CH 08 HW

4/2/2016
Ch08HW
Ch08HW
Due:12:59pmonSaturday,April2,2016
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
CenterofMassandExternalForces
LearningGoal:
Understandthat,formanypurposes,asystemcanbetreatedasapointlikeparticlewithitsmassconcentratedatthe
centerofmass.
Acomplexsystemofobjects,bothpointlikeandextendedones,canoftenbetreatedasapointparticle,locatedatthe
system'scenterofmass.Suchanapproachcangreatlysimplifyproblemsolving.
Beforeyouusethecenterofmassapproach,youshouldfirstunderstandthefollowingterms:
System:Anycollectionofobjectsthatareofinteresttoyouinaparticularsituation.Inmanyproblems,
youhaveacertainfreedominchoosingyoursystem.Makingawisechoiceforthesystemisoftenthe
firststepinsolvingtheproblemefficiently.
Centerofmass:Thepointthatrepresentsthe"average"positionoftheentiremassofasystem.The
postionofthecenterofmassr cm
canbeexpressedintermsofthepositionvectorsr i oftheparticles
as
r cm
=
m i r i
mi
Thexcoordinateofthecenterofmassxcm canbeexpressedintermsofthexcoordinates(r x ) i ofthe

particlesas
x cm =
m i (rx ) i
mi
Similarly,theycoordinateofthecenterofmasscanbeexpressed.
Internalforce:Anyforcethatresultsfromaninteractionbetweentheobjectsinsideyoursystem.Aswe
willshow,theinternalforcesdonotaffectthemotionofthesystem'scenterofmass.
Externalforce:Anyforceactingonanobjectinsideyoursystemthatresultsfromaninteractionwithan
objectoutsideyoursystem.
Considerasystemoftwoblocksthathavemassesm1 andm2 .Assumethattheblocksarepointlikeparticlesand
arelocatedalongthexaxisatthecoordinatesx1 andx2 asshown.Inthisproblem,theblockscanonlymovealong
thexaxis.
Typesettingmath:45%
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=4266341
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PartA
Findthexcoordinatexcm ofthecenterofmassofthesystem.
Expressyouranswerintermsofm1 ,m2 ,x1 ,andx2 .
ANSWER:
xcm
m 1 x 1 +m 2 x 2
m 1 +m 2
Correct
PartB
Ifm2
m1
,thenthecenterofmassislocated:
ANSWER:
totheleftofm1 atadistancemuchgreaterthanx2
totheleftofm1 atadistancemuchlessthanx2
x1
x1
totherightofm1 atadistancemuchlessthanx2
x1
totherightofm2 atadistancemuchgreaterthanx2
totherightofm2 atadistancemuchlessthanx2
totheleftofm2 atadistancemuchlessthanx2
x1
x1
x1
Correct
PartC
Ifm2
= m1
,thenthecenterofmassislocated:
ANSWER:
atm1
atm2
halfwaybetweenm1 andm2
theanswerdependsonx1 andx2
Correct
PartD
Recallthattheblockscanonlymovealongthexaxis.Thexcomponentsoftheirvelocitiesatacertainmoment
are
and
.Findthe componentofthevelocityofthecenterofmass(
atthatmoment.Keepin
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arev 1x andv 2x .Findthexcomponentofthevelocityofthecenterofmass(v cm ) x atthatmoment.Keepin

mindthat,ingeneral:v x = dx/dt.
Expressyouranswerintermsofm1 ,m2 ,v 1x ,andv 2x .
ANSWER:
(v cm )
m 1 v 1x +m 2 v 2x
m 1 +m 2
Correct
Becausev 1x andv 2x arethexcomponentsofthevelocitiesofm1 andm2 theirvaluescanbepositiveor
negativeorequaltozero.
PartE
Supposethatv 1x andv 2x haveequalmagnitudes.Also, v 1 isdirectedtotherightand v 2 isdirectedtotheleft.

Thevelocityofthecenterofmassisthen:
ANSWER:
directedtotheleft
directedtotheright
zero
m1
theanswerdependsontheratio m
Correct
PartF
Assumethatthexcomponentsoftheblocks'momentaatacertainmomentarep1x andp2x .Findthex
componentofthevelocityofthecenterofmass(v cm ) x atthatmoment.
Expressyouranswerintermsofm1 ,m2 ,p1x ,andp2x .
ANSWER:
(v cm )
p 1x +p 2x
m 1 +m 2
Correct
PartG
Supposethatv cm
= 0
.Whichofthefollowingmustbetrue?
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ANSWER:
|p
1x
| = |p
2x
|v 1x | = |v 2x |
m1 = m2
noneoftheabove
Correct
PartH
Assumethattheblocksareaccelerating,andthexcomponentsoftheiraccelerationsatacertainmomentarea 1x
anda 2x .Findthexcomponentoftheaccelerationofthecenterofmass(a cm ) x atthatmoment.Keepinmind
that,ingeneral,a x = dv x /dt .
Expressyouranswerintermsofm1 ,m2 ,a 1x ,anda 2x .
ANSWER:
(a cm )
m 1 a1x +m 2 a2x
m 1 +m 2
Correct
Becausea 1x anda 2x arethexcomponentsofthevelocitiesofm1 andm2 theirvaluescanbepositiveor
negativeorequaltozero.
Wewillnowconsidertheeffectofexternalandinternalforcesontheaccelerationofthecenterofmass.
PartI
Considerthesamesystemoftwoblocks.AnexternalforceF isnowactingonblockm1 .Noforcesareappliedto
blockm2 asshown.Findthexcomponentofthe
accelerationofthecenterofmass(a cm ) x ofthe
system.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofthexcomponentFx
oftheforce,m1 ,andm2 .
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Hint1.UsingNewton'slaws
FindtheaccelerationofeachblockfromNewton'ssecondlawandthenapplytheformulafor(a cm ) x found
earlier.
ANSWER:
(a cm )
Fx
m 1 +m 2
Correct
PartJ
Considerthesamesystemoftwoblocks.Now,therearetwoforcesinvolved.AnexternalforceF1 isactingon
blockm1 andanotherexternalforceF2 isactingonblockm2 .Findthexcomponentoftheaccelerationofthe

centerofmass(a cm ) x ofthesystem.
Expressyouranswerintermsofthexcomponents
F 1x and F 2x oftheforces, m 1 and m 2 .
ANSWER:
(a cm )
F1x +F2x
m 1 +m 2
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Correct
Notethat,inbothcases,theaccelerationofthecenterofmasscanbefoundas
(acm )
(Fnet )
Mtotal
whereFnet isthenetexternalforceappliedtothesystem,andM total isthetotalmassofthesystem.Even

