8 ‘CONSTRUGTION FOR AEROMODELLERS and, with care, producing smooth, decteale stapes” Precautions with Power Tools In the cass of al portable power tools whee the electnie motor f part of the Unie we Would particularly” stres. the hecestity of connecting up the eth lead And not just diseparding. this. and king connection to an ordinary two- insocket. Should fal develop on the ermal sonnecsion, and aftr all the Tends do get a lot of rough treatment, the full sin voltage canbe anamited ng and give the vser a nasty Shock ‘Alnafcr Sending alot of bls the aie wil come thick th alsa dust, 2 good proportion of which will have iscen sucked into the drill, ‘So do not work too long sanding in a confined Mimosphecewor, if this a ‘necesary, ‘wrap © havikerchicf over your mouth Eid ot a mask, Othe yal teh alsa dust And cemenber to clean ut the drill elf oocasionally. An accumulation of dust can ignite and start fire inside the casing ‘The ret of the 100) kit we will eave to your imagination, A rubber modeller will want a. sharp Knife for carving Propeller, “One Gr two screwdsvers fr be atl fo the power ol, together with box spannere in appro: Driste sis. Most modelers, too, ‘vant a soldering iron, and so'on. Then Hl modells will aio. wart obe item wwe “have not mentioned a0 fara buitding board Building boards ‘A good building board is very impor. tant."“One whieh is true and Oat and large enough to take all the work likely tobe undertaken, A. large. drawing board is undoubtedly the best type of Ealing board, although these rake 83 rather expensive flems. A good building Board i worth the money spent on ity bit is seadily. posible tomate & ‘Stacey aed en ab hee a in Fig. 6, fora cost of something like ‘en tifags Choo hard ov metinn sheet and make the gine joints accurately. Ordinary wood glue can be wed, being oisiderably cheaper than balsa cement. Sucka board will have one very descable feature of a good building beard—that (he material fe aot 30 hard thay pis teannot be pushed in wth the ingers «to go along with arenas 9 Chapter Two versal sifame welt. Know something’ of the properties {wood belo using it Te most important Characteristic i Hs extreme lighten for 4 quite emakable strength No other Tnateral compares with iin this respect. Rethe wane Han, balsa wood aa whole fia one great defect is not homo geneous. That is, ee not coutlet Eeiquality or charactriten Ina ingle sheet one par isl to be nronger and fro ta oe and evr in Engle tip length, oth strength a treit cot vary thn end fo en “Ther ave several ways of overcoming those deficts,The bese method is by tarefil ie selection of word for & fiven job and then the proper az ofthat ‘wood, So much depends on the (ype af Todel you are butding.. "Where air Fame eeght is of extreme importance, ‘wood selection is one of the mas impor. {ant items of the contruction. On & Gino ne mel wine Wed) de ‘stil, Iti generally soliient to tse hand or medium hard balsa without ‘wonrying unduly about the quality. Wood density ‘The weight, or rather the density, of the balsa wood alone is no accurate guide tostrength, Asa rough role the heavier the balsa the stronger it is, But cer ‘wood can be very heavy and at the same time brittle and ‘lack strength. Ex: perience is the only true guide to wood selection and, lacking this experience, the ‘beat plan istogetanexperiencedmmodeller ‘and help you with ‘your purciazes, Ox you can Fely on the Fetaler to help you with your selection, ‘Many retail shops make @ point of such sewvien "The fine sep to becoming a {good model builder is not ¢o just buy. Psheet and stcip” but purchade selected sheet and strip. It can make a lot of Materials dilfeence both to the finished. model Sod in making the actual, balding se baits hac wood ancerned bere ja rough guide lr selection. ‘The un type of tut a with the grain ofthe wood Unning fom end to end and the beat Woah fs generally tat whch ha 3 Unitoem Appearance, a3 regard cia to gaa” When set Bas een srell eu i istmposile to se ssw mar Bur if the sa was blunt, or a toot tras oot of fine atthe sive of eating, A "be read ae 3 sei st sweeping lies tors the sheet,” This is tndesirable, but not scent cause on Is oon for rqecting ach a shostunlest it war intended. for sepping up into oars” More important the manner it ‘which the sheet responds to ending Sheet covering Tor leading edge covering, and soon, shea srequted whieh wil bend ceadily ge to edge. If it atin thie direction ftinay spit yen you ty to apply ie eo the work. For leading’ edge co ‘wore the sheet should be fay ti Tend, Tor laminated conmraction, where stipe are cutoff the sheet and Thon cemented together, layer om layer, around a curved formes, sheet which ipends readily end to end is required, with exrtain atifaes edge (0 edge Laminated work fs monty confined (othe apa del when th sis 6 lasination are out fom 1/58 thew Saiabil tee for antatlon Should. readily be capable of being ihent round into a perfect circle, when tripped down to Sc ay in stip the tan be bent" diy" thfough ® one inch radian withous sling. “The ideal sheet wood for cutting ribs Of quite irene appearance. Tt iowa as quarter gra, reprsecting & fghtly “ierent cut of the original10 ‘CONERRUCTION £0X AuKOMODEELERS edt roe aunensie wehoe tacommanded Wot Dens lumbee, The sure ie Hed in appearance and te sheet is very at and gid. in both diretions ‘Ghiater grain stock i easly eaognizable by appearance bugvon average, forms only 4 sinall proportion of the formal. "supplies which reach the retail shops. A ‘commen faule with quarter ran stock f that 1 on the heavy sd, no this is a point to be watched where Ehfame weight ie erica, As a guide, a sheet of 1/32 itn “for Wakefield shout, ideally, weigh just Under § om, and atthe same ine have’ “the necesary Higiity and stength, Suc et Re CH Te] eel” Oly be Fa | troteer tna Sry much somon.. [inte [wf m=] Seong yp ses. Trem ew ae] Retentions Tam [= Lee [a] Sagtandstep woud some saree] =|] ean i tte tb Tests w= TTS] haan jog te rength “ fom the resistance a Yeon {ida en, i * ‘can give excellent and quite ‘Siac eyo reales Sei ake Uniy to ha = their wood stocks treated in Te wee] ey Teanga PSL ee ae] er ison cip about ibe ‘Trailing Bde, = 19. wea Tie] » PACKeaing of sheet and strip Sie oF SAAN OF Wa ete ced oer a) Sex] ]*= | [own] ae [iw pia [oa fod | [am [oa wae oie oar [oar ea oa fo 6 8 4 4 i 4 4 4 2 1 1 wood which is worth remembering. In the origi- nal packaging, as a general ule, adjacent sheeis (or sips) have been cut from the same picce of lumber. If one piece appears. very satislctory, adjacent pieces fon either side are usually very similar. Knowing this can speed selection quite a Jot. Bear in mind, however, that the original’ sequence will probably be destroyed afier” the slock bas. been sorted over @ namber of times. “Few retailers mind ‘customers sorting over thi Sheet and sip stock, pro- vided ‘the customers "Whow ‘what they are doing and do hot abuse that p Tf you must test strip ‘wood ‘on the spot—and for your own satisfaction you Should do—then any length selected should pass simple test illustrated “in Fig. 2. This is, hold the strip at one end’and wave the otlier end up and down ly. Gross grained oF Steak” stip. will snap. Faulty wood Will crack. Sound wood will whip with nice springy feeling. Even, 6 in, aquate stock should be capable of passing this tet, ‘We shall be dealing fire thee ‘with wood selection when Wwe come on to des- cribing the building of the factual components, as the equicements for spar stock ‘are very diferent for leading ‘edge stock, for example, in ‘wing construction, whilst different wood is often used for longerons and spacers in a simple box fieclage. hie ‘emphasis on wood selection may seem unnecesarily ‘complicated, butitis not. Te makes the job easier to1" CconsTRUCTION FoR AEROMODELLERS build and produces a stronger overall result, Kit Wood Tven Hit modale are mot necessarily xsi prlinoarycomtration th when ait snd fs produced fn it thoutande close control over the quality ofall the balsa wood ia any indvidusl Hits quite out ofthe question, Mami- facture goneraly combat tia in two raya, Inially wood selected accord ing to requirements—certain lumber for sheet parts, certain stock for stripwoed. “Altoat invariably, too, the design ofthe imodel. Hell allows. "for” considerable Sraciation fn the strength of individual Wood parts. ‘The overall rent i (generally quite satitactory, but that fe fot to say that any mesel bute fem an individual kit could not, pechaps, be improved by replacing cerain Kt parts with individually” selected sheet or lp stock. “Phe serious model builder, in the long run, becomes very * weight conecious"= ‘Just an the fll se aircraft designer is gonunually ging ® bale Sgt iereaing” weight as qzeator stan fre required of his asiamesy 20 the model bullder sets out £0 redues the ‘weights of histractres without reducing hee strength. Hardwoods Stronges, heavier woods, such at cobeche, bch and sprace, art ed to 8 ‘uch sore limited extent in aeromodel- Ting, many on account of the weight penalty invlved. Birch and spruce ae, Kren ery ol fox ston pa wang whore weight isnot crcl, 2g. tlds wings." Obeche is not athe fhctory” as an. alcrnaive. scoctral material sine it tends to be bets and ineis enor strength, Woods of finds ther than bass used in acromodeling fre generally referred to as" hardwoods Sithough such e definition may not be technically core, The ane part of an Snftsme whore hardwoods ‘are. used fxclusively i for engine beaters—beeeh, Bape toda bing favoured water ‘A point t0 be bome fn mind is that sate oroay Dain create dot ave satisactory glued joints with hand Sfoods and ao-2 lower drying nitrate oF ferred Doublecementing i advissie, a an additonal precaution, Plywood ‘The most satstictory plywood for seromodelling” use fesiebonded Waterpeoot (aircraft quality) py, which Kravallable in a vatlety of Uicknesses eran pee seal irwoods (up to s/64 in) are genera {eed only or nage formers ott rubber models. ‘The font former or fre-yall of ‘ower models 1s iavasiably made of ply Pyfo2 in, foe small models, fin. Tor ‘edu size models and 3/16 oF even Fin. ply for lange models,” Simla Femarks as above apply wih repard to luing plywood, Glass Plastics No. description of asromodelling raterials would be ‘complete without ‘mention ofthe glass plastics wed for the Production of moulded shapes, These hee relatively new, being introduced on 4 commercial acale only sn 1954, Drieiy, fla plastic mouldingy are produced by faying glas cosh or layers of glass tape onto. a suitable form, costing with a hemo setting rin solution and allow ing to 2et. ‘he result fan amazingly strong “raoulding’, easly made and’ not tinduly heavy. "The technique can be varied con siderably, according tothe requirements, fo scinsprogisted at. loth of tape can be Used a8 a binding to re- inlovee structures (eg, the rose of a fuselage). Also the resins can be used ‘with orinary oth or gate bandage fr the ame Paro. hough complete major components, ach as wings and fasdlages, have been ade with glass plastic generally these fare too heavy for normal free Righe model “Thus the main use of this taterial at present isforaraller moulded components, such a8 cowligs, Firings, fey, and for local reinforcement, suet ruseLacss 3 Chapter Three 1B simplest of all builtup furelages is where the two ses are cut. from sheet balsa and then Joined together Sith wih numba foie {picers to complete the sembly Fig, The side elevation ofthe futclage traced or drawn out on to 2 sutable theet of wood, which fe then carefully feat to shape. This fst side can then be pinned over a sccand piece of theet and thea npitefrcting an na "The main alternative methods of Joining these to sides are also shown, qn the diagram, ‘he simplest probably Using ahetePomere Phe: dapth and width of each former ca be measured SM the plan and the former’ postions ‘atefilly marked on the inside of each fide. Staring with the widest reer, Fidei and formers are cemen- ted together, using pins to hold in place and checking hae the ey ee formers ean then be cemen- sedi oe by oe, a ding with