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- 29

<:"'I

GROUP
IA

1
H
1,0079

IIA

Be

9,012

Li
6,941

12

2~%5

11

Na

22,99

iliA

IVA
VA

23

92,906

41

22

Ti

21

50,942

Sc

20
40

47,88

Ca
44,956

K
40,078

19
39,098

39

91,224

Nb

88,906

73

38

Sr

87,620

72

Ta

57

Zr

37

Rb

85,468

56

Hf

VIA
~

VillA

IB

liB

IIIB

IVB

VB

VIB

15,999

8
0

14,007

12,011

15

C
10,811

14

13

16
S

Si

30,974

AI

28,086

VIIB

18,998

CI

17

35,453

53

VIIIB

He

10

4,0026

Ne

20,180

84

127,60

85

At

126,90

Rn

131,29

52

78,960

Se

34

32,066

25,982

33

As

32

51

121,75

Po

50

Ge

29

Cu

28

Ni

Metals Nonmetals

PERIODIC TABLE
VilA

d Transition Elements

Co

27

Fe

26

Mn

74,921

25

Cr

72,610

Bi

...

118,71

83

107,87

82

79

Te
78

Sb
77

86

76

Atomic mass (g rnol')

Atomic number

208,98 (208,99) (209,99) (222,02)

-LJ r ~fI

Pb

75

Au

207,20

Pt

196,97

Ir

195,08

Os

192,22

Re

190,20

47

63,546

46

58,69

24

45

58,69

44

55,847

Pd

43

54,938

Rh

42

51,996

Ru

Sn

Tc

Ag
Mo

.Gas

186,21

95,940 (97,907) 101,07 102,906 106,42

74
W
183,85

La'

180,95

Unh

Ba

178,49

Unp

106

138,91

Unq

105
88

137,33

89
Ac**

104

Ra

1(226,03) (227,03) (261,11) 262,11) (262,12)

*Lanthanides

(Rare Earths)

**Actinides
The periodic table of the elements.

(f)

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1,74
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Sb
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Fe
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Cd
Ni
Cll
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Pt

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V"'l-:!
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1063
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1773
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1849

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Ta
W

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~~ Witt ~f ~lJ.C~1

1500

wt:......~1

wU~f

1500

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0,000023

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~.J.4}I~1

w~'ill

( i:J..;ti.t I ....!l.'LA ~ )
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t---

0,02

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1100 +

..illj,J1
,

~I

f--

1300 +
1-

0,02

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1735 +

~~I

10

0,02

- .ill4-J1 - ~I ':'~I

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11

1762 +

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12

1774+

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.

1797 +

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I .ill1.....J
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. I

1808 +

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~.j1fi

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0,08
0,0055

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- ~WI JJ~1 - ~1 .illL..u-u

u.~J ~u.*!1 ~l..AI.l

0,033

J.JL:a

1,9

16
\-

0,00001

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~

0,5

1817 +

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17

1825 +

~.t=-J'\.:i...;;JI

18

.,:;.J I.. ;. 1 ;. ';'!I .illL...:--..JI

.:IJ~I - yLalI ;;J~I ':'4J.:I

kblAJI

7,5

w.;,J1 ~I .ill4-....J1

1827 +

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19

0,016

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1730 +

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20

- 38

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e.

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1:

