CH 02 HW

2/22/2016
Ch02HW
Ch02HW
Due:11:59pmonFriday,February26,2016
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
PhETTutorial:MovingMan
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandtherelationshipsbetweenposition,velocity,andacceleration.
Forthistutorial,usethePhETsimulationTheMovingMan.Thissimulationallowsyoutodragapersonbackandforth
andlookattheresultingposition,velocity,andacceleration.Youcanalsoenterapositionasafunctionoftime
mathematicallyandlookattheresultingmotion.
Startthesimulation.Whenyouclickthesimulationlink,youmaybeaskedwhethertorun,open,orsavethefile.
Choosetorunoropenit.
UndertheChartstabyoucanclickanddragthepersonleftandright,orenteranumericvalueintheboxesontheleft
paneltoseeplotsforthepersonsposition,velocity,andaccelerationasafunctionoftime.ClickthePlaybuttonto
startasimulationandthePausebuttontostopasimulation.YoucanalsowatchaplaybackbyselectingthePlayback
radiobuttoninsteadofthedefaultRecordradiobutton.YoucanclickCleartoremovethecurrentplotwhilemaintaining
yoursettingsforposition,velocityandaccelerationorclickResetAlltostartover.InthePlaybackmode,thegreybar
canbedraggedovertheplottoanyvalueintime,andthedigitalreadoutswillshowthecorrespondingvaluesofthe
position,velocity,andacceleration.
UndertheSpecialFeaturesmenu,theExpressionEvaluatoroptionproducesasecondwindowinwhichyoucan
mathematicallytypeinanyfunctionforthepositionasafunctionoftime,x(t).Aftertypinginafunction,clickthePlay
buttontostartthesimulation.
Tozoominvertically,clickanyofthethree+ buttonstothetoprightofeachplot.Tozoominhorizontally,clickthe+
buttontothebottomrightoftheaccelerationplot.
Feelfreetoplayaroundwiththesimulation.Whenyouaredone,clickResetAllontheChartstabbeforebeginning
PartA.
PartA
First,youwillfocusontherelationshipbetweenvelocityandposition.Recallthatvelocityistherateofchangeof
position(v x = dx/dt).ThismeansthatthevelocityisequaltotheslopeofthePositionvs.Timegraph.
Movethepersontothepositionx
= 6 m
orenter6.00inthepositionbox.Ifyoudraggedthepersonto
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=4266215
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position,clickthePausebuttonandthentheClearbutton.Next,dragthepersontotherighttoroughlyx = 6 m
andreversehisdirection,returninghimtotheoriginalposition,atx = 6 m .Movethepersonrelativelyquickly,
aboutafewsecondsfortheroundtrip.Yourplotsshouldlooksomethinglikethoseshownbelow.
LookatthePositionvs.TimeandVelocityvs.Timeplots.Whatistheperson'svelocitywhenhispositionisatits
maximumvalue(around6m)?
ANSWER:
negative.
Theperson'svelocityis
zero.
positive.
Correct
Whenthepersonspositionisamaximum,theslopeofthepositionwithrespecttotimeiszero,so
dx/dt = 0 .However,duetothepersonsacceleration,thevelocitydoesnotremainzeroheeventually
movestotheleft.
PartB
Accelerationistherateofchangeofthevelocity,a x
= dv x /dt
,soitistheslopeoftheVelocityvs.Timegraph.
Becauseitisdifficulttodragthepersoninaconsistentandreproducibleway,usetheExpressionEvaluatorunder
theSpecialFeaturesmenuforthisquestion.
ClickResetAllandtypeinthefunctionx(t) = 8 t 2 t tintheExpressionEvaluator.ClickthePlay
buttonandletthesimulationrunroughly5simulationsecondsbeforepressingthePausebutton.Usethezoom
buttonstoadjusttheplotssotheyfitinthescreen.Youshouldseeaplotsimilartowhatyougotintheprevious
question,butmuchsmoother.
LookatthePositionvs.Time,Velocityvs.Time,andAccelerationvs.Timeplots.
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Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
InPlaybackmode,usethegreyverticalbar.Slidethebaruntilthevaluex = 8 m isdisplayedinthe
positionboxontheleftpanel.Whatarethevaluesofvelocityandaccelerationwhenx = 8 m ?
ANSWER:
boththevelocityandtheaccelerationarenonzero.
Whenthepersonis8mtotherightoftheorigin,
boththevelocityandtheaccelerationarezero.
thevelocityiszerobuttheaccelerationisnegative.
thevelocityiszerobuttheaccelerationispositive.
