Hardware

6 February
2012
Modern
Personal
Computer
Vinod Kumar.P.P
6 February 2012
Personal Computer
Personal Computer (PC) is a
microcomputer designed for individual use,
as by a person in an office or at home or
school, for applications varies from word
processing to high end multimedia and
mathematical simulations.
Vinod Kumar.P.P,CUSAT
6 February 2012
Classification of computers
(developmental stages)
First
generation computer: Computers of

this generation were very big in size and
slower in processing. They used vacuum
tubes as their main hardware
components
Second generation: Computers with
transistor as their main hardware device.
6 February 2012
Third
generation computer: This

generation of computer uses the IC
(Integrated circuit) as
Fourth generation computer: When Intel
designed a complicated integrated
circuit in1971and started to called as VLSI
(Very Large Scale Integration) or
processor, the history of fourth generation
started. These computers are the todays
computers..
6 February 2012
Fifth
generation computers: Technology

never stops. After Microprocessor,
Scientists are trying to create more faster,
more smaller and more reliable device
known as Bio-chip by Gallium Arsenide
(GaAs) after the use of which computer
will have artificial intelligence (AI) to make
computer able to think like human.
6 February 2012
Classification of computer
according to the model
1. XT computers : XT (eXtended Technology) computers are the old days

computers. Originally they had a processing speed of 4.77 MHz. These
computers were based on the processor called 8086. The computer with
8086, 8087 and 8088 processor are called the XT computers.
2. AT computers : AT (Advanced Technology) computers are faster and

smaller then XTs. These computers are capable to run the GUI based
programs . The computer with 80286, 80386, 80486 and Pentium processor
are the AT computers.
3. PS/2 computers : PS/2 computers are the advanced computer made by

Apple and IBM. They use the same processor made by Motorola
Corporation.
6 February 2012
Components of PC
Cabinet
Power Supply (SMPS)
Mother Board
CPU/ Microprocesor
Memory(ROM,RAM,Cache)
Storage Devices
Input Devices
Output Devices
Ports and Connecters
Computer Cabinet
6 February 2012
Cabinet
A computer case contains the framework
to support a computers internal
components while providing an enclosure
for added protection.
Tower
Mini Tower
Flat Bed
6 February 2012
Cabinet
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6 February 2012
Power Supply (SMPS)
The power supply converts alternating-current

(AC) power coming from a wall outlet into
direct-current (DC) power
SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) is the type
of power supply used in PCs
Keyed connectors are designed to be
inserted in only one direction
Each part of the SMPS connector has a
colored wire with a different voltage running
through it
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6 February 2012
Power Supply (SMPS)
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6 February 2012
Power Supply (SMPS)
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6 February 2012
Power Supply (SMPS)
A Molex connector is a keyed connector used to connect to an optical drive or

hard drive.
A Berg connector is a keyed connector used to connect to a floppy drive. A Berg

connector is smaller than a Molex connector.
A 20-pin or 24-pin slotted connector is used to connect to the motherboard. The 24pin slotted connector has two rows of 12 pins each, and the 20-pin slotted
connector has two rows of 10 pins each.
A four-pin-to-eight-pin auxiliary power connector has two rows of two to four pins
and supplies power to all areas of the motherboard. The four-pin-to-eight-pin
auxiliary
power connector is the same shape as the main power connector, but smaller.
Older standard power supplies used two connectors called P8 and P9 to connect to
the
motherboard. P8 and P9 were unkeyed connectors. They could be installed
backwards,
potentially damaging the motherboard or power supply. The
installation required that
the connectors were lined up with the black wires
together in the middle.
Motherboard
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6 February 2012
The motherboard is the main printed circuit

board. It contains the buses, or electrical
pathways, found in a computer.
The motherboard accommodates the central

processing unit (CPU), RAM, expansion slots,
heat sink/fan assembly, BIOS chip, chip set,
and the mbedded wires that interconnect
themotherboard components. Sockets,
internal and external connectors, and various
ports are also placed on the motherboard.
Motherboard
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6 February 2012
The form factor of motherboards pertains to the