in i nccety. “The baste fit tage is how complete and irs merely the adaliion SF the various detail ittings, For example, a thin piy nose former—or a balsa former, may be nest, ale lead ‘elaorcement of the sheet fides at the rear whore the rier peg isto be ited on ‘rubber model, and 0 on, With & rubber mode), of court, the formers wil have teen cut out previously to provide clearance forthe ctor. cx: ronuea ‘An alternative method Wit SorSaN'ieer wim bo Lye In'place This means nore GE wee meg on ne Simple Fuselages ps foreach former ut with 3 Eengie. which engages with a corres potting slot cut Inthe Sutlage side at Bech former tation, ae atom dn the Te does, however, make or ‘cle and mote accurate saembly once the parts have on propery cat “che thi sternative™-usiog spacers cnt to comect length fom square strip {6 join the sides lighter, leaves more Inmnal ‘clearance. for rubber motors and ts generally stronger Iv & le fore. duit to contract aceuratly, Roweves, since eat dndlldual spacst Hoe pasoned Sil Ain pis puthed through the sect side inte the ends of che spacers will Belp. “rhe main poe wath i all chse fiselages ir that the sembly remains tymmesical in plan view and is not4 ‘CONFTRUCTION FOR AEROMODELLERS twisted out of Tine bv any ay. thould be able to check for yi iy laying the completed fiselage ost 02 ty the lan ew of your This typeof finclage io cealy est suited total re figt models. 1 an, However, be ted with sucoes on larger tnodels where fisclage weight i not 20 ms ‘Rovmay we would reckon that this typeof fiseage contrtion i too heavy for rubber models more. than about {wventy eo twenty-four inches ovngepan. ‘There i no reaton why it should not beuied on gliders upto. * Nordic” Srey or even larger, but Sf you build 4 ble Tuclage in this fathion you will fd hat ec be quite cay. To gets proper strength ditribution, too, withe ErPexcesive weight, the ihett wood ted for the sides needs to be selected caefily. Sti but igi sheets required Sid so. quartergrain stock would mubulily he best. ‘Phe sigificance of this ype of sheet was desceibed ine Chapter ‘Two. Sheet thickness ‘To avoid buckling of the sides, t00, 1/16 in sheet thickness iy about the minimum which can be used, ‘Very tiny Iovcls of around twelve iach wingspan nd under could wae sa shect aides, bot all larger models’ would require’ the thicker size . 'As the fisclage size goes on increasing there. will-come point wliere even 1/a0 set is no longer strong enough on ily Toe thr set would by fdding a lot of unnecemary weight the bese solution ko brace theses wth Sn internal fine ofsteipwood, Almost any shetsided fuselage above fiteen Inches in length requires some form of ntenal brag tke this igure 2 indian how this Steril baci can be add, cemented dietly nto efch sie before anembly. Thin Gluten seigtforvaed method esich Sonia” presse no ciliclien Make gurcy however, tha you cement the fares om to” what wil become the Inside ofeach side, Final atsembly can then be lke the cir seated fie. lage, Ifformers are wed thse wil have fo'be notched atthe corner to fit the Eames, Bach former peition should be backed with verte fine member which will sada soewrae allgoment of the formers and taoke for stronger ‘Numerous other appliations could be mentioned and some havea ceain foulanty amongee A gee desiznrs Eidyever”comtticion Ss generally t0 bvlows that further derption i not Scecaary, and 20. we. have. merely Sectched se ypieal Cxamples ia Fig. § ‘hire rltively large fuslages are sheet Covercy execpe in gliders i more Chul € find the Tsslage ulle up by ‘ther inetd andthe sheet covering ‘Sica ar fra sin, Ballteup Box far the most popular type of ise. lage or gence wh the ely bul Xp boe, comprised of four main fore and sh members (arualy of quare secon) falled the longerons, joined with bot ertcal and cress (borizontal) spacers. “There are many variations on this simple theme. Numerous ouliner ean ocommodated with simple box fame, Vila the modem trend, particulary Wwth rubber model fuelages of Wakefield ‘size,is to locate the longerons diagonally, using rectangu~ ines materi" Phe more important. of these ‘variation will be deseribed, but fee tet ws deal with the “simplest (ype of job is fully. It is important, for example, that the four loagions be mache, springy than the others, ft Thay wel pull the. whole fuselage out of shape when room 19 asembling the twosides. Spacer stock rot fo important, but to save Wwelght tis ean be lighter {han the longeron material, ‘Seleet the longeron, wood first, Pick out foue ples of wot hh em se ad alike." Check that the grain Jn them istcue and running from end to cad—not across the aipoand the whole lengeh is fee from inpe ftir war bol for example, along. the length at the sip wil make tetee- les for longeron socie. Try the simple. whipping test thentioned io Chapter Two And alm to get, af near at pense our identical ths ol a what stock fe avallable—whether from the contents of kit or from a reallers sok A sgminay of sable oe fetbeinga chect on weight, Matched stripe should exch weigh the sune and ina Contest rubber model the total weight of the four loagerons al iraportant, Weight check Weighing will also show up another interesting point. Some lightweight “models gall for hard 1/08. wgerons. Check weighing, you may find that four 3/52 Square strips of roughly the same overall strength may ‘weigh Test than four hard 1/1 square strips-The larger section ‘stock would then make the betcer foselage. "Your fuselage will look much neater, (09, if you sve eusmeaces og ‘make sure that the stock you have chesen is true in section and of the right dimension. A lot of “square ” stock is often rectangular in actual fact, co that using apacer material the other way round to the longeron material could lead to the effect shown in Fig. 5 when the two sides are built on top ‘of one another. ‘This is exaggerated to emphasise 2 Pie aie See sre Tose. sarcneD sms wr 4 anit SE the wer or sree, WEL)6 ‘consrauerion roR AERowoDELLEns the point, but even a smatl oz error in size like this can be ‘A annoying, and weaken the H [uselage frame.” Matched 5 Tongerons, in. fact, imean Rear ee coamevens " exegngn gat: acon apa naec ER RS ee and dimcaion See ~oiocnaNs er wood isnot eo critical, but cone ‘his again. should be of f rio Se: “ maatched ” dimension. S08 Some modellers tale this question” of matching Leclitn throsghe sitet eam hailelig. Yongeron wood s0 seriously wae that they prefer to strip thes longerons fom sheet regrasr wood. This, in facts is "4 BLE Feyo —uositedly ” the bet uM BERGA method, if you have a Prose Bee, Wood attipper and can wort fat Sie Mi nw ily. Uanlll you can Eeup wood sscwaty how fever, 1 would be better to Sick to selected machine cut Hip from yout local model op. Stripped Longerons Preparing longer from sect, the het self would fie be selected for quality tnd uniformity and one end Glesly marked — Fig. 6 ‘The faut longerons are then cutoffs adjacent scrips and tied the same way round in boiling, Leal the marked ends at one tnd of the fase lage, This concer xe matching of four stripy bat fren then the sips coh be Subject to variations, Ane ther poing toms that fi Visually imposible to tell whether ste sri Tor longerons ‘until a test strip has beon cut and tied for trength, "Accurate work i posible, however, with proper hand fing: of the stepper. With the stiper act a the sare dimension spacer stock can bbe cut exattly to ‘correct wide ‘Once your longeron and ae Right: This nowor Sgt a Tate erg yy fpapide rane lili etent fet fi ale stowwege ioe eee‘elaborate deaiens i i see eter baller nots “stinene ine nbs Aetngs, Aeromedele' Galen, Wis Sesinneds for Star ects rede" Sin a See” Caled Ha alse Bees mate: fee See ee Sel fil war SIweLE FUSELAGES "7 spacer wood has boenstripped or selected, One thing remains to do before starting balldings Smooth each stip down fight with very fine sandpaper on all four face to remove any roughness ot knife Or sa nanks. Use a sandpaper: block, bold fone end of the stip aud rub the sand- paper along to the other end in one [Beeeping motion. Do not attempt to sand backwards and forwards or you, will almost certalaly break the strip. "Most box fuselages are made by bulld- ing to side frames and then joining with spacers. ‘The ames are buslé Uireedy over the plan and should be {dentica, “The best method of ensuring thisisto build the wosides together, one ‘on top of the other, laying dotwa the longerons frst ‘and then ‘cutting. the individual vertical spacers to length and cementing in place, The logicsl se fares Tay out the plan flat om a suitable building board; protect the susface of the plan (lther by covering with waxed paper ot more sinply, rubbing over the plan witha candle); pin out the fongerons directly. over the plan, in alts; then ent the spacers to lengthy gain in pairs, and cxment in place. ‘These stepe ae illustrated in Fig. 7. Basie Frames hii iter 6 how 0 in usually ‘recommended is 10 Tocate pins bn eliher side of the Tongerons to hold them fo the required curve. Te chould be possible to bend the longerors to: the Tequived curve without having to steam them. eis important that each pair of longerons. should assueie an” Eleatial cue. ‘They will naturally tend to do It if the ‘wood ts properly matched, tbat may also require quite a lt of pins to hold down properly. Contrary to content id pinoy due light to pla right through the longerous ft intervals, provided hese are a¢ last Fin, square in section and the pins used Bee thin ones. This vil make le och faslr to hold them lo postion, Senalle fection Vongerous aould aot be planed through With the longerons pinned out satse factorily, the two tte of pacer ae then cat and cemented in pact, A good plan Sto start with the middle apscer end then work fo each end in turn, "Take there pacer pang, offer up a length of firp, im the exact lenge requiced fod cutoff. Check for sie and then ext Bother spacer of eaten! length forthe Seon side. Cement these spacers in lore going on to eat the second pair oF spacer, and 20 on. This is more Securate And gives stronger joins chan citing omelet epee ethan Szmenting in lacs, followed by a peat process for the other side. ee vel there ae any sharp evs in the longer, wood strees in these regions fan be relieved. by. painting, with, hot Water, aftr the fame i complete Normally this should not be, neces. ‘The two sides should then be let pinned Aven or several Hous, allo al ‘Wines removed ftom the plan ihe too ake Be tpt tan ‘separated readily by supping a razor Blade Between them afd running round the utline—Fig. € working carellly over each spacer joint. Jolning Sides “There are several methods which can be adopted for joining the sides, “The implest i thai’ whereby apacers cor. responding to the mid section of the Fuselage are cut exactly to length and the (ro sides joined with these, using fo hold uatil the cement has sete he Susembly i checked for aquarenes "The next stage consists of pulling the ‘wo rear ends of the fuselage together, Cimming a8 necessary, and cementing, followed by the nore’ spacers, holding with pins, "When these have sey all the remalniog spacers can be cut to size and Cemented ia thels respective postions — ‘ither cutting these to length from the plan or against the actual assembly, “working fom the widest section forward 4nd aft and comenting in each pair of Spacers as cut and before measuring Of the length of the next, hither ‘way ‘demands constant checking by eye and i ighting” against a posible twist or distortion of the fame setting in, a18 constauction ror AzRowoDELLERS ma Other methods demand the use of formers-—either falge formers of card which hold the twosides whilst thespacers fare located and are then removed 5 or Sheet formers which become an integral part of the. structure—Fig, 10. An extension of the former method is shown in Fig. 11, favoured by some Wakefield builders, Where the false formers are mounted on a stout jigging rod which does ensute a really accurate line~ up. : We do not propose to describe the further constructional deals to be addled to com- plete the final