Phng Php S Dng Phn Bn Qua L

Phn bn l b sung thm thc n c bit l vi lng kch thch cho cy trng
ra l, ra hoa nhanh hn. Phn bn lt c tc dng vi rau, cy n qu, hoa hn so
vi trn cy lan, loi sng ph sinh
Theo cc nh khoa hc, bn phn qua l thm ch cn tt cho cy hn l bn
qua r, bi y l cch nhanh nht m cht dnh dng c cy hp th .
Nhng u im khi bn phn qua l:Khi bn qua l, cht dinh dng cung cp
cho cy trng qua h thng kh khng b mt l. Theo s liu c cng b,
hiu sut s dng cht dinh dng qua l t ti 95%. Trong khi , bn qua t,
cy ch s dng c 45-50% cht dinh dng. S d nh vy l v tng din tch
b mt cc l trn mt cy rng gp 15-20 ln din tch t c che ph bi cnh
v l, ngha l din tch hp th cht dinh dng ca l rng hn rt nhiu so vi
din tch t trng ca mt cy. Qua kh khng, cc cht dinh dng c dn n
cc t bo, m cy s dng.
Trong thnh phn cht dinh dng ca phn bn l ngoi cc nguyn t a lng
nh m, ln, kali cn c cc nguyn t trung lng v vi lng nh Fe, Zn, Cu,
Mg, cc nguyn t ny tuy c hm lng t nhng li gi vai tr rt quan trng
v trong mi trng t thng thiu hoc khng c. Do , khi b sung cc cht
ny trc tip qua l s gip p ng nhu cu v cn i dinh dng cho cy nn
to iu kin cho cy pht trin y trong tng giai on sinh trng. Phn bn
l c tc dng c bit trong nhng trng hp cn b sung khn cp cht dinh
dng m, ln, kali hay cc nguyn t trung, vi lng.
Trong thnh phn ca phn bn l cn tng cng iu ha sinh trng, tng kh
nng hp th dng cht kch thch m chi, nhnh, ra hoa, u tri, gim hin
tng rng tri non, tri to p, phm cht ngon v tng cng kh nng khng
chng chu su bnh.

A. Khi Nim V Phn Bn:

Phn bn l thc n ca cy trng, thiu phn cy khng th sinh trng v cho
nng sut, phm cht cao. Phn bn c vai tr rt quan trng trong vic thm canh
tng nng sut, bo v cy trng v nng cao ph nhiu ca t.
I.

Cy ht thc n nh g?

1. Nh b r: Khng phi ton b cc phn ca r u ht dinh dng m l nh

min lng ht rt nh trn r t. T mt r ci, b r c phn nhnh rt nhiu
cp, nh vy tng cng din tch ht dinh dng t t ca cy rt ln. R ht
nc trong t v mt s nguyn t ha tan trong dung dch t nh: m, ln,
kali, lu hunh, manh, canxi v cc nguyn t vi lng khc, b r l c quan
chnh ly thc n cho cy.
2- Nh b l: B l v cc b phn khc trn mt t, k c v cy cng c th hp
thu trc tip cc dng cht. trn l c rt nhiu l nh (kh khng). Kh khng
l ni hp th cc cht dinh dng bng con ng phun qua l. Trn cy mt l
mm (n t dip) kh khng thng phn b c 2 mt l, thm ch mt trn l
nhiu hn mt di l nh: La , la m, trn cy n tri (cy thn g) kh khng
thng tp trung nhiu mt di l. Khi dng phn bn l phi theo c im cy
trng v ng hng dn th l cy mi hp th cao c.
Khi no bt buc phi bn phn qua l: R cn y nhng cy khng hp
thu c dinh dng. Nguyn nhn l do: Cht dinh dng b bt ng ha do cc
vi sinh vt; Cht dinh dng b c nh do mi trng t v cc cht hu c; S
nhim mn ( EC qu cao s gii hn kh nng hp th nc ca r cy); S bt
ng lin h ti pH (s oxy ha kim loi pH cao hoc s bt ng ca Mo
pH thp); S bt cn i dinh dng trong t (s i khng gia cc ion nh K
v Ca); Thiu oxy (t ngp nc); S hot ng ca r thp (nhit thp quanh
vng r trong thi k ra hoa v u tri); Thiu nc cc cht dinh dng ngm
vo (kh hn).

 R b tn thng hoc khng cn do cn trng, nm bnh tn cng hoc tn

thng c hc (do xi xo khi chm bn lm t r).
R vn hp thu nhng cy ang cn mt lng ln cht dinh dng vo thi k
ra hoa, kt tri. Mun cy tng nng sut, phi phun thm qua l.
Bn phn qua l cng c th c ch nh khi nhu cu tp trung dinh dng vo
cc v tr chuyn bit bn trong cy vt qu kh nng phn phi dinh dng bn
trong cy.
+ iu ny thng xy ra nht trong nhng vng trng im ca cc loi tri cy
ln hoc cc chm u v lin quan ti c hai s kin l nhu cu tp trung cao
vo mt vng chuyn bit nhiu nguyn t trong tri cy nh N, K v h qu ca
kh nng c ng thp cc m libe i vi mt s nguyn t no , nh Ca, B
chng hn.
+ Kh nng c ng cc nguyn t bn trong cy cng c th b hn ch nu hoa
pht trin trc l v do dn n tnh trng hn ch s chuyn dch dinh dng
trong cc m mao dn.
+ Trong cc thi k hn hn hoc m khng kh cao cng c th hn ch s
chuyn vn trong cc mch mao dn v ngn cn s phn phi cc dng cht bt
ng bi cc mlibe.
Mt s im cn lu khi s dng phn bn l:
Cht ha tan di chuyn qua lp cutin thng qua nhng l hng gi l vi rnh.
Mc hp thu ion t vic phun qua l thng cao hn vo ban m. vic hp
thu dinh dng cho l c hiu qu:
+ Phi m bo nng bn trong l nh hn bn ngoi l.
* Trc khi phun qua l th tm thi khng bn qua r.
* Nng cht phun phi cao hn nng c sn trong l. Tuy nhin, nu
nng phun qu cao s gy chy l, hoc cy b bi thc (gy c) v cht, nu
bn nng thp th hiu lc khng r. Trong trng hp ny c th khc phc

