PHAENOMENOLOGICA SOUS AS PATRENAGE eS CENTRES WRC ES HE, 106 DAVID CARR INTERPRETING HUSSERL Pres sl Lene) MeL, Layee (Sl, Mary bor Be), 3, Mola Pipi, Ra ah. Ser INTERPRETING HUSSERL Critical and Comparative Studies DAVID CARR Ir MARTINUS NUUCEE LURLISHERS Bad23/taca 42] ayo9e 129 Le Diibtors 40 he United Soe and Canada: Kiuwer Academic Publis, P.O. Box 358, ‘Asord Staion, Hingham, MA C2188, USA {for the UR on Iran Kner Acai Pabers, MIP Pres Line, aor Houe, Queen Square Lancaster LAL IRN, UK {forall oher canines Kluwer Academic Pabst, Group, Distibation Cet P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dowie, The Nerberante trary of Congres Catling in Paitin Dat ISDN 902073508 eg convient (© 1967 by Maris Niboff Publishes, Davee ‘es serve No par of his ubeation may be reproduced, stored ia 2 ‘arial oem, o transmit in ay form or by an mewn, mahal, ocpying recordin, o termite, without te prior wes person the pine, ein Martins Miho Publishers, P.O. Box 16,3800 AD ati at P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht Contents, Lengthening Shadow: A Hisorial Introduction 1 Huser cesses 1, Phenorenology and Relativism 2. The Fith Meditation and Husses Cartesian, 5. Huset's Cris and the Problem of History 4, History, Paenomenology and Reflection TL Hussee and oohers 5, Intentional: Hasse and the Analytic Approach 6. The Problem of The Now-Empiricl Ego: Huss and Kant eevee 7 Findley, Huss and The Epoché: Realism and deals & Interprettion and SetEvidence” Hise) and Hermeneutics 9. The Future Perfect: Temporal and Prony in Huser, Heidegger and Diltey oo... 10, World, Werld-View, Liewarld: Huss andthe Conceptual Relative 11, The ifeword Revisited: Huser Interpreters, rd Some Reset Huser and Beyond 12. Time-Consciousness and Historical Consciousness 1B. “Personalities of a Higher Order 14. Copitamus Ergo Suos: The Intentional ofthe Fist Peron Plural. Acknowledgments ceseereeeee Indes cesoeseeeeeneeneenensee vu a 25 ne on us ww 197 vs wr a3 a0 as a 01for LESLIE CARR ith love and thanks Preface [Edmund Huset's importance forthe plosaphy of our century isimmense, but his influence has followed a curious path. Rather than continuous ths ben recurent, ambulatory and somehow ‘nrepresible: no sooner docs wane in one localty thant pings upin another. After playing a major roe in Germany during hs ‘Metie, Huser had been led away inthe history-Books OF hat country when he was discovered by the French during and ater ‘World War Il And just asthe phenomenological phase of French pllosophy was ending in the 1960s, Huselbeeame important fmNorth America. There his wok was frat taken seriously By 8 Sieable minority of dissenters from the Anglo-American establish tment, the adition of conceptual and linguistic analysis. More recenly, some pllosophes wits that tadion have drawn on ‘etn of Hues central concepts (intentionality, the noe) In addressing problems in the pilosopty of mind andthe theory of meaning “Thi otto sy that Hise ether ded out Itmay be that ‘irety, but (as uy to argue in the introductory essay ofthis volume) his influence ives on in subtler Forms, in certain basic tutes, strategies and problems. If analyte philosophers now {ake seriously some important accomplishments of Hustr' carly and mide years, tbe central theme of his ate work, the interplay betwee lifeworld, history and ationaiy, seems to be reappeat- Ing as «problem in recent German and French thought ‘One way or another, ticle that Huser has long sinc ceased to be merely the founding father of phenomenology, or the forerunner of this or that philosopher, or the precursor of cenavu ‘tends, He as joined the ranks of those great thinkers whose ‘hough seems inexhaustible itsichness, 10 whose works we are repeatedly returning, and hove eae we ate continually tying to understand and appropiate ‘Theessaysin thie volume, previously published in tere paces, have ben brought together inthe hope that in collected form they ‘may contribute to that work of appropistion They were mien ‘eeween 1972 and 1986, and this represent various sages inthe Project of interpreting Huss in which Lam ail engage. Ihave ‘ot attempted to eliminate any nconsiteacis which may have reuled from changes in my interpretations or rts over the yrs, Only minor and superficial revisions have been made, Crain themes and conceras persist: the problem of concep! ‘eatin, thereation of phenomenology to hstory the concepts ‘ofintatonaity and thelfeword. While the essays might have been arranged according to such themes, or in chronological ‘td, a third principle of arrangement in the end seems me appropriate Part one isnt simply “Huse tojndicat that am dealing hee primarily wth problems itera othe pilosopher's work ‘Theemergenceat history aban important concept in Huse ate \rtngs and the problems i pote fr his phenomenology, are Ialters which began to interest me when translated Husce's The Crisis of European Scenes" and which ed to «book onthe {opie Two ofthe papersin this section del with he same heme ‘one in connection primary wih the Criss, the other dealing ‘hie with Experience and Judgment. thd is elated to thet, and deals with the problem of intersubjetviy in the Cartesian Mediatons. Husset’s phenomenology seemed 19 me 10 be ‘hreaene from within by aformof conceptual