by adding a supplementary
web plate, the shear area Avc may be increased by bstwc.
Some
S
reinforced
i f
d methods
th d given
i
as:
Examples of cross-section with longitudinal welds
132
Design
p
Transverse
compression
i
on
an unstiffened
column
133
Design
p
The design resistance of an unstiffened column web subject
to transverse compression should be determined from:
Fc , wc , Rd
k wc beff ,c t wc f y , wc
k wc beff ,c t wc f y , wc
=
but Fc , wc , Rd
M0
M1
Where, M 0 = M 1 = 1.0
is a reduction factor,, see Table 6.3 in EN 1993-1-8;;
k wc = 1.0
if com, Ed 0.7 f y , wc
k wc = 1.7 - com, Ed /f y , wc if com, Ed > 0.7 f y , wc
beff,c,wc is the effective width of column web in compression,

see clause
l
6.2.6.2
6 2 6 2 in
i EN 1993
1993-1-8.
1 8
134
Design
p
is the reduction factor for plate buckling
= 1.0
= p - 0.2 / p
p = 0.932
if p 0.72
2
if p > 0.72
beff ,c , wc d wc f y , wc
Et wc
The column-sway buckling mode of an unstiffened column

web in compression should be prevented by constructional
restraints.
t i t
Column-sway buckling mode

135
Design
p
Table 6.3: Reduction factor for interaction with shear
136
Design
p
3. Column web in transverse tension
The design resistance of an unstiffened column web subject
to transverse tension should be determined from:
Ft , wc , Rd
beff , t, wc t wc f y , wc
=
M0
Where, see Table 6.3 in EN 1993-1-8;
For a bolted
F
b lt d connection,
ti
beff,t,wc = th
the effective
ff ti length
l
th off
equivalent T-stub;
F a welded
For
ld d connection,
ti
Ft,Ed
,
beff ,t , wc = t fb + 2 2ab + 5(t fc + s )

s = rc
for rolled section
s = 2 ac
for welded section

137
Design
p
4. Column flange in transverse bending
Ft,Ed
,
For welded joints,
F fc , Rd =
beff , b,fc t fb f y , fb
M0
Wh
Where,
beff,b,fc is
i the
th effective
ff ti breath
b
th beff defined
d fi d in
i clause
l
4.10
4 10
For unstiffened column flange, bolted connection, the

design resistance and failure mode should be taken as
similar to those of an equivalent T
T-stub
stub flange:
each individual bolt-row required to resist tension;
bolt-rows
rows required to resist tension
each group of bolt
138
Design
p
Definitions of e, emin, rc, and m
139
Design
p
Effective length (Leff)
Circular failure
Single bolt
Bolt group
Another failure
Single bolt
B lt group
Bolt
140
Design
p
Circular Failure
2r
r=m
Virtual work
on cone deformation
r=n
/2
Leff ,cp = 2 m
/2
/2
141
Design
p
Effective lengths for an unstiffened column flange
142
Design
p
5. End-plate in bending
An end-plate
end plate in bending sho
should
ld be treated as an equivalent
T-stub flange.
Modelling an extended end-plate separate T-stubs
For the end-plate extension,
e = ex
m = mx
143
Design
p
Bolt in Corner
Circular patterns
effective length
1,4
=8
2p
5,5
4,75
4,45
1,2
Leff ,op = m
1,0
m
m+e
m2
2 =
m+e
0,8
1 =
06
0,6
04
0,4
0,2
,
0,0
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
144
Design
p
5. End-plate in bending
Effective lengths for an end-plate
end plate given in Table 6
6.6
6 in EN 1993
1993-1-8:
1 8:
145
Design Resistance of Basic Components