bng cch pha nng dung dch ln cao t t, phun th nghim, n khi chy l
th quay li nng trc , chn nng phun i tr cho cy. n gin
hn l khi s dng phn bn l phi nhng nng thch hp (theo hng dn in
trn bao b).
+ Phi thng c hng ro cn ca lp cutin:
* Phun lc l cy cn non khi s dng dng nhng cht dinh dng lu ng
(mobile nutrients), l cn ang pht trin th s chuyn dch xung r chm hn,
iu ny kch thch s hp thu dinh dng t r do b l pht trin v quang hp
tt hn. Vi cc cht dinh dng bt ng (immobile nutrients) th s dng trn c
l gi v l non v c hai u chuyn dch chm xung r, nh vy khng gy nn
s thay i no hoc c th lm gia tng lng dinh dng hp thu t r.
* Thm cht tri c ngun gc silicon l cch lm tng hiu qu khi phun, c bit
l l c lp cutin dy. Vic thm cht tri cng lm gim thit hi l v vo ban
ngy, khi nhit khng kh gia tng lm gim m , dn n s bc hi nhanh
chng dung dch phun l v lm kh nhanh dung dch ny trn b mt l.
Khi phun ur nng cao s gy tn thng l nhng c th khc phc bng
cch phun ng thi ng sucrose.
+ Phun nhiu ln trong mt v tng hiu qu.
Cy hp th phn bn l qua kh khng:
+ Nn phun ln b mt l c nhiu kh khng nht:
la: mt trn l mt kh khng cao hn mt di l;
ng, c chua, khoai ty mt trn l mt kh khng thp hn mt di l;
Nhng cy thn g, a s l kh khng u c b tr mt di l.
+ Phun phn bn l vo lc kh khng ang m: iu kin ngoi cnh nh hng
n s ng m kh khng. Do , nn phun khi nhit t 10-30 C, tri khng
nng, khng ma, khng c gi kh; phn bn l ch pht huy tc dng khi cung
cp nc qua r.

II. Vai tr cc cht dinh dng cn thit cho cy.

a lng: m (N), Ln (P), Kali (K).
Trung lng: Canxi (Ca), Lu Hunh (S), Ma-nh (Mg)
Vi Lng: St (Fe), Km (Zn), Mangan (Mn), Bo (B), ng (Cu), Molypden
(Mo), Clo (Cl)
Cn ch : Khng phun khi tri ma, nng to do bay hi, t l l kh khng ng
cao. Khng phun sau ma do cy no nc. Nu bm my trnh ga mnh gy
nh hng c hc ln cy. C th pha ch phm vi thuc tr su bnh tit
kim cng phun khi pht hin cy c su bnh (ch pha ln vo nhau nng
long). Trng hp cy pht trin km c th phun ch phm nhiu ln, mi ln
cch nhau 10-15 ngy.
Chi tit v cc loi phn v cc hot cht c trong phn bn Nit (N):
m l cht dinh dng rt cn thit v rt quan trng i vi cy. m l
nguyn t tham gia vo thnh phn chnh ca clorophin, prtit, cc axit amin, cc
enzym v nhiu loi vitamin trong cy.
Bn m thc y qu trnh tng trng ca cy, lm cho cy ra nhiu nhnh,
phn cnh, ra l nhiu, l cy c kch thc to, mu xanh, l quang hp mnh, do
lm tng nng sut cy.
Phn m cn cho cy trong sut qu trnh sinh trng, c bit l giai on cy
sinh trng mnh. Trong s cc nhm cy trng m rt cn cho cc loi cy n l
nh rau ci, ci bp v.v..
Khi thiu N, cy sinh trng pht trin km, dip lc khng hnh thnh, l chuyn
mu vng, nhnh v phn cnh km, hot ng quang hp v tch ly gim st
nghim trng, dn ti suy gim nng sut.

 Tha N s lm cy sinh trng qu mnh, do thn l tng trng nhanh m m

c gii km hnh thnh nn cy rt yu, d lp , d b su bnh tn cng. Ngoi
ra s d tha N trong sn phm cy trng (c bit l rau xanh) cn gy tc hi ln
ti sc khe con ngi. Nu N d tha dng NO 3 th khi vo d dy, chng s
vo rut non v mch mu, s chuyn hemoglobin (ca mu) thnh dng methemoglobin, lm mt kh nng vn chuyn oxy ca t bo. Cn nu dng NO2
chng s kt hp vi axit amin th cp to thnh cht Nitrosamine l mt cht
gy ung th rt mnh.
Ln (P):
L trung tm trong qu trnh trao i nng lng v Protein ca cy. L thnh
phn ca axt Nucleic, amino axt, protein phospho lipid, coenzim , nhim sc
th. Cn thit cho s phn chia t bo, kch thch r v ra hoa.
Ln c vai tr quan trng trong i sng ca cy trng. Ln c trong thnh phn
ca ht nhn t bo, rt cn cho vic hnh thnh cc b phn mi ca cy.
Ln kch thch s pht trin ca r cy, lm cho r n su vo t v lan rng ra
chung quanh, to thm iu kin cho cy chng chu c hn v t ng.
Ln kch thch qu trnh nhnh, ny chi, thc y cy ra hoa kt qu sm v
nhiu.
Ln lm tng c tnh chng chu ca cy i vi cc yu t khng thun li:
chng rt, chng hn, chu chua ca t, chng mt s loi su bnh hi v.v
Khi thiu P, l cy ban u c mu xanh m, sau chuyn mu vng, hin tng
ny bt u t cc l pha di trc, v t mp l vo trong. Cy la thiu P lm
l nh, hp, nhnh t, tr bng chm, chn ko di, nhiu ht xanh, ht lp. Cy
ng thiu P sinh trng chm, l c mu lc ri chuyn mu huyt d.
Tha P khng c biu hin gy hi nh tha N v P thuc loi nguyn t linh
ng, n c kh nng vn chuyn t c quan gi sang c quan cn non.
Kali(K):
Kali c vai tr ch yu trong vic chuyn ho nng lng trong qu trnh ng
ho cc cht dinh dng ca cy. Gip tng kh nng thm thu qua mng t bo,