eltivinm in these lat works, butt subsequently occured tome that the roots of his threat could be traced fo earlier works a well "Phenomnenolony nd Relatvsm tries to show this, and inet deal with the carly Huaser 1 have placed i fist inthis group, The chronology of uses work then leads me to follow i with the ea on the Fifth Meditation and to conclude withthe two dscusions of he Jae works, The ssysin Part Two, ‘Huser and Others’, attempt to rlate ‘uss to other philosophers and currents of thought, cach ia * connection with a particular topic: etsn analyte philosophers ‘on intentionality, Dithey and Heidegger on temporality, Kant on ‘the transcendental eo, J.N. Findlay on realism, dea andthe ‘poche, hermeneutical philosophers on slf-vidence, ete. To the ‘rpina les ofthese says Ihave in some caves added eubites hich help identify cei contents Two of thee esays wore ‘orginally writen in German and appear here forthe fis time English ‘The third section is emiled “Huser and Beyond’. In these essays Huse! serves a point of departare forthe development of deas he might or might not have found congenial. They were written as preparatory studies for book on the philosophy of history in which the concepts of temporality and of the socal subject play an inpetaat ole? The book it not about Hussert and in some respects departs even from phenomenology, bait ‘owes much Husterl and would not have en possible had tac ‘been tying to think through and beyond him. The same i tte ‘ofthese essays, and it for this reason that Ihave chosen to inclu them hee‘Ph rf Erp Sneed Trasentn! Phenomena, 38 avin by Dd Car anemone ety 2 Pond Pref Mio van: ewe ie 3, Te! arava sor (Soca eins Unesy Pes 90, Husserl’s Lengthening Shadow: A Historical Introduction, Im the 1950's Maurice Meveau-Ponty wrote an essay called “Le philosopheet son ombre. It was devoted to Huse andthe tile ‘was wel chosen for paying homage oa philosopher who so oft spoke of the Abschatungen (hadigs,prols) trough which perceived things presen themaivesfo'ws. Shadow, of course, hve along and noble metaphorical history in plilosophy; one might be pur in mind of Plato's shadows which, untel tough they are, resemble and can lead us othe reales which ast ‘hen. Merleau:Ponty had something ee in mind, however: be Tink the shadows cast by objes tothe spaces betwen obeess, and both intra to what Heidegger called das Ungedache in thinker's work Shadows, space, efletions, ke the silenes and ss in and around segments of dicouse, ate not themsclves ‘Objects or sentences. But they af openings and occasion for peeepions and thoughts which would not have been possible ‘without them, Everyone knows, of course, that Husser is a giant of our ‘century who indeed casts a Tong shadow. Shadows aso change {hei length and direction asthe day wears on. Mereau Pony, i this and other wings the same period, was contributing tothe ond great wave of Hussein influence in 20th century European philosophy, the one which began after World Wa It and was so greatly faclated by the Husserlana editions. Le Dhilesophe et son ombe’ was primary a meditation on Men ‘ol. which had been published in 1952). Inthe frst phate, Huser had inspired vatous schools of cose disciples ia Ger ‘many but the greaest fru of his thought were the orginal ‘nd biliant works of Scheler and especialy Heidegger. Nether2 4 4 Hussam or even »phenomenoloiin Huss ee, et neti can be asin Popey undrond wi Hise So to he won pases torent of slap and means of ent to. Reprcenaton arsine mind’ ad ony sence swe feu bevond then. The sco tha the whole appears ‘ay dtntion iow oul he apr conten wc ae bond th bene eam ae ness apleslean ‘hs pas in hat elm, af soy theme wa do £9 anpear the word sin lal according to Ras Wegitinate, Thus what seemed a philosophical strategy for reunit. Joe anpewranc nd realy nour expeenessermr ts hog thes 40ar after ll and oleate ws where we mere been Hegel atacks Kant on both hse pins He fms tht the spearancevely distinction as is home in ur eal Petence an hat mas no sense 1 ei or fering bend al posible experience. nis Phenomenology hese ents siti ofthe whole dsinstion: “tural consdouses? er cxf, vay ipacect eon whe mre, nguhing cto what in th, Fah, he ‘epee oth rapping mach moe ead hn Kato yn our detings with atte, mth a view to senna oo in dealing wit ach othe, and enn trong saci {Marae wth spreiace, ths “pahvay of SOUS Sd oars He ists to oa muta deve es i which te realty panty ainda oe see a come the appearance tobe tansetaed saeco But for all his concreteness, how doce Herel oa 4, sala potest ote erste abe has he anc sats In selaion to 4 mukipicty of ace by ferent ‘ject: My act anda he hrs se th they sand within tortion commamiy of npr ich {incu pret and apres nd ye fara the ta thie the consciousness of Ws bing aa here” ‘Sich is ers phenomenon ascent of healer er wtih aun makes pore hs phenomenological seoun of the Sieve word "Teserece the wl spat) rate sit ormaion bene Leper gen © Gt at wl Tha wes emg my acon ce concionns, big the flee dose esas riveted in pr he conse f anther. These ‘he concours fa ote eft" Sov teense by eng even him hat anything ee ‘hyn forme Ba posable ont tease the consiou tes of ober at an len vs of ees, ef as See for tee ian be eno mei tr own pea way, What Fcc bas done, tig te Spans