A bolted angle flange cleat in bending sho
should
ld be treated as an
equivalent T-stub flange.
Effective length leff eff of an angle flange cleat
146
Design
p
Influence of Gap
emin
m
0,8 r a
ra
g 0,4 t
g >0,4 t
g 0,4 ta
Effective length eff = 0,5ba
emin
m
0,5 t a
ra
g > 0,4 ta
ba
147
Bending
g Moment Resistance
The design moment resistance may be derived from the
d i
design
resistances
i t
off its
it basic
b i components
t to
t internal
i t
l forces.
f
For welded connection:
M j , Rd =Ft , Rd z
Where, z is the lever arm;
Ft,Rd
t Rd is the tension force
of tensional flange.
Ft,Rd
M j,Rd
Fc,Rd
148
Bending
g Moment Resistance
For bolted connection one bolt row
M j , Rd = iFti , Rd zi
Ft.Rd
Ft.Rd
z
Fc.Rd
Fc.Rd
149
Bending
g Moment Resistance
Determination of the lever arm z for beam-to-column joints
z = h - tfb
z
150
Rotational Stiffness
Deformation of a component
Fi
i =
ki E
Rotation in Joint
j =
i
i
Mj
Fi z
Fi z 2
Ez 2
Ez 2
=
=
=
Sj =
F
1
1
1
i
j
i
Ki
Ki
z
E Ki
Where, ki is the stiffness coefficient for

b i joint
basic
j i t componentt i;
i
z is the lever arm;
is the stiffness ratio.
ratio
Fi
Z
151
The stiffness ratio should be determined from:
S j ,ini
=
Sj
2
M
M j , Rd
j , Ed
if
3
S j ,ini
=
=1
Sj
2
if M j , Rd M j , Ed M j , Rd
3
=
S j ,ini
Sj
M j , Ed
= 1.5
M
j , Rd
Type of connection
Welded
27
2.7
Bolted end-plate
2.7
Bolted angle flange cleats
3.1
Base plate connections
2.7
152
The stiffness coefficients ki for basic component should be
determined from Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8:
Component
Column web
panel in shear
Stiffness coefficient ki
Unstiffened
VEd
k1 =
VEd
0.38 Avc
z
Unstiffened
Column web in
compression
Fc,Ed
Column web in
tension
Ft,Ed
k2 =
0.7beff ,c , wc t wc
dc
Other
connections
k3 =
0.7beff ,t , wc t wc
dc
Stiffened
k1 =
Stiffened
k2 =
Stiffened welded
connection
k3 =
153
Continue
Stiffness coefficient ki
Component
Column flange
in bending
Ft,Ed
k4 =
End-plate in
bending
Flange cleat in
bending
Ft,Ed
0.9leff t fc
k5 =
Ft,Ed
k6 =
m3
0.9leff t p
m3
0.9leff t a
m3
154
Equivalent
q
Stiffness
For end-plate joints with two or more bolt-rows on tension, a
single
i l equivalent
i l t stiffness
tiff
coefficient
ffi i t keq determined
d t
i d from:
f
k eq =
Where,
k eff ,i zi
i
zeq
zeq =
k eff ,i zi
z1 z z
2
Mj
1
keff =
1
i k
i
3
2
z1
k eff , r hi
i
z4
155
Rotation Capacity
p
y
For plastic global analysis
For basic safety
Ductile
D til components
t
Plate in bending
M j.Rd
Column web in shear
Cd
Brittle components
bolts
0,0
el
Cd
welds
156
Rotation Capacity
p
y
Deem to satisfy criteria
Welded joints
Unstiffened
Cd , min = 0,015
Unstiffened in tension + stiffened in compression + no

shear influence
= 0,025 h / h
Cd , min
Bolted
B lt d joints
j i t
Plate failure
End-plate/column flange thickness
t 0,36 d f ub / f y
157
Hollow Section Joints
158
Topics
9 General
9 Failure
F il
modes
d
9 Example CHS members
Range of validity
Design charts
9 Worked examples
9 CIDECT materials
159
Web Design
g
tubular shape
p is p
popular
p
due to its excellent
geometrical properties in compression and
torsion
mass distributed away from longitudinal axis
making it ideal for use as columns
160
because of their hollow centre,

they can be easily filled with concrete
for composite structural applications
good ductile properties and
due
d
tto the
th confinement
fi
t effect,
ff t concrete
t
cannot split away even if ultimate strength
is reached
161
Why the fuss about Hollow Section

Joint Design?
Hollow Section Joints can be very flexible!