iu chnh pH, lng nc kh khng. Hot ho ezim c lin quan n quang

hp v tng hp Hydrat carbon.
Kali lm tng kh nng chng chu ca cy i vi cc tc ng khng li t bn
ngoi v chng chu i vi mt s loi bnh. Kali to cho cy cng chc, t
ng, tng kh nng chu ng, chu hn, chu rt.
Kali lm tng phm cht nng sn v gp phn lm tng nng sut ca cy. Kali
lm tng hm lng ng trong qu lm cho mu sc qu p ti, lm cho
hng v qu thm v lm tng kh nng bo qun ca qu. Kali lm tng cht bt
trong c khoai, lm tng hm lng ng trong ma.
Thiu kali a vng dc mp l, chp l gi chuyn nu, sau lan dn vo trong
theo chiu t chp l tr xung, t mp l tr vo. Cy pht trin chm v ci cc
thn yu d b ng.
Canxi (Ca):
C vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh t bo, hnh thnh cc m c quan ca
cy. Chng c ngha quan trng trong vic trung ha chua ca t cng nh
vic kh c do s c mt ca cc cation (Na+, Al3+ ) trong nguyn sinh cht
ca t bo. Cng vi P, Ca l nguyn t hng u tng nng sut v cht lng
cy h u.
Khi thiu Ca th nh sinh trng v chp r b nh hng nghim trng do cc m
phn sinh ngng phn chia, sinh trng b c ch. Triu chng c trng ca cy
thiu Ca l cc l mi ra b d dng, chp l un cu, r km pht trin, ngn, ha
nhy v cht. Ca l cht khng di ng trong cy nn biu hin thiu Ca thng th
hin cc l non trc.
Lu hunh (S):
L thnh phn ca mt s axt amin cng nh aminoaxt lin quan n hot ng
trao i cht ca Vitamin v cc Coenzim A gip cho cu trc Protein c vng
chc.
Biu hin c chng khi cy thiu S cng c hin tng vng l nh khi thiu N,
tuy nhin khc vi thiu N l hin tng vng l xut hin cc l non trc cc l
trng thnh v l gi. Khi cy thiu S, gn l chuyn vng trong khi phn tht l

vn cn xanh, sau mi chuyn vng. Km theo nhng tn thng trc ht

phn ngn v l non, cng vi s xut hin cc vt chm trn l do m t bo
cht.
Magi (Mg):
Magi l thnh phn quan trng ca phn t dip lc nn n quyt nh hot ng
quang hp ca cy. y cng l cht hot ha ca nhiu enzym rt quan trng i
vi qu trnh h hp v trao i cht ca cy. Thc y hp thu v vn chuyn ln
gip ng vn chuyn d dng hn trong cy.
Thiu Mg lm chm qu trnh ra hoa, cy thng b vng l do thiu dip lc.
Triu chng in hnh l cc gn l cn xanh trong khi phn tht l bin vng.
Xut hin cc m hoi t thng t cc l pha di, l trng thnh ln l non, v
Mg l nguyn t di ng, cy c th dng li t cc l gi.
St (Fe):
Vai tr quan trng nht ca st l hot ha cc enzym ca qu trnh quang hp v
h hp. N khng tham gia vo thnh phn dip lc nhng c nh hng quyt
nh ti s tng hp dip lc trong cy. Hm lng st trong l cy c quan h mt
thit n hm lng dip lc trong chng.
S thiu ht Fe thng xy ra trn nn t c vi. L cy thiu st s chuyn t
mu xanh sang vng hay trng phn tht l, trong khi gn l vn cn xanh. Triu
chng thiu st xut hin trc ht cc l non, sau n l gi, v Fe khng di
ng t l gi v l non.
Km (Zn):
C vai tr quan trng trong vic tng hp cht m ngoi ra cn lin quan mt
thit n vic hnh thnh cc cht iu ha sinh trng trong cy
Thiu Zn cc l non nh, bin dng, mc xt nhau, chuyn vng trng v x ra. S
hoa, qu gim mnh, nng sut, cht lng thp.
Mangan(Mn):