Correct
Atx = 8 m ,thepersonturnstogobackintheoppositedirection.Hisvelocityiszero,buthisaccelerationis
negativesincethevelocityisdecreasingwithtime.Thisissimilartothrowingaballstraightupintotheairat
itshighestpoint,thevelocityiszerobuttheaccelerationisstilldirecteddownward.
PartC
Keepthefunctionx(t) = 8 t 2 t tintheExpressionEvaluator.Whatisthevalueofthepersons
accelerationa att = 2 s ?
Usethegreyverticalbar.Slidethebaruntilitcoincideswitht
valuedisplayedintheaccelerationboxontheleftpanel?
= 2s
onthehorizontalaxis.Whatisthe
ANSWER:
4 m/s
ax
4 m/s
2 m/s
Correct
Thisisanexampleofonedimensionalmotionwithconstantacceleration.Thepositionofanobjectundergoing
thistypeofmotionobeysthekinematicequationx(t) = x0 + v x,0 t + 1/2 a x t2 .Inthiscase,theinitial
velocityisv x,0 = 8 m/sandtheaccelerationisa x = 4 m/s 2 (since1/2 a x = 2 m/s 2 ).
PartD
Inthepreviousquestion,thepersonhadaninitialvelocityof8 m/s andaconstantaccelerationof4 m/s 2 .How
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wouldthemaximumdistancehetravelstotherightoftheoriginchangeifinsteadhisinitialvelocityweredoubled(
v x,0 = 16 m/s )?
GototheIntroductiontabtorunthesimulationusingthenewinitialvelocityv x,0 = 16 m/s andthesame
accelerationof4 m/s 2 ,andreadthevalueforpositionwhenthevelocityequalszero.Rememberto
removethewallsfromthesimulationbyclickingontheredclosebuttononthewalls.InPlaybackmodethe
simulationcanberunslowlyandpausedwhenthevelocityiszero.
Or,mathematically,determinehowlongittakesforthepersontostopandusethisvalueoftimeinthe
equationforx(t).
ANSWER:
Themaximumdistancewouldnotchange.
Themaximumdistancewouldincreasebyafactoroffour.
Themaximumdistancewoulddouble.
Correct
Becauseittakestwiceasmuchtimetomomentarilystop,andbecausehisaveragevelocitywillbetwiceas
fast,thedistancehetravelswillbefourtimesgreater.Usingthekinematicequation,
2
2
x(4 s) = (16 m/s) (4 s) (1/2) (4 m/s ) (4 s)
= 32 m .
PartE
Now,assumethatthepositionisgivenbytheequationx(t)
= 4t
EnterthisfunctionintheExpressionEvaluatorasx(t) = 4 t t t.RunthesimulationbyclickingthePlay
buttonintheRecordmodeforroughlythreesimulatedsecondsandthenclickthePausebutton.Nowtakealook
atthegraphs.Youwillhavetozoominhorizontally(bottomright),sothatyourrangecoverstwoseconds.
Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
ANSWER:
Theaccelerationisincreasingataconstantrate.
Thepositionisincreasingataconstantrate.
Theaccelerationisconstantintime.
Thevelocityisincreasingataconstantrate.
Correct
ThegraphshowingAccelerationvs.Timeisastraightlinethatisnothorizontal.
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PartF
Whatisthepositionofthepersonwhent
= 1s
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterstoonesignificantfigure.
Youcansolvethismathematicallyusingtheexpressioninputforpositionasafunctionoftime,
x(t) = 4 t t t.
Alternatively,youcanputthesimulationinPlaybackmodeanddragthegreybox/bartot
theapproximatevalueforposition.
= 1s
,thenread
ANSWER:
4 m
Correct
Noticethatsincethepositionisgivenbyx
x = 4(1)
= 4t
,whenthetimeist
= 1s
,thepositionis
m = 4 m.
PartG
Whatisthevelocityofthepersonwhent
= 1s
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecondtotwosignificantfigures.
Thevelocityisthefirstderivativeofpositionwithrespecttotime,v x
oftheexpressionofx(t)andevaluatewhent = 1 s .
= dx/dt
.Youcantakethederivative
theapproximatevalueforvelocity.
= 1s
,thenread
ANSWER:
12 m/s
Correct
Noticethatsincethepositionisgivenbyx(t) = 4t3 ,thevelocity,whichisthefirstderivativeofpositionwith
respecttotime,isgivenbyv x = dx/dt = 12t2 .Sowhent = 1 s ,v = 12 m/s.
PartH
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Whatistheaccelerationofthepersonwhent
= 1s
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecondsquaredtotwosignificantfigures.