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cv

~~~ u~ 0.A ~ ;;I.."JI

c.:u. JJ-='"j Nucleus ;;I~ 0A DJ.:u1 yS'~

uLjj~t'~ ul.k...i;J1 c:U ~j ( .l~~1 d alj;'

I
J.ll....LJ- u~.
.. ~<'t'}/I ~j
. L'A (<\1.A . ~ .. 'I
1836 ) U~-'.J'7"
;;.:ill~I
'J
c-::.. ~
_. ~

10-13

tI ~
.:r-'.

d)J..A ) <.Llli ~ Jj..G 4L...,

al~<::-l ~L ~ I .,I.,C'"
"
~j

10-12 ~. J ...L4JDI.:q
.Lo;.,
_ :T"-'..J-"='
j

, Nanometer~yLj 0,1= Angstrom r~i

Electrons

'Lj9-lOx28
j-J-A~

= ~ (~) 8-10 ~

1#

u ~ wlj Protons wLjjiw0A l..4,Jj..l.;J yS'~ ~I 4J1y ~ DJ.:.u1 a..J:;S j.S"~j

~

..L!Jj ~ Dj)k iS~j , 4 LJ1ulj~?11 ~ ~~ ~ J.lW ~JA

~ uljjij~\
1-:':
~

i U~
. .. ~ .: l\ )

.l..Lc. 0- LA.l...u:.

-Uj ,

~I ~..Lc.

L.~--.U~.)..)-7'
~.. .'I a..J:;S ~ u~
. ~ .: 'I a..l.:;S' J.l Luij

Neutrons

ul.jw~

. <G Ij ...L:>-Is-'I ~
. . - :. 'I

0-J~ Mesons 0~' a..b.....1.J:l uLjji~1 ~ ulj~I..b+i>Jj ( 1. 0.1 )~

0A J.llLi ~j Neutral ..l;;b ji y3L. ?'i'lj ~JA ~ ulj~lj , DIJ-'ll

. 0~?11 ~ ~ 300,)1 200
~lL.:; '}/

iSi <GIJj

~ d

.~

!b U

,..,;.11 ~~I w~l

..lJ

~..::Ljj

( 4JLj~ .l...u:. ~)l:".>~ ) '-4-ijj ~ ~ ~l dJ.:.ulj. uLj~1 .l~ ~).lb1

4..L..~

l~'

J...L..-.....d:ij.

~ ~~I w~1

1 e Unit electrical quantity

= ( L,PG ~i ) ry.".s

L.....4J Isotopes ~'---..hi ~

~L~ ~ D~j)~ 0~?1t

10-10

x 4,774 Elctrostatic unit

ji 0ji~1

~L:L........~! D~j

. 19-10 x 1,6 Coulomb ( amp. sec)

J9i aJb. ,)1 ~ J...a:"J ~~.;-?ll ~I aJ.llLw" 0fi:i l.&J1~
. u Ljji..v-:J I .l...u:. = u
~ ~La.ll ~~

\.j~t' I .l...u:.

..l.>

DJ.:.ulj

J.l=.: is i , ~ D..r"" ~ I.b

<L.,..,L...,i ~j (Z) iSJ.:.u1 .l..u.l~ ~ DJ.:ill j-al..-JI .l..u.llj

iSJ.:.u1 .l~1 ) ulj,JJ~1 .l~ ji ulj~?11 .l~ iSjL...: ~j , iSJj..u1 Jj~1

92 ~ is~ r~IJ~1 DJj 01 iSi 92 = rWIJ~lj ( Z for H

..>-""" l..W ~

= I ) = ~jJ~

. iSJ.:.u \ .l.w lS' ~ l.l...u:. 0fi= '}/ iSJ.:.u I 0jy Ij , ( 0ji.i>-:l 92 , 0~1

- 42

~'1
<.:r'"'

-:'-. ." u,ij-J~Llo..i'u-o -lo..U:.'u-o chb.;;

i..S i;;~
_ '.).J-'-C'

~I
_

:J-I U~I
_ _ _

'..b~
. -

. i..S'.).JJ1 -l..wl ~ i..SjL,..u:;:i ~i ~j i..S'.).JJI ~jj ~

Uk:;

: ~ ~ .ill.JJ j.A J-l.J

.~ljA'.)= E

. ;;'.).JJI ujj

= w\.j~1

-l.u:. + w\.jji~1 -l...u:.

. i..S'.).JJ1 -l..wl =
17 =Z

, 35,453

35
17 CI
.

= A i..S'.).JJ1

37

& 17 CI

~~I ;;'.)~ ujj (jA

w\.jji~1

uj~1

=M

-l...u:. = P

: '.).,KJI : Jli.,

: ~Lh.Lj1 (jA ~ ~

/6 J-l4

~j'.)~ i..S'.).JJ1 uj~lj

. ~j..i.A ul'.)j-l Spin u''.)j=A Jy-. ul'.)j-l: 31tas~

: dS..roJI(jA~.,.i ~ ;;1.11 Jy-. w\.j~?l\ -DyUi: uu..vA'~las~

( ~\.j ~ ) <1 J

la.!.'

ji ~'-l wl)..L4 ~ ;;Ipl J.P ~l'.)j-l a.s'J-> ( \ )

. Elliptical

. ( ~j..i.A ul'.)j-l ~ Jy-. ul'.)j...Ll1 ) Spin

..L>- ~
<1,

Ji4:! u~?ll

u~ u

'''Jb;'

D'.)j=A

Jy-. u~l JS'dSr-- ('7l)

J~ ~ ~ ~

J.S' dSJ-> u\

!!"hi.tl (J""'I.,..;JI ~~ ~ Dl..L.L.aj .w.!'Y-l.u I~j' '.)j~ ~-l

'I!

~j

,bi' 4 .wl~

w1'.)IJ..11 "~j . ;;lyJl ~ ;;~ ~ w\.j~?ll ~ '.)j..D .;JI wl)..ulj , w1j.1i1J

u'-lj..L>- ~ ~'.)...G..A 4.4..L:.\ ~ ('~I ~j I.JJ, -lj...wl ;;-l~ ~I ~ ~
w~ ;;'.)J--"'O ~ ( ~lS

) . Shells or coverfield with no sharp boundaries

,4,3,2, 1 -ll...u:.~~j K. L. M. N. O. P. Q: ~~~ ~j.A.J-2~ J.,.e ~

D~j-oy

quantum theory

~I '~j' ~

K j-A>

w.c. ~I

(i..S'.).JJI..b~1 ) ~\ ~\ ~

41 ;;'.)L:.?ll ~~

ukj 7,6,5

l.S~\ -l..w~ ~ LA~l-l\...u:.~\

D~ '-;-l~1:9 , ;;Ipl 0-'=- u'~j ~~i ~ ;;1.J--L114...iW1 ~~?ll

~..J

.)..L=A

.....g)U JS' ~ ..:JW~~ .)~ ~ij (7) ji Q.JA u.~ij (1) ji

~I .)...wl n x 12 = 2 x I = 2 = n = ..:Jw~~1 .).u. K .....g)lill ~ 2n 2 o.u.L41.l

. l.AAj 2 x 3 2 = 18 ..:Jw~~1 .).u. M .....g)lill ~j , .....g)lill ~j = Jj~1

.....g~4

4J jAJ-:! ~ ..:J1)..lA ~

o.:il~ ...L:>- ~ ($~ ~~1.....g*

~Ij.) ~ ~I ~I ~~\ d.~~~\.JA .....g~1

JS'j

".:u j~j s, p, d, f

Sharp, Principal, Diffuse & : ~ ..:JL".~~I ".:uj , A~ ~I J.:!...k.-.:Ll1

. t:-Jl ... h .... .....g~1

a..bL...La1 ~ ..:Jlj.:.J1 ~j , Fundamental

1,2,3, = = ji ~L.:JI ~I .)..I..iJ4 4J j...AJ-:! ji

~~1 ~

( 45 ,44 - 1 ) ~j Jj~lj , 0,

. ~yl ~~1..aJ1 ~ ~i ~

( 45 ,44 - 1 ) Jj~
J-,~I ~I .l.aJ1
..u.J1

(..Jl~I~J)

L>J;.JI

~WI ~I .l.aJ1

U.uI~J)

I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

1
K

2
L

0
s

o1

4
N

3
M

012
s p s p d

o1

2 3
s pdf

.']5

2
2 I
2 2
2 2 I
2 2 2
2 2 3
2 2 4
2 2 5
2 2 6
2 26 1
2 26 2
2 26 2 1
2 2 6 2 2
2 26 2 3
2 2 6 24
2 26 2 5
2 2 6 2 6
2 26 26
2 2 6 26
2 2 6 26 1
2 2 6 26 2
2 2 6 26 3
2 2 6 26 4
2 2 6 26 5
2 2 6 2 6 6
2 2 6 2 6 7

1
2
2
2
2

1
2
2
2

- 44

5
0

6
p

01 2 012
s p d s p d

7
Q

0
s

( 45 , 44 - 1 ) Jj'~ ( ~Li )
JJ"-il ~I ~.J.aJ1
~.J.aJ1

,SJ.:.JI

(...il~I~J)

"';1iI1 ~I

~.J.aJ1

U..ilI,.,AJ)

1
K
0
s

2
L

o1

o1

012
s P s P d

28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
226

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58

226
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6
2 2 6

71

2
2

26
26
2 6
2 6
26
26
2 6
26
26
2 6
26
2 6

8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

01 2 012
s P d s P d

2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

1
2
2

1
2
3
4
5
6
6
6
6

.. J
26 10 2 6

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
:
2 6 2 6 10 2
2 6 26 10 2
2 6
2 6
26
2 6
2 6
26
26
26
26
26
26
26

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
("~~

2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
26
2 6
26
2 6
2 6
26
26
26
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
26
2 6
6

26
26
26
26
26
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
26
2 6
2 6
2 6
126

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

2 3
s pdf

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
: : :
6 10 '" 2 6 3
6 10 14

2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
26
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6

126

- 45

4d
1
2
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
2 5
26
I
26
2
26
26 I 2
2631)

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

0
s

.:JI.JI..I11 Ji.:::.

..

72

or;

6
p

S
0

4
N

3
M

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

~ }.:JI.JI..I11 Ji.:::.

!1}

Sp, 6p

f - - .:JI.JI..I11

26
26
26
2 6
2 6
2 :
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
26
26
26
2 6
2 6

126

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

I
I
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

12

Ji.:::.

Sp, 6d

I
2
3
4
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

1
2

iJ I.J 1..111 Ji.:::.

6d, Sf

~ ~L.l~~ l.>~1

JS' d.S.,p-J ~J

~~ ~

eL1 t

10 ;2

~ I-4AJ

. Quantum Numbers
. .....g)lijl ~j ~ J..lJ..j JJ~I ~I ~.u..ll = n - 1

Principal Quantum number

. )JJ.\ ~j ~ J..lJ..j ";WI ~I ~.u..ll

= 1-2

Azimuthal Quantum number

~LUIJJ.1 ~J ~J ~J-l..j ((.>I,,~b jell ) cJ~1 ~I ~..uJ1

oj.:ul j~

Magnetic Quantum number

\~~

"jy;t-A

J.P l.>~?lIl.>ljJ~,,4-31 ~ J..lJ..j

.

= m - 3

t-:t'yl

~I ~..uJ1

= s-4

(~JI4.WI ":-lj~ ,,~I ca.;1) ~ JI

Spin Quantum number

I

.;~

ca olyJl

J.J-"" l.>~?lIl.>ljJ~

Rutherford (1911) ~. J~')~') i~

u.e. ~lLJl

o~jUoJI ~.;-ll .;j-Al1l.>j\p

. olj-Ll!J wG~?l1

mrCD 2 =

u::: ";G~tI ":-l~1

Ee

r
2
~ljJl 4.~1

= CD

l.>ljJ...Ll1 ~ ~

=r

l.>~~1 a.tO

= m

. l.>~?ll ~

=e

olj-Lli ~

=E

j~I.....gLo..jI O....L.J:, ~J:! <LJl ~! ~ Oj~ ~~ ..LA:! ~ ~j~j~j 1...I....:'A l.>1 ~!

~J. ;;j~.JJ.1 d..J~WI ~ ~ CD j~~ wGjj-AJ?l1 ~ jJ..G Lll ~ r

~ Oscillator ~~.J.A

:.u: <LJljJ~ ~ l.>~?lll.>~ oJ..>-Ll1 d..:-c~~~I~1

J.J=.1j9

.ill.:uJ' rlJ...Ll1 ~ ~ r l.>ljJ...Ll1 ~ ~.ill~ ~J ' rlJ...Ll1 ~ <L~1.k 0A

: t!'YI l.>1 ~
- 46

. ~l..b.11 a.:~ ~ ;;lyJ\ ~ Ijj~?11 ~ ui: ;/ji

~WI l..::JS'j , ~lbJ ,,~J)L;.. Spectrum L:.~ uj~?11 ~ ui : ~L:i

.~~

. ~liIlj Jj~\ ~~ ~ Niels Bohr JJ7 k

I

, L. \ ~~

<l.m ~ ~j

The first postulate of Bohr.)~ J.J'l1 io.4l1

,~ ~L.b 0A '. " !Ii'.; ji ~ u i Uj..l <\~ JjJ-.; ~)....l..A u~l JSJ
: ..illj

mr? CO

ulJj..u1 rJ-L u~ ~~I ~\~ ~

nh
- ulJj..u1 rJ-L u~ ' ~\ ~ ~j
2n
. ( ~)li.l\ ~J

Plancks constant = ( 6,624

=n

. <.LW~ C<.!L:i

=h

0,002 ) 10.27 Erg. sec

mr-ro =

(1)

) Jj~1 ~I ..l...wl

nh

ul.si

2n
(2)

mr3co2

(3)

r CO

= Ee

..1J~
'j
Ja
~ J..lL...L...o l.9~

!bi.'j

2nEe

: (.). i ~
-. (1) c.:r-I ~ (2)
~j
nh

2n mr Ee
nh

nh

2n

- 47

: ~ (1) ~ ~jLJ~j

~j

.. r=

n" h2
4rr

2m

r u.
. I '.-"rj
c-o ~L:D
.

02

Ee

. ()...J.I ~j) JJ~I ~I J...wl t:y

I

c-o ~~ )...J.l ~ ~ u1(,;l~

The second postulate of Bohr..)~ ~1.:i11 i-4!1

~lkJl D.:uJ ' ?\)...I.A ~1)...I.A 0A D~ ~ u~~l ~Lb ~ ~~I ~

: u1~ Spectrum ~ t.~ ;;jy..<' ~ J~

E) - E 2 = hu

, E

hc
c=UxA

A
. u~~1 ~1J ~ ~I ~I wl)...J.1 ~Lb E2 ' E)
~y.1

J.,k = A

~1.3/~

10 x 3 j:~1

19

a..c.j-'-U = c

~ ~ ~I Jl ;;J~l ~lkJ\ 0A ~\..Ljl ( ~I ) j:~l t.~ JJy = U

~. ~1 ~Lb (,$j ~IJ~)lC~! ~).=...~)lC 0Ay;...<J1 ~ ~) u~~1

asj--='" wJIJjl )...J.I ~ ~

L..lS'J.

<t...:KJ1 ~u.

cJ:g

)...J.I ~

~~

. ( )...Ldl.IILm W1.~)~ ~yl ~Lb Jj:~ ~ u~~1

Jl, ;;lyJl ~ a.:4-J1 ~ UJ~~I ~ 'i \jU j~ ~~ 0A ~ ~ 0AJ

. ;;~ ~ ~~ ~ LA I~ ~~ 'i IjU

I

Pauli's exclusion principle ~Jl:' i~

~\ ~Jl ~~\ J\.u.~1 ~ul LA;;jj~~~!(,$~ ~ 'i

~J ~ Jl ~I ;UlkJl ~ (,$~~I w~~1 0- LA

;;jj

~ u~! JS' ~
. d..r-- Jl D)...I.A Jl

, ;;lyJl

J..P" D)...I.A ~ u~~\

c!J~1 ~I

jSj-A J.P

~ .;:JI u1jJ..u1 a.5..r-- ~ : ib.:.ul ~~

wljl~'i Z~ ~ ;;jjJlu~ \ QS.!;!i( ~~..'i I~J

. u~~IJ ;;lyJl L.J:::!

- 48

: Valence electrons

jSLS:aluu~!

~~ ~I ~J ' DJjJJ ....g)GJ1 Ji ~JGJ\ )...u.\ ~ ~I w\.j~?/\ ~

~i ;;J~ ~ ~ d.:91.1. rl~~ JI d..:-'l~l w).kLi:"JI ~ ( ~l4W1 ) ~.l~

. IA)...I.A 0-A ~j.i ~

J..W

: Inert gas J.4~ljLa11 At\.>.