Xc tc trong mt s phn ng enzim v sinh l trong cy, cn thit cho qu trnh

h hp ca cy. Hot ho cc enzim lin quan n s chuyn ho m v s tng
hp dip lc t. Kim sot th Oxy ho kh trong t bo cc pha sng v ti.
Triu chng in hnh khi cy thiu Mn l phn gn l v mch dn bin vng,
nhn ton b l c mu xanh sng, v sau xut hin cc m vng phn tht l v
pht trin thnh cc vt hoi t trn l. Nu thiu nghim trng s gy kh v cht
l. Triu chng thiu Mn c th biu hin l gi hay l non ty theo tng loi cy.
Bo(B):
nh hng n hot ng ca mt s enzim. C kh nng to phc vi cc hp
cht Polyhydroxy. Tng kh nng thm mng t bo, lm cho vic vn chuyn
Hyrat carbon c d dng. Cn cho qu trnh tng hp v phn chia t bo. Gip
iu chnh t l K/Ca trong cy. Thit yu vi s tng hp protein trong cy.
Khi thiu B th chi ngn b cht, cc chi bn cng thui dn, hoa khng hnh
thnh, t l u qu km, qu d rng, r sinh trng km, l b dy ln. L bin
dng, dy, i khi gin. V qu dy, li thng b thm en, lch tm nng sut.
Cht lng km.
ng (Cu):
ng l nguyn t hot ha nhiu enzym ca qu trnh tng hp protein, axit
nucleic v dinh dng nit ca cy. Xc tin qu trnh hnh thnh Vitamin A.
Hin tng thiu ng thng xy ra trn nhng vng t m ly, rung ly tht.
Cy trng thiu ng thng hay c hin tng chy gm (rt hay xy ra cy n
qu), km theo cc vt hoi t trn l hay qu. Vi cy h ha tho, nu thiu ng
s lm mt mu xanh phn ngn l.
Molypen(Mo):
Xc tc trong qu trnh c nh v s dng m ca cy l thnh phn ca men kh
nitrat v men nitrogense. Cn thit cho vi khun c nh m cng sinh nt sn
cy h u.
Thiu Mo xut hin m vng gn gia ca cc l di, tip l hoi t mp l
v l b gp np li. rau, cc m l b ho, ch cn li gn gia ca l v mt vi
ming phin l nh. Thiu Molypden thy r cy h u.

Clo(Cl):
Kch thch s hot ng ca mt s enzim v nh hng n s chuyn ho hydrat
carbon v kh nng gi nc ca m thc vt. Ho chp l non, a vng l sau
chuyn mu ng thau v cht kh
B. Phn Hu C
L phn cha nhng cht dinh dng dng nhng hp cht hu c nh: phn
chung, phn xanh, phn than bn, ph ph phm nng nghip, phn rc
I. Phn Chung
1. c dim:
Phn chung l hn hp ch yu ca: phn, nc tiu gia sc v cht n. N
khng nhng cung cp thc n cho cy trng m cn b sung cht hu c cho t
gip cho t c ti xp, tng ph nhiu, tng hiu qu s dng phn ha
hc
2. Ch bin phn chung: C 3 phng php
2.1. nng ( xp): Ly phn ra khi chung, cht thnh lp, khng c nn,
ti nc, gi m 60-70%, c th trn thm 1% vi bt v 1-2% Super Ln, sau
trt bn che ph cho kn hng ngy ti nc, thi gian ngn 30-40 ngy, xong
l s dng c.
2.2. ngui ( cht): Ly phn ra khi chung xp thnh lp, mi lp rc khong
(2%) ln, nn cht. ng phn rng khong 2-3m, cao 1, 5-2m, trt bn bn
ngoi trnh ma. Thi gian lu, 5-6 thng mi xong.
2. 3. nng trc ngui sau: nng 5-6 ngy, khi nhit 50-60C nn cht
tip lp khc ln trn, trt bn kn, c th cho thm vo ng phn cc loi phn
khc nh: phn th, g, vt lm phn men tng cht lng phn.
II. Phn Rc
1. c im: L phn hu c c ch bin t: c di, rc, thn l cy xanh, rm
r vi mt s phn men nh phn chung, ln, vi n khi mc thnh phn
(thnh phn dinh dng thp hn phn chung).

2. Cch : Nguyn liu chnh l phn rc 70%, cung cp thm m v Kali 2%,
cn li phn men (phn chung, ln, vi). Nguyn liu c cht ra thnh on
ngn 20-30cm xp thnh lp c 30cm rc mt lp vi; trt bn; khong 20 ngy
o li rc thm phn men, xp cao trt bn li, h l ti nc thng
xuyn; khong 60 ngy dng bn lt, lu hn khi phn hoai c th dng
bn thc.
III. Phn Xanh
1. c dim: Phn xanh l phn hu c s dng cc loi cy l ti bn ngay vo
t khng qua qu trnh do ch dng bn lt. Cy phn xanh thng c
dng l cy h u: in thanh, mung, keo du, c Stylo, in in
2. Cch s dng: Vi cy phn xanh vo t khi cy ra hoa, bn lt lc lm t.
IV. Phn Vi Sinh.
1. c im: L ch phm phn bn c sn xut bng cch dng cc loi vi sinh
vt hu ch cy vo mi trng l cht hu c (nh bt than bn). Khi bn cho t
cc chng loi vi sinh vt s pht huy vai tr ca n nh phn gii cht dinh dng
kh tiu thnh d tiu cho cy hp th, hoc ht m kh tri b sung cho t v
cy.
2. Cc loi phn trn th trng:
2.1. Phn vi sinh c nh m:
Phn vi sinh c nh m, sng cng sinh vi cy h u: Nitragin, Rhidafo
Phn vi sinh c nh m, sng t do: Azotobacterin
2.2. Phn vi sinh phn gii ln: Phn ln hu c vi sinh Komix v nhiu loi phn
vi sinh phn gii ln khc c tnh nng tc dng ging nh nhau.
2.3. Phn vi sinh phn gii cht x: cha cc chng vi sinh vt gip tng cng
phn gii xc thc vt nh Bimix.
3. Cch s dng phn hu c vi sinh: Thi gian s dng phn c hn, ty loi
thng t 1-6 thng (ch xem thi hn s dng). Phn vi sinh pht huy hiu lc
: vng t mi, t phn, nhng vng t b thoi ha mt kt cu do bn phn