Designing un-stiffened joints is a skilled task and must be done at
the member design stage
162
Failure Modes for Welded Hollow

Section Joints
Mode A: Plastic failure of

the chord face
Mode
M
d C
C: Tension
T
i
failure
f il
off
the web member
Mode B: Punching shear

failure of the chord face
Mode
ode D:: Local
oca buc
buckling
go
of
the web member
163
Failure Modes for Welded Hollow Section

Joints
Mode E: Overall shear

failure of the chord
Mode F: Local buckling of
the chord walls
Mode G: Local buckling

g of
the chord face
164
Tip: Minimize the number of Joints (and

hence, members)
Warren Trusses are a popular way to

minimi e the number
minimize
n mber of members and
joints
165
Some Golden Rules to Avoid Tubular Joint

ob e s
Problems
General Tips for Designers
166
Welding
g of Rectangular
g
Hollow Sections
167
Welding in Cold-Formed Zones

- restriction at corner regions
May be carried out within a length 5 t
either side of a cold-formed zone only if:

Cold-formed zones are normalized after coldforming but before welding
r / t - ratio satisfy the relevant values:
Table 4.2 EN1993-1-8

r/t
Maximum
M
i
thickness
thi k
(mm)
(
)
Fully killed Aluminium-killed steel
(Al 0,02 %)
25
10
3,0
30
2,0
1,5
1,0
10
any
any
24
12
10
6
168
Some Golden Rules to Avoid Tubular Joint

Problems
General tips for designers
Width Ratios
169
Some Golden Rules to Avoid Tubular

Joint Problems
Wall Slenderness
Web Angles
170
Gapped
pp
vs. Overlapped
pp
Truss Joints
Design tips to optimize welded HSS joint design
Select relatively stocky chord
Select relatively thin branch
Consider virtues of g
gapped
pp K-connections
Gapped
Easier and cheaper

p to
fabricate
Overlapped
Higher
g
static and fatigue
g
strength, generally
Produces stiffer truss
( d
(reduces
truss
t
deflections)
d fl ti
)
171
General
Chapter 7 of EN 1993-1-8
Background CIDECT materials
Uni-planar and multi-planar joints
Circular,
Circ lar square
sq are or rectangular
rectang lar hollow
hollo sections
+
Uni
Uni-planar
planar joints
Combinations of hollow sections with open sections
Detailed application rules to determine the static resistances
of joints in lattice structures
172
Geometrical Types of Basic Joints
K joint
j i t
KT joint
j i t
N jjoint
i t
T joint
X joint
Y joint
173
Geometrical Types of Complex

Joints
DK joint
KK joint
X jjoint
TT jjoint
DY joint
XX joint
174
Failure Modes Chord, Plastic

Ci l
Circular
Ch d off I or H
Chords
------
Chord side wall

failure
Chhord facee failure
R t
Rectangular
l
175
Failure Modes Chord, Shear

Circular
Chords of I or H
Punchiing shear
Chord sshear
failurre
Rectangular
-------
176
Failure Modes - Brace

Circular
Chords of I or H
Local buckling
Brace faailure
Rectangular
177
Circular Hollow Section Joints

Tube model for chord face failure
178

Model for punching shear failure
179

Model for chord shear
gap
180
Rectangular
g
Analytical plastic lines model for chord face failure
f joints
for
j i t off type
t
T,
T Y or X
Y joint
Model
181
Rectangular
g
Model of the brace effective width
Model of chord shear failure
182
Rectangular
g
Model for the plastification or the local buckling
off the
th lateral
l t
l chord
h d side
id walls
ll
183
Joints between Hollow and Open