we have mete8 'o point to and elucidate the form of consciousness though which thisvennesis realized. Through appresenation and the peat, ‘analsicine apprehension’ involved in Fremderfahrung, tat confronted wih an object which isa subject, a cota cope What must be understood about this whole account i ht, hil the alter ego makes posible thatthe “et of the wold ‘zceds my actual posible consciousness, the afer ego does nat ‘himself exceed my actual and possible consciousness That Be 's described in the ith meditation nthe same way thay every lke was described before the problem of “lipsisa’ Was ase, ‘namely as transcendent only inthe weaker ens not redible > "e particular act or at in which he i given tome. He sot ‘educible only because he isthe objective unity of acta! and possible acts of my own in which he ca be given. Or ithe oer {s himself gven as objective (uarscendent in the stronger se) tis ony by reference ro another posible alter ego (o he same ‘hss ego) which i wanscendent only inthe weaker sense. The obit lwhat ts orme because itis eno posible seam ‘fstpeiene that is not my own, But this can make sens ony because that stream of experience, nt my own, ean inte BE faveriaced by me = though “experienced” must now be Ut ‘Settoed ina broad enowsh sense to nce the appesentatve ‘snalogiing' apprehension, In other word, Huser’ account up a this point is ast) {ological account, one contained wholly within the schema e80 ‘2eltoncogiarum, tan even be called slips’ if the so {Be ete understood at higher eel. This is neceay base ‘he coniatum in the broadest sense - the world ~ hat beet rovided wih an added dimension. The ‘objective word as beet ‘svsined by reference o other subjects who are notin it bute {tanscendental in relation tot. In thi narrow eas he other #9 Siamcendentl sno art of my world al ut be and ‘orl ‘contribution tothe make-up ofthe world which comprise 23 fll edad mona in ts own right do belong win the ae 2h, cal and possible experience, That iy tinguished ‘between what isdirety given to meand what sively venom) {e-him ba ts within my own experience that Ido tis NOw 'Perine in this broadest Senge can ise be considered & 9 ‘mona which contain and conte sand ako ‘ny win thennsrowe seme). Wh the ter doe no sit bslon 1 tny wor at we sad above, be cenly belongs omy mona ‘hws what hasbeen shown i “bow I ean conte in yall another Egor, more radia, tow tcan cose ny mona thother mona Putthermote, kha een sown "ow Van ideiy anata costed ne with ate consid by ‘none dsr, sated withthe ney peta how | en identity a Nasr coed ine wih oe Conted i meet 4 Nate conte by someone te)" "Tus vile everthing i is amework H nderiood by seen 19 my acta a ponte exper the Fh Med {ation node ft thi framework ta imprint incon {tat na ot arcade ft four: the tinction betwee ‘ny ata and one experenc the srt nat se (rt Huser cathe spre of ownness), tor which ve ‘hj rely andthe of my experiences which wat en ‘Pca stam of expand through whch an ee fiven Inc. The ovale eduction fo the phere of fears nt ante phomenologalredton sa, but singly 2 ecu on the tor aro sete of gvnnest 0th ther fd entre ofthe second segs can emerges" The two see Corcpond respesive the rower andthe rode concep ofa mona Te sean sya te ed of i account tha‘ pat waste trasendetal td, he ade ofthe anced ‘Socks, abandon: What hat ben vie 4 theony” of ‘erenceg someone ee, (teary of experiencing ober, {ehh i ot alma bing td was oo ier tobe cyt an eaplton ofthe sme, “thea ares from te onstiive produto that experiencing. was not at tery toe anthing ote beau the er egos np ‘othr, hou reed, contr. an een how ent “oe wot athe att snes peanes dependent on ht i percopion. Pendeohrane ed othe espe peas ‘bearer dyad oerepistharge, nt oat Satin angie lc apo on ‘Sience belonging fo eterna experince Tis is ety compa wih any natin fro? tha tes xs witho wots tue nares Petey at earn “sioner ecw oan a Some cml aise ee Sot ini bes bre neo oor eee tect tec af cse eh nn ge cme ‘He es att sion, cee es ee te tie tig a steer aaa ito more ‘mere presumption than perception tel. But his doesnt reve 's simatefaliiity, which ie why Hussrl remarks tat the ‘tbe’ conciousness sven ‘not oriinaliter and in schcker spodikscherEviere bt nly Ia an evidence belong 0 But this is precisely the type of evidence on which itrsubi- {ve phenomenology must be based, at latin part. Alter alt ‘Communities’ of which Huser! speaks, besinning withthe i= est perceptual encounter between two person, are wala ‘me only insofar ast participate in them through my comm {aon wit ther sons. Part my aware ofthe commun $3, caus, i that of my own contribution tot bu pet of ‘must abo be my awarenes of the particular ers who mae it ‘up and of thei partular contributions to is nature. An tis the par whote evidence, eseribed above. And there must be no mistake that iis 37 SCE of Commis ash and not fo of my ov omtibations to them, that must function asthe bass of 2 intersubjective phenomenology. For here we ae intereted MO longer inthe other-forme or the ~ ‘ommuniy-for me = my & Berens ofthe community ~ but rather inthe community 28 “sabe” ints own right in elation tits world It a we Pave seen the cogligmus which ithe stating plat ofintersubectne ‘Phenomenology; yt the phenomenologit sat individ and “ must base his