thougheachforceisonlyappliedtooneobject,itaffectstheaccelerationofthecenterofmassoftheentire
system.
Thisresultisespeciallyusefulsinceitcanbeappliedtoageneralcase,involvinganynumberofobjects
movinginalldirectionsandbeingacteduponbyanynumberofexternalforces.
PartK
Considertheprevioussituation.Underwhatconditionwouldtheaccelerationofthecenterofmassbezero?Keep
inmindthatF1x andF2x representthecomponents,ofthecorrespondingforces.
ANSWER:
F 1x = F 2x
F 1x = F 2x
m1 = m2
m1 m2
Correct
PartL
Considerthesamesystemoftwoblocks.Now,therearetwointernalforcesinvolved.AninternalforceF 12
is
appliedtoblockm1 byblockm2 andanotherinternalforceF 21

isappliedtoblockm2 byblockm1 .Findthex
componentoftheaccelerationofthecenterofmass
(a cm ) ofthesystem.
x
Expressyouranswerintermsofthexcomponents
F 12x and F 21x oftheforces, m 1 and m 2 .
ANSWER:
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\texttip{(a_{\rmcm})_x}{a_cm_x}= \large{\frac{F_{\rm{12x}}+F_{\rm{21x}}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}
Correct
Newton's3rdlawtellsyouthat|F_{12x}|=|F_{21x}|.Fromyouranswersabove,youcanconcludethat(a_{\rm
cm})_x=0.Theinternalforcesdonotchangethevelocityofthecenterofmassofthesystem.Intheabsence
ofanyexternalforces,(a_{\rmcm})_x=0and\texttip{(v_{\rmcm})_x}{v_cm_x}isconstant.
Youjustdemonstratedthistobethecaseforthetwobodysituationmovingalongthexaxishowever,itis
trueinmoregeneralcasesaswell.
ABulletIsFiredintoaWoodenBlock
Abulletofmass\texttip{m_{\rmb}}{m_b}isfiredhorizontallywithspeed\texttip{v_{\rmi}}{v_i}atawoodenblockof
mass\texttip{m_{\rmw}}{m_w}restingonafrictionlesstable.Thebullethitstheblockandbecomescompletely
embeddedwithinit.Afterthebullethascometorestwithintheblock,theblock,withthebulletinit,istravelingat
speed\texttip{v_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}}{v_f}.
PartA
Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthiscollision?
Hint1.Typesofcollisions
Aninelasticcollisionisacollisioninwhichkineticenergyisnotconserved.Inapartiallyinelasticcollision,
kineticenergyislost,buttheobjectscollidingdonotsticktogether.Fromthisinformation,youcaninfer
whatcompletelyinelasticandelasticcollisionsare.
ANSWER:
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perfectlyelastic
partiallyinelastic
perfectlyinelastic
Correct
PartB
Whichofthefollowingquantities,ifany,areconservedduringthiscollision?
Hint1.Wheniskineticenergyconserved?
Kineticenergyisconservedonlyinperfectlyelasticcollisions.
ANSWER:
kineticenergyonly
momentumonly
kineticenergyandmomentum
neithermomentumnorkineticenergy
Correct
PartC
Whatisthespeedoftheblock/bulletsystemafterthecollision?
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{v_{\rmi}}{v_i},\texttip{m_{\rmw}}{m_w},and\texttip{m_{\rmb}}
{m_b}.
Hint1.Findthemomentumafterthecollision
Whatisthetotalmomentum\texttip{p_{\rmtotal}}{p_total}oftheblock/bulletsystemafterthecollision?
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{v_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}}{v_f}andothergivenquantities.
ANSWER:
\texttip{p_{\rmtotal}}{p_total}= \left(m_{w}+m_{b}\right)v_{f}
Hint2.Useconservationofmomentum
Themomentumoftheblock/bulletsystemisconserved.Therefore,themomentumbeforethecollisionis
thesameasthemomentumafterthecollision.Findasecondexpressionfor\texttip{p_{\rmtotal}}{p_total},
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thistimeexpressedasthetotalmomentumofthesystembeforethecollision.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{v_{\rmi}}{v_i}andothergivenquantities.
ANSWER:
\texttip{p_{\rmtotal}}{p_total}= m_{b}v_{i}
ANSWER:
\texttip{v_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}}{v_f}= \large{\frac{m_{b}v_{i}}{m_{b}+m_{w}}}
Correct
ABallHitsaWallElastically
Aballofmass\texttip{m}{m}movingwithvelocity\texttip{\vec{v}_{\rmi}}{v_i_vec}strikesaverticalwallasshownin.
Theanglebetweentheball'sinitialvelocityvectorandthe
wallis\texttip{\theta_{\rmi}}{theta_i}asshownonthe
diagram,whichdepictsthesituationasseenfromabove.The
durationofthecollisionbetweentheballandthewallis
\texttip{\Deltat}{Deltat},andthiscollisioniscompletely
elastic.Frictionisnegligible,sotheballdoesnotstart
spinning.Inthisidealizedcollision,theforceexertedonthe
ballbythewallisparalleltothexaxis.
PartA
Whatisthefinalangle\texttip{\theta_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}}{theta_f}thattheball'svelocityvectormakeswiththe
negativeyaxis?
Expressyouranswerintermsofquantitiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Relatethevectorcomponentsoftheball'sinitialandfinalvelocities.Thiswillallowyoutodetermine
\texttip{\theta_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}}{theta_f}intermsof\texttip{\theta_{\rmi}}{theta_i}.
Hint2.Findtheycomponentoftheball'sfinalvelocity
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Whatis\texttip{v_{\rmfy}}{v_fy},the\texttip{y}{y}componentofthefinalvelocityoftheball?
Expressyouranswerintermsofquantitiesgivenintheproblemintroductionand/or\texttip{v_{\rm
ix}}{v_ix}and\texttip{v_{\rmiy}}{v_iy},the\texttip{x}{x}and\texttip{y}{y}componentsoftheball's
initialvelocity.
Hint1.Howtoapproachthispart
Thereisnoforceontheballintheydirection.Fromtheimpulsemomentumtheorem,thismeans
thatthechangeintheycomponentoftheball'smomentummustbezero.
ANSWER:
\texttip{v_{\rmfy}}{v_fy}= v_{i}{\cos}\left({\theta}_{i}\right)
Hint3.Findthe\texttip{x}{x}componentoftheball'sfinalvelocity
Whatis\texttip{v_{\rmfx}}{v_fx},the\texttip{x}{x}componentoftheball'finalvelocity?
ix}}{v_ix}and\texttip{v_{\rmiy}}{v_iy},the\texttip{x}{x}and\texttip{y}{y}componentsoftheball's