ha hc lu ngy, vng cha trng cc cy c vi khun cng sinh th mi c hiu

qu cao.
V . Phn Sinh Hc Hu C.
1. c im: L loi phn c ngun gc hu c c sn xut bng cng ngh
sinh hc (nh ln men vi sinh) v phi trn thm mt s hot cht khc lm tng
hu hiu ca phn, hoc khi bn vo t s to mi trng cho cc qu trnh
sinh hc trong t din ra thun li gp phn lm tng nng sut cy trng, ph
bin nh: Phn bn Komix nn
2. S dng: Phn sinh ha hu c c sn xut dng bt hoc dng lng; c th
phun ln l hoc bn gc. Cc loi phn sinh ha hu c hin nay c sn xut
theo hng chuyn dng nh phn sinh ha hu c Komix chuyn dng cho: cy
n tri, la, ma Komix, Nutri Smart, suistance, Dynamic lifter, Sunray, Real
Strong
C. Phn V C
Phn v c hay phn ha hc l cc loi phn c cha yu t dinh dng di
dng mui khong (v c) thu c nh cc qu trnh vt l, ha hc.
Mt S Phn Bn V C Thng dng Hin Nay:
I. Phn n: L loi phn ch cha 1 trong 3 nguyn t dinh dng ch yu l N,
P hoc K
1. Phn m:
L tn gi chung ca cc loi phn bn v c cung cp m cho cy.
* Phn Ur CO(NH4)2: Phn ur c 44 48%N nguyn cht. Loi phn ny
chim 59% tng s cc loi phn m c sn xut cc nc trn th gii. Ur
l loi phn c t l N cao nht. Trn th trng c bn 2 loi phn ur c cht
lng ging nhau:
Loi tinh th mu trng, ht trn, d tan trong nc, c nhc im l ht m
mnh.
Loi c dng vin, nh nh trng c. Loi ny c thm cht chng m nn d bo
qun, d vn chuyn nn c dng nhiu trong sn xut nng nghip.

Phn ur c kh nng thch nghi rng v c kh nng pht huy tc dng trn nhiu
loi t khc nhau v i vi cc loi cy trng khc nhau. Phn ny bn thch hp
trn t chua phn.
Phn ur c dng bn thc. C th pha long theo nng 0.5 1.5%
phun ln l.
Trong chn nui, ur c dng trc tip bng cch cho thm vo khu phn thc
n cho ln, tru b.
Phn ny cn c bo qun k trong ti polyetylen v khng c phi ra nng.
Bi v khi tip xc vi khng kh v nh nng ur rt d b phn hu v bay hi.
Cc ti phn ur khi m ra cn c dng ht ngay trong thi gian ngn.
Trong qu trnh sn xut, ur thng lin kt cc phn t vi nhau to thnh biurat.
l cht c hi i vi cy trng. V vy, trong phn ur khng c c qu 3%
biurat i vi cy trng cn, 5% i vi la nc.
* Phn sunphat m (NH4)2SO4: Cn gi l phn SA. Sunphat m c cha 20
21% N nguyn cht. Trong phn ny cn c 29% lu hunh (S). Trn th gii loi
phn ny chim 8% tng lng phn ho hc sn xut hng nm.
Phn ny c dng tinh th, mn, mu trng ng hoc xm xanh. Phn ny c mi
nc tiu (mi amniac), v mn v hi chua. Cho nn nhiu ni gi l phn mui
dim.
Sunphat m l loi phn bn tt v c c N v lu hunh l hai cht dinh dng
thit yu cho cy.
Phn ny d tan trong nc, khng vn cc. Thng trng thi ti ri, d bo
qun, d s dng. Tuy nhin, nu trong mi trng m phn d vn cc, ng
li thnh tng tng rt kh em bn cho cy.
C th em bn cho tt c cc loi cy trng, trn nhiu loi t khc nhau, min l
t khng b phn, b chua. Nu t chua cn bn thm vi, ln mi dng c
m sunphat amn. Phn ny dng tt cho cy trng trn t i, trn cc loi t
bc mu (thiu S).
m sunphat c dng chuyn bn cho cc loi cy cn nhiu S v t N nh
u , lc v.v.. v cc loi cy va cn nhiu S va cn nhiu N nh ng.

Cn lu m sunphat l loi phn c tc dng nhanh, rt chng pht huy tc dng

i vi cy trng, cho nn thng c dng bn thc v bn thnh nhiu ln
trnh mt m.
Khi bn cho cy con cn ch l phn ny d gy chy l.
Khng nn s dng phn m sunphat bn trn t phn, v phn d lm chua
thm t.
* Phn Xianamit canxi: Phn ny c dng bt khng c tinh th, mu xm tro
hoc mu trng, t khng c mi khai.
Xianamit canxi c cha 20 21% N nguyn cht, 20 28% vi, 9 12% than. V
c than cho nn phn c mu xm en. Cng c loi phn t l than thp hoc
khng c than nn phn c mu trng.
Cn ch chng m cho phn khi bo qun, bi v nu phn ht m s b bin
cht, ht phn phnh to ln lm rch bao b v lm hng dng c ng.
Phn ny d bc bi. Khi bm vo da s lm hng da, phn bay vo mt s lm
hng gic mc mt, v vy khi s dng phn ny phi rt cn thn.
Phn ny c phn ng kim, bi vy c th kh c chua, dng rt tt cc loi
t chua.
Xianamit canxi thng c dng bn lt. Mun dng bn thc phi em
trc khi bn. Bi v phn ny khi phn gii to ra mt s cht c c th lm
hng mng chn tru b, hi da chn ngi nng dn. Thng sau 7 10 ngy cc
cht c mi ht. Thng xianamit canxi c trn vi phn rc lm cho phn
chng hoai mc. Phn ny khng c dng phun ln l cy.
* Nhng iu cn ch khi s dng phn m:Hin nay c 3 loi phn m
thng c dng ph bin nht, l: phn ur, phn amn sunphat v phn
amn phtphat. m bo hiu qu s dng cc loi phn ho hc cn ch n
nhng im sau y:
Phn cn c bo qun trong cc ti nilng. Ch phn cn thong mt, kh
ro, mi kho khng b dt. Khng chung phn m cng vi cc loi phn khc.