asertons in this domain on his awareness of the cogitomus usa, the nds sphere, he Bates setions ‘on his retective awareness ofthe coud Ifthe Filth Meditation ‘had provided a proof ofthe existence of theater eg, ithe ater were found to be gven with certainly equivalent to that of the cont, the situation would be diferent. Bu kr did not provide sch a proof, a we have sen, and indeed was not at bert to provide i "Now the pot might be raised thatthe phenomenologt's sitimate interest isnot nthe particular communities in which he tcpates, but rather inthe a ris store of those commu ies and indeed of ll commuaites. Phenomenology fe al, = meant to be an eidetic and nota factual cence, and the sane ‘howl old tue athe itersubjestive evel. Soc facta comma: nies at ae directly avaiable othe phenomeselogs ate ake, under the attitude characterized as “dei eduction’ simply as ‘examples ofan essence which is sought Since thee corresponds {o sich an esence sponsible intuive and apodicuc conscious. ‘es of i there i o ned obo distrbed ifthe contsoarness ofthe examples themselves snot apoditi. Yet exactly the sme poit can be made abou phenomenology the solipsisi level. Here, too, phenomenology i ot abou the ‘edividoal facts encountered in tanicendatal fection, but takes these facts a examples forthe purpose of ariving a an das. But here, as well know, Huser not ony insists onthe poditicy ofthe aserton ego sum or sum cogtans, bt regards {hs apodictcty em necessary condition ithe seience ro be Bult upon it, phenomenology st satisfy the highest demands iner- cent in the idea of alent set Only if my experiencing of my ascent aod ct sea oud ahd bas for apodicic adaments; ony the is ther accordingly the pros pest fa plowopy, a spsematie structure made up of apoditc Conntions, starting with he ntinsically fst fl of experince {nd judgment’ The role of the ego sum in phenomenology Indicated by Huser when be descebes adits asthe abso Sate indbiablty thatthe scientist demands ofall ‘principles’ Here we have one of the most expcly Cartesian srains im Huser’ phenomenology, the ea thatthe scenic igor of bis ‘nventgation is ulimatly scored because they stand onthe rmca round” ofthe ego cogio. Now we have sen thai the existence ‘ofthe eg is “principle, snot a premise from which inf the exitence of anything ele, not even, as we have sen thi of {he alter ego, Rather, ie functons a the bass of apoditie cls about the esene of the ego, andi is these claims that fora the ‘ctual content of phenomenology. But does the apodicticty of thes iti claims realy require te apoditictyof the existent lam ego sunt TF our picture of intersubjective phenomenology hasbeen coret, Hassel conceives of such a phenomenology 8 ‘having the same dignity, and thus presumably the same cate ‘tus, as individual phenomenology, And it based on the optams in js the sae way that individual phenomenology is ‘based inthe coi. To be sure, the two types of phenomelony ‘re ot simply parallels, as we have sen, since the cota a to be grounded in the coi, ie. thas toe shown how the ‘ommunity is vento the eg in his Vergemeinchaftung wilh ‘others. Bu precisely what his grounding shows that the cota ‘mus snot given in an apodicti way, ‘The ificuy ised by the introduction of inerubjove ‘phenomenology, then, can be put this way ifthe rigor af pheno nological analysis requires the apodsti givennss ofthe sb. tive to the phenomenologist, then only egalgieal or solpsitie Dhenomenology can be rigorous If, on the ther hand, intr Jectve phenomenology isto be tegarded a equal in dignity, a8 ‘has presumably in gor, tits slipsntc subordinate stage’ then ‘he apoizity ofthe primary piven i no longer the stand of [A the end ofthe Cartesian Mediation: we find Hust isis {ng unambiguously upon the equal dignity, even the primacy of intersubjective phenomenology and is corsa, transcendent Incersubjecivity. He does nt sem to be expiiy aware ofthe ‘way in which this insitence refets bask upon and regres ‘athernon-Cartesan seinterpetation ofthe starting poi Of iS ngiy. 1s plausible, however, that Hse! dd become sare tis: for this would help explain the fac that inthe Cri ‘makes an attempt to begin phenomenology without ins 08 the apodictiity of the cpa conto, o ‘rae ree ome Se arson of ei * fen Pnen Pp tn Sp 20) Deer Tc Ros Dock, De Ha Marne Time, Der fr Puasomcntee Catena Vout a Voi toi depp Anta 88 1 Peo ro hy aly a be (Te contr ot cpr Rs ek 19 2 dtc at Lope Snttemen se wot nnd dhe oe pe ih tee, Dey Hany Manns se 82.8o 1M sees con ewe te rire sin te ‘Ree fps besms open coe nest het ‘eeandthat beens nvr reset, 1). Teale neo ‘re be h ay te abject. Ba rnc es en ‘he anderen of ectonissmta daub seh Tht ito me oy tr ee cl ‘ae andr Son Soins tin 2 mid 22, Thsisapuaphase of papi an appends te Pho Ee erm Den Hn Marin ht Sr tt tt ‘geen inden nln eh per aoe. Sotho Pema Hse gue cet ‘remain so bod 98 ln: he te sai ve mth pn 9. ‘manele deiner Pathos ae seeming in ewe Ft ser ein acannon 5 fp hi we of hem “pena of hie oder CM 12 (2 Gatun, ug apt ene na ent bah SHS aes ol tre1.3. Husserl’s Crisis and the Problem of History teas ong teen cme tht The Cri of European Scenes,” wets las work, epesents 8 significant new development in Fis thoughe, I belive thie i true, but I think thi lim bas Consistently been made fr the