initialvelocity.
Hint1.Howtoapproachthisproblem
Sinceenergyisconservedinthiscollision,thefinalspeedoftheballmustbeequaltoitsinitial
speed.
ANSWER:
\texttip{v_{\rmfx}}{v_fx}= v_{i}{\sin}\left({\theta}_{i}\right)
Hint4.Puttingittogether
Onceyoufindthevectorcomponentsofthefinalvelocityintermsoftheinitialvelocity,usethegeometry
ofsimilartrianglestodetermine\texttip{\theta_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}}{theta_f}intermsof\texttip{\theta_{\rm
i}}{theta_i}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{\theta_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}}{theta_f}= {\theta}_{i}
Correct
PartB
Whatisthemagnitude\texttip{F}{F}oftheaverageforceexertedontheballbythewall?
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Expressyouranswerintermsofvariablesgivenintheproblemintroductionand/or\texttip{v_{\rmix}}
{v_ix}.
Hint1.Whatphysicalprincipletouse
Usetheimpulsemomentumtheorem,\vec{J}=\vec{p}_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}\vec{p}_{\rmi},alongwiththe
definitionofimpulse,\vec{J}=\sum\vec{F}\Deltat.Inthiscase,onlyoneforceisacting,so
\left|\vec{J}\right|=F\Deltat.Puttingeverythingtogether,\large{F=\frac{\vec{p}_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}
\vec{p}_{\rmi}}{\Deltat}}.
Hint2.Changeinmomentumoftheball
Thefactthat\theta_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}=\theta_{\rmi}impliesthatthe\texttip{y}{y}componentoftheball's
momentumdoesnotchangeduringthecollision.Whatis\texttip{\Deltap_{\mitx}}{Deltap_x},themagnitude
ofthechangeintheball's\texttip{x}{x}momentum?
ix}}{v_ix}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{\Deltap_{\mitx}}{Deltap_x}= 2mv_{i}{\sin}\left({\theta}_{i}\right)
ANSWER:
\texttip{F}{F}= \large{\frac{2mv_{i}{\sin}\left({\theta}_{f}\right)}{{\Delta}t}}
Correct
VideoTutor:WaterRocket
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofan
experiment.Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionatright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatanypoint.
PartA
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Supposewerepeattheexperimentfromthevideo,butthistimeweusearocketthreetimesasmassiveasthe
oneinthevideo,andinplaceofwaterweuseafluidthatistwiceasmassive(dense)aswater.Ifthenewfluid
leavestherocketatthesamespeedasthewaterinthevideo,whatwillbetheratioofthehorizontalspeedofour
rockettothehorizontalspeedoftherocketinthevideoafterallthefluidhaslefttherocket?(Ignoreairresistance.)
First,canweusemomentumconservation?Let'staketherocketandfluidasthesystem.Inthevertical
direction,momentumisnotconservedbecausegravityexertsanexternalforceonthesystem.Butinthe
horizontaldirection,momentumisconserved(sinceweignoreairresistance).
Next,wedrawbeforeandafterdiagrams,labelingmassandvelocityineachcase.(Forconvenience,we
useexhausttolabelthefluidbothbeforeandafteritisexpelled.)
Momentumconservationenablesyoutorelatethefinalhorizontalmomentaoftherocketandtheexhaust.
Theproblemsaysthatthefluidleavestherocketatthesamespeedasthewaterinthevideo.Whatdoes
thattellyouabout\vecv_{e.f}?\vecp_{e,f}?
Now,writeanequationfortherocketsvelocityintermsofknownquantities,includingm_eandm_r.How
willdoublingm_eandtriplingm_rchangethemagnitudeof\vecv_{r.f}?
ANSWER:
1/2
1
2/3
1/3
3/2
Correct
Therocket'sspeedisproportionaltotheratioofthefluid'smasstotherocket'smass.
Exercise8.12
Abatstrikesa0.145{\rmkg}baseball.Justbeforeimpact,theballistravelinghorizontallytotherightat60.0{\rmm/s}
,anditleavesthebattravelingtotheleftatanangleof35{\rm^\circ}abovehorizontalwithaspeedof55.0{\rmm/s}.
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Theballandbatareincontactfor1.85{\rmms}.
PartA
Findthehorizontalcomponentoftheaverageforceontheball.Takethexdirectiontobepositivetotheright
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
F_{\rmx}= 8200 {\rmN}
AnswerRequested
PartB
Findtheverticalcomponentoftheaverageforceontheball.
ANSWER:
F_{\rmy}= 2500 {\rmN}
Correct
Exercise8.17
Theexpandinggasesthatleavethemuzzleofariflealsocontributetotherecoil.A.30caliberbullethasmass
7.20103{\rmkg}andaspeedof601{\rmm/s}relativetothemuzzlewhenfiredfromariflethathasmass
2.90{\rmkg}.Thelooselyheldriflerecoilsataspeedof2.05{\rmm/s}relativetotheearth.
PartA
Findthemomentumofthepropellantgasesinacoordinatesystemattachedtotheearthastheyleavethemuzzle
oftherifle.
ANSWER:
p= 1.63 {\rmkg\cdotm/s}
Correct
AGirlonaTrampoline
Agirlofmassm_1=60.0kilogramsspringsfromatrampolinewithaninitialupwardvelocityofv_i=8.00metersper
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second.Atheighth=2.00metersabovethetrampoline,thegirlgrabsaboxofmassm_2=15.0kilograms.
Forthisproblem,useg=9.80meterspersecondpersecond
forthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravity.
PartA
Whatisthespeed\texttip{v_{\rmbefore}}{v_before}ofthegirlimmediatelybeforeshegrabsthebox?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecond.
Useconservationofenergy.Findtheinitialkineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rmi}}{K_i}ofthegirlassheleaves
thetrampoline.Thenfindhergravitationalpotentialenergy\texttip{U_{\rmbefore}}{U_before}justbeforeshe
grabsthebox(defineherinitialpotentialenergytobezero).Accordingtotheprincipleofconservationof
energy,K_i=U_{\rmbefore}+K_{\rmbefore}.Onceyouhave\texttip{K_{\rmbefore}}{K_before},usethe
definitionoftranslationalkineticenergytofindthegirl'sspeed\texttip{v_{\rmbefore}}{v_before}.
Hint2.Initialkineticenergy