boards size and shape. It also describes the
physical layout of the different mponents and
devices on the motherboard.
Advanced Technology (AT)
Advanced Technology Extended (ATX)
Smaller footprint than Advanced
Technology
Extended (Mini-ATX)
Smaller footprint than Advanced
Technology
Extended (Micro-ATX)
Low-Profile Extended (LPX)
New Low-Profile Extended (NLX)
Balanced Technology Extended (BTX)
Motherboard
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6 February 2012
Motherboard
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6 February 2012
A.
PCI Slot - This board has 2 PCI slots. These can be used for components
such as Ethernet cards, sound cards, and modems.
B.
PCI-E 16x Slot - There are 2 of them on this motherboard diagram,

both are blue. These are used for your graphics card. With two of
them onboard, you can run 2 graphics cards in SLI. You would only
need this if you are a gamer, or working with high end video /
graphics editing. These are the 16x speed versions, which are currently
the fastest.
PCI-E 1x Slot - Single slot - In the PCIe 1.x generation, each lane (1x)
carries 250 MB/s compared to 133 MB/s for the PCI slots. These can be
used for expansion cards such as Sound Cards, or Ethernet Cards.
C.
D.
Northbridge - This is the Northbridge for this motherboard. This allows

communication between the CPU and the system memory and PCI-E
slots.
E.
ATX 12V 2X and 4 Pin Power Connection Power Connection - This is

one of two power connections that supply power to the motherboard.
This connection will come from your Power Supply.
Motherboard
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
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6 February 2012
CPU-Fan Connection - This is where your CPU fan will connect.

Using this connection over one from your power supply will
allow the motherboard to control the speed of your fan,
based on the CPU temperature.
Socket - This is where your CPU will plug in. The orange bracket
that is surrounding it is used for high end heat sinks. It helps to
support the weight of the heat sink.
Memory Slots - These are the slots for your RAM. Most boards
will have 4 slots, but some will only have 2. The color coding
you see on the motherboard diagram is used to match up
RAM for Dual-Channel. Using them this way will give your
memory a speed boost.
ATX Power Connector - This is the second of two power
connections. This is the main power connection for the
motherboard, and comes from the Power Supply.
IDE Connection - The IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) is the
connection for your hard drive or CD / DVD drive. Most drives
today come with SATA connections, so you may not use this.
Motherboard
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
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6 February 2012
Southbridge - This is the controller for components such as the

PCI slots, onboard audio, and USB connections.
SATA Connections - These are 4 of the 6 SATA connections on
the motherboard. These will be used for hard drives, and CD /
DVD drives.
Front Panel Connections - this is where you will hook in the
connections from your case. These are mostly the different
lights on your case, such as power on, hard drive activity etc.
FDD Connection - The FDD is the Floppy Disk controller. If you
have a floppy disk drive in your computer, this is where you will
hook it up.
External USB Connections - This is where you will plug in
external USB connections for your case or USB bracket.
CMOS battery - This is the motherboard's battery. This is used to
allow the CMOS to keep its settings.
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6 February 2012
CPU / Microprocessor
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6 February 2012
The central processing unit (CPU) is considered the

computers brain.
It is called the processor. Most calculations take
place in the CPU.
In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most
important element of a computer system.
CPUs come in different form factors, each style
requiring a particular slot or socket on the
motherboard.
Common CPU manufacturers include Intel
and AMD.
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6 February 2012
The
CPU socket or slot is the connector

that is the interface between the
motherboard and the processor.
PGA
BGA
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CPU
8,16,32
and 64 bit CPUs
Speed
Performance
FSB
Addressing
Single
core
Multi core
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CPU
Cooling
System
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6 February 2012
Chipset
A chipset refers to a
group of integrated
circuits, or chips, that
are designed to work
together.
Eg.
AMD
990FX,790FX,690FX
Intel 845,850 ,945G
nViDia nForce 980,
790- GeForce
8300,9300
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6 February 2012
Memory Unit- ROM

Read-only
memory (ROM) chips are

located on the motherboard.
ROM chips contain instructions that the
CPU can access directly.
ROM stores basic instructions for booting
the computer and loading the operating
system.
ROM chips retain their contents even
when the computer is powered down.
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6 February 2012
Memory Unit- ROM
Programmable read-only memory (PROM): Information is

written to a PROM chip after it is manufactured. A PROM
chip cannot be erased or rewritten.
Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM):

Information is written to an EPROM chip after it is
manufactured. An EPROM chip can be erased with
exposure to UV light. Special equipment is required.
Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory

(EEPROM): Information is written to an EEPROM chip after it
is manufactured. EEPROM chips are also called flash ROMs.
An EEPROM chip can be erased and rewritten without
removing the chip from the computer.
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6 February 2012
Memory Unit- RAM

Random-access
memory (RAM) is the

temporary storage for data and programs
that are being accessed by the CPU.
RAM is volatile memory, which means that
the contents are erased when the
computer is powered off.
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6 February 2012
Memory Unit- RAM
Static RAM (SRAM) is a memory chip that is used as cache memory. SRAM is much faster
than DRAM and does not have to be refreshed as often.
Dynamic RAM (DRAM) is a memory chip that is used as main memory. DRAM must be
constantly refreshed with pulses of electricity to maintain the data stored in the chip.
Fast Page Mode (FPM) DRAM is memory that supports paging. Paging enables faster access
to the data than regular DRAM. Most 486 and Pentium systems from 1995 and earlier use
FPM memory.
Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM is memory that overlaps consecutive data accesses. This
speeds up the access time to retrieve data from memory, because the CPU does not have
to wait for one data access cycle to end before another data access cycle begins.
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) is DRAM that operates in synchronization with the memory bus.
The memory bus is the data path between the CPU and the main memory.
Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM is memory that transfers data twice as fast as SDRAM. DDR
SDRAM increases performance by transferring data twice per cycle.
Double Data Rate 2 (DDR2) SDRAM and Double Data Rate 3 (DDR3) SDRAM are faster than
DDR-SDRAM memory. DDR2 and DDR3 SDRAMs improves performance over DDR SDRAM by
decreasing noise and crosstalk between the signal wires.
RAMBus DRAM (RDRAM) is a memory chip that was developed to communicate at very high
rates of speed. RDRAM chips are not commonly used.
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6 February 2012
Memory Unit- RAM
Dual Inline Package (DIP) is an individual memory chip. A DIP

had dual rows of pins used to attach it to the motherboard.
Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) is a small circuit board

that holds several memory chips. SIMMs have 30-pin and 72-pin
configurations.
Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) is a circuit board that holds

SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, and DDR2 SDRAM chips. There are 168pin SDRAM DIMMs, 184-pin DDR DIMMs, and 240-pin DDR2 and
DDR3 DIMMs.
RAM Bus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) is a circuit board that

holds RDRAM chips. A typical RIMM has a 184-pin
configuration.
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6 February 2012
Memory Unit- Memory Module
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6 February 2012
DDR
Standard name
Memory
clock
(MHz)
I/O bus
clock
(MHz)
Data rate
(MT/s)
Module
name
Peak
transfer rate
(MB/s)
DDR-200
100
100
200
PC-1600
1600
DDR-266
133
133
266
PC-2100
2133
DDR-333
166
166
333
PC-2700
2666
DDR-400A
DDR-400B
DDR-400C
200
200
400
PC-3200
3200
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6 February 2012
DDR2
standard
name
Memory
I/O bus
Data rate
clock (MHz) clock (MHz) (MT/s)
Module
name
Peak transfer
rate (MB/s)
DDR2-400B
DDR2-400C
100
200
400
PC2-3200
3200
DDR2-533B
DDR2-533C
133
266
533
PC2-4200*
4266
DDR2-667C
DDR2-667D
166
333
666
PC2-5300*
5333
DDR2-800C
DDR2-800D
DDR2-800E
200
400
800
PC2-6400
6400
533
1066
PC2-8500*
8533
DDR2-1066E
266
DDR2-1066F
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6 February 2012
DDR3
Standard
name
DDR3-800D
DDR3-800E
Memory
clock (MHz)
I/O bus clock Data rate

(MHz)
(MT/s)
Module
name
Peak transfer
rate (MB/s)
100
400
800
PC3-6400
6400
133
533
1066
PC3-8500
8533
DDR3-1333F*
DDR3-1333G
166
DDR3-1333H
DDR3-1333J*
666
1333
PC3-10600
10666
DDR3-1600G*
DDR3-1600H
200
DDR3-1600J
DDR3-1600K
800
1600
PC3-12800
12800
DDR3-1066E
DDR3-1066F
DDR3-1066G
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6 February 2012
Cache Memory
SRAM is used as cache memory to store the

most frequently used data
The three types of cache memory are as
follows:
L1 is internal cache integrated into the
CPU.
L2 is external cache originally mounted
on the motherboard near the CPU. L2
cache is now integrated into the CPU.
L3 is used on some highend workstations
and server CPUs.
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6 February 2012
Add-on cards
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6 February 2012
Expansion slots
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) is an 8-bit or 16-bit expansion slot. This is

older technology and is seldom used.
Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) is a 32-bit expansion slot. This is

older technology and is seldom used.
Microchannel Architecture (MCA) is an IBM-proprietary 32-bit expansion slot.