 Cn bn ng c tnh v nhu cu ca cy trng. Cy c nhng c tnh rt khc

nhau. Nhu cu ca cy i vi N cng rt khc nhau. C cy yu cu nhiu N, c
cy yu cu t. Nu bn N nhiu, vt qu yu cu ca cy, N cng gy ra nhng
tc hi ng k. Bn ng yu cu ca cy, N pht huy tc dng rt tt.
Cn bn ng dng phn theo c im ca cy v ca t ai. i vi cc loi
cy h u nn bn m sm, trc khi nt sn c hnh thnh trn r cy. Khi
trn r cy c cc nt sn, khng nn bn m, v m ngn tr hot ng c
nh m t khng kh ca cc loi vi khun nt sn.
Cn bn m ng vi c im ca t:
Phn c tnh kim nn bn cho t chua.
Phn chua sinh l nn bn cho t kim.
t ly tht, nhiu bn khng cn bn phn m.
Cn bn m ng lc. Tt nht l bn vo thi k sinh trng mnh nht ca
cy.
Cn bn m ng liu lng v cn i vi ln v kali.
Bn phn m cn lu n din bin ca thi tit. Khng bn lc ma to, lc
rung vn y nc.
Khng bn m tp trung vo mt lc, m cn chia thnh nhiu ln bn v
bn vi u trn rung. Khng bn m qu tha. V khi tha m, cy pht trin
mnh, d ng, ra hoa chm, t ht, ht lp nhiu, qu d rng, nhiu su bnh,
phm cht qu gim.
Bn phn m cn kt hp vi lm c, xi t, sc bn (i vi la).
2-Phn ln.
* Phn apatit: L loi bt mn, mu nu t hoc mu xm nu.
T l ln nguyn cht trong phn thay i nhiu. Thng ngi ta chia thnh 3
loi: loi apatit giu c trn 38% ln; loi phn apatit trung bnh c 17 38% ln;
loi phn apatit ngho c di 17% ln.

Thng loi apatit giu c s dng ch bin thnh cc loi phn ln khc,
cn loi trung bnh v loi ngho mi c em nghin thnh bt bn cho cy.
Phn ln ln trong phn apatit di dng cy kh s dng.
Apatit c t l vi cao nn c kh nng kh chua cho t.
Phn ny c s dng tng t nh phtphat ni a.
S dng v bo qun phn ny tng i d dng v phn t ht m v t bin cht.
* Super ln: L loi bt mn mu trng, vng xm hoc mu xm thic. Mt s
trng hp super ln c sn xut di dng vin.
Trong super ln c 16 20% ln nguyn cht. Ngoi ra, trong phn ny c cha
mt lng ln thch cao. Trong phn cn cha mt lng kh ln axit, v vy phn
c phn ng chua.
Phn d ho tan trong nc cho nn cy d s dng. Phn thng pht huy hiu
qu nhanh, t b ra tri.
Super ln c th dng bn lt hoc bn thc u c.
Phn ny c th s dng bn cc loi t trung tnh, t kim, t chua u
c. Tuy nhin, cc loi t chua nn bn vi kh chua trc khi bn super ln.
Super ln c th dng vi phn chung.
Nu super ln qu chua, cn trung ho bt chua trc khi s dng. C th dng
phtphat ni a hoc apatit. Nu t chua nhiu dng 15 20% apatit trung
ho, t chua t dng 10 15%. Nu dng tro bp trung ho chua ca super
ln th dng 10 15%, nu dng vi th t l l 5 10%.
Phn super ln thng pht huy hiu qu nhanh, cho nn tng hiu lc ca
phn, ngi ta thng bn tp trung, bn theo hc, hoc sn xut thnh dng vin
bn cho cy.
Phn ny c th dng h phn r m.

Super ln t ht m, nhng nu ct gi khng cn thn phn c th b nho v vn

thnh tng cc. Phn c tnh axit nn d lm hng bao b v dng c ong ng
bng st.
* Tecm phtphat (phn ln nung chy, ln Vn in): Phn c dng bt mu
xanh nht, gn nh mu tro, c ng nh.
T l ln nguyn cht trong tecm phtphat l 15 20%. Ngoi ra trong phn cn
c canxi 30% mt t thnh phn kim, ch yu l magi 12 13%, c khi c c
kali.
Tecm phtphat c phn ng kim, cho nn khng nn trn ln vi phn m v d
lm cho m b mt.
Phn ny khng tan trong nc, nhng tan c trong axit yu. Cy s dng d
dng. Phn c th s dng bn lt hoc bn thc u tt.
Tecm phtphat pht huy hiu lc tt cc vng t chua, v phn c phn ng
kim. Phn s dng c hiu qu trn cc vng t ct ngho, t bc mu v phn
cha nhiu vi, c cc nguyn t vi lng v mt t kali.
Phn ny thng c bn ri, t khi bn tp trung v t c sn xut di dng
vin.
Khng s dng tecm phtphat h phn r m.
Tecm phtphat t ht m, lun trong trng thi ti ri v khng lm hng dng
c ong ng.
3. Phn Kali
s dng hp l phn kali cn ch n nhng iu sau y:
Bn kali cc loi t trung tnh d lm cho t tr nn chua. V vy cc loi
t trung tnh nn kp thi bn thm vi.
Kali nn bn kt hp vi cc loi phn khc.
Kali c th bn thc bng cch phun dung dch ln l vo cc thi gian cy kt
hoa, lm c, to si.

 C th bn tro bp thay th phn kali.