fuselage. These consist, in the main. of such items as gussets to increase" local ‘strengths, rear motor peg anchorage fon rubber models, under cariage fitlings, “and 30 fon, Generally, ‘these. are quite obvious and straight farward, ‘There are, how- ever, a number of con- sructional tips. which are ‘worth passing on. Double Cementiog ‘The fart concerns what fs known, az" double- ening? ate consi coating all joint faces ‘wiv cement allowing odry and then é-cementing the pe to uA oiged ea cement it very much Sehnert ont dnd certainly does pay on ost fselages. However, flte ‘2 minbor of” well: Bown, “snd successful, moder ever bother «6 temploy It and s0 the choice is quite an open one, There “nothing "to. lose—only timein making double. xmeat joints. an tine is the iting of ass tubes Buches employed for under. carriage. fitings. "Unkest these tubes Ste anchoted at each end. they’ wil atmostcerainiy push sideways, emer joint coupled with thresd biode ing i no safeguard. Brass tubes should jae washers soltered to exch a, ring againa sheet guscis in the fuslage—Fig. 12, Altiminium "tube can Be eu with eamall" pair of Scion and floned out, as "shown. inking ‘the tube in ‘the oniddle and binding tightly to the spacers will also help. ADVANORD PUSELAGES 19 Chapter Four VARIATIONS on the simple bor fuselage are numerous, Rathec than attempt ¢o describe some of the more outstanding examples we have inelaled 8 repreentative selection in Pig. 1. Such thethods are popular with semtscale and Sports mod. For compesiion wots, laborationiatobe avolded as this ually fds weight-sa uderrable feature. ‘Weight ie most ciiteal on old-rule Woalaeld Sie models wry 0 gt a four ounce motor weight quite «large tan a1 be at dwn fo xe Sunicis of les, including the propeler Issembly, ifthe model ®t to exceed About eight ounces tolal weight. At a goneral rule, therefore, such. fusclages Krave been ieee relatively snp both cntline and construction wah stream ined x ened pti int alte iorty. ‘To make any given length Fiselage down to. a micimum weight meant an almost automatic selection of ‘simple rectangular or square eres tection. Most other lightweight models Subber powesed or glder-—it will be ‘noticed, alk fellow thi trend, has been argued in hvour of the seaming: What a halt lial fection fuselage ean be produced with fs Zelure of wood than a eoeesponding box or slabsided fuselage. In * practice, itis not posible to build “a multisteingered streamlined fislage. down te the same weight at at of a simple box ofthe same Tengels and cross section, ite» lot of deveiop- taken place with the simple slabsided fise~ lage ‘during the: past wo years vic has rezlted in Inprowd stsength for les overall weight, making it ven more attractive for competition work The price paid for thir bas best teased complication in building. "Phe method, Advanced Fuselages cr Sle ee ao eee eer Se Sta "Pat wt érore would be % “rin. Bearing tn yA So tobee ea isco sets SF Ss ata Tein icc tlt Bi ey et nto Beef Lakdieet toa wauiiiekalaie tect cr eee nn aera (two complete ¢ square longerons). Bete acta Satie Jolnts would ‘not be 20 sattory Me eal nice aao sega ce eonety ane clever! rao Sealy ae San Wik Sn a saci ues se by ey a eee eee flog Se re pee sy ets he en en rey iene me coo a hla ERE, an anes thee ent ae Aa eT? ata Serene Dhrraly ate oa Sts erase ‘consrRUGTION YOR AuiLOMODELLENS eon fulage_immoetiately ‘ecomes a moe complicate ree Shave iventigated the rmathods ubed By thowe 7 Inulgers whe ave gone over Luce to Gingonal longison com ‘otal ries, struction and the four which wooo vowune f friswrsies axudsor (aur (ee 0d 7 feom to" fer the best tmathod of appreach ave ‘tated ia Fig ‘The. fiat, and’ probably the "most Widely sed method is that originated by Evans, This takes the foun ef ine ig ext fo sof shore bales. It fr ental only for squste Eston fgcasth Tes *ffamond "yer and ihe two parts of the Jig are cat foie exit shape of the Fir line of th longesons in proiected. side le itis piers ace ftened togeihe eight angles and Tete ender lengths teck-eomented to the i Spaces ave then cat and cemented in place, cach of Serene dats reaps des gene ae Zoe eee light balsa jig is broken up Bian alene Sora meee ‘tl. Fake eard formers were plotted for = abana gs Tijgea eae calorie And tram ‘The comer ofeach omer "With al the formers onthe ging od in the comer slots, then the spacers cut to length and cemented in. When complete, the card formers were again split by peeling off the cellulose tape, the halves shaken out of the frame and the bare jigging rod removed, The ives Tae, vay atl e Feria ead See at eee eet dela Re Sidi! hdhelt teste Tb atl svn weil rate es carne mene Mr faa oa deat ce Semoun ironing te Ses een sa ee al Seti ihe Set scratch Pie Tier empony ere. ara fe era wy ae ira epee Ta eter sein at ng dlevation and 1: napnths para, ane al we ore meres male sen cle one oO tee and fo eile sc oy afte pal eer selerr SEE a cab ua seates Sey s gee Shi ngety wa Siea peter ais Oat gutletargaroe Rta rh aa otf we se Be, NL ee Soe LLL CLLCconsMRUOHION FOR AEROWODELLERS Grutch Construction For power models, at one time for streamlined gliders frat captruction ofr, crthodox box frames, Te gy in fact, particularly adapted to stearained and emtsteamlined fuselage: Were no" end-to-end ine eral lana i ned, cistrong, relatively sep, aie ferascsacy and fot 's diageam 6 shows, the cnutah fs the mnin strength inember ofthe fuselage. It rat be_made of faicly hard strip. of generous secliondeep and narrow, rather than square, A common error ist use strip ‘whichis both too hard and too hey, whic seule in an overweight structure, With proper catch wood sock about to that you would. chocse for the Fengerons of a box fusclage of similar tength is erring slightly on he heavy sid itunyting. “The ‘erutch’ is simply built ‘directly over & plan of the fuselage, On power ‘odele the hardwood motor bearers can be splice joined {o the erutch members and Jet to prowrade from the front.” Whet the erutch is se il is removed and. fall Tomer, ‘cut Irom sheet