Whatisthegirl'sinitialkineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rmi}}{K_i}assheleavesthetrampoline?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinjoules.
ANSWER:
\texttip{K_{\rmi}}{K_i}= 1920 \rm{J}
Hint3.Potentialenergyatheight\texttip{h}{h}
Whatisthegirl'sgravitationalpotentialenergy\texttip{U_{\rmbefore}}{U_before}immediatelybeforeshe
grabsthebox?
ANSWER:
\texttip{U_{\rmbefore}}{U_before}= 1180 \rm{J}
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ANSWER:
\texttip{v_{\rmbefore}}{v_before}= 4.98 \rm{m/s}
Correct
PartB
Whatisthespeed\texttip{v_{\rmafter}}{v_after}ofthegirlimmediatelyaftershegrabsthebox?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecond.
Thinkoftheprocessofgrabbingtheboxasacollision.Thoughthegirlandtheboxdon'tcollideassuch,
anyinteractionbetweentwoobjectsthattakesplaceextremelyfastcanbethoughtofasacollision.Tofind
thevelocityatalatertime,whichofthefollowingprinciplescouldyouuse?
ANSWER:
conservationofmomentumalone
conservationofenergyalone
bothconservationofmomentumandconservationofenergy
Newton'ssecondlaw
Hint2.Totalinitialmomentum
Whatisthetotalmomentumbeforethecollision?
Answerinkilogrammeterspersecond.
ANSWER:
\texttip{p_{\rmbefore}}{p_before}= 299 \rmkg\,m/s
ANSWER:
\texttip{v_{\rmafter}}{v_after}= 3.98 \rmm/s
Correct
PartC
Isthis"collision"elasticorinelastic?
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Hint1.Definitionofaninelasticcollision
Iftwoobjectsmovetogetherwiththesamevelocityafteracollision,thecollisionissaidtobeinelastic.
ANSWER:
elastic
inelastic
Correct
Ininelasticcollisions,someofthesystem'skineticenergyislost.Inthiscasethekineticenergylostis
convertedtoheatenergyinthegirl'smusclesasshegrabsthebox,andsoundenergy.
PartD
Whatisthemaximumheight\texttip{h_{\rmmax}}{h_max}thatthegirl(withbox)reaches?Measure\texttip{h_{\rm
max}}{h_max}withrespecttothetopofthetrampoline.
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeters.
Useconservationofenergy.FromPartByouknowthevelocityofthegirl/boxsystemjustafterthegirl
grabsthebox.Therefore,youcancomputethekineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rmafter}}{K_after}ofthegirl/box
systemjustafterthecollision.Youcanalsocomputethegravitationalpotentialenergy\texttip{U_{\rmafter}}
{U_after}ofthegirl/boxsystematthispoint.Thesumofthesetwoquantitiesmustequalthegravitational
potentialenergyofthegirl/boxsystemattheheight\texttip{h_{\rmmax}}{h_max}(wheretheirvelocity,and
thereforekineticenergy,willbezero).
Hint2.Finding\texttip{U_{\rmafter}}{U_after}
Whatisthegirl/boxsystem'sgravitationalpotentialenergy\texttip{U_{\rmafter}}{U_after}immediatelyafter
shegrabsthebox?
ANSWER:
\texttip{U_{\rmafter}}{U_after}= 1470 \rmJ
Hint3.Finding\texttip{K_{\rmafter}}{K_after}
Whatisthegirl/boxsystem'skineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rmafter}}{K_after}immediatelyaftershegrabsthe
box?
ANSWER:
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\texttip{K_{\rmafter}}{K_after}= 594 \rmJ
ANSWER:
\texttip{h_{\rmmax}}{h_max}= 2.81 \rmm
Correct
ConservationofMomentuminInelasticCollisions
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandthevectornatureofmomentuminthecaseinwhichtwoobjectscollideandsticktogether.
Inthisproblemwewillconsideracollisionoftwomovingobjectssuchthatafterthecollision,theobjectssticktogether
andtraveloffasasingleunit.Thecollisionisthereforecompletelyinelastic.
Youhaveprobablylearnedthat"momentumisconserved"inaninelasticcollision.Buthowdoesthisfacthelpyouto
solvecollisionproblems?Thefollowingquestionsshouldhelpyoutoclarifythemeaningandimplicationsofthe
statement"momentumisconserved."
PartA
Whatphysicalquantitiesareconservedinthiscollision?
ANSWER:
themagnitudeofthemomentumonly
thenetmomentum(consideredasavector)only
themomentumofeachobjectconsideredindividually
Correct
PartB
Twocarsofequalmasscollideinelasticallyandsticktogetherafterthecollision.Beforethecollision,theirspeeds
are\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1}and\texttip{v_{\rm2}}{v_2}.Whatisthespeedofthetwocarsystemafterthecollision?
Thinkabouthowyouwouldcalculatethefinalspeedofthetwocarswiththeinformationprovidedandusing
theideaofconservationofmomentum.Betteryet,trythecalculationout.Whatdoyouget?
ANSWER:
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v_1+v_2
v_1v_2
v_2v_1
\sqrt{v_1v_2}
\large{\frac{v_1+v_2}{2}}
\sqrt{{v_1}^2+{v_2}^2}
Theanswerdependsonthedirectionsinwhichthecarsweremovingbeforethecollision.
Correct
PartC
Twocarscollideinelasticallyandsticktogetherafterthecollision.Beforethecollision,themagnitudesoftheir
momentaare\texttip{p_{\rm1}}{p_1}and\texttip{p_{\rm2}}{p_2}.Afterthecollision,whatisthemagnitudeoftheir
combinedmomentum?
Thinkabouthowyouwouldcalculatethefinalmomentumofthetwocarsusingtheinformationprovidedand
theideaofconservationofmomentum.Betteryet,trythecalculationout.Whatdoyouget?Keepinmind
thatmomentumisavector,butyouareaskedaboutthemagnitudeofthemomentum,whichisascalar.
ANSWER:
p_1+p_2
p_1p_2
p_2p_1
\sqrt{p_1p_2}
\large{\frac{p_1+p_2}{2}}
\sqrt{{p_1}^2+{p_2}^2}
Theanswerdependsonthedirectionsinwhichthecarsweremovingbeforethecollision.
Correct
PartD
Twocarscollideinelasticallyandsticktogetherafterthecollision.Beforethecollision,theirmomentaare
\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rm1}}{p_1_vec}and\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rm2}}{p_2_vec}.Afterthecollision,theircombined
momentumis\texttip{\vec{p}}{p_vec}.Ofwhatcanonebecertain?
Hint1.Momentumisavector
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Momentumisavectorquantity,andconservationofmomentumholdsfortwodimensionalandthree