Bn qu nhiu kali c th gy tc ng xu ln r cy, lm cy teo r. Nu bn
qu tha phn kali trong nhiu nm, c th lm cho mt cn i vi natri, magi.
Khi xy ra trng hp ny cn bn b sung cc nguyn t vi lng magi, natri.
Cc loi cy c phn ng tch cc vi phn kali l: ch, ma, thuc l, da, chui,
khoai, sn, bng, ay, v.v..
* Phn clorua kali: Phn c dng bt mu hng nh mui t. Nng dn mt s
ni gi l phn mui t. Cng c dng clorua kali c mu xm c hoc xm trng.
Phn c kt tinh thnh ht nh.
Hm lng kali nguyn cht trong phn l 50 60%. Ngoi ra trong phn cn c
mt t mui n (NaCl).
Clorua kali l loi phn chua sinh l. Phn ny khi kh c ri tt, d bn.
Nhng nu m phn kt dnh li vi nhau kh s dng.
Hin nay, phn clorua kali c sn xut vi khi lng ln trn th gii v chim
n 93% tng lng phn kali.
Clorua kali c th dng bn cho nhiu loi cy trn nhiu loi t khc nhau. C
th dng phn ny bn lt hoc bn thc. Bn thc lc cy sp ra hoa lm cho
cy cng cp, tng phm cht nng sn.
Clorua kali rt thch hp vi cy da v da l cy a Clo. Khng nn dng phn
ny bn vo t mn, l loi t c nhiu Clo, v khng bn cho thuc l l loi
cy khng a Clo. Phn ny cng khng nn dng bn cho mt s loi cy hng
liu, ch, c ph, v phn nh hng n phm cht nng sn.
* Phn sunphat Kali: Phn c dng tinh th nh, mn, mu trng. Phn d tan
trong nc, t ht m nn t vn cc.
Hm lng Kali nguyn cht trong sunphat Kali l 45 50%. Ngoi ra trong phn
cn cha lu hunh 18%.
Phn ny c th s dng thch hp cho nhiu loi cy trng. S dng c hiu qu
cao i vi cy c du, rau ci, thuc l, ch, c ph.

Sunphat Kali l loi phn chua sinh l. S dng lu trn mt chn t c th lm

tng chua ca t. Khng dng sunphat kali lin tc nhiu nm trn cc loi t
chua, v phn c th lm tng thm chua ca t.
II. Phn tng hp v phn hn hp
Phn tng hp l cc loi phn c sn xut thng qua cc phn ng ho
hc to thnh mt th phn bn gm nhiu nguyn t dinh dng. Phn ny
cn c gi l phn phc hp.
Phn hn hp l cc loi phn to c do qu trnh trn ln 2 hoc nhiu loi
phn n vi nhau mt cch c gii v u n.
Phn tng hp cng nh Phn hn hp c cc t l NPK cc t hp khc nhau
c la chn ph hp vi tng loi t v tng nhm cy trng. Nhiu trng
hp trong phn tng hp cng nh phn hn hp cn c thm c cc nguyn t
Mg, Ca, S v cc nguyn t vi lng khc.
Trn th trng hin ang c cc loi phn sau y:
Loi 2 yu t N v P vi t l NPK: 18:46:0 v 20:20:0.
Loi 3 yu t NPK vi t l: 20:20:15, 16-16-8, 15-15-15, 16-8-16..
Loi 4 yu t N, P, K, Mg; N, P, K, S vi t l: 14:9:21:2; 12:12:17:2; v.v..
Cc loi phn tng hp v hn hp ch pht huy hiu lc tt khi c bn ng vi
yu cu ca cy v ph hp vi tnh cht ca cc loi t. V vy, mun s dng c
hiu qu cc loi phn ny cn nm c y v c th c im ca cy v
tnh cht ca t.
Trn c s cc kt qu nghin cu khoa hc, hin nay cc x nghip phn bn
sn xut ra cc loi phn tng hp v phn hn hp chuyn dng cho tng loi cy
c th, nh phn bn cho cao su, cho c ph, cho ch, cho rau, cho u, v.v..
* Phn NP: Loi phn 2 yu t ny trn th trng c nhiu thng hiu khc
nhau.
* Phn diamophos (DAP):
Phn c t l cc cht dinh dng (N, P, K) l: 1:2,6:0.

Phn ny c sn xut bng cch trn super ln kp vi sunphat amn. Phn c

thnh phn P2O5 46%, N 18%.
Phn c hm lng ln cao, cho nn s dng thch hp cho cc vng t phn, t
bazan.
Diamophos c th s dng bn cho nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau. Phn c th
s dng bn lt hoc bn thc.
Phn DAP c m, ln d tiu, khng lm chua t.
* Phn hn hp: 20:20:0; 23:23:0; 10:10:0 c sn xut ra chuyn s dng bn
lt vo t.
* Phn NK:
* Phn Kali nitrat: Dng phn 2 yu t cha 13% N v 45% K2O.
Phn ny c dng bn cho t ngho Kali. Thng c dng bn cho
cy n qu, cy ly c.
* Phn hn hp: 30:0:10; 20:0:20; 20:0:10.
Cc dng phn ny c cha NK v mt s nguyn t trung lng. Trong cc dng
phn ny khng c ln. Cc dng phn ny c dng bn vo cui thi k sinh
trng ca cy trng, v vo thi k ny cy khng cn yu cu i vi ln.
* Phn PK:
* Phn PK 0:1:3 . Ngi ta sn xut phn ny bng cch trn 55% super ln vi
45% KCl.
Phn c dng bn cho t qu ngho Kali nh t bc mu, t ct nh v.v..
Phn cng c dng ch yu bn cho cc loi cy cn nhiu kali nh khoai
ty, khoai lang, v.v..
* Phn PK 0:1:2 . c sn xut bng cch trn 65% super phtphat vi 35% KCl.
* Phn PK 0:1:2 cha 5,8% P2O5 v 11,75% KCl.
Phn ny c dng bn cho cc loi t ngho Kali v dng ch yu bn
cho cc loi ng cc.