.)\...u.l
D.?

~ wl.j~?/\

0-A J,.olS'J1 .l..wJ\

4iIJ~ ~~ ~I

wljl.iJ1 aJG..

UI.1. ~I JI )~I aJG.- ~1 ~ Octet (8) ~llA.l~ ~ JI ~JL;JI

w\.j~?/I ,,:U

& ~ ~l:LJ~j , "~ J,.o~1

I~ J)l;..?/I jl ~l ~

-ill.:ll ~ .;~\ ~Lw1J ~L:9 ~ wljWI ,,:U u~ ul ~~j' 4:i1) ..lA 0-A
.alAL:..

: Ionisation ~L:al

4J "'~JL;JI....g>LiJI0-Awl.j~?/I .l-rb ji J~ ~1 ~I DJ~ J:....4 ~

alAl.>JI wljl.ill aJG. d.;Iu.::J w\.j~~1 .l~ llAlS' jl ~ d..ikl ~1 4L~

l.Lt.j (37 , 36 - 1 ) Jj~ ~l . ( ~1 .. u*~1 - u~.)~1 - u~1 - r~1 )

(LSJ.ill .l..wl) LSJ.:ll1

~j3 ~

~1 ji J~ aJl.. ~

4L.... ~1

alAL>J1 wljli1J DJj4-J1 ~LWI

<Gj.,.b.

aJ.ll...:LA 0-A ~~ ~ ;;J.:lll ~~ u l ~~j

"
0-A 'J~ ylL..u uJ:i jl~.JA uJ:i ~ ~ ~ w\.j~?/\ .l-rb aJl.. ~

4.JA

. aJ.ll...:LA

DJ~

: JliA
~L.-S ) u~118

= CI- 0.J>-AJ;tf J~ ( 17 =is.).:.L!t ~..L...sJ1

) : ~I - 1

. (0~.)~t
~G..s ) ~u.J>-AJl

10 = Na+

0~1 ~~

( 11

iSJ.:.L!1 ~...l..Jt ) : ~-,=~~I -

. ( 0-':.'-'J t
- 49

The Series ~~~I ( ~I.,:al ) ~LwJl

~Ji .uJ' <LwJj ~ ( ~ ) ~~ t~ ~ ~Jj~1 Dj~ Djlj! ~

. ~I Jo~ ~j-I ~l:.>J1 ~~I 1885 r~ Balmer .rl~ i$j--'-"-I...,......JI (.JWI

. ~-rtl ~ i$..l11 ~ w4-.JA JI.,lo~ d..L.:,i F

~-rtl.rl~ d..L.:,i ,-:-,-j~J

: ( WL.uiJo
._) ~'11
D'"
- q . "<G.I.)lA.A J-'"
. ILJ.
~
~~ \,.T""
=

= RH

n IZ

1- - i ~
~
J

nZZ

~Jj~ ~~J.J-.J ~lj = R H

R
H

_ 21t Z me!
-

hZ.c
. (~".ilj 0,1 ) r~~~ ~j-I.I J.,lo = .).).;<11 = U
. ~~l~~=c
(n.) u~?!1 4.LA~ ~l ~~I r U) Ji ~J~I ~\ .)1...lL~1 = n l

w4-.JA JI.,lo~ ~~

tL.....:. Dj~

~! Q ~)LiJ1 ~j 7 ~.;JI jJ~ ...L9 (n2)

.:.G..J: ui ~-J

u!

ui ~).L-J '

~~I a.bWI ~

' DjWI ~ d.:.)l..a.ll aJWI ~ Dj.:ill.>

ILJ aJ.)l.L.A
i$i . J-"'.

n2

~ ~I..lo ~ ~ , (n.) ~I..ul ~1 ~)..;.JI

u!

I~ ~q
.,
~ ~

'

~ .. L~ ~ ~~
11~)U.
~
c.:r'
0-'"

Q Ji 7 ~..rJ1 I~
J\.Z.j'1\

ul.......=.J1

~! ()..l11 ~ Ji t71..lo ~ Ji )'pI)..LA ~1)..LA 0A u~?!1 J~I ~

.

IJ.J~
.
_ L..j
_~

lAJo
_

L.~

'1' i ~

~.j

..J~.)
I.~
.. a.....:ilLJl
_
~.

: ~ ~Jj~l0A ~lLJl w~ljLll

Jo.L.:..
Y"~ll

fAiJ

d~,,,';;.'!1 J~ d..L.:,~1 J~ ~ Lymann u~ w~l,jLA - 1

n, = 1,n z = 2,3,4,S...
- 50

~jA J~ ~

Balmer

..>14 <.::lltJljLA -

3,4,5,6...

4,5,6...

5,6,7... ~I~I ~ L...:.~I J~ ~ Brackett ~I.H <.::l4JI~ - 4

6,7,8...

~I~I ~ ~~I J~ ~ Paschen ~4 <.::lltJljLA - 3

~I~I ~ ~~I J~ ~ Fund ...w~ <.::lltJljLA - 5

"* "*

- 51

~~

::r:
II

<J

II

<J

::r:

<J
~

II

<J

II
C/)

<J

, .<-:.u) ? . -~1
u.,.......

.... ~,\1 d..u.....LlL.

~.

.
' . jl..::J1J .:.u~
J i.:G-b LA ~~u.

1.,'_ . ~L..a

UUo ~~Ji ~~..J' (u~ ~ DJD~J 4

QI;,;jQ

~.4AJ~i~

tjJJ)~ ~J' ~ ~~I ulj:i~1 t~Ji ~ 18 1;,'; > 3 ~~ ~ e.b.Jy

~ j-~ LJ~ . ~ DJ.:..u:. lY"1~ ~~ ~'-~I -sj-4.l1 Ji ULbJI ".:u.
~

::

~.,,.JL:J1 ~~J' ~LJI -sj-4J1 ".:u. j~J ~ ~IJ ).4Jj

~JI

r.: b .....::J ) ~~ ~1 4

UI

.u: ( j~l

"

) Jb)U

J L..:.. UUo r'1~1 0-A ~I~I -sj-4.l\ ".:u.

~\.)JI -S~I ~ ~~J' "~Ji ~I ~ ~I.r'" Ji ( cGlJj J~~

Primary ~ ~Lui u~ D Jol..;UJ~1 I.:u.J . ..::JIJ.:ill ~~~I ~~I ~

~

. Secondary bond
I

~o ~IJ

Lbl.;W) Ji bond

Primary bond ~~~I ~l.H.> "JI

I

Ionic bond~~i~~.)1

~ C~ ~l.i..ll ~jllJ ~L...JI ..::J~I ~ '-;-JjL:;uJ1l>A

LLu,i F..J

,)1 ~ ~LaJI ..::JIJj JS'J. 4.JAJ 4L... ..::Jljj;!i .)lls3IJj e>:~ ~p ~LaJI

Stable atom

D.) 0;

If'

DJj ')l-si ~ D~ ULb ~i aJL..:.. ~ ~ ~ji ui

: dJAWI ..::Jljl.iJ1

aJ~

( He, Ne, Kr, Xe etc. ) Inert gases

..::JIJ.:JJ ~JL.;JI Li.1:.~1 u~

u1 ~ (45,44 -

, ~ ,~lj~! j-rb Ji J~.)! ~)U ( 8

I ) ~J JJ~I ~\

= ~j~

) l4ilj~l j~ d

';;(4

. dJAWI ..::JljWJ ~y ~ DJJ4J.1 ~LaJI ~ a.:-c.YI ".:u. ~J

= Z r'j;!j~\ : JL.i.A
. IO = Z uJ:-J1
~JWI o)li.l u~! J~')1 ~ I7 = Z J~I

aJG.. <l;t~ L ~)LiJIl>A u~1 j.;-!o ~1 ~ II

u~)::l1 CUb <l;t~ M

, Na+~..9-A uj;!i.)! e>:~ <G~ ~JL;.JI u~~ "j.;-!o ~ r'j;!j~IJ' 18 = Z

".:u. ~~J CI- ~L...

...s~

J.J..)jlS'

uj;!i')l

e>:b: cG~ ~JWI u~~ <lI~ ~ J~IJ

U~..J' 14 8.:;; .......:;, ~~~ J.,KJI

uj;!i '-;-J~.)!

- 53

r'j;!j~1 uj;!i ~ ~~\

,
,
I
I

,
I
I

: ;

t;,

1
(+\

z~

,--.,

~~')~
/ e~~
e:
,,//'"'1

-'~'
""./~---"1II
7

//

f;l/
!

18)--"

'

ri

$3

\,-----/../

'fJ'#)

(5)117 -, '-

i!1''--.....

.:.N"

1"/

,,,,i ;;J.:u I ul ~
'I

-~

..\..l-J:.

c...!!)lijl I...u:.LA ) 8
~j"

Ci

;."

_:-_...1,("

?'!

! ~ wLj~~1
4~

-e> . / \

@,. _..:.....__

: Covalent Bond.!!~ .b~->'

.(:.~;!~ ~. i ~@~ \
..
\~ ~
;-----5 /
/"

I. I V ;'); I
"
\.

I:

'

uLS' I:;;,);; i

t4.! ~JWI

(~~!

d~1

ul ~

f"

c...!!)lijl

o<J ($.ill K

aJL..J\,,~.)) J~jll

4G~) ~ ul:iJj L 7' i

~ ul.:iJ~

.1\
J I~. ~
_.J WI ~~I ~.;;..\~r
I~j' Iq 8 21<~~lu:o~

el2

. WI..\ ji ~ ;;J~ ~ ..LJI~';II

Cl, : lrJ-J.,KJ1 ~($j.:>;. lrJ-fiJ : J~

(55 - I ) ~

7 ~ ~ J# ;;J:> ~ CI-.,JJ:> 0.A

4-:L.-'i..1'i 0.A ~~1 ~ CI -.,JJ:> ..LJI~~ ' ~JWI ~)lC. ~ wLj~!

, ( 55 - I ) J~~I ~I , J"s.:.u.1 -b~1 ~ ..L.....>lj ~j ~

4 J L:.J \

. ( 56 - 1 )

~...H ..LJ~I -bLpJ';I1 I~ aJW d.+,t~ wlJ:> -bLp) ~ j-A~I ~ ';Ij

: -.,J'iLS' ~~) ~ J.,KJlj ~JJ~I J~ d.+,t~l..>-:f:. wlJ.il1 ,)1 .ill:> ($~

H : H + : CI : CI :
..h....J
. ~-

~ WI

wiJ .il

a....J~
_

\-l.J...>.
.
. ;;~

2H : CI :

.
~

..LJ~
.":~. t I -bL...::i

. J ';II'
..}-;!-4-'-J.J

. (56 - 2 ) ~I ~ W' Diamond u-"U.~I u~ u.J-!pl wlJ~ <Gl.:...u,1.J-!

- 55

JI

/---"")
H

\"
I:. :

(~T~H~)

--

,_/

-c:>

H )
-_.,/

( II)

( ('I.')
..

it

.........

jf-

,/ / - - . \

<,

-.----

/,,-

-.'

/..---.,
II

-.

'-.._...-/

..

,
'

Cl

"--~\

/~'

(h) Covalent

(n) Ionic

---

(56 - 1 ) ~

1,

0h1-,\" I /F\-,""tl, 0

c:c:c:c
..
..
..
..
c .C : C : C

~@@?
C:C:C:C

(a)

~~ltjxfic.:.!--J.1--~':/1
(56 - 2) ~

- 56

(e)

;;)~ d..~J..l tLi:iJ~ dj.J..S'~..J U~I ..lI.,l1 ~I <GI ~J.)--L-A (j"U~IJ

. ( (j" 3000
~ c.LJ.;---:<~ 01

4-l ~I

Octet ( 8 ..l..uJI)

I~! Jo~J~1

u-o t.J-L.I 1 I~ wl J.:01

~).;JI ~)lL ~

as'~1 wG~?l1 ..l~

ufi:".! d.:9~1

JS' 0~ 4 u-o ~I

.h+iy

JS' ~ wG~?l1

) DJ~I

ul ~J

U-O..l~ ~ ~~j

'-'"'! ~
= (N) ~ ( 8 - N ) =

;;~Ujl <S~ JI )~~I aJG..

0 1YJ ' ;;J.:lll ~JW\ ~)lijl ~ ;;..l.p-.,.tl wG~?l1 ..l~

c.LJ~ ()! ~ ;;J~

u-o ~I

(N) ..:...i~ 1~11A aJb ~ <S~ ~ ;;~~\ D.:u.

, (8) ..l...LLlI 0~..J ~ db ~ c.LJ~ ~I wlj~?ll ..l..J..L ~ 43IJ4- ~

01 ~JL.;.JI ~)lL ~ ~I JI wlj~! (3) ..l~ ~ ~I wl.J.:lll ~ ~ dj.:0j

. JoL;iJ~1

A4)lL

u-o tyJ\

I~ ch+iy

Metallic Bond ~...ls4 .bL:W..)t

.~::G)l:i.I
G "':<'1\ .1 ... "':<'tl' .. -:11 wi J .:01
Ju~.JU~~1..;r'"'

(,.r-

kA L.J uu:;
_.

.1 -

U~

wlJ.:01 ..J~ ~ w~WI D~ ~j c.LJ~1 Jol+iJ~4.h+iY 0 1 ~ ~ ~.JW\

~:~:.::~:::. :.@~:.~.~

(i}~ . ~::tj)
~--~:(j:~

(ji@tj1-@
(57 1 )

wGj~?l1

D.:u. ~ ul ~l

1<'t..J::l CL.5~
- ~
WI
~J

~)l..ill

u-'

d....J~1 ,,~~

(J q

~ 4-cL.,1

'l!ij'

'<"l

-.1\

(.;r*"'

;el\ w\.J~

jl ~~?ll ~I jl) ;;~I wG~?l1

~ ;;J~ ~ ..u:i ~ ~~ (~~?l\ jWI
~

~..J ,~\ wl.J~ ~ ~~ ~

J.

JL.;u:.4 ) 4.,.t\ ~I wG..9;!1 ~ JoL.p.J~1

~)lijl ~ ~G~l

.4

u-o ;;~

wl.J.:01

L.....J I wG~?l1 J-l...rb ~ ( ~JL>JI

. (57 - 1 ) ~ .)oj\
jWI J-l~~ ~ ~ ~ 4.,.t1 wG..9;!~1 ~ ~ JoL;iJ~1 ~ p I ~j
.

- 57

~.

"--.JLJ\
.. "':<'t~1

t.:r'~

<..:r'

4:J1~1

's i1l.a.J-A ~;;~ 4.i~ ~j-ll ,,~~~ ~I ~LWI ~j

, ;;..r-JI c::.,\..jys:J?l1 ~ ,,~ J~~I ~j

u1

~1 d.,?4~lj

Secondary Bond l.S~b .b~~..,)1

Jol.;W) .s~ ..IWI ~ ~j' ~Ij ~ dJWI ".J.A ~ Jol.+iJ~1

.siJd ~

wljWI wlJ~ Jol.+i) ~ Jo4JJ~1 0A tyJl I.J.A~.J Wander Waal JU1 J..uU1
dJAWI wljWI wlJ~ ufiJ d...J~1 ~LWI Jol.;W) ..ill.JSj , ~ ~j dJAWI
;"I\, .....

,;;11 4:J.JJ1 ~Jy.a ~ ~ ~~ , 4)>J1 ~i ~ ~\..j~?l ~~~

"Ij Jol.;WJ4 ~IJ~ ..b+i~j L...d:ilS::J1 ~ i~ ..I~ LA..Li..c.j , a.....;:;.rll ;;)~I w4-J ..I ~

~4~1 '-;-l~~1 dJh 0A

i ,~,;; wlJ.:ill ~L>JI J~ J..u~.siJd ~j' ~

, ~jJ~lj J~I dJkS JliA ~ ~Ij j..L;W ~I Electrical Dipoles ~L....:JI

, (58 - 1 ) J~~I
(,; Center of posttive churge ~,.Lt 0.;';.J, ;;:.

(1)

.
: I

",,~.I').r
.-) Center uf u"l',lLLivt dlil.q;e ..... .....,\~ '..--'..-J

/..

......

,...........-

,~

/.---',
',

H!
,.,_/e,..

\',....

~-

./

o,- 0-

__./

(-j

" .-. .e",2.(-\

(H.::;Y" \, \
,
(i"}-:"J
i.r:
..

.",'

( 58 - 1 ) ~

(.' _.'

(L) ....g)lijl ~ w\..j~14Wj ~jJ~ (K) ....g~ ~ u\..j~llLJL~

c-'\

u"J ~4* uy.... ~ d.b.1..I u i ~ ;;...L">-Ij ;;..b-~ <liS' l'.s~ \..j~ I~!J ' lJ-I..).,Lill

r>
~

~".tIJ~I;;I".i~4~lwLj~?l1

-_e_=) ~I w\..j~~1

_- - -\
Electron
I, _-_! _ distribution _ _
\ - _ - ) v ~jI, &'.Y \__.:.: :.~ j .

''-~

EB

~/

ceD~,c~

tel)

(58 - 2)

,~

dJG.

~, ~ ~ I',

j->.]-A ~

.1
'"'-tt-'j

~ ~ys'l dJAL~ akh\

, .

-'\;;1

~jJ~

'.,j

.J-'.

Jo......:,..:i
~

~j-A)lJ1 dJG. i ,~!i;j d..;J W 4 4".t1 ~I

lbl

~UI ~~~I '-;-lIb;; i ,,!~I ~ ~~ ~\

, (58 - 2 )

- 58

y-hj\ ,

l~~l~~lylha-~~l

~ wl~~1 aJ~ ~"s~ ~I

, oJ....<..:J1

Ju.)...wu .b4J)"s.PJ "s~1 w~G.. ~

~ wl.j~?lI.).v-1 ~ ~

,.:_db;;; ,,,I

aJ~

L:uJ

a.fi~1

..l~Y' d..Xlj I~ ~ aJWI ,,~~ ..b4:i.)~lj

I

ul ~.) ,:Lil ~ ~~ ~I wLrS JL

..bUJr....:r
- JIl.....J~1
,
,

'.

':1

.'"

. ~I

"s.,........,~..>-=>

"s~~Ji j ~i~?"~, ~

c-o

4jj-A

l>J.lt1 w!j.3~1

t ~Jj

dp-:> wl.):t11 ~ lULl y

........ \ t a.............JLJ,~~
I .'_ ... I -~ I
. wi.) :t11
j ~

~,

~~)l:!.:'J "s~1

".i.&J I" I,,,; ,,,j

~ ~I ~1 ~

u 1j.:i'11 E~~jlj , ~lzJlj '-:-l~l "s~ ~ u1j.:i)U LA ~j r....:r'll.2.~j ~ ~lzJ\

JS' ol."i 'J::.! ~ oA wl.C.l~ dS)J ~ 0L o~ t9 1' p ~ wl.):t11 F"~

J...w a.:.HJI w~Li.l1 ~ w\..jjji~l .)J>-4 o~Uo Lill~ JliA ) "s~ ~Ij 4i-o o..b.lj
uf ~ ..:~I.)j 0...\L ~ o~ ~L...A w\..jjji~ll F
~ , wl.C.lyiJl ".:u. ..l~j ~
tL....u.jl ~i.:;).Li11 wl.)j u1"si (59 - 1 ) ~ ("spl o.)j ol~ ~I~L: ~j.1

~L: ..l~?ll ~~lzJl ~1...L;l~ t~j~1 ,,~~ aJj~"sf f'jL'i:ij ~ ut)J1