dimensionalcollisionsaswellasforonedimensionalcollisions.
ANSWER:
\vec{p}=\vec{p_1}+\vec{p_2}
\vec{p}=\vec{p_1}\vec{p_2}
\vec{p}=\vec{p_2}\vec{p_1}
Correct
Youcandecomposethevectorequationthatstatestheconservationofmomentumintoindividualequations
foreachoftheorthogonalcomponentsofthevectors.
PartE
Twocarscollideinelasticallyandsticktogetherafterthecollision.Beforethecollision,themagnitudesoftheir
momentaare\texttip{p_{\rm1}}{p_1}and\texttip{p_{\rm2}}{p_2}.Afterthecollision,themagnitudeoftheir
combinedmomentumis\texttip{p}{p}.Ofwhatcanonebecertain?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblemmathematically
Momentumisavectorquantity.Itisimpossibletomakeexactpredictionsaboutthedirectionofmotion
afteracollisionifnothingisknownaboutthedirectionofmotionbeforethecollision.However,onecanput
someboundsonthevaluesofthefinalmomentum.Startwiththeexpressionfor\texttip{\vec{p}}{p_vec}
fromPartD:
\vec{p}=\vec{p_1}+\vec{p_2}.
Therefore,
|p|=\left|\vec{p_1}+\vec{p_2}\right|=\sqrt{|p_1|^2+|p_2|^2+2\vec{p_1}\cdot\vec{p_2}}=\sqrt{|p_1|^2+
|p_2|^2+2|p_1||p_2|\cos{\theta}},
where\texttip{\theta}{theta}istheanglebetween\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rm1}}{p_1_vec}and\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rm
2}}{p_2_vec}.(Toderivetheabove,youwouldhavetobreakeachvectorintocomponents.)Sothevalueof
|p|iscontrolledby\texttip{\theta}{theta}.
Hint2.Howtoapproachtheproblemempirically
Considerthedirectionsfortheinitialmomentathatwillgivethelargestandsmallestfinalmomentum.
ANSWER:
p_1+p_2\gep\ge\sqrt{p_1p_2}
\large{p_1+p_2\gep\ge\frac{p_1+p_2}{2}}
p_1+p_2\gep\ge|p_1p_2|
p_1+p_2\gep\ge\sqrt{{p_1}^2+{p_2}^2}
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Correct
Whenthetwocarscollide,themagnitudeofthefinalmomentumwillalwaysbeatmostp_1+p_2(avalue
attainedifthecarsweremovinginthesamedirectionbeforethecollision)andatleast|p_1p_2|(avalue
attainedifthecarsweremovinginoppositedirectionsbeforethecollision).
CollidingCars
Inthisproblemwewillconsiderthecollisionoftwocarsinitiallymovingatrightangles.Weassumethatafterthe
collisionthecarssticktogetherandtraveloffasasingleunit.Thecollisionisthereforecompletelyinelastic.
Twocarsofmasses\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1}and\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2}collideatanintersection.Beforethecollision,
car1wastravelingeastwardataspeedof\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1},andcar2wastravelingnorthwardataspeedof
\texttip{v_{\rm2}}{v_2}.Afterthecollision,thetwocarsstick
togetherandtraveloffinthedirectionshown.
PartA
First,findthemagnitudeof\texttip{\vec{v}}{v_vec},thatis,thespeed\texttip{v}{v}ofthetwocarunitafterthe
collision.
Express\texttip{v}{v}intermsof\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1},\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2},andthecars'initial
speeds\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1}and\texttip{v_{\rm2}}{v_2}.
Hint1.Conservationofmomentum
Recallthatconservationoflinearmomentummaybeexpressedasavectorequation,
\vec{p}_{\rminitial}=\vec{p}_{\rmfinal}.
Eachvectorcomponentoflinearmomentumisconservedseparately.
Hint2.xandycomponentsofmomentum
Themomentumofthetwocarsystemimmediatelyafterthecollisionmaybewrittenas
\vec{p}=p_x\hat{i}+p_y\hat{j},wherethexandydirectionsaretheeastwardandnorthwarddirections,
respectively.
Find\texttip{p_{\mitx}}{p_x}and\texttip{p_{\mity}}{p_y}
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Expressthetwocomponents,separatedbyacomma,intermsof\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1},
\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2},\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1}and\texttip{v_{\rm2}}{v_2}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{p_{\mitx}}{p_x},\texttip{p_{\mity}}{p_y}= m_{1}v_{1},m_{2}v_{2}
Hint3.Avectoranditscomponents
RecallthatthesquareofthemagnitudeofavectorisgivenbythePythagoreanformula:
p^2=p_x^2+p_y^2.
Hint4.Velocityandmomentum
Find\texttip{v}{v},themagnitudeofthefinalvelocity.
Express\texttip{v}{v}intermsofthemagnitudeofthefinalmomentum\texttip{p}{p}andthemasses
\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1}and\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{v}{v}= \large{\frac{p}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}
ANSWER:
\texttip{v}{v}= \large{{\frac{1}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}\sqrt{\left(m_{1}{^2}v_{1}{^2}\right)+\left(m_{2}{^2}v_{2}{^2}\right)}}
Correct
PartB
Findthetangentoftheangle\texttip{\theta}{theta}.
Expressyouranswerintermsofthemomentaofthetwocars,\texttip{p_{\rm1}}{p_1}and\texttip{p_{\rm
2}}{p_2}.
ANSWER:
\tan(\theta)= \large{\frac{p_{2}}{p_{1}}}
Correct
PartC
Supposethatafterthecollision,\tan\theta=1inotherwords,\texttip{\theta}{theta}is45^\circ.Thismeansthat
beforethecollision:
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ANSWER:
Themagnitudesofthemomentaofthecarswereequal.
Themassesofthecarswereequal.
Thevelocitiesofthecarswereequal.
Correct
Exercise8.42
Abulletofmass4.00{\rmg}isfiredhorizontallyintoawoodenblockofmass1.13{\rmkg}restingonahorizontal
surface.Thecoefficientofkineticfrictionbetweenblockandsurfaceis0.150.Thebulletremainsembeddedinthe
block,whichisobservedtoslideadistance0.210{\rmm}alongthesurfacebeforestopping.
PartA
Whatwastheinitialspeedofthebullet?
ANSWER:
v= 223 {\rmm/s}
Correct
AnExcitingEncounter
Anatomofmass\texttip{M}{M}isinitiallyatrest,initsgroundstate.Amoving(nonrelativistic)electronofmass
\texttip{m_{\rme}}{m_e}collideswiththeatom.Theatom+electronsystemcanexistinanexcitedstateinwhichthe