* Phn N, P, K:
Phn amsuka : C t l NPK l 1: 0,4:0,8.
Phn ny c sn xut bng cch trn amn vi super ln trung ha vo mui
KCl.
Phn c dng bn cho cy c yu cu NPK trung bnh, bn cc loi t c
NPK trung bnh.
Phn Nitro phoska: c 2 loi
Loi c t l NPK: 1:0,4:1,3
c sn xut bng cch trn cc mui nitrat vi axit phosphoric. Trong phn c
cha: N 13%; P2O5 5,7%; K2O 17,4%.
Phn ny c dng bn cho t thiu K nghim trng v thng c dng
bn cho cy ly c.
Loi c t l N, P, K: 1:0,3:0,9
c sn xut bng cch trn cc mui nitrat vi axit sunphuric. Trong phn c
cha: N 13,6%; P2O5 3,9%; K2O 12,4%.
Phn c dng bn cho nhiu loi cy trng v thng bn cho t c NPK
trung bnh.
Phn Amphoska:C t l NPK: 1:0,1:0,8
Trong phn c cha N 17%; P2O5 7,4%; K2O 14,1%.
Phn ny c dng bn cho t trung tnh v thng dng bn cho cy ly
c.
Phn hn hp NPK 3 mu: Do nh my phn bn Bnh in II sn xut. c cc
dng:
15:15:15

20:20:15

15:10:15

16:16:8

14:8:6

15:15:6

Tu theo yu cu ca cy v c tnh ca t, ngi nng dn c th mua loi phn

thch hp bn.
Phn tng hp NPK:
* Nhng iu cn lu khi trn phn:
C nhng loi phn trn c vi nhau v khi bn cho cy cc nguyn t dinh
dng trong hn hp u pht huy c tc dng tt. Tuy vy, c nhng loi phn
khng trn ln vi nhau c, bi v khi trn, loi phn ny c th lm mt hoc
gim cc nguyn t dinh dng c trong loi phn kia, hoc to thnh cc cht c
hi cho cy, lm xu t.
III. Vi
1. Vai tr tc dng ca vi: Cung cp Canxi (Ca) cho cy trng, Ca l mt nguyn
t dinh dng rt cn cho cy v Ca chim ti 30% trong s cc cht khong ca
cy. Ci to t chua, mn. To iu kin cho vi sinh vt hot ng tt, phn gii
cc cht hu c trong t, tng ha tan cc cht dinh dng v tng kh nng
hp thu cc cht dinh dng ca cy, dit c mt s bnh hi cy trng, kh c
cho t do tha nhm(Al), St(Fe), H2S
2. Mt s dng vi bn cho cy
* Vi nghin: Cc loi: vi, v c, v s nghin nt. C tc dng chm nn
bn lt lc lm t, thng bn t 1-3 tn/ha. t st bn 1 ln vi lng ln, sau
vi nm bn li. t ct bn hng nm lng t hn. Khi bn vi nn kt hp vi
phn hu c tng hiu qu ca phn , khng bn cng m v s lm mt phn
m.
* Vi nung (vi cn long): Do nung CaCO3 thnh CaO, ri s dng. Tc dng
nhanh hn vi nghin, dng x l t v phng tr su bnh. Tuy nhin do c hot
tnh mnh khi s dng nn lu trnh nh hng ti cy trng.
* Thch cao: L dng vi c bit, tc dng nhanh, s dng rt tt cho cy khi to
tri
Cch Tnh Cng Thc Phn Pha Trn.

Hin nay, nhiu ni sn xut rt nhiu loi phn hn hp vi nhiu t l NPK khc
nhau nn b con nng dn ty gi c tng lc v kh nng thanh ton c th t
chn la mua, tuy nhin nu mun pha trn s dng hp l th ta c th thc
hin c.
* Cch tnh t phn n ra phn hn hp
V d: Mun pha trn mt loi phn c cng thc l 5-10-10 t phn SA, Super
Ln v KCl th ta pha nh sau:
SA c 21%N, cn cung cp 5kg th ta phi c lng SA l:
5 x 100 = 23. 8kg
21
Super Ln c 20% P2O5, mun c 10kg P2O5 th lng Super Ln s l:
10 x 100 =50 kg
20
KCl c 60% K2O, mun c 10 kg K2O th lng KCl s l:
10 x 100 = 16, 6 kg
60
* Tng s phn cc loi l 23,8 + 50 + 16, 6 = 90, 4kg cn li 9, 6 kg phi dng
cht n (t, ct hoc thch cao), trn v cho 100kg.
* Cch tnh t phn hn hp ra phn n
V d: Theo khuyn co cn dng 100kg Ur, 200kg Super Ln, 50kg Clorua Kali
bn cho cy, nhng nh vn bn 100kg NPK (20-20-15), nh vy lng
NPK tha hay thiu, cch tnh nh sau:
Lng Ur c trong 100kg NPK 20-20-15
100 20
=43 kg
46

Lng Super Ln c trong 100kg NPK 20-20-15

100 20
=20 kg
20

Lng Clorua Kali c trong 100kg NPK 20-20-15

100 15
=25 k
60

* Vy phi thm 57kg Ur + 100kg Super Ln + 25kg Clorua Kali th mi

lng phn nh khuyn co.
D. Phn Bn L
1. c im: Phn bn l l cc hp cht dinh dng ha tan trong nc c
phun ln l cy hp th.
2. Cc ch phm phn bn l trn th trng: Hin nay cc ch phm phn bn
l rt phong ph v a dng, phn sn xut trong nc nh: HVP, HUMIX, HQ
201, BIOTED, KOMIX
3. Lu khi s dng phn bn l:
Bn qua l tt nht khi bn b sung hoc bn thc nhm p ng nhanh yu cu
dinh dng ca cy, ha long phn theo ng t l trn bao b; nhit qu cao,
t b kh hn nng khng nn dng phn bn l v d lm rng l. Khng s dng
phn bn l lc cy ang ra hoa, lc tri nng v s lm rng hoa tri v lm gim
hiu lc phn.
Khng nn nhm ln gia phn bn l v cht kch thch sinh trng, nu trong
phn bn l c cht kch thch sinh trng th trong phn ny c cht dinh
dng, nu ch dng kch thch sinh trng th phi b sung thm dinh dng
cy tng trng tng ng vi s kch thch