~~~I, lA ~lb 4:9~1

LJ-4 ...L;l~ ,,~ulj.:i~\ w~L....c ~j , ~I ~ '-:-lj~lj

j~ J~ LJ-4 o.)j JS' t~ ~ ulj.:i~l w~l.u.A ..ll..lj.:i (j.W1 ~ ) ~I.? ~lb

~I a..:2LbJ\ ~ M, Mie rJWI ~I ..l9j' (~Ij .)~~I aJG.. ) ~I)~

:a...J~laJ..lWLJ(.I:"
- j ''-Y.:7
..
, .r-' I..T.)

):I:'1LJ)G.
~
_

II

(b)

(,,'I

(59 .. I )

1_ 01_.11
~

II

II

'-<

'J

.:.'!I

.~;

7=!
IJ

.::

~
.~

E
C

.'d-,

3
:':J

-'

1
II

,~

~
~

'-<

'--'

,T

............,

J
0

v
v
E

0\

R
0'

f c-. "-"
~. 1-.
1t

tTI

II

!>

II

t r~
'l: 3/8"Cl
t..

~.

II

-. Cl

!> !>

II

'~

3lb~

T
\~C:c-:,

.
l",

,~

\ ...

l~

D h""

CVr

-,

........

I r:'1r;:'""

'J.
-

t-lu-J

~
~

'-'

C"l
'C!

~
~

"

l~

l'

j
]

.-t
"'l

~
:::I

,~

!
,~

:~

.J

l
~

:~

VJ
VJ

ro

.~

,9

<

a...
C",

'b
x
C"l

In

~"

4J
a...

;J

~
II

~,

J"
'1

'")

.7'1

t
,<I

:~
J)

~
,~

:::I

~,

.ro

:~ ~J"

1J
<L-

::J

:]

]:

\Ci

II

ro

'J.,

'1

><
j

'I

;>-,

0
......
ro
Q)

4-

E
::l

>

"0

~"

J
J

\0

C"l

",

~~

~L:atuW1

:. t-

LU

-t~' t lI'
u~

~J~~

3iJ...4 L:;-J t ~ L
I

/14>

~t

Structure of Solid Bodies j)....iA~ I~~~14 _....~

:

'I

(,::r',

~L.:. ~.~ WI a......L.J

~- ~~
_.~

. Crystalline Structure ->.JJ'4 ~y: -~Ji

. Non Crystalline or Amorphous ->.JJ'4 ~ Ji ->.J~ ~ ~y: ~l:i
~ ~~L: \ 8 ';" .' ~I wl.J~ ~~ u i .JA ->.J.AJI ~.r=JL: ~..J
D..L-o-J

(.;r'~ ~ <G~ (~~ ~I~ w~)

LL;. ~~ I :.:-'j3?~1

. Crystal ~I D.JJ'4 a:~1 ~ d.j~ r~L: ~ ~ ~I Unit call ~I

~ (.:r'-'J~

rlJoj ->~ ~y ~ ~ ~ wl.J:0lj) ->.JJ'4)U1 ~.;LJI

~J ;;j~1

wljJ.4ll

~ Ji ~I~I ~ JWI.JA W , ~I~ ~y ufi:! Js

~ ~l..LJ ~
~I':'-. <u:U..:T'7"'
.1'1 ~ WI . "wI.J .:ill
(J""

wljJ.4l\ . ( wljJ.4l1
~ ~

:a...oLc.

,~lI ........:;
~lI U. i~).L:J , J.A1-lI
_'.r""'
~

~~.

~ ) ~.JL;.JI ->~I.>-:?~ ".JL:+i1 ~ wl.J:0L: ~..\j-AJ

~ wlj.LijIJ. wlj-Th)U1 ....g~ wl..\~~ ~J~ ~

.
~..J J~

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= ~~

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= ~...J...:oJ1 l.r<'

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Polycrystalline metals and Grain Boundaries:

w\~lj wIJ~Il>A ~...L...:. l>A

J.:l ;;..I-:>-Ij ;;JJ-4 0-A wlj.LiJ1 ~ u~

~ ~ JS'j , Grains w~~. ~ ~

1.A ji Crystallites

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, 4JIJ~ 0' ~..l....L:'j ~j ~ j Orientation ~~~j ,,~I ~ L..4.L~

Grain w~1 ~jJ.> ~ ~~ ~jJ.> ~I ~ ~ ~ u i ..l;l"';;. (.;rtb.l~j

. ( 100 - 1 )

boundaries

(100-1)~

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. wlJ.:ill

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- 100

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d..:.;.:J1 w~1

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- 101

VJ

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o...J..J"

COLUMNAR

CHILL
CRYSTALS

CRYSTALS

t!Y

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LARGE EQUI-AXEC

CRYSTALS

PLANES OF WEAKNESS
OUE TO CORNERS

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j-;!;llLA : ~ w IJY:J I

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o! .' b

ClIJ~ L.JA U~ 'j ;;~~ d.b~ wljY:J1 u i ~ t9lyl u:o) ~. w'j)L~'j1

W d <Co!! ,~,Il a.1~1 ~~I ..l~~1 ~ f'~4 ~ a.fj~ t91-J-A ~ a.ri~

d.h..a..j

~ J)L:;....;..)U j-o~1 UUJ1 \~ ~ ~J -.Uj . ~I a.........IJ..u1 ~ l~i

~'j ..L...L:-! ~\ ~ Line Jo..;. J~ ~ J~)Uj , Zero ~ ..l....~4

(2) Two-dimensional 0:~ Surface -s~ ~ J~)Uj , One-dimensional

~\y ~ wlJ.ill ~~

LJ:i..A (3) ..l~i a.1~ Volume

(.;tq 0/

-J\ J)l:~'jlj

. ;;..lUI ;;).r-- ~J..l.~

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~ J~'jl

uP w~l,,~L.JA~i J.4.e.~! J)l:G.'j\

~ ~j

. ;;J.ill ~~~?/I

: ~tJl ~I ~ ~~I ~ u.p~ l..L.iJ.u,i ~I w'j~'j\ t:.'.~ij

Point Imperfections ~ ~ Ji~JA ~ u'J~ '11 .. 1

( u.J:!i ) ;;J~ ~ u i ~ij ~ (.:9ly ~ ;;..lj.J.=A ufi:i ~jll w'j~'jl

~~ ..D~j ~ ~ u...l~j U:OJj-.i11 ~I 0-lpl ~ ~-J-A L.JA ~.L.lJL.ui

~j -s~1 ~-J-A~?T ~-J-A ~ ~L.ui (u.J:!i) ;;J~ ~ji ui ji I,~U,

. ( t.b;,J\ J-l~ ) p.T t9-~ ~
~\ L.JA u~ ~ ~L;ji ;;..lUI ~ (Vacancies) wl~\,,~ ~~~l
..D~ ~ltii wl~1

t....:...u

~ ji , ,~IJ#1

j-4-i ~L;ji ~jl\ y\~)U a...:~

"oiJ,

UL:L....S' jj~ 'j La ;;..l~j . L4-.d..L~ji ~ ;;..lLc?/ dJj~ ~ c:::.dJ.:Ll1

tJ--.+i

~p UUoj' ;;J~ ~'jT;;~ ~ 1~lj ~~\ ~I ~ wlj...L..:J1

U;wJ ui ~

~ ~..)-"l ;;)..r'" w~J..l LJ-A

C'...ruJ 1 ..u~4 ji Plastic deformation

- 120

~ . ( .:.J~ u~!