wrong reasons. Not he concent of {he fe work which is ueally taken asthe new departure, bot the emergence of the peer of history, is what i radically mew inthe Cris To be sue, he two nouons are closely elated, But there ha way of considering the ife-world which, although it teal expands the scope of Huse’ air phenomenolony, nly conniten with ts program. tis otherwise with the Droblem of story, a sal tr 1 show. For what this roble Inoue ot phenomenology iether anew theme for invest tution nor even asin the cate ofthe ie world, anew coneestion tthe whole domain of invereatin, Rather, calls forth anew oncepion of the procedure of iavestigation self, 8 pew con- ‘ception of phenomenological metod . “Or our tere ate also thove who ave argued that cet is realy mothing new inthe Csi Ate al, te work beats the ‘abu ‘Inaduetion to Pheneebenolopcal Transcendental Phi- lovony presumably the same transcendental phenomenology thar had been intzoduced i the Ideas and the Cartesian Med lations The manne of intraducon new, oe sre, dispensing with and even ein the Cartesian approach ofthe two eat Mork bur Huser had experimented with oter mods of inuoduction tefre, notably the lopieal method of Formel and Transcendental Logic an the psychological one ofthe Encl sis Britannica atl. There sceraily no evidence that Hes ‘mec regarded his phenomenology a beng crucially; mach esn catia emer aa tn cede an ant Tiodenceen ene acy ‘phy’, whose ‘systematic part” had been preceded by a ‘critical sine tran ~ all suggested the need for a new and more impressive mode of pee eae SE ncaa acca aaa ete ecg Sey Sar cr om re SEE Tomas alate nae oe int ne ene ‘cd ewopstse cata tnece en porter te gee a wom one cae igacags n iss, Hussy: What cet esa what he Snub ot ip mec! tat eee hin oh ‘aetna ra fain, nore 0 provide, Before seit bate ten We sn a oton of ‘Seta wach rb our ow apne, essa, ‘Salttoupa tal untetaning fetal any of “ee i Tecan reflectances i "Sesel e desl ae pooper gee sl tel olngfaudatnoreafereentch aeeige Sue rman suet och mee than 4 ee eer noe af sen ome psp ISubelre pose oie teal Sich re mht CEST eat not ams! pu of sop eet end Bre ein Hae seo the ney of hoa esos Hoe 10 SRE 2. Spe af poopy Ben ce ome “Sr party mote dace om dan OY: aacaete art ain cmblninen: Any ae om 1 he Satie foodaon of Pony #1 Sesoig tat Hes pens. Ban ase pny rl ison Hu sete eettethem becuse bel exposton fhe cont Sane seen cs an te opti ote Remance SETS reminded ha an pisos wae eo MENTE lee ne pas wach te word "van ree eso cones pstlen and meta? Lat PORE onl econ re nx ose SESS Se eae oe ot nl ve pe Te Mot Simewin neethrouyant ee Rectcalspiial mane’ °A hrc eso fhe ve acon iy, ota uly eee i SHamIS Sie eda elandetandn erm of what creer ae nso bans Porshe se SESE serena sue tht tee hora some "itt ser a he whe ploy 26 es tty mut ten psy aH wy Senseo ne imporaace he atached fo be Mol sche Hussy pecans ih eth ‘Soe yfcposion ot proce. Twin te couse of4 Parc ofthe Cre Hose iter is isora xposins with remarks onthe method be flowing Ab if assed, te ets tothe probie net Seca pei Pat 1 but na incl inthe pase te? Other unpub ‘manaserins ofthe period et the same preoccupation The Common pint of dear in tee metodeopea cme fain a neane one: what "wae engaged in ahous Seth horn carcino Hs inthe sal one. Theshows san inponantdifrence ewe the Crane frp ofthe Este Phosophe Inthe 190) lectures, which in many deal similar tothe expositon of the Cia, Hus hardly seems conscious of methodologies! problems, What he ‘aged ins afte all something nly cae nd fr itis ior of en ut mot important of lhe tinction betwen te ‘histor cal introduction” andthe "ssematic par found inthe ist Pesophie i woken down nthe Cr Histor expostiont tes und ray in Part whee to st Of Pat hon the femold and peycholgy especie. at ly moniter in characte Bu ren nya oa Nistor refencs, ad the ioral and nonin a onsaty mied. In any eae i fstol refetion ely Jone eseniayand not jst seal ote sable! oF ‘hilosophy, as we have seen, then ii just ae sate” 8 ahistorical Neh aliady spoken of te nation of stern mayen Phenomenology. a notion Musser first developed in fat 8 Erste Philosophie. One possible interpretation of Huse novel approach inthe Crisis that refection onthe history of pos phy is now seen by Husserl as one of these ways, But this Interpretation snot tenable. Huss! tillexplicityconsions of the notion of seative ways inthe Crs, and the wo soos of Part If are presented as two parallel one the way fr the re-iven lifeworld and the way from psychology. But Misys "ot mentioned i these terms In fac, ag we have seen, Huss laoguage indicates something much stronger than this. The hs ‘calroucisnota merely posible but a acsesary one at thee coms to be that whichever of several parallel alternatives I= ‘hose, it mus be accompanied by historical efletons. 