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A Conservative formula for external pressure calculations (a long pipe under external
pressure)
Pall
2E
t / D 3
2
3(1 )
E = Elastic Modulus
= Poissons ratio
Axial Buckling Stress
S all 0.125 Et / D
L3
FL 6 EI
M
2
2
L
F
Bending stress
M
MD
Z
2I
I
Do4 Di4
64
10 ZS / w