This is older technology and is seldom used.
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is a 32-bit or 64-bit expansion slot. PCI

is the standard slot currently used in most computers.
Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) is a 32-bit expansion slot. AGP is designed for
video adapters.
PCI-Express is a serial bus expansion slot. PCI-Express is backward-compatible

with
PCI slots. PCI-Express has x1, x4, x8, and x16 slots.
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6 February 2012
Standard
Type
Bus Width
Bus Speed
Max.Data
Rate
ISA
PC/XP Bus
8 or 16
4,6 or 8
MHz
8 MBps
EISA
PC/AT Bus
32bit
8.33MHz
33MBps
MCA
PC/AT
16/32 bit
10MHz
33MBps
VESA
PC/AT
32bit
50MHz
66MBps
PCI
PC/AT
32bit
33
PCI
32bit
66
PCI
32bit
133
PCI-X 64
64bit
66
533MBps
PCI-X 133
64bit
133
1066MBps
PCI-X 266
64bit
133
2132MBps
PCI-X 533
64bit
133
4266MBps
Vinod
Kumar.P.P,CUSAT
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6 February 2012
Standard
Type
Bus Width
Bus Speed
Max.Data
Rate
AGP x1
PC/AT
32bit
66MHz
266MBps
AGP x2
PC/AT
32bit
66MHz
533MBps
AGP x4
PC/AT
32 bit
66MHz
1066MBps
AGP x8
PC/AT
32bit
66MHz
2133MBps
PCI-Xpress x1
Serial Bus
250 MBps
PCI-Xpress x2
Serial Bus
500 MBps
PCI-Xpress x4
Serial Bus
1000MBps
PCI-Xpress x16
Serial Bus
4000MBps
PCI-Xpress x32
Serial Bus
8000MBps
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6 February 2012
Storage Devices
Floppy Disk
3.5
DSDD 720KB
3,5 DSHD 1.44MB
5,25 SSSD 360KB
5.25 DSDD 1.2MB
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6 February 2012
Storage Devices
Hard Disk
Magnetic
Storage
Cycle-Head-Cylinder
(CHS)
540MB to Several
TeraBytes(TB)
3600,7200,10000rpms
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6 February 2012
Storage Devices
Optical Disk
CD upto 700MB
CD-R,CD-RW 1x to 52 x (1x=153.6 kB/s (150 KiB/s)
DVD,DVD-R,DVD-RW 1x to 24x (1x= 1,385 kB/s
(1,353 KiB/s)
4.7 GB (single-sided, single-layer common)
8.58.7 GB (single-sided, double-layer)
9.4 GB (double-sided, single-layer)
17.08 GB (double-sided, double-layer rare)
Blue Ray Disk -25B(single layer) 50GB(double layer)
HDDVD -15GB(single layer) 30GB (double layer)
45
IDE /ATA
40 pin cable
EIDE /ATA2
6 February 2012
16KBps
33KBps
UDMA /UATA
80 pin cable
66,100,133MBps
SATA 1.0
7 pin cable
1.5 Gbits/s
SATA 2.0
7 pin cable
3 Gbits/s
SATA 3.0
7 pin cable
6 Gbits/s
46
Specific
Alternati
Interfac
ation
Connect
ve
e
docume or
names
nt
SCSI-1
Fast
SCSI
FastWide
SCSI
Ultra
SCSI
Ultra
Wide
SCSI
IDC50;
Centroni
cs C50
IDC50;
SCSI-2
Centroni
(1994)
cs C50
2 x 50SCSI-2; pin
SCSI-3 (SCSI-2);
SPI
1 x 68(1996) pin
(SCSI-3)
SCSI-3
Fast-20
IDC50
SPI
Narrow SCSI-1
SCSI
(1986)
SCSI-3
SPI
68-pin
6 February 2012
Maximum
Width
[9]Other SCSI interfaces
[edit]
Clock
Bandwi Bandwi Length
(bits)
Length
dth
dth
(single
LVD
(MB/s)[ (Mbit/s)[ ended)
Length
HVD
Devices[
14]
40
Mbit/s
6m
NA
25m
10 MHz 10 MB/s
80
Mbit/s
3m
NA
25m
16
10 MHz 20 MB/s
160
Mbit/s
3m
NA
25m
16
20 MHz 20 MB/s
160
Mbit/s
16
20 MHz 40 MB/s
320
Mbit/s
1.5 m
3m
NA
1.5 m
3m
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
25m
NA
25m
NA
NA
8
4
16
8
4
5 MHz
5 MB/s
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6 February 2012
SCSI-3
Ultra2
Fast-40 SPI-2 50-pin 8
SCSI
(1997)
40 MHz
40
MB/s
320
NA
Mbit/s
12m
25m
Ultra2
Wide
SCSI
40 MHz
80
MB/s
640
NA
Mbit/s
12m
25m
16
UltraSCSI-3
Ultra3 160;
68-pin;
SPI-3
16
SCSI
Fast-80
80-pin
(1999)
wide
40 MHz 160
DDR
MB/s
1280
NA
Mbit/s
12m
NA
16
Ultra320
SCSI
Ultra-4; SCSI-3
68-pin;
Fast- SPI-4
16
80-pin
[
160
(2002)
80 MHz 320
DDR
MB/s
2560
NA
Mbit/s
12m
NA
16
Ultra640
SCSI
SCSI-3
68-pin;
Ultra-5 SPI-5
16
80-pin
(2003)
160 M 640
Hz DDR MB/s
5120
Mbit/s
SCSI-3 68-pin;
16
SPI-2 80-pin
16
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External connections
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6 February 2012
A- PS/2 Connection. This is where you can plug in your mouse if you have a
PS/2 mouse. Keep in mind that most mice today use a USB connection. As a
result, you may see motherboards that have zero, or one PS/2 connection.
B- PS/2 Connection. This is the connection for your keyboard. Again, like the
mice, most keyboards come with USB connectors.
C- Optical S/PDIF Out Connection. This connection provides digital audio out to
an external audio system that supports digital optical audio.
D- USB Connections. The number of these will vary on the motherboard,.
E- 6 Channel Sound. Depending on the chipset that you get, this can have
anywhere from 3 to 6 connections. Refer to your motherboard manual for what
goes in each connection. This will be for your computer's speakers and
microphone; if you have one.
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6 February 2012
F- Ethernet connections. This is where you will plug in your internet