electronisabsorbedintotheatom.Theexcitedstatehasanextra,"internal,"energy\texttip{E}{E}relativetotheatom's
groundstate.
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PartA
Findthekineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rme}}{K_e}thattheelectronmusthaveinordertoexcitetheatom.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{E}{E},\texttip{m_{\rme}}{m_e},and\texttip{M}{M}.
Dependingontheinitialkineticenergyoftheelectron,therearetwopossibleoutcomestothecollision
betweentheelectronandtheatom.Iftheelectron'skineticenergyistoolowortoohigh,thecollisionwillbe
elastic.Iftheelectron'skineticenergyisjustright,thecollisionwillbeperfectlyinelastic:Theelectronwill
beabsorbedintotheatom,andthetwowillsticktogether.
Inbothcases,totalmomentummustbeconserved.Inthecaseofanelasticcollision,totalkineticenergy
isconserved.However,inthecaseofaperfectlyinelasticcollision,thefinalkineticenergyofthesystemis
lessthantheinitialkineticenergy.Thelossofkineticenergygoesintoexcitingtheatom,sototalenergyis
conserved.FromtheperspectiveofNewtonianmechanics,youcanthinkoftheexcitedatomashavingan
internalpotentialenergy.Forexample,itisasiftheelectronhascompressedaspringintheatomandis
heldtherebyacatchmechanism.Thus,youcanthinkofthesystemashavingacquiredafinalpotential
energy\texttip{E}{E}.TheusualexpressionforenergyconservationthenbecomesK_{\rmfinal}+E=
K_{\rminitial}.
Hint2.Findthefinalkineticenergyintermsoftheinitialkineticenergyoftheelectron
Findthekineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rmfinal}}{K_final}thattheatom+electronsystemwouldhaveaftera
perfectlyinelasticcollision.
Expressyouranswerintermsoftheinitialkineticenergyoftheelectron\texttip{K_{\rminitial}}
{K_initial},\texttip{m_{\rme}}{m_e},and\texttip{M}{M}.Theinitialvelocityoftheelectron,
\texttip{v_{\rm0}}{v_0},shouldnotappearinyouranswer.
Hint1.Findthefinalvelocityoftheatom
Supposetheinitialvelocityoftheelectronis\texttip{v_{\rm0}}{v_0}.Useconservationofmomentum
tofindthevelocity\texttip{v_{\rmfinal}}{v_final}oftheatomafterithasabsorbedtheelectron.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{v_{\rm0}}{v_0},\texttip{m_{\rme}}{m_e},and
\texttip{M}{M}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{v_{\rmfinal}}{v_final}= \large{\frac{m_{e}v_{0}}{M+m_{e}}}
Hint2.Findthefinalkineticenergyintermsofinitialvelocity
Intermsof\texttip{v_{\rm0}}{v_0},whatis\texttip{K_{\rmfinal}}{K_final},thekineticenergyofthe
atomafterithasabsorbedtheelectron?
Express\texttip{K_{\rmfinal}}{K_final}intermsof\texttip{m_{\rme}}{m_e},\texttip{M}{M},and
\texttip{v_{\rm0}}{v_0}(butwithout\texttip{K_{\rminitial}}{K_initial}).
ANSWER:
\texttip{K_{\rmfinal}}{K_final}= \large{\frac{1}{2}{v_{0}}^{2}\frac{{m_{e}}^{2}}{M+m_{e}}}
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ANSWER:
\texttip{K_{\rmfinal}}{K_final}= \large{\frac{m_{e}}{M+m_{e}}K_{\rm{initial}}}
ANSWER:
\texttip{K_{\rme}}{K_e}= \large{{\frac{M+m_{e}}{M}}E}
Correct
PartB
WecanusetheresultfromPartAtostudyaprocessofinterestinatomicphysics:acollisionoftwoatomsthat
causesoneoftheatomstoionize(loseanelectron).Inthiscase,\texttip{E}{E}istheenergyneededtoionizeone
oftheatoms,calledtheionizationenergy.Themostefficientwaytoionizeanatominacollisionwithanotheratom
isforthecollisiontobecompletelyinelastic(atomssticktogetherafterthecollision).Ifthecollisionwereperfectly
elastic,thentranslationalkineticenergywouldbeconserved,andtherewouldbenoenergyleftoverforexciting
theatom.Ifthecollisionwerepartiallyelastic,thensomeoftheinitialkineticenergywouldbeconvertedinto
internalenergy,butnotasmuchasinaperfectlyinelasticcollision.Inpractice,interatomiccollisionsarenever
perfectlyinelastic,butanalyzingthiscasecangivealowerboundontheamountofkineticenergyneededfor
ionization.
Isitpossibletoionizeanatomof{}^{133}\rmCs,initiallyatrest,byacollisionwithanatomof{}^{16}\rmOthat
haskineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rminitial}}{K_initial}of4.0electronvolts?Theionizationenergyofthecesiumatom
is3.9electronvolts.Itdoesn'tmatterwhatenergyunitsyouchoose,aslongasyouareconsistent.Forthis
question,itismostconvenienttouseelectronvolts(\rm{eV})throughout.Notethat1\\rm{eV}=1.60\times
10^{19}\rm{J},whichyoumaybemorefamiliarwith.
Youcantakethemassoftheoxygenatomtobe16atomicmassunitsandthatofthecesiumatomtobe133
atomicmassunits.Itdoesn'tmatterwhatmassunitsyouchoose,aslongasyouareconsistent.Forthisquestion,
itismostconvenienttouseatomicmassunits,sincethesearethenumbersyouareprovidedwith.
Thecesiumatomcanbeionizedonlyifasufficientamountofkineticenergyisavailable.Thatis,theinitial
kineticenergyoftheoxygenminusthefinalkineticenergyoftheoxygenandcesiummustbegreaterthan
theionizationenergyofthecesiumatom.Thefinalkineticenergyoftheoxygenandcesiumwillbeminimal
inaperfectlyinelasticcollision.
ThinkabouthowthissituationcorrespondstotheoneyouanalyzedinPartA.
Hint2.WhatisthecorrespondencewithPartA?
TheoxygenatominthiscollisioncorrespondstowhichofthetwoparticlesinthecollisioninPartA?
ANSWER:
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theelectron
theatom
Hint3.Themassesofcesiumandoxygen
Forthispartoftheproblem,allyouneedtoknowisthatthecesiumatomislessthantentimesasmassive
astheoxygenatom.
ANSWER:
yes
no
Correct
PartC
Whatistheleastpossibleinitialkineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rmmin}}{K_min}theoxygenatomcouldhaveandstill
excitethecesiumatom?
Expressyouranswerinelectronvolts,toonedecimalplace.
UsetheequationyoufoundinPartA.Here,youcantakethemassofthe(initiallymoving)oxygenatomto