Theaccelerationisthefirstderivativeofvelocitywithrespecttotime,a x = dv x /dt orthesecond
2
derivativeofpositionwithrespecttotime,a x = d x/dt2 .Youcantakethederivativeoftheexpressionof
v x (t)andevaluatewhen t = 1 s .
theapproximatevalueforacceleration.
= 1s
,thenread
ANSWER:
24 m/s 2
Correct
Noticethatsincethepositionisgivenbyx = 4t3 ,theacceleration,whichisthefirstderivativeofvelocity
withrespecttotime,isgivenbya x = dv x /dt = d(12t2 )/dx = 24t .Sowhent = 1 s ,a x = 24 m/s 2 .
Noticealsothattheaccelerationisproportionaltotime,whichexplainswhyitisincreasingataconstantrate
(asdiscoveredinpartG).
PhETInteractiveSimulations
UniversityofColorado
http://phet.colorado.edu
SpeedofaBullet
AbulletisshotthroughtwocardboarddisksattachedadistanceDaparttoashaftturningwitharotationalperiodT ,
asshown.
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PartA
Deriveaformulaforthebulletspeedv intermsofD,T ,andameasuredangle betweenthepositionofthehole
inthefirstdiskandthatoftheholeinthesecond.Ifrequired,use,notitsnumericequivalent.Bothoftheholes
lieatthesameradialdistancefromtheshaft. measurestheangulardisplacementbetweenthetwoholesfor
instance, = 0 meansthattheholesareinalineand = meansthatwhenoneholeisup,theotherisdown.
Assumethatthebulletmusttravelthroughthesetofdiskswithinasinglerevolution.
Hint1.Considerholepositions
Therelativepositionoftheholescanbeusedtofindthebullet'sspeed.Remember,theshaftwillhave
rotatedwhilethebullettravelsbetweenthedisks.
Hint2.Howlongdoesittakeforthediskstorotatebyanangle ?
Thedisksrotateby2intimeT .Howlongwillittakethemtorotateby ?
GiveyouranswerintermsofT , ,andconstantssuchas.
Hint1.Checkingyourformula
Ifyourformulaiscorrect,whenyouplug2infor ,youranswerwillbeT .
ANSWER:
T
2
ANSWER:
2D
T
Correct
Exercise2.14
Aracecarstartsfromrestandtravelseastalongastraightandleveltrack.Forthefirst5.0s ofthecar'smotion,the
eastwardcomponentofthecar'svelocityisgivenby x (t) = (0.850 m/s 3 )t 2 .
PartA
Whatistheaccelerationofthecarwhen x =14.8m/s?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
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ax
= 7.09 s
Correct
Exercise2.37
Ajugglerthrowsabowlingpinstraightupwithaninitialspeedof8.10m/s.
PartA
Howmuchtimeelapsesuntilthebowlingpinreturnstothejuggler'shand?
ANSWER:
t
= 1.65s
Correct
Exercise2.51
Arocketstartsfromrestandmovesupwardfromthesurfaceoftheearth.Forthefirst10.0s ofitsmotion,thevertical
accelerationoftherocketisgivenbya y = (2.90m/s 3 )t,wherethe+ydirectionisupward.
PartA
Whatistheheightoftherocketabovethesurfaceoftheearthatt=10.0s ?
ANSWER:
h
= 483m
Correct
PartB
Whatisthespeedoftherocketwhenitis265mabovethesurfaceoftheearth?
ANSWER:
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y
= 97.1
m
s
Correct
MotionofTwoRockets
LearningGoal:
Tolearntouseimagesofanobjectinmotiontodetermineposition,velocity,andacceleration.
Twotoyrocketsaretravelinginthesamedirection(takentobethexaxis).Adiagramisshownofatimeexposure
imagewhereastroboscopehasilluminatedtherocketsattheuniformtimeintervalsindicated.
PartA
Atwhattime(s)dotherocketshavethesamevelocity?
Hint1.Howtodeterminethevelocity
Thediagramshowsposition,notvelocity.Youcan'tfindinstantaneousvelocityfromthisdiagram,butyou
candeterminetheaveragevelocitybetweentwotimest1 andt2 :
v avg [t1 , t2 ] =
x(t 2 )x(t 1 )
t 2 t 1
Notethatnopositionvaluesaregiveninthediagramyouwillneedtoestimatethesebasedonthedistance
betweensuccessivepositionsoftherockets.
ANSWER:
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attimet
= 1
only
attimet
= 4
only
attimest
= 1
andt
= 4
atsomeinstantintimebetweent
= 1
andt
= 4
atnotimeshowninthefigure
Correct
PartB
Atwhattime(s)dotherocketshavethesamexposition?