) Ve

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-sl ~ kS' . Substitutional impurity atom ( CL;u--.rC ) ~~

'4-!)l,..1 ;;.J:l ~

~U;, ~I~I c.J~ ~L....~I wl.J.:u1 ~I'p ~ ~ -si J:u..:i ( 0-,=i Ji )

a.d C.J~

~ dl~ Jl.i.., (I J ;;.j ~i ~:9.Yl w~~1 ~ji clJ~ ~1 ~L...a?Il;lJ ( CL;u~ )

~ ....L9 W. (di, or tri-vacancies) 0:.U-A~.Yl ~ aJ)U Ji ~-.rl.J~rI w~~

p i W.Yl J:u..:iJ I~~

~~ ;:tS')] a<J! !~,1I ~ ~~I ~.Yl ~ ~"L....I ;;.J~

J)CL;..\ JJ.L;..;.~I I~ ~ :I~;J'''' ~ t:9j11 ~ ~~ ~ -spi wl.J~ ~1j-4

. ( 122 - 1 ) ~ Frenkel imperfection ~~

~"~~~/~

~';a'~()
lJ(J~O<1

()<to<tO

alOeCh

C) (laO
~O(J<3~
O<J()tI(J

( 122 - 1 )

~..:u

0~)U I~~ ( ~I ~.Yl LJ-,=i ) Cation L.1J-:!:iLS .J~I ~G.o l~lLAI

J~l

<L:k ~ dl~

LJ~ , L.P...)~' l.J:!~ s>j.A 0j~ ( ~I ~~ 0-,=1 ') Anion

dl~ ~ Gj~Y5~1 jA?~1 J~~II.:uJ! Schottky imperfection ~~

. i I .,~ _! II-=--~I';; !~<' -I
wl~I'
~'....L9 W, u-l,~'

LJ ~~ ~t.9j-4-;l
-. ~ ~. l:sL.:...i
- ~u:
~ty
l>A

, ~"';;lS"J1 J.k:"J1 I~ ~ ~l ~.fi.:Li w~lA...i.i1 ~J~ 0J~ wGJ-:!:iI.s' ~

,,~J=.>.:i wljJ-:!:i~1 01 ~ wl.\yiJI.rf.J ~ (CaF2 )

c...J...)#\ ~

L!m J~

~KJI ~Lj 0"';;LS 0i Y ~\ l.:u ~j. ~~ t~ ~ w~~\ ~ '::J~lyiJl

-s~6.i ~l:i 0J-:!:ilS' ~ 0i <L:k ~H .>-"'~1 0~ ~KJI-S~6.i?1

0J-:!:ilS' IP-o J>.

. (122 - 1 ) ~ ;;~ ..D~-3 cGts:.4 ~KJI

dl~j '-s?i ~.p w~~1 L.:...;j ~ Structural ~I w~~1 ~1 ~1.~1

, Higher energy levels ~i ~I.b w~ ~1 wlj~~1 dS...r'" w~Ul-A

- 122

t!'Y

Micro- :a;;.:9.l ~J-A ;;')J-"'O ~

x ~ ~i ...uJ~ ulj~~ ;;.).#1

u~Lu:;,!J ~~jij4J1 .l1y,IJ -:ll11'~J ( Maser.-:.11 i~

~~ -ill~J

) wave radiation

. lS~ ~ ~L.L... ul.l.l~ ..;y.- i

: Importance of Point Defects~.JA~ ~~~~I ~i

~ ~ 0AJ' ~ljA ~ ul.).:.01 ~~ f"1..lo::U1

<I:J....:w '-""'1

u~)t:c;..~I,,~ ";.lji

cGi -ill~ )ljT ~i 0AJ. J)t:c;..~1 a..l.:..4j ~jA 0A a.:;~ u~l....<LA 100

cG~ , J~~~I l~ ~~ (

J..-l

~.) ~I

i.b. ~ "laA u~ ~t.:..... ) Dislocation l.o t.~\ fA

1~1

u 1.).:.0 I t.LoJi ~ ~I~~II~. 4.d_~Ji ~ d.jj..:L.c~ ~I.)~ ~ ~.l4

, J)U.;.'~I ~.J-A.)~ .uLAi ~~I ~...u ~j-A ~ f"\~1 ;;.)~~ F

~ !...cl~ b.~1 ~~ W' , d.:,.:",K:-t1 ul.l~.~ ;;.lUI <l.AJ l.4.o t.Li:i) -ill~~-,

: Lime Imperfections 4S:_~~1 ~ ( ~ ~ ) 4'b;" u~~1 - 2

cG~ t.)bj~1 ~jA-l-" Dislocation k~1 u~)t:c;..~I0A t.y.l\ I~ ~ ~

~ .)J4:-A y.-T I'~J J~~I ~ ~J..> ;;.).t4 0A l'~ 0::' .lJ..L=oJI ~ ;;.).t4 ~ J)U.;.\

~ U::J_)J~ ~ ~ .lJ..L=oJI ~~ J).l~\ ..b.. <G1..;i , J~~\ d..;t ~~

. J~~~I..;i ~l:J1 ~ ~~ ~

J~~I ,-,,",J~I 4..a.h.L1~ ~~ ;;.).t4 J>I.l";~

~IJ .J,.~ I~ u~ ~ .h;.. ~..;i ~ t.~~~1 Ji J~~I '~ULS' I~!J

~ ~I l.A~ ~1J-4 ~ ( ulj.H~1 ) ul.).:.01

<t...:--9 tAi ~ (1) One dimensional

.)~ ..;.:.01 t.~~1 \~ t.1.,.ii J..>i ( 123 - 1 ) J~ ~.J-l-' misaligned 4:~~

~ L14i a 41.;,;;4 ~l$" l&.itsJ J..L;U W' Ji f"b f"LIo:ij\

f"--U:.

~ a.:;~ u~ ~ ;;.).t4

U~A 0A 0-J"')J~ L.r.;J~ 0::' ~Lo1..;.)~..;~ iY'~ Ji ~J ~~Ji

..;.)~ ,,;~w......o ~ JA iY'.;-1:. LA

u1 lSi ~, w.....o..:i.1A '-""'1

-ill~J ' ;;.)3-4J1 ~ u 1.).:.0I

lS~1 I~ ui .)~I ~ -'p- 1.)~ ~ Ji extra half plane

-.:)1 ~1 d.-LJ.j ~ ~ ~ cGi ~1 a~.:!,~! II (~~~I ~

- 123

<L...:--k Jl..b:

-.Dlj

l:~~J-A ul$" ~I

~ JG.. ~I ~ :;)~I J,;.I.l (.T~ ~I ~~I I~ ~G.. ~3 ' ..b.~ ~#\

I~ ~ &k...3' ~j-A t~\ ,~~y j-A.;-S 4~

~J----> ~3 (1.) ;LA~l

J)l.:;....;.\ JA3 ' edge dislocation ~WI ~'j4.b.. ~ J~ 'j13 1~'j\

~~ ~ ~.l~I) wl).J...U IJ'~I ~~\

D..Lc. ~

~.:uI..b.;J1 wr1~ j.S'~

. dislocation line t~'jl .b.. I~ ~WI .b.. ~ G~i~...3 ('-;-lbSJ\ ~

~ d~ Extrll-halfplane
U I J jJ,) of atolllA
.
Slip or Burgeu

7,,.~_~,,-ved:ol'b

. I'
rJ-!!.r'\ Q.lV

nis

,._~ I

b//..'\

L l~~d.ied.illl~~lion.
\'I~~Y11
Iine &:f~JU.
BUll:erli circuit

~J!\.'M

.jU,

Ji:-;t~)~atin!~
~ (J ~

rC-YS \
'--;">\b
'-3 ~

lel

(bJ

( 124 - 1 ) ~
~

t),k..j'jl ~ ~I Ublll ~ a,.!! ,~,\I ~ .ill.:u ~ ~..L<~

, ~ .l~l ~ ~i ~L.... JI......;j4 a.hC~ t~'j\ ~ J~ ~.:ul ..:Jl~WI

~ 3~ \~j , ~ .l~l ~ ~'f ~j-A

JlA.i.i4 :;...lL~

~ .;JI clti 0_~ ~

wl).J...U ~I ~y.....J.1 ~4- wr1~ ~i;J1 Jo~1 ~ ( ,,~'jl ) ~I, (.)"'~I

. ( 124 - 1) ~
- 124

~I .Iy2i ~ ~':J\

..b. ~ lj~1 W5 ~\ I.:u. JI~ ~-J

, t~~n ..b. ~ (D~I) d..:-=WI ~1y.1

.:I..l j.A~1

t~ ':J I

,,~i
...h;J

~ "y~1 ~ uy...tl ~I ~j~)

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.k~

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<GI

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t~\

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L~ ~I ~':JI

II DJ u,\ (

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. I..;,.';.L."I W'

"WI T

~~

ulS'

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) T J-Aj-'
.
'L.

~ <GfiJ (I) ..b-Ij ~I

dJL:.. (.;r~ ji Non equilibrium a.,jj.jA ~ w':J)l:;.;'\ ~~ wl.L~':J\ ~j

. ;0#1 ~ ~ ~':J~ ~I ~, ~ ~lb uj:Wj , )~':J\ ('..lJ:.
, "':J#' .II..~ u.illl ~~ ~L:.JI ~':JI jl ~I J)t::O.':J\ \.:u. t '~';2J
. D..LA4JI J:JL...11 ~ ~Iy ~ wlJ:.u1 LS~G..j ('..Lc.j wl~\ ~ ..ill.iSj
p:"~~:1.o jl J':Jy':Jl ~ t~':J1

JY"" wIJ:.u\

~ [j.>j.J ~I d.:2L.J.\ u-k~-J

~ ~L:.JI ~':JI ..b. u-k ~.I~ u~ ~I

I.:u.j Slip or burgers vector (b)

. ( 124 - I )

Screw dislocation ~~IJi ~~l t.~~t

ji ~yl\ ~':J~~.r-U~I ~j ~I wLc:.~':JllJAp i ty ~

;;J~ ~ ~I wL:.~':JllJA tj-LJI I.:u. i '~';2J ' Screw dislocation ~~l
~ Shear stress ~.I

s-:-J ~~ DJy-~1 ul ~-J'

(d

J;.,;;Q ) ~

,,~':JI (.;~ L..lj:t p..'11 ~~Ij ,,~I ~ ~Ij:t ~ ~R U:O~ 1.A~ ( 126 - I )
..)) ~ ~ ~~I ~~Ij u-ki

~ ~~

,,)1 ~ ~ ..>-'-":!~I ~~I ~~I ~ ) ~I

Lj-AA DJ#llJA ~~I ~~I u~ u\ ji ( 124 - I a) ~ ~ (J.i....,1

~YJI t~':J1 ..b. 0)KkJ1

Fj-I-J ( 126 - I b ) ~

~ ~j ~ LS~

t~':J1 I.:u. ~I~ ~\ ~j' Screw dislocation ~I ~ tj! ~

Jp wl.)~ Jlk1li F

~ ~")1 ...G.4i ~

J.:l ~ Uj.l ..b. ~ ;;.I...l=..A ~

Ulb <L~ u~ ~I ( 126 - 1 ) J.-.L.:u A B I.:r.JYJI~)U LS..r---b-LJ1...h;J1

.~I

- 125

-.l
I

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1;

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JI "4-=i1 ~ ';} j';}j..j';}~ ~I wi ~)ll.1 LJAJ . CPH, BCC

. wlj..Lill

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.)!