be16atomicmassunitsandthatofthe(initiallystationary)cesiumatomtobe133atomicmassunits.It
doesn'tmatterwhatmassunitsyouchoose,aslongasyouareconsistent.Forthisquestion,itismost
convenienttouseatomicmassunits,sincethesearethenumbersyouareprovidedwith.
ANSWER:
\texttip{K_{\rmmin}}{K_min}= 4.4 \rmeV
Correct
TradingMomentainaCollision
Twoparticlesmoveperpendiculartoeachotheruntiltheycollide.Particle1hasmass\texttip{m}{m}andmomentumof
magnitude2p,andparticle2hasmass2mandmomentumofmagnitude\texttip{p}{p}.Note:Magnitudesarenotdrawn
toscaleinanyofthefigures.
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PartA
Supposethatafterthecollision,theparticles"trade"theirmomenta,asshowninthefigure.Thatis,particle1now
hasmagnitudeofmomentum\texttip{p}{p},andparticle2hasmagnitudeofmomentum2pfurthermore,each
particleisnowmovinginthedirectioninwhichtheotherhadbeenmoving.Howmuchkineticenergy,
\texttip{K_{\rmlost}}{K_lost},islostinthecollision?
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{m}{m}and\texttip{p}{p}.
Tofindthekineticenergylostinthecollision,computetheinitialkineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rminitial}}
{K_initial}(beforethecollision)andthefinalkineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rmfinal}}{K_final}(afterthecollision).
Thentakethedifference:K_{\rmlost}=K_{\rminitial}K_{\rmfinal}.
Hint2.Findtherelationshipbetweenenergyandmomentum
Whatisthekineticenergy\texttip{K}{K}ofaparticlewithmass\texttip{m}{m}andmagnitudeofmomentum
\texttip{p}{p}?
ANSWER:
\texttip{K}{K}= \large{\frac{p^{2}}{2m}}
Hint3.Findtheinitialkineticenergy
Whatistheinitialkineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rminitial}}{K_initial}ofthetwoparticlesystem?
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{p}{p}and\texttip{m}{m}.
Hint1.Findthekineticenergyofparticle1
Findthekineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rm1.initial}}{K_1.initial}ofparticle1beforethecollision.
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ANSWER:
\texttip{K_{\rm1.initial}}{K_1.initial}= \large{\frac{\left(2p\right)^{2}}{2m}}
Hint2.Findthekineticenergyofparticle2
Findthekineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rm2.initial}}{K_2.initial}ofparticle2beforethecollision.
ANSWER:
\texttip{K_{\rm2.initial}}{K_2.initial}= \large{\frac{p^{2}}{2\left(2m\right)}}
ANSWER:
\texttip{K_{\rminitial}}{K_initial}= \large{\frac{9p^{2}}{4m}}
Hint4.Findthefinalkineticenergy
Whatisthefinalkineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rmfinal}}{K_final}ofthetwoparticlesystem?
ANSWER:
\texttip{K_{\rmfinal}}{K_final}= \large{\frac{3p^{2}}{2m}}
ANSWER:
\texttip{K_{\rmlost}}{K_lost}= \large{\frac{3p^{2}}{4m}}
Correct
PartB
Consideranalternativesituation:Thistimetheparticlescollidecompletelyinelastically.Howmuchkineticenergy
\texttip{K_{\rmlost}}{K_lost}islostinthiscase?
AsinPartA,tofindthekineticenergylostinthecollision,computetheinitialkineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rm
initial}}{K_initial}(beforethecollision)andthefinalkineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rmfinal}}{K_final}(afterthe
collision).Thentakethedifference:K_{\rmlost}=K_{\rminitial}K_{\rmfinal}.
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Hint2.Definitionofcompletelyinelastic
Acompletelyinelasticcollisionisoneinwhichtheparticlessticktogetherafterthecollision.
Hint3.Initialkineticenergy
Theinitialkineticenergyinthiscaseisthesameasitwasinthepartiallyelasticcollision.
Hint4.Findthefinalkineticenergy
Whatisthecombinedkineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rmfinal}}{K_final}ofthetwoparticlesaftertheperfectly
inelesticcollision?Ifyouusetheformula\large{K=\frac{p^2}{2m}},rememberthat\texttip{p}{p}isthe
magnitudeofthemomentumvector.
Hint1.Findthemagnitudeofthefinalmomentum
Whatisthemagnitudeof\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rmfinal}}{p_final_vec},thetotalmomentumofthetwo
particlesafterthecollision?
Express\texttip{p_{\rmfinal}}{p_final}intermsof\texttip{p}{p}.
Hint1.Findthefinalmomentumvector
Whatisthetotalmomentum\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rmfinal}}{p_final_vec}ofthetwoparticlesafter
thecollision?Takethepositivexdirectiontobetotherightinthefiguresandthepositivey
directiontobeupward.
Expressyouranswerasavectorintermsof\texttip{p}{p}andtheunitvectors
\texttip{\hat{i}}{i_unit}and\texttip{\hat{j}}{j_unit}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rmfinal}}{p_final_vec}= 2p\hat{i}+p\hat{j}
ANSWER:
\texttip{p_{\rmfinal}}{p_final}= \sqrt{5}p
ANSWER:
\texttip{K_{\rmfinal}}{K_final}= \large{\frac{5p^{2}}{6m}}
ANSWER:
\texttip{K_{\rmlost}}{K_lost}= \large{\frac{17p^{2}}{12m}}
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Correct
Problem8.101
Aneutronatrestdecays(breaksup)toaprotonandanelectron.Energyisreleasedinthedecayandappearsas
kineticenergyoftheprotonandelectron.Themassofaprotonis1836timesthemassofanelectron.
PartA
Whatfractionofthetotalenergyreleasedgoesintothekineticenergyoftheproton?
Expressyouranswerasapercentage.
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{K_{\rmp}}{K_{\rmtot}}\,}= 5.44102 \%
Correct
Problem8.73
SpheresA(mass0.020{\rmkg}),B(mass0.030{\rmkg}),andC(mass0.050{\rmkg}),areeachapproachingthe
originastheyslideonafrictionlessairtable.Theinitial
velocitiesofAandBare1.50{\rmm/s}and0.50.{\rmm/s}
Allthreespheresarriveattheoriginatthesametimeand
sticktogether.
PartA
WhatmustthexcomponentoftheinitialvelocityofCbeifallthreeobjectsaretoendupmovingat0.50{\rmm/s}