1s ‘ee ny plop tp oh te 05 Spo at et tt or Hse Pt Sapa. mont srg ota oi err ews 22 SULT he mato he et phenomena eee abut Huser What nen pian wa SERED) ine in ilopty a Rigorous Sen The Sra acres mn oe om posi bt 8 ‘ran rate on on Scher nd Pesenen." T0 Ser athlon ot poy to el nt whe Siem STI US es sl abot th Sacer Hoe Seiad ttchinwry opin as iin fe SS teed oct hp ce cease SP mkeansphitphi or a at eee onc om by imei ml nd SOON dinero ona nie ayo ward ro he carer tetanus a down wie lee “pap pen Ese oma oma eee ty ealn rom deme reece te st aes cing soy, dent alo PO SRSA he tamenan fs set Hose does tv ofcu note to ny stil coir oe fg oer abies ofc Se artnet cc er pipes fund ee eng ba eid sng ie te core eee Redon ne rand maine ke ewan Aa grbtatc arate of ich een is hen ne cy ssa ee ee ech mate ey Hoe thar hey ee rite om the story of plop i nde SB Sopey wnt for hi mean ea cial sees tomes ad hy ol ‘San semen Ae pes nl ‘Sam a etter hos, eth on, hv ee inet ecto, What Hoses conc of te Caer pur Ins come bs he et rsersneaenh he coe soar enecatenion sunset the penomelogea ram “ecomweo euenaro found hin, in Hussr’s6 cos ene eh oka eel nh eno ot acetal tao we ms snes what rfl aio metalom, seer ep bene nl inlaw the al ifety tpn ye ft Shee inten a coprucoons Tile sete ce pro fp ih ech ‘6a own, tk mater fas gine beyond te oie of ow her bere, Far en) ah !ngsth seme enn soo fhe ents ft oh she wednthe sn fe wad ih eis not ut » «oot x wel Onl tee as for me ere TOSSITASARES Shel as trie: Te wordy oi ee ect ttae ote actor ac eh are scans teste Pi of tes PMB ttn tn tat a ota ean wee conned of "7 ‘SSEoumns Tn bie of bey sms ls SeSeeEtaar nt mercy my acto pens, bt al acta TEASE oxpeiece of mie eee i en (mime so deanes dest Yow Ia fei of conciousness. But fd porble acs of cons , soe cxpeens feats ‘ona sper of yal and Se ein my ae PT cei ae eprint yom Tue Fa ecm aimee rome nse rerae view: nt mete genes of prc seep than ena ie, no He he ee Sienna sb sh ‘vc co nt cot i deal Hos expen ih the ae to ms Si pena ed efi he ey oop Trough wa use cat yelled Sn among arte 2” Tour (Erte mea rane a ae alan poe, whale be. Wat cesar worn coon ih is work. Saperstein ea ‘ha teat encounter nei pespec i Weems ay own Beane en avant is See iat exec aves mor hh ae pce for ve cond ety xi a Se ete wih ot a A PT SNS Rety ene sven ty ans: Tie ys BSE So ce ofthe modes cotonson teotcammoncan ad Se re eof annersanasofcommenian nd Rena meno Hen a oe a pu Taste bjt ay scence terete iyo senso me EN eee meme ne ove yen 0 (etc mati os apr + descriton of the ‘Certainly it containsry Wat inpons oes —— oth ve fr te pens compton onda consume? Ho Joos isc sn ne a bie tO ing my own expen ih ny ol terroring a ie wat ses communcae to ey cocuer hh The nr en's ont pray ‘i ‘Sin dese, nh or “dicen Sc en my tet sc tty mn brn ee mWevonponsto rani ounces Ths sh ring the een poo eh ee Sree eta et a py ce 1 cma neh he eae peo ‘room fheins a eos ma fe cunen wih ace i'w conte ey Sirs he athe ee ma, cnc ides nts re htc pn Test en ‘eat wn he tenor ante = I he suo of emcee ie Ste, cng eying pest ‘ch ef rnp heh emcee ttc Barman yarn can wot hate enw a ba ot ter assy sere: tetas tse ge fy ite ie Wy eB sci of imma te He net Pet tras st a oon gust ‘samy a wich | appropriates tk areas er aman a se Ae Thana ee hay Hay doe scorn the poe wameenta phenomena ‘elie ihe cnn oy pos a Peretgl pont te busy of ems i hee cc, Wha tps se Ca thc ofisimetee esteem an hay rr eve edo ah em ‘sl osha cts, eee ig tnt‘ ot psops hiram a swe ot only have a spit heritage, But ave Become what Sie thorough ad exlsively ina historia spirit mans Tee! We ace now in a poston to understand what Huse! Bens by this, We are itr beings it of ll Beease we are ‘nucous beings: our songiou fe consi in consttting tet “Mrthe unity of history, personal and soca, Apa, Xmas! be ‘troned that thi isthe character of consciousness considered [tamosndentally. To sey tat we arehstorical Beings sot mere) {ovsay that we ave in history, that we avive on te sete and Goangar at xtan points in objeaive historical tine. Each of ‘Sindee amare of nse a euch an empirical po, But sis BO. tro Fuser! means by the histori of consciousness ut how dow this neon of istorii apy othe prilosoper in partealar? At conscious beings we are Deis 10 te Pst Unbaever ou Ble, attaes, and goals and if we ae pilosa hers wear, ab Huse says, “eis othe pst in respet the ls which he word “philosophy indicates, inter of one ‘Robins and methods! What significances cou this have? ‘hvu, becoming a piosopher involves nt onl acenin 8 Certain notion ov defnton of an endeavor that exists and as ‘Sisted in society, but alo staying the works of those whe ae ‘Shmmonly regarded a philosophers. But the procedure of the fmcpent piosoper is genealy not amaer of simply accent ae rsendiyne tumult wth the plsophers be reads, For most Kin uy aenonty does nt ean imply eran te "rh haetnere nave itn. Thay be the atid ofthe terested ara Gat the potential pilosopber i more often marked 6 eve iststasion wit traatonal doctrines, 18 the fk of ‘hllosopy hae Hassel ba a min, and he asuetin of hit Ba a er involve the consous, coal eetion ofthe eure ‘locophea eradion. Buc even sch 2 pilosopher, Host) ‘avinn saci ofthe past in taking up che problems which seme theo: n is view, hae filed t soe. Yet is aware Br indebcdes tothe past rarely petals fo ti lve ‘is acknowledged cation to the past consis i cetion: of iene venta! ential acceptance, of what be faster. I ‘carly the notion of unacknowledged Pesitage which interes Heath pln and which consti the pela sors ofthe philorophizally engaged consciousness2 (Once Huser begins o take seriously the idea ofthe unacknow: ledge heritage ofthe pilosophe, his elation othe past booms ‘much more complex affair han it wa originally