Chromosome Mapping

 In1903 Sutton and Boveri came up with

the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance.
 Evidences accumulated pointing that
genes make up chromosomes.
 Each chromosome has many loci.
 Genes are arranged in a linear fashion on
the chromosomes.: Sturtevant.
Sturtevant’s map included 5 genes on the X
chromosome of Drosophila
 Alleliccombinations would be permanent if
the loci are locked.
 At meiosis, crossing over allows the
associated alleles to show a degree of
independence.
 Loci carried on the same chromosome are
said to be linked.
 Number of linkage groups (l) is equal to
the number of haploid set of
chromosomes plus the sex chromosomes
in an organism.
 Drosophila (2n = 8) has l = 3 autosomes
+ x + y = 5 linkage groups.
 Diagrammatic graphical
representation of relative distances
between linked genes of a
chromosomes is called Linkage or
Genetic map.
Determination of linkage groups
 Hybridisationexperiments between wild
and mutant strains.
 Linked phenotypic traits can be
determined.
 Map Distance
 Calculated depending on the percentage
of crossing over.
 Crossing over frequency is directly
proportional to the distance between
genes.
 Map unit / morgan / centi morgan
Two point test cross
Three point cross
 Gene order
 After
determining the relative distances
between the genes of a linkage group, it
becomes easy to place genes in their
proper linear order.
 Combining map segments
 Thedifferent segments of maps of a
complete chromosome are combined to
form a complete genetic map.
 Chromosome, cytological &
physical mapping
 Specialcytological techniques are used to
determine the physical locations of a gene
in a chromosome.
 Differences between genetic &
chromosome maps
 The frequency of crossing over varies in
different segments of the chromosome.
 Frequency of crossing over is predictable
between any two gene loci.
 Distance between linked genes bears no
direct relation to the map distances
calculated on the basis of cross over
percentages.
 Thelinear order of linked genes is
identical in both the maps.
 Uses of genetic maps
 Displays the exact location, arrangement
& combination of genes in a linkage group
or chromosome.
 Predicts the results of di-hybrid and tri-
hybrid crosses
 References
 Robert Tamarin: Principles of genetics, 7th
edition.
 Griffith et al: Genetics
 B.D. Singh: Fundamentals of genetics