ANSWER:
attimet
= 1
only
attimet
= 4
only
attimest
= 1
andt
= 4
= 1
andt
= 4
Correct
PartC
Atwhattime(s)dothetworocketshavethesameacceleration?
Hint1.Howtodeterminetheacceleration
Thevelocityisrelatedtothespacingbetweenimagesinastroboscopicdiagram.Sinceaccelerationisthe
rateatwhichvelocitychanges,theaccelerationisrelatedtothehowmuchthisspacingchangesfromone
intervaltothenext.
ANSWER:
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attimet
= 1
only
attimet
= 4
only
attimest
= 1
andt
= 4
= 1
andt
= 4
Correct
PartD
ThemotionoftherocketlabeledAisanexampleofmotionwithuniform(i.e.,constant)__________.
ANSWER:
andnonzeroacceleration
velocity
position
time
Correct
PartE
ThemotionoftherocketlabeledBisanexampleofmotionwithuniform(i.e.,constant)__________.
ANSWER:
andnonzeroacceleration
velocity
position
time
Correct
PartF
Atwhattime(s)isrocketAaheadofrocketB?
Hint1.Usethediagram
Youcananswerthisquestionbylookingatthediagramandidentifyingthetime(s)whenrocketAistothe
rightofrocketB.
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ANSWER:
beforet
aftert
= 1
= 4
beforet
only
= 1
betweent
only
andaftert
= 1
andt
= 4
= 4
atnotime(s)showninthefigure
Correct
OvercomingaHeadStart
CarsAandBareracingeachotheralongthesamestraightroadinthefollowingmanner:CarAhasaheadstartandis
adistanceDA beyondthestartinglineatt = 0 .Thestartinglineisatx = 0.CarAtravelsataconstantspeedv A .
CarBstartsatthestartinglinebuthasabetterenginethanCarA,andthusCarBtravelsataconstantspeedv B ,
whichisgreaterthanv A .
PartA
HowlongafterCarBstartedtheracewillCarBcatchupwithCarA?
Expressthetimeintermsofgivenquantities.
Hint1.Considerthekinematicsrelation
WriteanexpressionforthedisplacementofCarAfromthestartinglineatatimetafterCarBstarts.(Note
thatwearetakingthistimetobet = 0 .)
Answerintermsofv A ,v B ,DA ,andtfortime,andtakex
= 0
atthestartingline.
Hint1.WhatistheaccelerationofCarA?
TheaccelerationofCarAiszero,sothegeneralformulax(t)
onetermequaltozero.
= x0 + v 0 t + (1/2)at
hasatleast
ANSWER:
xA (t)
DA + v A t
Hint2.Whatistherelationbetweenthepositionsofthetwocars?
Thepositionsofthetwocarsareequalattimetcatch .
Hint3.ConsiderCarB'spositionasafunctionoftime
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WritedownanexpressionforthepositionofCarBattimetafterstarting.
Giveyouranswerintermsofanyvariablesneeded(usetfortime).
ANSWER:
xB (t)
vB t
ANSWER:
t catch
DA
v B v A
Correct
PartB
HowfarfromCarB'sstartinglinewillthecarsbewhenCarBpassesCarA?
Expressyouranswerintermsofknownquantities.(Youmayusetcatch aswell.)
Hint1.Whichexpressionshouldyouuse?
Justuseyourexpressionforthepositionofeithercaraftertimet
fortcatch (foundinthepreviouspart).
= 0
,andsubstituteinthecorrectvalue
ANSWER:
d pass
v B t catch
Correct
Problem2.84
Aflowerpotfallsoffawindowsillandfallspastthewindowbelow.Youmayignoreairresistance.Ittakesthepot0.420
s topassfromthetoptothebottomofthiswindow,whichis1.90 mhigh.
PartA
Howfaristhetopofthewindowbelowthewindowsillfromwhichtheflowerpotfell?
ANSWER:
l
= 0.310 m
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Correct
Problem2.60
Inarelayrace,eachcontestantrunsadistance25.5mwhilecarryinganeggbalancedonaspoon,turnsaround,and
comesbacktothestartingpoint.Edithrunsthefirstdistance25.5minatimet1 =19.0s .Onthereturntripsheis
moreconfidentandtakesonlytimet2 =14.5s .
PartA
Whatisthemagnitudeofheraveragevelocityforthefirstdistance25.5m?
ANSWER:
v
= 1.34 m/s
Correct
PartB
Whatisthemagnitudeofheraveragevelocityforthereturntrip?