though ob ‘When he enunciated the picipleof philosophical epoch in he ‘des, Huser clearly had in mind one's conscious, expt, ‘ssceptance ofthis o that philosophical doctrine. This wa 0 Be Pt aide, bracketed. And this presente no special probl, because what isexplicty acknowledged can just as easly bes aside, The phenomenological epoch, by contrast, wat 4 eel |effort, because the natural atitade, which i bracketed, has he character of an unacknowledged prejudice, a Sefbtversdndck et Inordertobe bracketeditenst be dredged up and recognized 38a thesis which we subscribe. a fat the proces of bracketing ‘identical with coming to awarenes ofthis underying resp0- sition which otherwise remains hidden, and the whole effort 9f phenomenology is 0 sustain thi epoch, 0 avoid the hidden, Unrecognized commitment which the natural atid, 1 ‘strupae agains the gravitational pul of consciousness to resume its natural state we now ative atthe generalize recognition thatthe ilo ‘her is burdened by historical prejudices which, like dhe matra ‘nes, are unacknowledged and hidden, what do we do? Does i butfice that we be warned agains then? But ~and her isthe oD hat do we mean by dhe? In the case ofthe natural aie, 4 we have een, overthrow must athe same time be cove tis ot enough simply to announce the principle of emancipation from all prejudices in order to make it 4, Hence, the pest ‘elationship between the natural atitude adie suspension ‘must be relved athe sametimeit is being overthrown rediscover ‘ed, The results what Husserl occasionally decibes 4 spint of the ego between the natural self and his phenomenological ‘observer and pattern of nquiy involving agen beeen the {o. Inthe cas of historical prejudices, something similar eens ingicated. Like natural prejudices, these are dtnguied © being taken for granted, selbstverstandlch, What suggests self het, by analogy tothe phenomenological epoch, tea reliving of ‘our philosophical prejudices, a repetition of the philosophical Sestrerstinichteten under which we tur to piles nthe first place, Lite the phenomenelogical epoch, such a repetition 8 is led etestvety wit bea mee ep: ari nee ee Inorder tobe raved from thelevel of oan ta {otha of someting explicit recgsind a abe pena noogcl epochs habitually practi ihe form of mee ‘led the phenomenlogic redone Phboanis! ‘poché mus be systeatzed and universe to some 8 PHD, Spica! reduction, what might beter be called & “Although Haaser owber use hi seca, pect wha be has in i then key to is hstorcal proce “TS ing history, Huser say of that peor ime of he go hen for grated, semi he Crs tis nnd in that work a1 manne of cif tn a rt ‘pote et ice el et Seer fattest ame rt ihe cons ce ec chat ne mst 808 Siac a torial constrains we 0 8 Gnustandoursles 8 piophe and aden’ A is a cr et teimisoneea Sesctsiretea tan het wai or Semen + yas wo become & “This i why even the “theory of knowles bas 0 Beare "Pcl hort’ a Hse 1 Oe eae hy he e088 eS a bison the pas ee toga we he 8 tote Scher an robin oF POOR thse ‘Sten and Probie, their very Sstersandhts PA of4 the tration, i now seen to count pre-eminenly among the very Sachon 0 which pilrophy must tun “And this is indeed remarkable: fr it seems to demand of he Dlilosophe, as an ental part of his method, a seous and systematic consideration of his particular ime and pace acons- ‘eration previously declared reevant to phenomenolory butt dete rection. Under that redaction facts and parc ‘vents, even and indeed especial thor evaled in ranscendetal teflection, serve only at examples of the palterns which a ‘uldmately sought. Now facts and events besome important a ‘heir own right To be sue, it may be exenilly tre that com Sciousness, and this philosophical consioures, ix histor, ‘hats that its iden with prejudices derived rom it socal is ‘orical mica. But this means presiey tha the character of ch jude will vary depending onthe milieu. This is why, when ‘laining the need fr historical reflections inorder to obit ‘laity onthe ask of philosophy, Husserl says that we ean obi such clarity ‘ot through the estque of some prevent or handed down sytem, of some sient or presente" Wellanschaun (wich might aswel be Chins, inthe) = that i nt bout the study of just any history = “but only through acral unde tanding of the total unity of history = our hiory”™ Wino bongst ‘the ase that any example wil erve aswell ax any oer asin the searoh for enences. The historical reduction, unlike the phenome ola reduction, is nt and eannot be coupled with an etic ‘eduction, Inorde to penetrate othe previounyunacknowledeed strc prejudices which determin the Sacken and Probleme of llosonhy, we mus turn not the esence of history, of fo the ‘sence of consciousness, but othe particslar tradition of whch Weare a part ‘And this s exactly what Husted proceeds to doin the Cris [After his brie introduction he embarks upon whit the calls te “Clasficaton of the Modern Oppoition Between Physiaisic. Objectivism and Transcendental Subjectvam’ His dscussion ‘of mode philosophy coastitates a “hstrical reduction” esaise itis above all ashe says, an ingiry back [Ruckfrage into the Primal establishment of the goats of modern pilosophy, 2 simply rehearsal ofthe “dgtrnal content” of certain theories. Tete to show in detail how we are “eis ofthe