Section Members
Model of the brace effective width

Distribution of the stresses and deformations
at the end of a RHS member
184
Joints between Hollow

and Open Section Members
Model of chord shear failure
Shear of the chord in a K joint with gap
185
Joints between Hollow

and Open Section Members
Model of the local plastification of the chord web
186
CHS Members - Range of Validity

For welded jjoints between CHS brace members
and CHS chords
0,2 di / d0 1,0
Class 2 and 10 d0 / t0
but
10 d0 / t0
Class 2 and
50
40
generally
for X joints
10 di / ti 50
ov 25%
g t1 + t2
187
Welded joints between CHS Members

in Uniplanar joints
Brace member connections subject
j
to combined bending
g and
axial force should satisfy
N i , Ed M ip ,i , Ed
+
N i , Rd M ip ,i , Rd
M op ,i , Ed
1,0
+
M op ,i , Rd
Mip,i,Rd
ip i Rd
Mip,i,Ed
Mop,i,Rd
table;
the design
g in-plane
p
moment resistance,, in table;;
the design in-plane internal acting moment;
the design
g out-of-plane
p
moment resistance, in
Mop,i,Ed
the design out-of-plane internal acting moment.
188
Design Charts
Bourrier P.,
P Brozzetti J.:
J:
Construction metallique
et mixte acier-beton,
Tome 2, Conception et
mise en oeuvre, Editions
Eyrolles APK et ACIER,
Eyrolles,
ACIER
Ce
Paris, 1996.
1,0
d0
0,9
0,8
f yo to k p
N1.Rd
= Ce
A1 f y 1
f y 1 t1 sin1
t0
f yo t o k p
N 1. Rd
= CT
A1 f y 1
f y 1 t 1 sin 1
10
0,7
06
0,6
15
0,5
20
0,4
30
40
50
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
189
Worked Example K Joint RHS

Check
Ch
k the
th truss
t
j i t diagonals
joint,
di
l 1506 and
d chord
h d 2008 in
i
angle 45and gap 20 mm. Chord is carrying force N0.Sd =
1363,6
, kN,, and diagonals
g
580 kN. Steel S355.
50
=1
h2
h1
=1
50
N1.Sd
45?
1363
e=+20
h0=200
542,8
t1=6
45?
b1=150
N2.Sd
t0=8
b0=200
190
Range
g of Validity
y
For excentricity
0,55 h0 e 0,25 h0
20 mm 0,25 200 = 50 mm
For diagonals
b
35
t
b
E
1,25
t
fy
150
35
6
150
210000
1,25
6
355
For chord
0 ,5
h0
2 ,0
b0
b0
35
t0
h0
35
t0
b0 + h0
25
t0
0 ,5
200
2 ,0
200
200
35
8
200
35
8
200 + 200
25
8
191
Failure Modes
The possible failure modes
Chord face failure
Chord shear failure
Punching shear failure
Brace failure
192
Chord Face Failure

The diagonal resistance
m
m
+
b
t0 f y 1 i 1 hi
1
= 8,9
=
kn
M5
sin 2 m b0
82 355 150 + 150 + 150 + 150

1
= 594,8 kN
= 8,9
0
,
902
12
,
5
sin 45
2 2 200
1,15
N1. Rd
Factor kn = 0,902 expresses the reduction due to shear force
193
Chord Shear Failure

Gap
h sin (1 + 2 )
h1
h2
g = e + 0
=
2 sin 1 sin 2 2 sin 1 2 sin 2
200 sin (45 + 45 )

150
150
= 20 +
= 27 ,9 mm
2 sin 45 sin 45 2 sin 45 2 sin 45
Sh
Shear
area
Av = (2 h0 + b0 ) t 0 = (2 200 + 0,241 200 ) 8 = 3586 mm 2
The resistance
N1. Rd =
Av f y
3 sin M5
3586 355 1
= 903,8 kN
3 sin 45 1,15
194
Punching Shear Failure