connection. This will come from your modem, either Cable, DSL,
Phone Line, or Fiber Optic.
G- 4 Pin Firewire Connection. This is usually used for external hard
drive connections or other high speed devices.
H- 6 Pin Firewire Connection. This is also usually used for external
hard drive connections or other high speed devices.
I -Coaxial S/PDIF Output Connection. This connection provides
digital audio out to an external audio system that supports digital
coaxial audio.
J- LPT1 Port. This is used for printer connections.
K- DVI-D Port. This is used for LCD monitor connections.
L- D-Sub Port. This is used for CRT monitor connections.
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6 February 2012
USB
USB
1.1 1.5 Mbit/s (Low-Bandwidth) and

12 Mbit/s (Full-Bandwidth).
USB 2.0 (High Speed)- 480 Mbit/s
USB 3.0 (Super Speed) - 5 Gbit/s
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6 February 2012
Firewire
FireWire
400 (IEEE 1394-1995) 100,200,400Mbps

FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b-2002) 800Mbps
FireWire S1600 and S3200- 1.6 Gbit/s and
3.2 Gbit/s
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6 February 2012
Monitors
CRT: Cathode ray tube monitors are the most

common monitor type. Red, green, and blue
electron beams move back and forth cross
the phosphorous-coated screen. The
phosphor glows when struck by the electron
beam. Areas not struck by the electron beam
do not glow. The combination of glowing and
nonglowing areas is what creates the image
on the screen. Most televisions also use this
technology.
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6 February 2012
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6 February 2012
Monitors
LCD: Liquid crystal display is commonly used in laptops
and some projectors. It consists of two polarizing filters