added.” ‘The sition ringers ica completes the basic’ fuselage. Allerna- tively, the formers can be fut ih two partetop and bottom. "The erutch ean be Jefe pinned down, all the tap orgs’ cemented i hes, stringers added The whole femework ofthe ‘upper half of the fuselage completed. “This assembly ‘wil remain sigie! when the ADVANCED BUSELAOHS 23 crutch is finally unpinned, {tamed ever and the bottom fuselage and stringers added Gruteh construction has been largely superceded for contest type power model faselages by sheet cruciform conseruction on the larger models, or a reversion to the pure pylon type of la out instead of the faired-in pylon. ‘X! Type Assembly He Bicone was in Leon Shulman's Berke sae re ae LS cae le ae suitable sheet and then cementing fee Snares fea. ple Gorhamn power model Si my ta simple triangular box is widely em- Heo Case Ee te ‘ona lied sale on both ides of the Bei ti tame se ‘This becomes virally @ crutch member for the ret of the fuselage frame is now added to this elementary ame, Formers fre cemented in place to. give. the Foquired rection —taualiy square or Fostangular at che fone, eaptsing off to Triangelay at tho reartand the pylon fedetueblein. Onlarges mel he fides, including’ the pylon are then ‘covered with shee before removing from the’plan, "The botlom then’ sheet, covered to complete the fusclage. “There ate so. many other types of power model fusclages which have Eppeated from thne fo time thst iis impatible to mention them all, “Those wwe have. dealt "with fe representative OF popular practice. Some. other, pestaps equally good, are not so ‘idly known, Maty are simply vaia- tions around one or ether base scheme, Simple. box construction does not realy suit powor duration design other than the pylon types since, for example, 8 faised in or scnteabin ‘pyloa layout 5 bully ita purely seciangulac section i ttintsined throughout. Bower duration Eoclage are gencrlly narrow and quite deep irom wing ineune fo the Bottom ff the Rsclage) and ordinary" box ‘hnstruction Becomes les economic and fae" attractive the farther the cross section departs ftom. a. truly square section. “The best” type of aided Fsslage, in act, from the weight and strength point of view & the diamord yporeven if waed fat” 30 that JP Iyecomes # normal square section,oy CONSTHUGHION FOR AERONUDELLERS Chapter Five INCE Moats come under the category ofsmall fiselgea "—and not always sosmallinthe cae of twin lst layouts ‘Phas been thoughtadvisable to include a shor chapter othe caution. The eign requirements of ea, eg siz, Shape, layout, ete ave filly acd Dag fr drone. jaiktle ele a rer mode large ener nel eight saving tatated {fi rubber power bring im ther own, problems,” ‘The most olivious require: ‘eoten mi be? Giisewin'sehoes, heen Lea tk. ron eos (wtencnuneasie) routs (Pon anc wines) ams womens sat covenviri Me sHeet ‘ing bee atarragee To ope porto heats aug, Float Construction rent fs the necesity for long ue les, which must be stiff’ and light ; bamboo: 18 probably bes int or Tose wine bracing to prevent ne floats: from: spreading Spat or whipping excesively without ting go thick or ey a leg “A wide lrsck needed to: control dhe. high {sida forque on eakeofh which furer Strat the teeny fr th Tt 0 spread. apart, ‘Normal postion of IEont noni ie very aigily behind the prop, and float volume aod e ealeu Tited exactly ee for power Rootplancs, ‘The tal lox should be about 30 per cent. ofthe total, Rubber model float irs in general ose are shown In the agramms “oppeite. Note that tise favering is quite suficient forall but Fnily heavy models. Points to. watch wien product rubber Noatplanes ate? (@) Titec equal Bae float, or a tall ost only slightly smaller ; (ii) Inability of the floats to thange postion when et on water; (i) ‘Wide tack up to 30 per cent. of span (i) Gare in moter preparation, since a Bunch eating a Malled descent into Il top fing for an hour or two hile things dey out “The one thing which most be faced about model wed for water fying that there is no way to keep water ont Silk or tae covered shect construction fan be made reasonably watertight, but figs fuselage, et inevitably fl when Enmeteed. "No dodbe. compli watere proofing. ix posible, but only atthe Boome of Kemenio wght The thet system isto dope the frame before Covering, to slow ip the. absorpdon. of wate do dope, tae. covering roughly, applying two coats of clear iowa by Seer wo cane Seven or eight coals of clear dope to frrare that all poves are filed. A diameter hole drilled or punched in fuwering of each bay, near & comer, RLOAY conerauarion 25 will specdFup " The Beat a ape A tissue for ilk "reinforeing patch prevents the hole from Ranting a split. Sheet oats can be ficed with inage iu Tete alam votoma ng Nats ech simu cealulod Inepection. pancle Sr small dvatcplogs | leaks Rrequenly develop! and an be fatal if nor detec- ee "A populae misconception thee ontact with ater les ly to cause damage fan normal peangas This fae from true! We laow of hard 4 in. shest floats silkcovered, split fom end to end by ‘what appeared to. be merely” isl the water, Wing panels seer if he tp ge fay usualy at the dihedral joine; chk IRE tne enon form daaage expecienced, “Twin pontoons are probs ably the most popular form of oat _uleearage— theory. Those of the ast neatly all vile wie Haat loy-otnturay nce thiartangenent mar con Iy resemble fllatee pros: thar “Few nodal of thi type ave seen, however, Probably de tolackofaata Ena the fet at modelos ‘eldom have the opportunity Sf scing a brie oat Job scion * sports mode math ould be 60 per cent. of the overall flalage length, Croat tection fs then deerme by ‘wiog tie i volune eso ually at est '5 ci in per on of aiteaft weight (hey ap ou fon pet Mal). Stepe are Citta, “tia art best lated at 90 Dor celal the float length. "The fot Polion should be such’ that the step Wenioens. DovALE Tissue covereo, 2's. ovr : thefloatlength tissueb ~ Lienrweians simerions jor TWO"e FORMS HALVED aay cat salen, fan ebenlenanciecove Svant to build '« fostplane VEG, ae : ° [nea] SA