The diagonal resistance
N1. Rd
t0 f y
1
2 h1
=
+ b1 + bep
=
sin
3 sin
M5
8 355
2 150
1
=
+ 150 + 60
= 1 278,9 kN
3 sin 45 sin 45
1,15
The effective width

bep =
10 b1 t 0 10 150 8
=
= 60 mm 150 mm = b1
b0
200
195
Brace Failure
F effective
For
ff ti width
idth
2
beff =
10 b1 t0 f y 0
b0 t1 f y1
10 150 82 355
=
= 80 mm 150 mm = b1
200 6 355
is the diagonal
g
resistance
N1. Rd = t1 f y (2 h1 4 t1 + b1 + beff )
M5
= 6 355 (2 150 4 6 + 150 + 80 )
1
= 937,2 kN
1,15
196
Final Resistance
Resulting resistace is the minimum:
Chord face failure
594,8 kN
Chord shear failure
903,8 kN
Punching shear failure
1278,9 kN
Brace failure
937,2 kN
The diagonal resistance 594

594,8
8 kN is higher compare to the
acting forces in both diagonals (580 kN). OK
197
Worked Example - Gusset Plate

Connecton
Connect TR 200 200 6,3 by plate P15. Force FSd =150 kN.
Steel S355J2H. Bolts M 8.8.
198
Range of Validity
Plate
M1
N1
t
0 ,2
b0
15
= 0,075 0,2
200
M0
t1 = 15
h1 = 200
t 0 = 6,3
N0 M0
N0
h 0 = 200
b0 = 200
Chord
h0
0 ,5
2 ,0
b0
200
0 ,5
2 ,0
200
b0
35
t0
200
= 31,7 35
6,3
h0
30
t0
b0 + h0
25
t0
200
= 31,7 35
6,3
200 + 200
= 63 ,4 25
6 ,3
199
Chord Face Failure

M1 = 6 kN
kNm
N1
M0
h1 = 200
t 1 = 15
t 0 = 6,3
N0 M0
N0 = - 300 kN
h 0 = 200
b 0 = 200
Additional factors
= h1 / b0 = 200 / 200 = 1
km = 1
n=
M0 j
1,1
N 0 ,Sd
A0 f y ,0
M 0 ,Sd
W0 f y ,0
)=
6 000
1,1 1 300 000
+
= 0 ,260
1 4 745 355 262,2 355
k m = 1,3 ( 1 n ) = 1,3( 1 0,260 ) 1,0
200
Design Check
M1 = 6 kNm
N1
M0
t1 = 15
h1 = 200
t 0 = 6,3
N0 M0
N0 = - 300 kN
h 0 = 200
2
N1.Rd =
N1.Rd
t 0 f y ,0
1 t1 / b0
(2 + 4
(
b 0 = 200
1 t1 / b0 k m
1,1
M0 Mj
6,3 2 355
1,1
2 1 + 4 1 15 / 200 k m
=
= 0,0779
1 15 / 200
1,1 1,0
M pl ,1.Rd = 0,5 N 1.Rd h1 = 0,5 0,0779 200 = 7 ,79 M Sd

201
CIDECT Materials
Wardenier J., Kurobane Y., Parker J.A.
Dutta D., Yeomans N.: Design guide for
circular
i
l hollow
h ll
section
i
(CHS)
(C S) joints
j i
under predominantly static loading,
CIDECTT, Construction with hollow
steel sections, Verlag TUV Rheinland
Gmbh, Kln, 1991.
Wardenier J., Dutta D., Yeomans N.
Parker J.A., Bucak O.: Design Guide for
Structural Hollow Sections in
Mechanical Applications, CIDECTT,
Construction with hollow steel sections,
Verlag TUV Rheinland Gmbh, Kln,
1995.
202
Worked Example - End Plate in