Ji

a..A.,Y ~ i ,~!;.! LG.JJI ~I aJ~ ~

LAi

u~?l~ d..:..Il... wl-J.J45' ~I ,~~I wl-J#I J~ ,,~)G.. ,,4-=;1 ~

;;-JY71I,,~ (~L;_U~~ a..b~i ~)

I~ \~ I JL4j ';} D-JY+JI ~

4..A.,.,:J I Ci...4hL.1\ c,.j\..S'

a C1J. a j ,,'

Q..b~ Ji U:.~i

UJ.. ( 132 - 1 ) ~ ~~ \

LJAj ~G Lr" ';}~I ~ ~..l9 ,G~ D-JY71ILG~ LGJ.A ~ ~I rl..1o~W

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TWINNING

PLAN~5

~-,:..-.

"-',,;;

----L 1

Op/ical
Fip,

01 i)p billld'

(()

~..r""",~..rl...,ii

( 132 - 1) ~

-- 132

: Bulk or Volume Defects ( :a _~~~ 1~~I ) J~ '.il

y~:. ->"L.,;~1I ~ ~

J! w~ \5J.:u1 r~~1 J~ ~ y~1 D~

..Lt,j

Ji tJ~ Ji j.LiJ1 ~ wl~J rL......A ..l.H"J 04~-.J ' Macro ~I \5~1 ~

. ~~J wlj.LiJ1 ~ w~ ~Lji ~ L...uL... i y~1 D~ i !~,;iJ

,d;q,;"jQ

~Iy.:,

: u!j..l.4t1 ~ ~ u~~'.il.)J~

Role of dislocation in the deformation of metals :

41-,"~i ~ ~ ~ LA j.1.9 0A ;;~J

~

;;J.J-4 ...L1;J4 -

)C...o - w~i \j1

, WI..l ~ ( G...J) Gj-A ~ ~4 ~Il~ i...L.:U ~~ d..iJJ-l1 ~ J~ dJ~

~J..L=>- ~

J..u ~I JJ--=-4 ~ 45 d.:.9I.~ J..=4j jjj....:-. ~I

~ ~ J~J

wl.:J-:L.......J.\ D~ wfiJ ;;J~\ ~ J>.1..l ;;..l~A w~ ~ ;;J#I J>.1..l J~~I

rL..Jo..j ~ {11O} , FCC rLJ.:....j ~ {Ill} wl.:~1 ~J ,wIJ.:u4 LA6...lj\ u,.;-si

w"X ( 134 - 2, 1 ) ~ CPH ~..ljJ.1 c..ru'1.L.tJI J~I ;;~~ ~ {0001} , BCC
(,)-J...,.s~ FCC ~ wlj.LiJ1 ~ ~ ~l r~ -uJ. ~L...ui ~ w~1 D~

. ~ ~ ~.II
cr:
'.Y'

1(':.lll.Ll.1:i ~-~"~I
jJ

(..,l-"-'-"-'.

.. ...

~ ~
_
_. ~J

t . ll;; ~~I
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~'1

~ (J"'-'

<\.-:l!
f-':r

~ ~~ <ill..o?1 \5~ J~..;Jj.j: wIJ.:uI0A \5~ ~ \5.:u1 ( 134 - 2)

J~~'lll l~ ~I~?l rj)U\ ~I ~ '-:-'-'-"-=>- IjiJ L!:J~I ~ ~j..tl ~I

wi ~~ ~IJ wi ~ L!:Jy..uJ.1 ~ wlJ.:u1 ~,J d.:J.:u1 ~\jJ-l1 ~ ~~I J~4

10000 ~11000 ~ tJl..~)~ YJ~I '-'~ ~ a......~1 .LI.1:i J~ ~I I~

~1 JLi:J1 J~~~l

1 r~ ~ La t.b. ..l~J J..>-t-: \5.:u1 jA"Xl ,

;;jA

\5..lJ= ~1 wlj.LiJ1 wlJ~ ~ w~~~1 ..l~J (,;,.11 \5?i;;j-A G~j-A"XI I~

~ t~~1 .h;.

J.At ~ ~.;JI

3~

j-=J ~

j'

(610)

~ -'~

.;\"

12

) ( p ) 4~ ~ o~ IjJ..l u,"\.H"J

\5.:ul (3 ~ /

y -~ll
_.

-bJ1 JoL
~--l\;;~J
y= \5i \-:--

10 ) ~ FJ ol2J\ D~ ..l1..lj:iJ ;;~~j.1iJ\ ~ ~

"
..

\, .;;

'.'

'A =:o.~.
-:i~::'

~-t)

....
',('
.,

::

'

'"

,"

\',

.~
<,;
'1'

-,

!\
'. )

~~~

."1

"

"

'J ;;1~
<.' ;

"':l
\
'1'
,~~".

,u

-J.:l
~'o

-c

,"

II

X
-0

II

"'7

'"X

':::'

6
,
:::.

-;:

..,
..,I

VI

V
- J

r.

VJ
VI
_I

~.

c:~~'"

t--~

I
\0

( 138 - I ) ~

J..(jait~.h.~.~~' '.!\'QLttu~T~u~~~t.~

\8U(,~'; ...L.Lc. ,..: . dj.Lil1 ~ I$.JJI ~I

~~ .Ill

,<'

il\ w4kc-

41 ~

4 1~
~

~j Ij.J.l wk~'il ~,....ill

~

".

LALA Ij.J.l wl.c.~,}!1 ~ W, W.JJ ~

C" ~.Y' ~ w41'5l1 ".J..&,l ~j-...:;jl ~ ~"""".J' Age or precipitaticn hardening

. .ill I ~L:, ()l '-;-l~1 t~ 4l:LJ1 ~I~~I ~ 4.:.;1~1 w)lAWI

'* * *

- 138

'JJ

<"'

.
~
.\

8 .[~.
~

~ ~

: u.;.c.~')1 ufi:L:i ~\

w4S'yll ~ lJS.41-J

: loS ~WI }S~I ~~Li o' -43 uLPJoA ( a

~J..'l 4Jj'~ ~~: Intermetallic Compounds ~..LuuLPJoA l;r"lj

. Mg2 Sn ->=~Ij f'~1 JL..l ..'ll:a..11 ~~I

u~l.4.I ~j D..'l...I=A J~u\ D)?

: Electronic Compounds ~~!

~ t\~j dj)tj ,)1 ~ ~j

uLPJoA ( b

~~I u~LiJ ~ ') ~..La.A w~jA ,:.;,A

~ ( ~JL..;J1 JI...u.1 ~ ~I wljj~?ll ) ~~I w\.j~1 t~ ~ ~I

: ~~ <Gfi-ll w~~I.~ ~I wlJ.:01 ..'l~ ~j. l.&K w1J.:01

Cu Zn, Cu. Sn, Cu, AI

: JG.4

Cu., Sus' CU 9 AI 4

: Jl:LA y

3
~ ~-J ( - ) ~ Jj~\
2

tr<J 1

21

~ ~-J ( - ) ~ ~l:J1 t~~1

13

: Jt~

Cu, Sn , Cu Zn,

E ~ ~-J

( - ) ~ cjl:J1 tJ~1

4
2 = -ilijJ\ ~~JI
2 = wlJ.:01

I =

Jl:LA

3 = w\~~1 t~ uP

..'l~ j

~
2 = ->=~I ~~JI

(J-"b..LJ1 ~~ Cu Zn :

~I

. .

I = (J-"b..LJ\ ~~ Cu., Sns : JI.i.o

'

->=~I wlJ.:0 32 = ( 8 x 4) , 'j"b..LJ\ wlJ.:0 I~~ 31 ..DlJA

63 = 32 + 31 =
39 =

wl~~1 t~

8 + 31 =

Y
- 140

u1 ($f

wlJ.:01 ..'l~

21

63

13

39

~-= _=~I

+:>.

c-

[.

;[
1::

0A ~..j , yl.JJ.\ j-Lijlj

~I.:.ul j.LiJll:.'\J~ ~ ~l1:i ~j ~i

...I..iJ..j .- 5

: ~L:.. l:.,\J.:.u1 ~:>. ~l1:i

;~

~~~ ~~ ~ ji ~~I ~ ~L....l4 ~~I wlJ~ ufiJ: '~ji

( d...:bJ1

D..b-j ~ ~.JA ~ ) ~~\.:.ul ~I

0A DJ~

J:..:i ~ '/.

15 = I,~i

d.....:,..lj?/1 ji J~?/~ U~j.:.u\ 0A t~1 I~~..j" ~~I wlJ~ 0A DJ~' ~

. Subtitutional Solid Solution
4

a !';"j;o

~ t~ji ~i l..:-':!.:LlI wlJ~

a..H..>.JI ,,~~

J..------.=...4

~I.JJ.I wlJ.:.u1 ~t.:; ..L-~j

~j ~~ t~ji ~ ~?~I ~ ~ -Uj' (Disordered)

. ( 142 - 1 )

ffiOOBtPIII
g~

dd7J2"oO.

Ordered or Super Alloy

o.ooo.oo.e)

O.OO.OO.O()

ao.oo.o.OC)

0.000.0OC)
oOOoOOC)
~.

~l-~\.J
. . e":
Interstitial Solid Solution

eoeoeoe eoooeoo

0008000
oeosomo
eo.

e
00.000.

0.0 - a
oooeo
eo.o.o. 000.000

( cJ~..iJ,\;'j;y"ol-...:

~--=...

Subtitutional Solid Solution

( 142 - I )

. A~wIJ~

. B~wIJ~O

- 142

.)LoIS ,

~..,..:~ 0~ ~ 4X1j'

;;.,)j...wt:...A

~ lJ-l~u....J1 LJ::ll1A> 0~jjJl ~ ~j

lj4j~ Yj.J: w~ lY'~lj ,-:-,-,,>jJ\ jiA (Complete) a141S ~ 0~~\

. ~~i.S~j?~\~

~I w\)~ ~ ~4 I~;;~ yl.:u1 ~l

wi)::'

0~ 0 1 : ~[j

,-:",:!.:uI':JI)~ LJ::ll.i~ ~ ~ 0i..ill:i ubj",j ~ (

/. 59

~ ~I

) '-:"':!.:ul

~:~Ij ~~Ij 0J-lfiJlj r~lj r~...r:Jlj r~lj ~j)~1 w\.)~ ~

LJ-4 tj-LJI \~~..J ( i.S)jJJt Jj~1 ~ ~j~1 ~~WJI ~l.aJ1 ) bL;.. r~lj

. ( 142 - 1 ) ~ Interstitial jili.::J1 jl jk:J1 04j.:u1

.;--::-C. jl :a ql;.,j;o d...4J~

Limited Solid

~.:u\ ~ ~I.:ul wl)jll,ji1i:LJ\ ji ~I 0~ ..L1lj

;;.,)j.J...:o:.A d...4J~ ;;)~4 ~..u.:

: c.;rll:J\

a.H...>..!1

j)~ ~

04jjJlj.

J~I .,)~ .,)j.J..>J,\ 04jjJi ~ lLI)..LJj

d ~ 1;.,-;;",

Solubility

i.Si ~1~1 t 2b j " ,', ':1 LLji ~ i.Sy..l\ ~\ ~.).,) ~ ;oUI ~.Hit ~I~) liJjL,.. \~)

~ ;olo ~~1~1 liJjL,.. Y ~4j . .Hi~1 LJ-4 /. 4 ':1) '-:"':!.J: ':1 ;oUI 01 J:l.Hi~\ LJ-4 ~
;oUI

~'=..9

/.