with a liquid crystal solution between them. An
electronic current aligns the crystals so that light can
either pass through or not pass through. The effect of
light passing through in certain areas and not in others is
what creates the image. LCD comes in two forms
active matrix and passive matrix. Active matrix is
sometimes called thin film transistor (TFT). TFT allows each
pixel to be controlled, which creates very sharp color
images. Passive matrix is less expensive than active
matrix but does not provide the same level of image
control. LCD Monitors are becoming the most common
type of computer monitor.
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6 February 2012
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6 February 2012
Projectors
DLP: Digital light processing is another

technology that is used in projectors. DLP
projectors use a spinning color wheel with a
microprocessor-controlled array of mirrors
called a digital micromirror device (DMD).
Each mirror corresponds to a specific pixel.
Each mirror reflects light toward or away from
the projector optics. This creates a
monochromatic image of up to 1024 shades
of gray between white and black. The color
wheel then adds the color data to complete
the projected color image
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6 February 2012
Pixels: The term pixel is an abbreviation of picture element. Pixels are the tiny
dots that comprise a screen. Each pixel consists of red, green, and blue.
Dot pitch: Dot pitch is the distance between pixels on the screen. A lower dot
pitch number produces a better image.
Refresh rate: The refresh rate is how often per second the image is rebuilt. A
higher refresh rate produces a better image and reduces the level of flicker.
Interlaced/non-interlaced: Interlaced monitors create the image by scanning

the screen two times. The first scan covers the odd lines, top to bottom, and the
second scan covers the even lines. Non-interlaced monitors create the image
by scanning the screen one line at a time from top to bottom. Most CRT
monitors today are non-interlaced.
Horizontal Vertical Colors (HVC): The number of pixels in a line is the horizontal
resolution. The number of lines in a screen is the vertical resolution. The number
of colors that can be reproduced is the color resolution.
Aspect ratio: Aspect ratio is the horizontal-to-vertical measurement of the

monitors
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6 February 2012
Peripherals
Printer
Sanners
Speakers
MultiFunction
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6 February 2012
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6 February

generation computer: Computers of

generation computer: This

generation computers: Technology

1. XT computers : XT (eXtended Technology) computers are the old days

2. AT computers : AT (Advanced Technology) computers are faster and

3. PS/2 computers : PS/2 computers are the advanced computer made by

Power Supply (SMPS)

The power supply converts alternating-current

Power Supply (SMPS)

Power Supply (SMPS)

Power Supply (SMPS)

A Molex connector is a keyed connector used to connect to an optical drive or

A Berg connector is a keyed connector used to connect to a floppy drive. A Berg

The motherboard is the main printed circuit

The motherboard accommodates the central

The form factor of motherboards pertains to the

PCI-E 16x Slot - There are 2 of them on this motherboard diagram,

Northbridge - This is the Northbridge for this motherboard. This allows

ATX 12V 2X and 4 Pin Power Connection Power Connection - This is

CPU-Fan Connection - This is where your CPU fan will connect.

Southbridge - This is the controller for components such as the

The central processing unit (CPU) is considered the

CPU socket or slot is the connector

and 64 bit CPUs

Memory Unit- ROM

memory (ROM) chips are

Memory Unit- ROM

Programmable read-only memory (PROM): Information is

Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM):

Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory

Memory Unit- RAM

memory (RAM) is the

Memory Unit- RAM

Memory Unit- RAM

Dual Inline Package (DIP) is an individual memory chip. A DIP

Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) is a small circuit board

Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) is a circuit board that holds

RAM Bus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) is a circuit board that

Memory Unit- Memory Module

I/O bus clock Data rate

SRAM is used as cache memory to store the

Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) is an 8-bit or 16-bit expansion slot. This is

Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) is a 32-bit expansion slot. This is

Microchannel Architecture (MCA) is an IBM-proprietary 32-bit expansion slot.

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is a 32-bit or 64-bit expansion slot. PCI

PCI-Express is a serial bus expansion slot. PCI-Express is backward-compatible

F- Ethernet connections. This is where you will plug in your internet

1.1 1.5 Mbit/s (Low-Bandwidth) and

400 (IEEE 1394-1995) 100,200,400Mbps

CRT: Cathode ray tube monitors are the most

LCD: Liquid crystal display is commonly used in laptops

and some projectors. It consists of two polarizing filters

DLP: Digital light processing is another

Interlaced/non-interlaced: Interlaced monitors create the image by scanning

Aspect ratio: Aspect ratio is the horizontal-to-vertical measurement of the

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