FOR LARGER MODELS, coogun§ percent. ofthe mode’ length infiont ofthe €.6. jon normal machines this give ample protection against nosing over. Fost incidence should be Ghat the lower line a the ae fore wrardofthestep makcsan angle (he dead- His angle) fy degree tothe aireraft eging lines the llerpart of the pons6 CONSTRUCTION FOR ABROMODELLERS toon ee, impotent andeide fan be parallel with che rigging Tine or Fin at degrees toe, Track should be bout 20 per cent, of the wingspan or a Title more, and. care must be taken to ‘ensure that both pontoons are pavalel. Float Section CGrossetional shapes ia we vary widely, che simples Being a tectangtt FRelion which ‘works very well but is Sewing in tor “ele tmblchome_ and. veeing ‘the. bottom improves ellclency ‘lightly and. Tooks father bette. Elliptical cops with veo'd ottoms mean more. work ‘but “look sealsh and. are probably. the mest fffcentj te voe need only be in font ofthe sep, with a deadre ange of 15, Slgrees snanimuen, andthe afterbody Adewueface can Be fat, Lite advane {age i upparent with veo'd reas, com we pr | ae = pe wpe pe oo re {ite [anar wth [Dena te | Tew = Teen ae Be po [ae | Tinian aaa cave undetides, or fared floats, Width Should be 14 fo 2 times depth, and the feat note shoul he kept sur broad From the stop back the helght should main Bis constant, allowing the Hider fo taper into a knifeedge. ‘Vig. 2 Howe some, shaper and methods" of omtraction in general ie ‘Wen mountag some form of spring- ing is destable provided thatthe fonts Pekain gemmnably rigid and. donot ‘ery thlr falda wie ats sd perl thes (0 pring eligi Stands’ andfor backwares, and th would appear to be the best foun. of thount. "Chie ‘eonaiderations for pon: taons then are: () 66 percent offsndnge length (@). enough eromacetion “fo praluce a least coin, per om: weigh id 5 degrees dtadrac ange; () step Pee cents of body length forward af RE Secs at racks Geen i vweanes: 7 Chapter Six “HE wings are probably the most important, single component of a model aeroplane. They have to be strong enough (0 take quite a number fof hard knocks, as well as norrial fight Toads, and must also be built true and xemain substantially ve throughout their life. Wings which have warped Daily, oF Box ia fight, ean wreck a model just 84 readily as @ pair of wings which ‘actually break in fight. ‘Wing eonstcuction is normally started by cutting a set of ribs. Th hit models the outline of these re is usually printed futon sheet balsa—in some, the ribs are ‘actually die-cut, which savesa lot of wore, cain i ee ee ae Template. Got the template eo Sul nd fe gate easy to eat sence gees Sree ‘Wings the “ sandwich ” down, like a block, to the section given by the template at each end. When separated you have a complete set of identical Tbs, “The two-template method can also be wed for cutting a set ofribs fora tapered wing. One cod. template corresponds {o the foot wi, the other end template to the tip nib section. Sandwich balsa reclangles between them and carve and snd, ne before, Tc very uefal to have your complete set of wing ibs “packaged” inthis manner, Not only can they be sanded 20 identical shape, but spar notches can be ot far more’ accurately than. ifthe fotehes were cut individually ia cach28 CONSTRUCTION FOR AEROMODELLERS ib. A fle is wey uf for Dotching a set of wingrits,or thesis ofthe not can be at with Backaaw or te Sw and the complete otek td ols el ing kis Where the spar pastes through the centre of Eerie, then the notch can Dbecut bydiling through the ESndwich atthe ep and bottom “of the “requied oth and. then. semoving th res ofthe material with round fle (an abrafla for 4/38 In, wide notcha) ora Ea rg wr buen ent separately from Pntod ahest it tl a od plan fo pin tiem fbgether in a compete set Sr Smoeth off with se Papesy checking’ the spar Es ‘for algoment "on beter all not esting the tpl the stages IU is very Se dee foto sible, to ext a ek Beis Sadat ath "ust one other method of cultiog tapered wing 5s ws Sea ery ell for making the Tbvorthe pened panel few vibe ate called for and the ‘twostempate. method docs not seem justi! aid io"aoy cme, Is not eal ‘As the diagram shows, taper wing sibs can be cut from the original template, ‘measuring the length of ib required and marking the Teading and. tailing edge ‘pth on the sheet. Line up the top of the template bee tween these points and cut the ib. ‘Now to prepare the spars for the wing, Contrary to waves. a9 popular opinion, spars do need preparing before asembly. You do not just pia down the leading: and elting elge Strips and proceed to cement the ribs In age ifyuage ate bot reali a general rule, the traling edge should afin be shaped to section before Pinning down on the plan, The leading Elge & not so iinportant Tes generally ttle to shape thr afer sstembly. "The tralling edge is invariably tie ngular in sction, eat from rectangular frp, woles you have, or prefr to use, traliog edge Stock alteady Shaped. First reduce the stip roughly to tangular Shape with a shaep tae and then fish ef with sandpaper, as shown fa Figs 2. fn sandoapering, hold the stip at one tnd and ‘steobe’ the. sandpaper block Sway fromthe Mand. Never rub it baclwands and forwards or you wil lmost cectaily break the stp, especi ally on small scetiors, Sanding Warps ‘The fied ap will now have Iaped the tiling edge after astembling the wing structure, tbs eur would have been produced in'the completed wing. Shace you have shaped the trailing pe ember before assembly you can take {is curl out by sanding the Dotto ofthe Sttp lightly until itis fat ones more. IP you tro shape te ead ce alio 2 thi stage you can pres the ply Template of the complete rib section Ino the cmt of he wa a shown. Tig. gy fo give you ania ofthe section Teguited snd Geove and sand down (0 Ui. earved after asembly, however, the ia eae wl bea Gunde the section reqoeed “Thc mainspae wil benef rom alte pre-asembly treatment too, Jus round BHF the edges very slighly” with fine Sandpaper, as showrn in Fig. 4. This tend ta make the spar stronger, as wel ss being eater