past in Yspet tothe go wich ie word pion” nd nm of “Src tems tnd ete fam tose he ‘ore mich we es a odo igo toon theres tha pao tain Slag, Hs se rg of moder pin pola! pole be fue of msn emcee Serie Perinat shares rar toca ‘Sotetheanormaton ot sey frauen mations aera omc epi fo moe over Meza epost eo poy pr smed n oer oundrana hein of mode ‘Sr tptopy, ne mut mo oh mae sits they?" of ue ons ingty eed oa anv gts adhe coon tetsu Gale's tnatton How owe ‘Sem he wan ftw tt morte alc’ SHEE te ororeming be pee eve Shr Sto ey maf eine wo seed ws and sae esta at opr eae SER Steen 6 ven he mated Scop etcel don ton te Get oe of ch Seer ancestor trl sounding ‘Soule ented hem sal fe shapes ome = ‘hee dren sh caren alt’ propos it 26G.Seaceuiy be even thane con ecb Scales ny sri on parakeofte Es noes thos aise oie a ‘heute oar pese ot pene mo te ESGSStneuny gar wh oo ed tess ‘cn Chen hse un, overs se ‘Sane npn ano mbes ie wreanGaetpopoes to seach Senay ar serine he neanslgcreats wih ee tht ey emer aerated nh alan rps il shel it sosopal tceaton Inthe pO” Jnana molec Cae meatal aa geome cot fe fst hapes Hower that neh oe% eel nhs Sa are ee teats sence [inno ncaa spre dts beans cy Simul afmcl tnt cahi tno nc sethantes Sec a img waste aaa Berecac caesar arnt sr ic Se ts Shem et aces Suncare es an cen tn Tres ene ns (Soccer neta ar tht a ‘coast aca Sear aes aes ge risa ey tame ae se te tl ty ea " rounding ofthe objestive worlds but what isthe nau ofthat bjetve world which is susceptible of and requires such ‘rounding? The fects that thie word, although no longesnavely {Taken for erated as slf-roundin, i sil conceived in xy the sume terms as it was by the rtionaiss and empiri. That in ies the mathematined world of the natural scientists that oanittes Kat's problem. For bi, this isthe world. But we hve seen through our tflestions on Glo, that the sete Conception mos be regarded a an interpretation ofthe work, ‘Eran way ftooking at cand dealing with it which eves certain purposes There remains the world af which ths a nerre Tanon the prescient ifeworld in which such interpretation bes and fo which it must retara fr the direct vrifction of UIs aypothcnce, This is world whose objects are not ideal {rometza shapes: instead, they flint vaaye and approximate fps and exhib nt ony primary and secondary gual bat ethtc and practical ones ae well AS long at know edge is ‘Cousderd the aus effect ofthe objetive world upon the minds {he presienlfie fears ofthe hfeword can be explained away linvmere appearance’. Buf if the approach to hale s that tf wanscendenal grounding, the role of the lifeworld must be taken nto account, The teoretia constucions ofthe seni lake the lfeworld for granted as built pon it. We cannot ‘Sisyatly understand hove constructions wihost uadestanding the intermediate and founding ole ofthe lifeworld ‘Yeti what Kat failed to do, says Hose), Thus, while Be succeeded in one sense in overthrowing the nave objectivism of is preecesos is pilosopy contains hidden presupposition {nerd fom them, The transcendental problem of the wor for Kant, spedctrmined bya concept ofthe world borrowed from modern since. Hume, although he fad no expt €On- pen of the ranaccadental re, hada much clearer amarenes Sgr Howser ofthe wor enigma in the deepest and ros! “Homa nes’ for he questioned the naive obviousness of the ‘tant of the mond andy what is more, he certainty of the ‘hoczdey word a5 well as that of the sophisticated theoretic onsevtions built upon this everyday worl’ Bu Kant feed torts any enigma bere ad besa his transcendental crite 8 the wrong place.‘We can see that Huse’ discusion of Gallo, in which the lie world emerges, takes on ie ultimate significance notin is értgue of objectivism, but ini eritigue of the transcendent "wen in which objctivism is overtvowa. But whose tansenden- tal philosophy is actully being cried? The strange Fact boot the Kan-critiqe inthe Cris that while Husser takes Kan 0 task for not recognizing the significance of the lvewor, this ‘he firs time, in Hussed's own writings, thatthe ewer sscorded this significance. Is hard o avoid the conclusion that Huss’ Kant-rique really Husser-rtique in dspie that 'heinadequate concept of transcendental philosophy tat sc ed ee snot Kan’ bt tht ofthe ear Hsr i te ‘ha Huser had not made he mia of Kenting he worl hie nites of marl ee lone He ad leas iid Kant for doing ths, iting hat ther rms of oii the treated in the humanistic, soca, psychological, and even ie scenes shoul beat ther own Sms and asin 0 thei own ‘categorie’. But this suggests a or of adie cone. the wor si were composed of the varios sei fomans side by sie, Here Husset's lengthy iscaesion of atural Scientific idealization and construction seared out nt forth Purpose of contrasting natural scence to other cen inorder comras the etic endo ‘or = witha presente consciousness and is world. What i Sig cried i resi he conception of wr atc the carly pags ofthe Idea, that of "the rtality of objects which, ‘on he bass of actual experience, areknownblein correct theott- «al thinking" This conception was then pursed inthe second volume ofthe des, where he theory of coastitutiontkesits fromthe various mater eos, which crept tthe an ions of scene: the natural, the psychic andthe situa ese. Tipton i ha te ng ae th