ANSWER:
v
= 1.76 m/s
Correct
PartC
Whatisheraveragevelocityfortheentireroundtrip?
ANSWER:
v
= 0 m/s
Correct
PartD
Whatisheraveragespeedfortheroundtrip?
ANSWER:
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v
= 1.52 m/s
Correct
Problem2.70
Theengineerofapassengertraintravelingat25.0m/ssightsafreighttrainwhosecabooseis200maheadonthe
sametrack.Thefreighttrainistravelingat15.0m/sinthesamedirectionasthepassengertrain.Theengineerofthe
passengertrainimmediatelyappliesthebrakes,causingaconstantaccelerationof0.100 m/s 2 ,whilethefreight
traincontinueswithconstantspeed.Takex = 0atthelocationofthefrontofthepassengertrainwhentheengineer
appliesthebrakes.
PartA
Willthecowsnearbywitnessacollision?
ANSWER:
yes
no
Correct
PartB
Ifso,wherewillittakeplace?
ANSWER:
x
= 538 m
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Correct
Problem2.68
Arigidballtravelinginastraightline(thexaxis)hitsasolidwallandsuddenlyreboundsduringabriefinstant.The
v x tgraphinthefigureshowsthisball'svelocityasa
functionoftime.
PartA
Duringthefirst20.0s ofitsmotion,findthetotaldistancetheballmoves.
ANSWER:
d
= 225 m
Correct
PartB
Duringthefirst20.0s ofitsmotion,finditsdisplacement.
ANSWER:
d
= 75.0 m
Correct
PartC
Isthegraphshownreallyverticalat5.00s ?Explain.
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ANSWER:
3715Character(s)remaining
Nobecauseitwouldimplyvelocityincreased,ordecreased,
withoutanytimepassing.
Submitted,gradepending
Problem2.80
Youareontheroofofthephysicsbuilding,46.0mabovetheground.Yourphysicsprofessor,whois1.80mtall,is
walkingalongsidethebuildingataconstantspeedof
1.20m/s.
PartA
Ifyouwishtodropaneggonyourprofessor'shead,howfarfromthebuildingshouldtheprofessorbewhenyou
releasetheegg?Assumethattheeggisinfreefall.
ANSWER:
x
= 3.60 m
Correct
Exercise2.32
Twocars,AandB,movealongthexaxis.ThefigureisagraphofthepositionsofAandBversustime.
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PartA
Atwhattime(s),ifany,doAandBhavethesameposition?
Expressyouranswernumerically.Ifthereismorethanoneanswer,entereachanswerseparatedbya
comma.
ANSWER:
t
= 1,3 s
Correct
PartB
GraphvelocityversustimeforA.
ANSWER:
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Correct
PartC
GraphvelocityversustimeforB.
ANSWER:
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Correct
PartD
Atwhattime(s),ifany,doAandBhavethesamevelocity?
comma.
ANSWER:
t
= 2.00 s
Correct
PartE
Atwhattime(s),ifany,doescarApasscarB?
comma.
ANSWER:
t
= 3.00 s
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Correct
PartF
Atwhattime(s) ,ifany,doescarBpasscarA?
.
comma.
ANSWER:
t
= 1.00 s
Correct
Problem2.88
Aphysicsteacherperforminganoutdoordemonstrationsuddenlyfallsfromrestoffahighcliffandsimultaneously
shouts"Help".Whenshehasfallenfor3.0s ,shehearstheechoofhershoutfromthevalleyfloorbelow.Thespeedof
soundis340m/s.
PartA
Howtallisthecliff?
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
h
= 530 m
Correct
PartB
Ifairresistanceisneglected,howfastwillshebemovingjustbeforeshehitstheground?(Heractualspeedwillbe
lessthanthis,duetoairresistance.)
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
v
= 100 m/s
Correct
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Problem2.94
Aballisthrownstraightupfromthegroundwithspeedv 0 .Atthesameinstant,asecondballisdroppedfromrestfrom
aheightH ,directlyabovethepointwherethefirstballwasthrownupward.Thereisnoairresistance.
PartA
Findthetimeatwhichthetwoballscollide.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofthevariablesH ,v 0 ,andappropriateconstants..
ANSWER:
t
H
v0
Correct
PartB
FindthevalueofH intermsofv 0 andg sothatattheinstantwhentheballscollide,thefirstballisatthehighest
pointofitsmotion.
Expressyouranswerintermsofthevariablesv 0 andg .
ANSWER:
2
(v 0 )
g
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis101%.
Youreceived24.16outofapossibletotalof24points.
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