13 LJ-4 ~t ~I~) U b j ,,,", ':1

;oUI 04J~ ~u 01 ~ ;;)~I ~).,)

~ ~1

i.Sy.t.\ ~I ~).,) ~ .Hi~1

.
tL.i:i)-:IJ )\ '.....
-.Dlj.ll
LLji

,i;q

~I ,,~~

0fi:ij' a141S ~1~1 d...U:ijA ;;)J-> w4-).,) ~ ~ ~ .,)I.,)j..:i ;oW] ~~I jl~)u
~L~ "r\-J 1-WI.wI
~
L._.~
~

(144 - 1)

l<".~.. ~
".l\ :_:l\
~\,.T""F.r ~ j

:r:

:::

,L.....:,b:;...
-:;_1_

~j , ( ;;~\ ) 04jjJ\ r..l. ~~ LJ::lj ( ~JI .,)j~ ) ~~I J=jWI 0fi:i

. ;oUI ~ ~I~ .>&ij .>&~I ~ ~I:l ;olo LJ::l u:J~ LJ-4 ~ ~

~~ I,S-! ,~,jl ~~~~ yl.:ul LJ-4 ;;.,)4..; u--k ~ J=jWI ...L:-Y..l9j
)~I alL.. ~ 0~

':1 J~\

I~ jiAj

Supersaturated

j~ ~_).,) c.;rl) J.jL.... ~ ..LA4- ~ ,-:",:!~i Y ~

~I 0~9 , ;;~ Jj-bJ.I

':1j

r)j

~I j~ J=jW4

, ~j.A )~I

alL.. ~

J.: ~I.,)

..LA~I ~I LJ-4 ;;J~ J~I ~ ~1 ~ "

,~! jll

~~ ;r~ lS')J ~l

..b.

~ J.J.J.=

lo Precipitate

'-:-'-:'-"Y ~ I..1+: ..lA4-J1

~ ~-'-'J~I ji ~I j~ ji 0~jjJl r..,L.C. ji .,)j..l....:>.11 ji r~1 04j.:ul.) '.....

- 143

4'

W'...A

4i o..LA~1 4=Jl.>. ~ ~La1J b~ l.!.Uj 01 J:l a..m_~.J1 J.:lWI

"~l.JA .II .;", (('lJ '

...L-44 J.,.b-4 ji.,h ~ ~ J,a ~ ~L.tl

..lLJ ~ ~

"

..

~ ~ J~

I'
... ,
1.1:.. 1\
<.Y'"L.....,
.. ~ wl:I:I\
..r--' u-">.P- j-:!Ll ~ ,]A ~

-"Pb ~~G"~.\..I-,j

:.,,;:-'$
e:::,...t~'
'"

-i:"')

'4100

90

cJ~'

IS.

~.,.;,

,.

""rr

..

e:-'~

,~illWt~l! ~~l~~'~

1111

80

10

20

70
60
~-'~
30
40

50
00II(1

50

( 144 - I )

J-u-\..;:j

c::......'&.. ,.

40

30

60

70

~\

20

10

80

90

~100

~ o~ jAl~ ~ ~~ o..LA~1

dJWI ~ 0~j.:.u1 0! y.Sj ~S"j

<-;-J1.:.u1 wl.)jj '-:-'-:!.:ul wl.)j ~ \~ ~ ~ 'i .;;.11 ~I ~ ,wI.).:.uI ~

. o-lWI ~ ~ I~ ~ .~j~ ~ 'il 0~jj ~ 'i ~~ ('/. 85,)1 59l.JA)

1..>1~~ ~..>!J.:d I ~1jJ~1 U~I:A

Thermal Equilibrium Phase Diagrams:
w4-.)-l -l~ ~ wI bb;. 4 f'"""j3 ~ ~ a...u.1.)-l ..ill4--..J1 a...u.1.)-l u~?l ,G!
0~.;;.11 ~I ~I ...L<c.l.!.UjJ' ~).,bi ~ wl~ b~ ~...L<c..;;.11 o)y-JI
,

~L:; r\..lQ1J1 ~ ~I Jo.i..AJI )~I ~ LI.)...u1 ,,~,b2((,!ilj , ~.JI ~

. -l~~1 ~l.ti ,bb;. 4 ~ ~1.) o)y-JI ~J-lj ~1 j..:S'->=J1 ~ ~ ~)o, l.!.Ujj

~Ij ..u~1 w~ f'""".): ~i

d,Jo ou. is)y-J1

- 144

u1jJ'il wlbbu "w..i~j

Vl

+::>.

Gibbs' phase rule 4,)AJ .l.;.~ ...>#1 ~~(i

~ ~j' LA.I~j ..Li..l::. ).,k)l.J ~\ ulj.J~\ w~b...b.J..;i C.l..LU ~j

: wr~ ~

2+P-C=F

~ ~~l ~

. d......ulJ...u1 ,::...>.:i c.I~j-l1 )j-----b~1 .I~

=P

. d......uIJ...uII~ ( wl.j.l.\ ).)-'-O~ .I...L...

=C

Degree of Freedom ~I ji U)lJoJ! ~J.I

~,.

=F

. d......uIJ...u1

IU~~
I

Equilibrium ~lj:i~l - 1

System 'k~ ji a..o~ a:i ~Jl J..4i.;J1 ~ cpo- d.:9lk ~i

~Ij c)~1 ~J.ljj...:-S'~I0A

cjb,!

Il' 4

aJL:,..

,-,".2l

C.I...I..=-A~.vJo ~ LIJ..u1 ~
.~~Ij
I

Phase (P) ...>~l - 2

.;JI .u\~j ~ ~~I ~ ~ d.,ji ~ ~~I . ~~I c.lUI ~~ j-.2l

4JWI ~ ~J:!...L9 d.,jj ~1 ~j-4 d.,ji j-lj ~Uu, W ~ ~ 0. ~~ ~

.<t.l d.:i)CJ1 ).,k~1 ~ ".:u.j ( J~I ) ~WI ji ( ~UI ) anwi ji ( ~I ) c,..1-44--\1

clJjJj ..
\~Ij

~jJ..L:+1lj ~~I "-~~ ~1 W~ ~ ~ ~ ~.;-ll

,',IJy=

-,

~j

IA~
. ~.:":I\
("-~anW\4JWI.'-""""~~~c~.r':"
.. :-q~l ~~
~
~ ~

anw\ 4JWI ~ Wj c..JjJ4I'UI.hl;.. Ij! Loi ,

\jl

~.

UoJ..).,k

I.:u.j

F\ wr1J Jb.;J1 ~ JWI clJ.:Dj

~ ~ lSjWI ..kj-lllS~.J ' ~'91 0. ~ ~ )-LS' u~

. 1~lj l~.,b ~ J.,bJ1 u~ ~UI ~~II '-:-':!jj
I

Component (C) ...>11 - 3

, d......uIJ...u1 ~ ( ~ ~I ) 'k_~ d..iJ.1 w~~1 ji ).,k~1 .I~ wrA

~l.j~1 ~ ~...u u~ lS)po- u1j.JI all.> ~j

. ~,;:J4 ~UI

~j c~lj

j.jL. ~LA ~ ~

-ro t:" (
- 146

...I.A~ ~L.

a.....b.; W~j

ii

,
~

~Ij ~j ~ u\J~

3=P,2=P

1 =: P , ]

.t.u

2=P

2=:C

]=P

3=:C

J~+lOlA+~

]=P

2=:C

lOLA+~

2=P

Cw.J+lOUI

Binary Eutectic

2= C

]=P
I

=C

=:

~~\~.;J

~~I~J~

Degree of freedom (F) (U~j~-.>~ ) ~j ~ ~-.>~ - 4

j..:-S'y ~J..\J ~IJ ;;)~\ ~JJ.S ~ d.1.:l.4!1 J..oI~1 ..\~ )) ~~ ~y.J

~ ulj.:j~1 dJG. ...I:!~ l:..>~1 18j~:';j.'~! ~I

(I

d<~: !I.ll ~ d..hIJJI

L L:i
J5.)-:!..w u\ ~ ~I

J..oI~1 ..\~ ~~

4\ a:g)lbjl

04-J..\

1~.J..>,j uyJ. \ r l.b1J \

~y.J u\ ~J

.)~)~I .J.:>.~ J~ J\ lO\...U.;..1 UJ..l7';\ rl.b1J1 ~ ulj.:j~\ dJL:,.. ~

I

045'.;-1\

ul UJ"\;;.J.:>. ~

J.W. Gibbs' phase rule~.":.~-.>#j;;~l:iuL:W!

,p~1 ~I t"" ~ u\j.:jl dJL:. ~ "\R-Y P )~~I0A I~~ 4!JJ

. d.~j-4 C ~ ';~J~

ul cYa~

J5u1.;\ C ol;..>-l~ J~ J5~j.$~1 ~ ~ <G\J

: ~ ol~ ~)G u~.;J utJ..\l..A L!.II..LA u\5' YJ

(1) 0

=Z : Y + X2

(2) 0

= Z - Z + Y - X3

. rll::~1 <UG. ...I:!~ .;\ X,Y ~ ...I:!~ ~~ ~ ~ ~..\W\ 0:3u u~

r\.h.;J1 J:~J' ~..\WI0:3u ~ 01~1.J.:>.~ L... ~ cYal~1 ~ ~j

~ (.>~~ ( ~\ ) U)lbjl 0A ;;.J.:>.IJ ~J..\

- 147

4!JJ

u~ ~T ~ J\

LLi

1~.J..>,j

:l
~

-3

I~
'1

l
<L

~
~

"')

:g

'")

'1

I~'

~:~
II

'1

1
IJ

~'1

'~

.J

'1

~ ,..:j
~

~
,"
""3

(J

'"'I"
1'1

1
.)

'i
'1

.J

.~

~3
"\j

J;
~

'")

'1

I~'

~
,~

] 3:~
u
x
c,

.J

J'l

u.J

c,

II

'J

1 i
~

'~

-=!'
<I

'.J

:.J

.--..

...

"\j
'~

.~

"--'

~ -

N
I
(J

'1

oj

'1

j
~

I)

f1
'~

~
.)

<:<j

,..-..,
'--'

:J
J

.'1

:g

J)

~.

'~

:~

~
~

.'")

:~

":-S

u,

c,

,..-..,

'1

~
J
~

'1

'~

~
.~

s::
'--'

.!> u'"

~
,<I

II

c,
x

>
II

~
0:::
t-

1
'1

'1

,..-..,

..0

'--'

.~

'1

'1

,..J 1,..
IJ

1
'1
'~

J'l

'")

1
'<1

,..-..,

..0

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J)
~

:q
~

.~
"i

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,..-..,

u.J

'1

'1
II

c,

u,..-..,
c,
I

"-./

'1

'~

'1

,..:j11

~'1

'J

~'1

II

.?
~ i
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I

......

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-.::t
:::J ......
"3, <:

s;

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.:]'

~:

.~;

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~

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~

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.~

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~

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,..-..,

""3

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c,

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J]

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,,3'

-.::t

00

(C-PxC+P)-(2+PxC)=F ..
1

2+P-C

..:J ~

( ..illL~\

=F]

.h.i..AJlj j..fi'.;:Jl j ;;)~ I 0 i J ~ l;s

1l..L:Ll1 ~.:U--'1..J
' ~ Lu ~- c::-'
. ~l\ j -~IA
) ~lj
~I \..j~
- .
I I~I
~ U-"
.

LAi

: ~1 Jjp a.l.lWI 0~ , J~I J~ JwlJ

11+P-C=~
n-----

c c:., W"..,1. ,

4321
I

2"3

:J

:n

I
I

cw:

1 .:;"
3~
~ k r<== c:::::::J

.c:

7v.