Tension
Check the end plate connection of CHS loaded in tension;
force NSd = 450 kN. Steel S235.
Based on CIDECT materials.
d0=168
e1=51
e2=50
50
NSd
t0=5
t p =20
8 x M20 - 8.8
NSd
203
Design Check - Plate

Minimal plate thickness
tp
2 N Sd M 0
=
f y f3
2 450000 1,15
= 16,3 mm
235 5,30
Shape factor f3 is taken form graph
f 3 = 5,30
for ratio on exes x of graph
d 0 t0
168 5
=
= 0,617
d 0 t 0 + 2 e1 168 5 + 2 51
Souinitel
10
8
6
4
2
d 0 - t0
d 0 - t 0 + 2 e1
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
204
Design Check - Bolts

Bolt resistance
Bt . Rd =
0,9 AS f ub
Mb
0,9 245 800

= 121,7 kN
1,45
asked number of bolts
N Sd
0,67 Bt . Rd
1
1
450000
1
1
= 7,73
=
+
1
1 f +
5,30
186
0
,
67
121700
r
3
1
5,30 ln
f 3 ln
135
r2
and r1, r2 are calculated as

r1 = 0,5 d 0 + 2 e1 = 0,5 168 + 2 51 = 186 mm
r2 = 0,5 d 0 + e1 = 0,5 168 + 51 = 135 mm
205

Connections

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Connections

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bolts and Bolted Connection

Tensile Area As determined

according to EN 1993-1-1 using 0,6 p1 as buckling length

For staggered rows of fasteners

Minimum line spacing of p2 = 1.2d0

Minimum distance between any two fasteners of L = 2.4d

Where, v = 0.6 for Class 4.6, 5.6 & 8.8

Where, v = 0.6 for all Class

Where, d is the bolt diameter

k1 = min 1.4 - 1.7,2.5

For holes 2 (end bolts)

For holes 1 (inner bolts)

Where, fub is the strength of bolt

dm the mean of the across points and

Combined Shear and Tension

Reduction of Bolt Shear Resistance

but 1.0 Lt 0,75

A blasted, metal spraying

B blasted (EN 1090)

C cleaned (EN 1090)

D cleaned (EN 1090)

Long slotted holes

M 3, ser = 1.1 refer

Combined Shear and Tension

For ultimate resistance

For serviceability resistance:

k s n (FP , C 0.8 Ft , Ed , ser )

Block tearing subject concentric load

Block tearing subject eccentric load

Ant net area subjected to tension

Veff ,2, Rd = 0.5

N u , Rd = 2.0(e2 0.5d 0 )tf u / M 2

Anet = (56.5 + 76.5 22) 7 = 777mm 2

= 0.4 + (3.64 2.5)

Anet f u 0.54 777 430

N t , Rd = N u , Rd = 164kN > 147kN

Design resistance in block tearing considering rows as staggered:

Anv = (130 33) 7 = 679mm 2

0.5 430 238 275 679

The angle is satisfactory.

0,5 fu,b1 Ant

360 7,1(140 2 22) 1

Given geometry c, a & do

Serviceability Bending Resistance

Where fyp is the yield strength of the pin

Wel is the elastic modulus of the pin,

Serviceability Bearing Resistance

M 6 , ser = 1.0 refer to SS to EN 1993

the diameter of the pin;

kt ks d tb ,re sin f b ,re sin

(EC3) Table 3.5: Values of and tb,resin

1.0 < t1/t2 < 2.0

Connection to unstiffened flange

Full Strength Butt Welds

The Heat Source

The Heat Affected Zone

The Heat Affected Zone

Carbon Steel: Weldability

CE limit for steel plates

CEV limit (%)

a: quenched & tempered

Weld all round

Effective Throat Thickness

The effective throat thickness, a, should be taken as