inthe+xdirectionafterthecollision?
ANSWER:
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v_{Cx}= 1.75 {\rmm/s}
Correct
PartB
WhatmusttheycomponentoftheinitialvelocityofCbeifallthreeobjectsaretoendupmovingat0.50{\rmm/s}
inthe+xdirectionafterthecollision?
ANSWER:
v_{Cy}= 0.260 {\rmm/s}
Correct
PartC
IfChasthevelocityfoundinparts(A)and(B),whatisthechangeinthekineticenergyofthesystemofthree
spheresasaresultofthecollision?
ANSWER:
\DeltaK= 9.2102 {\rmJ}
Correct
Problem8.109
Afireworksrocketisfiredverticallyupward.Atitsmaximumheightof80.0{\rmm},itexplodesandbreaksintotwo
pieces,onewithmass\texttip{m_{\rmA}}{m_A}=1.45{\rmkg}andtheotherwithmass\texttip{m_{\rmB}}{m_B}=
0.300{\rmkg}.Intheexplosion,900{\rmJ}ofchemicalenergyisconvertedtokineticenergyofthetwofragments.
PartA
Whatisthespeedofeachfragmentjustaftertheexplosion?
Enteryouranswersnumericallyseparatedbyacomma.
ANSWER:
v_{\rmA},v_{\rmB}= 14.6,70.5 {\rmm/s}
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Correct
PartB
Itisobservedthatthetwofragmentshitthegroundatthesametime.Whatisthedistancebetweenthepointson
thegroundwheretheyland?Assumethatthegroundislevelandairresistancecanbeignored.
ANSWER:
\left|x_{\rmA}\\x_{\rmB}\right|= 344 {\rmm}
Correct
Exercise8.49
Canadiannuclearreactorsuseheavywatermoderatorsinwhichelasticcollisionsoccurbetweentheneutronsand
deuteronsofmass2.0u.
PartA
Whatisthespeedofaneutron,expressedasafractionofitsoriginalspeed,afteraheadon,elasticcollisionwith
adeuteronwhichisinitiallyatrest?
Expressyouranswerusingthreedecimalplaces.
ANSWER:
0.333
Correct
PartB
Whatisitskineticenergy,expressedasafractionofitsoriginalkineticenergy?
Expressyouranswerusingthreedecimalplaces.
ANSWER:
0.111
Correct
PartC
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Howmanysuchsuccessivecollisionswillreducethespeedofaneutronto1/2190ofitsoriginalvalue?
Expressyouranswerasawholenumber.
ANSWER:
7 collisions
Correct
Problem8.76
Ataclassicautoshow,a810{\rmkg}1955NashMetropolitanmotorsbyat8.4{\rmm/s},followedbya1630{\rmkg}
1957PackardClipperpurringpastat4.4{\rmm/s}.
PartA
WhatistheratioofthekineticenergyoftheNashtothatofthePackard?
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{K_{\rmN}}{K_{\rmP}}}= 1.81
Correct
PartB
WhatistheratioofthemagnitudeofmomentumoftheNashtothatofthePackard?
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{p_{\rmN}}{p_{\rmP}}}= 0.949
Correct
PartC
LetF_{\rm{N}}bethenetforcerequiredtostoptheNashintime\texttip{t}{t},andletF_{\rm{P}}bethenetforce
requiredtostopthePackardinthesametime.WhatistheratioF_{\rm{N}}/F_{\rm{P}}ofthesetwoforces?
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{F_{\rm{N}}}{F_{\rm{P}}}}= 0.949
Correct
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PartD
NowletF_{\rm{N}}bethenetforcerequiredtostoptheNashinadistanced,andletF_{\rm{P}}bethenetforce
requiredtostopthePackardinthesamedistance.WhatistheratioF_{\rm{N}}/F_{\rm{P}}{\kern1pt}?
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{F_{\rm{N}}}{F_{\rm{P}}}{\kern1pt}}= 1.81
Correct
Problem8.112
InSection8.6,weconsideredarocketfiredinouterspacewherethereisnoairresistanceandwheregravityis
negligible.Supposeinsteadthattherocketisacceleratingverticallyupwardfromrestontheearth'ssurface.Continue
toignoreairresistanceandconsideronlythatpartofthemotionwherethealtitudeoftherocketissmallsothatgmay
beassumedtobeconstant.
PartA
Howisequation\large{m\frac{{dv}}{{dt}}=v_{ex}\frac{{dm}}{{dt}}}modifiedbythepresenceofthegravityforce?
ANSWER:
Essayanswersarelimitedtoabout500words(3800charactersmaximum,includingspaces).
3785Character(s)remaining
(noneprovided)
PartB
Deriveanexpressionfortheaccelerationaoftherocket,analogoustoequation\large{a=\frac{{dv}}{{dt}}=
\frac{{v_{ex}}}{m}\frac{{dm}}{{dt}}}.
ANSWER:
Essayanswersarelimitedtoabout500words(3800charactersmaximum,includingspaces).
3785Character(s)remaining
(noneprovided)
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PartC
Whatistheaccelerationoftherocketifitisneartheearth'ssurface?Inthefirstsecondoffiring,therocketejects
\large{\frac{1}{120}}ofitsmasswitharelativespeedof2300{\rm{\rmm/s}}.Youcanignoreairresistance.
ANSWER:
a_{\rmearth}= 10 {\rmm/s^2}
IncorrectTryAgain5attemptsremaining
PartD
Nowsupposethat\large{\frac{3}{4}}oftheinitialmassm_0oftherocketisfuel,sothefinalmassm=m_0/4isand
thatthefueliscompletelyconsumedataconstantrateinatotaltime90{\rm{\rms}}.Findthespeedofthe
rocketafter90{\rm{\rms}}iftherocketisfiredfromtheearth'ssurfaceratherthaninouterspace.Youcanignore
airresistance.
ANSWER:
v_{\rmearth}=
{\rmm/s}
PartE
Howdoesyouranswerinpreviouspartcomparewiththerocketspeedcalculatedinouterspaceatthesame
conditions?
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{v_{\rmspace}}{v_{\rmearth}}}=
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis83.0%.
Youreceived34.03outofapossibletotalof41points.
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4/2/2016

Thexcoordinateofthecenterofmassxcm canbeexpressedintermsofthexcoordinates(r x ) i ofthe

arev 1x andv 2x .Findthexcomponentofthevelocityofthecenterofmass(v cm ) x atthatmoment.Keepin

Supposethatv 1x andv 2x haveequalmagnitudes.Also, v 1 isdirectedtotherightand v 2 isdirectedtotheleft.

blockm1 andanotherexternalforceF2 isactingonblockm2 .Findthexcomponentoftheaccelerationofthe

whereFnet isthenetexternalforceappliedtothesystem,andM total isthetotalmassofthesystem.Even

appliedtoblockm1 byblockm2 andanotherinternalforceF 21

\texttip{K_{\rmafter}}{K_after}= 594 \rmJ

v_{Cx}= 1.75 {\rmm/s}

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