to it in the rb notches, ‘Ai this hag, too, you enn check tet the Fb nov aye carat 8 the par. Bach stip should slip in postion ly, but fmly. Te noteh foo big, then foo much fellance it placed on the ‘cement joint to hold ie securely in place, Ifthe notch is too small, den there is a danger of the rib splitting when forced place, or) at best, the nb section being ‘oformed, as show, It ie better to have the fit too loose rather than too ght Another common faule ie not te. make the spar notches deep enough so that the spar, when finally’ assembled, stands proud of the sibs. "This produces a poor ‘overing job where the spar stands out fand produces a ridge. Nath it neg ede ica ie Maciel teat ec igi Sauces de dear de rer A A ar he eal hee oie soe ily Sth’ el Seas intent neh eee Soar eet Ws Sl a ea = ra ving cn nome ate a ah a se, Ms A out Se Briar ny eter irene Wenge oP RSs Sect ase ppt sagen ana Pen seharinensimre feta wellgg vt oll pt ile ede Els es Repose ibaly athens So orate NE dtd Thine i i uneabee,ten aie ciel Belts reaches vanes eee cat oie ee ole Ptralag lhe Sout tetera Sci eB Sua el ier isa Shear san trate i ata ean Phe dita tay Sie te ce He Se Ne San arse ep og we“ameonat avete CconstaUCTION FoR AEROMODELLERE tackled. With the spare pioned down, each rib in Turns cemented in place at suai as pone fake sure that the spars are pane down “Tt arly the ailing Edge, and that the surface of the plan is ako tt and fot creased or wrod, When all ribe_ have. been aided then’ the sips can bevcue and. cemented in oie way af making. the tip Foe dist whc inodel, laminated construc i Requently used. The tip ie then actually comme prio o umber of ne Sestrps cemented together Bent to the shape of the tp tulle. ‘The laminated tip tan be enwved and sanded down, as required, a aqui’ strongy 3s "well 35 Sing very light ‘Laminated. constuction ie summarized “in Pig. 7. First template most Be rade ofthe tie outing of {he tip shape required, This sept dtd be a Inore, Te ean be cut fro ard or sheet balsa with the tlges sanded smooth and Fubbed with a candle. The feparate” lamination tripe fre eut from 1/32 sheet balsa of stock ‘which. wil bend feadily without "splitting. ‘Avoid really sot sheet, how: even or the resulting farmtnation will be weak ‘when sanded down, Te wrllwaep under the ghten Ing action ef water spaying 2 ping he ove Z by sie and coat each one Tt. sri coment. Dane to- ether on top of one afother, wmvos: st Tine up one end of the assembly and pin tovthe template. Then nun round the fave, of the. template, Porciog the itnninations together, i line and ght agains the template’ Pin the other end aid leave for the cement toset, One side, At leas, of the completed tip lamination dhould be sanded fat before removing ir the tripe mana "or wings of up to 250 aq in, whic is about ‘the ineximum. sige fr whick laminated ip constraction ‘a. reeom- tended, the depth of the laminated Erp wants tobe in. Ldealy one would ‘vind in, wide lamination around tingle template and split this down the Ikide for two identical tips, However, ‘winding wide laminations succesfully demands a certain amount of experience fsnd special care, otherwise dry spots” fccutt inthe coment joints an est experienced modellers would be advised ten ac pacar fe ideas, wing two, identical tem: plter to save time. Laminated tps Pol et fo a eat x hate foceeing removed fom the tempiate £0 which they are pine. ” Hluuing Tips ‘The fting ofa laminated tip isshown in Pig. ‘he ual method a ast joint at both leading and trailing edges. ise Spends itn te toe 2 fulde foe suting off the tame angi Ee wing spare wth the Up located. it err postion ‘Cena construction is probably the batt melhed ef producing. ice tlipdeal tp shapes oo small “wing Sie wer ait op fom separ pieces of thee exmented together bave 8 Teadeney to breakaway along the line of the a joints. ved cet, only be frevented by imaking thse ols very Secure and double cementing them. ne pice wings are urally made aa expt ken which ate te je fepether at the correct dihedral Sng ‘Tere are; however, many variationton, this pencple Soa wing are oes in one piece, cracked “and res fmented ‘st dhe centte to. dihedca Folyhedral "wings or wings with Gp Sina invlte ‘caching: Sad ne Finee ove sparc panda at a given divedral is generally quite staight- Ieee Pig, ely the shoul bo done on a. dihedral Vostdy that i a hinged building board whichis seo the required dihedtat. “This enables the (wo Panels tobe planed down quite fet when hey ace’ joined and” ebvinten any tendency to warp, a8 the cement fet. Howver, i ia unity slficient to ‘work on m at board and prop exch wing Up tothe required angler Dihedral Joints ‘The spar ends and the root ribs will have to be eut oF sot at an angle s0 that they join correctly when the two panels re’ brought together andthe ‘whole Joint i ceinoreed with dihedral keepers ‘ot Tocal braces covering the spars at the {Bin ae bin he ace ihedral keepers on quite large wing having the special advantage of being relatively easy to shape and alo coment ing well, Piyis often recommended but requires more cazefl cementing. Sheet Celluloid "can ‘alto be used. Some typical applications are shown in the 'A wing webich is builtin one pisce ant ten ried te avo hea apete ould have the mainspar prepare irefore assembly. In other words, the rnainspar should be notched to conform to the bedsal i wil imately asume, Tig. to, before assumbling the ‘ing. When seeing the wing o dthedea Angles i then only necesary to ti the leading and tailing edges at the PR very good way of doing this fs to pin one seetion of the wing down lat {petra the inboard teeton)” the corresponding tip of end rise of the adjacent ing panel and tat @ piece of rip to this length, Now lever up the ‘outer panel and shape the leading and Urailiog edges free, by ventting right through cleanly a the joint tine {it these spars are not already separate) and then Wodling «all hae tow tthe ony ‘continuing to. raise the tip until the equited dikedcal rise has been achioved. Work ‘on leading and teaiing edge