~::::::~~r.c::
~~~
~~illc=~~
----,."" "'=Ii~~~;r~
i

==-..

L----.J

( 149 - 1 ) ~
. ( % 100 j..fi'.;J ) ~ U I ..L:>-I j yS'.J-A a.H.~ : ",;;.:: r., i JIiA

;;J.r"'"'
I-I\~.l
.J ~ ~i~I'
_
~~L.J,IoIo%Q
_.

I-~~~I ~~
I,~.":C ....

. ( 150 - 1 ) ~ ~iJ

- 149

.~

,
r

II

II
N
0..

Ir)

VI
~,

*
'*

1=-e .t
c,

c.

~
-

t~

0\

"~

II

(Jq

a
::r:

(")

.~'
c.
~

~;

~,

'f

~'

00

\0

'0

r
rt

~.

.,

[ t
-. 1
f
ft
~

'"

c.

'--"

'"

..--

'--"

..--

'--"

c,

..--

1,

II

-......

VJ

.~'
c.
~.

~:

~,

1. t

,t:

.......

9.

(1l

-8'

....,
....

1:

~.

'11
II

t.

f'
c.

""0

II
0

VJ

II

'11

~'

-e

""

f::

c,
,~

f~

y'

@~~

.. L,--U't ~~t ~
. , ,~ r,

~
I

4:.U~1 ~~l..>l~~ l.S..>~1 ~!jJ~1 uU:~

Equilibrium Thermal Phase Diagrams of Binary Alloys:

( Binary 0-J~ l>A i.5 i

..I'pj ~ wlb b;..

) ~';;'!I ~I.ti c,..jlS' ..l~ i.Ll.j~1 ~ ~i:

~, w~y.Il>A ..I....L.C. i.5~ ji ~~J jl Ternary 43)lj ji

wl..b.h;.J.1 ,,~~, ;;)..r---!I wL~J..I ~ ..ill~1

".i....sJ

~I Phases )J_Jo~1

~ ~ ~jj ~\ JbLalj ;;~.I aJWI ~ )~~I ,,~ ~ ~jj ~I (~WI

, ~I w~y.Il>A 4:i1J-=S'y ,-:-,-,...jj D..l.A4J1 )~~I ~y~ ~, ;;J..A4J1

, ~ i.5~ ~I ~I Wu.:3j ~~ ~.J-U11 ~ ~j~1 ~J...u~ u.L...: i.5.:u1 jA~1

u.L...:i loS' , ~l4tlj ~~I l&.L.<>lp

~jjj l&3~~..1 [b.zw....lj ~I ,,~ l.J.:b.:ij

. ~I ;;~I ~ ~ i.5~ ~WI wl;;~:bj!l ~\ J~~l1 ~

uts' ~y.\ ..I~j ~ ~~I JyJ~1

Ji4:!'

w\..b.b.J~ ~LtJ\ ..ill~1 ~J

, %lOOA (A~I) y.1 ..IRj U:W IjL...:(~I) ~~I.bJ1 ~~~ ~

J~ ~I ~lLJl LAi , %0 d..h...'UJ1 ,,~ .4c. B

UJ1~y.I-&y ufi..!...9

~I Jj->JI~...9' %OA ~j-llj %100 ~ B y.I..I~j~ (.;,...L:.uJ\

.;-;:s. ~ ~j ,

,
LJjj ;;J~ ~I ,,~ u~ lo ;;..Il.j , ~y.Il>A

uljj~~ ~.,D\ ~

JS' ..I~j

L44-0 Joh;.JI ~ ~ ~\ .bJ1 J~I u~~Il>A

. ~.:u\

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I

~ LA J~ ~J~

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w.-ll ;;)~I

~J...l:J J~yIJ

~\J w:9J ~UJ..J.,Jo ;;Jj~ ~ d<.! !

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JS'.H5'.;i .ill~J

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ch;.J1 ~ \~!

( 155 -

1 ) ~I ~J' ( GF ch;.J\ ) UJ..J#I ~ ($~;\

(GE)

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- 154

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Content of B

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~ B , A ~r 0A aJ~1 c.J.:,~1 d...c.~_<l

lJ-A ( I 00 - X ) is i A lJ-A % X
~J..I

(,,;,.J!

01

~ ;;~l dJWl j o~1

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~ I~ ;; "f L...A~Y

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0A

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(a)
( 156 - I )

(b)
( 156 - 2 )

- 156

~..:.

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: 0.;1A~ LJ.:;l J~ lS~ ~J

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a.A

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. ~ LAIR (EF)
FE+GE=GF

- 157

~ A ..rt l j..f,J-j = ~ ~I ~ A ..rt1j.:S'y X ..

)#1 ~ A ..rtl J..=S'y +

(GE) )#1

(FE)

(EF) G + (EG) F
(EF) G + (GE) F = (EF)

= (FO)

X ..

+ (GE) X

~\0-"

1;,
1455

F-X

---------1I

X-G

I
IL
1
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...

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a:l\
L:)
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+ liquid

T3

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til

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=

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solidus

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- - - - - - - - - - - - '-.: 6
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Bquilibrium

solidus

ioo

:JO~\'.

Ni

Cu
Wei~ht IH'I'('(,lll

copper

Cl'~ Cl~

Liquid

- 158

GE

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.

+~
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.J

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7";

l.<li
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~ ( 155 - I ) ~ T 2 ~l T, 0 A ~ ;;)r-JI ~Jj~ ~ ~ ~I~~~j

,

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T, ;;)~I ~Jj ~ X 2 ~1 XI ~I laS' u i .ill~ ~~ F j , F ~1 D 0-A

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w.jl..S' Llj -;;j~.,.t\ )~~'1 ~~j-lll ~ ':i ~G?JI ~ d<~.' ",1I ~.fj->-=-=~ <G1
~<G~)~~'1w':i~~j) ..~~1 ;;~~~~J4JII~~ L;..:w...,IJj

~ ~ , ~ ~118 '0

.!

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~ ;;j~.,.tl ;;~~I d.:9~1 ~J.I 6~1 ~ T I ;;)..r:'" ~Jj ~

D 0A

~~1 ~ ;;~I wIJ~I)-;f..fj u~

XI as:~1

, G ,)1 c 0A ~I JjbJ.I)-;f..fj

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~~~I ~ ~I~.fj~ u i rl~1 I~ ~ UA.:JI ~ ~ ~i~..J' )~~I

. ~ ;;)? ~Jj ~ .ill~j' )~~I j~j ~ ~~ ~ X 2.)1 XI 0A

J:1~ J~~I ~J..u .s~ d..:t~ ji ~ d..:~ 0Jp % ~L> U'tG.

. ( 161 .. I )

~ u~j.:J1

d-Ati

;;~LA4J1

~ ~ ')1.b.b...t1 ~ ~ L~LJI,bb""'~ LAW ~l.hA w~WI

j..Wl.S d..:4-LJ1 D~

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D.:ub

1I ~_Uj W (N) .s~lj ~\ w~~1 .lj...L=o

" .s)? w~ .si , ~I

-- 160

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(161-I)JS:..i;,
: ~1y.1 ~ ,J.,wl D~L9 r"1~4

O=1+2-I=F

3 , 2, 1

2=1-1+2=F

5,4

I = I +2-2=F

7,6

w.1.9 .:lll wuL:u.S

'-'. l.)-A

I~
~ A~'s:t a.J..jUlAIWI.~
lor' '-'

I.J

UL:JlAIWI
_

13.J.A~IAI~I~u~.:ll1 ~~

Two Components Completely Soluble in the Liquid State but they

are Completely Insoluble in the Solid State:
d.Jw.J1 ~ u~j.:J1 ~~

0-'P utjJ'il ,hh ;~ ~-':! (

162 - I )

J "

,~,

. D..L4WI
~ j-~ <U~~ -Gi Rault's Law Jjjlj UyL9 U""L.....,i ...,.,kj d.JWI ,,~ ~

~~~'il I~~..J ~ Jj~1 ~ ;;)y~. ~j~ u~ p.1 ~ ~ ~llA

u4j.:J\ Lob ul~1 u~ ui Jo~ d1~j ) ~L:JI ~I 0A J:!~L4A ~i WS'
~~.j'il

)...L4A ~1..u.J..J ( ;;~I aJWI ~ u4j.:J1 ~~j ;;~I d.JWI ~

. 0-'~ ~j.~luljj~1 (::A"~ ~I ~j~ ~

- 161 -

III

o
u

IL

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J~l ~ ~l1J1 D~I wl.)~1 ~ J.lb=3

~~I ~ ~J ( ~lj wl.).,.1~ ~ ) ~I J~I ~ ~ ~I wl.)~1

a.H.:oJ1l.>A ~I dJL... ~ Eutectic ~I

".:u. ~ ":1J

dJW1l.>A .illj,j ~~ J~ w":1L:.. ~...u..:i ~

-4.;; ~1 ~ -s'.)~ -4.;; l.>A J~I

Eutectoid

4...L1..fi.:i~ Jo..'WI ".:u. ~

J:' D..LA4-J1

u-oL..;.JI ~I <\.1 -s'j,jl

dJWI ~1 D~~I

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.:G~ J. ( D..LA4-J1 dJWI ~

)..r-=-.T -s'.).:>

, D..LA4-J1 )~~'l~! aJjWI )~~1l.>A J~l ~ ~~I a..b..a.i CO ~-:'~

.
%80

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~ ~ Bk

I (

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1631 ) ~~ t; ~

. T 1 D)p ~.).l ~ wJ.A...H %20 + ('",:~.llS'

: .r: -)
~ I -L a.....s
( X I~Y.J+
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. B %100 ~ wJ.A...H (%26) ~~I Jo..;JI J~

(163 -1 )~.J#l;;~li~i
~IJ~~I

2=1-1+2=F
0=1+2-1=F

~I clJ.A>+JIJ ~I ('.J-:!A.l~1 ~ ~ J...i.c.

E a..b..a.i

0=1+3-2=F
1=1+2-2=F

ui .)~~

J...i.c.

~I .k;.. ~ LA (~I + ~I ) ~~ ~I

- 164

IJ.)J"~J a.LjWI4JWt ~ ~~:.ut

wu ~G.pJ-4: 'dtWt 4JWI

: ~.JA~t4J~t~~~J:.ut

Two Components Completely Soluble in the Liquid State but Par

tialy Soluble in the Solid State:
~j t~\ I~ 0A.ill~ )Yo~ -s)yooJl uljJ':l ,bb~Q ( 166 - 1 ) ~ U::-+.!

Ljl-;lj~ B ~ '-;-lj~ A j.W1 ut ~~4 ( 162 - 1 ) ~ ~L...JI aJGJJ

d..;lL:......

o)..r"'-JI '4-..>,,) ,-"o';';"'..,jl LJS' J~~ ~ u4j .:J1 I~ , a ~ ..:JI..>~ L~ \~j...l.;oc.A

,-:-,..>l.L,: -s.:Jt ( 167 - 1 ) ~ BHC ( 166 - 1 )

J.S'-.:u HF 1 ~4 FJ-A ~ L.S

~ wb~ Gfi...4 B ~ A j.W1 '-;-lj~ ..d!j.$'j , o).r-JI ~..>,,) u:o~4 A ..>~I

0A

FJG, ZG 1 u~lj ZG 1 ~lS' o).r-JI ~..>,,) l-,,;"';';"'~I LJS' J~~ ~ u4j~

EF,H ~ Cb.LJI ~j' u4j.:ill ~I ,,)j..L-~ ~ ( 167, 166 - 1 ) ~4
wl..>.,J-;, L>--A Matrix ~) ~ ~jJ-A a 0A .::..d..>~ ~y
~ ..:JI..>.~ ~y

( ~HI

...I.->

( ~~I

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X

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: ui
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~ ~1..>yoJ.l c.:rk HZ ut ).~4Z ~~ ~ ..>Yo ..:JI..>.#I ~ _ XH

H~~a..>Yowl..>.#I~- XZ

<,.pGa;-11 .ill~ ~~ t.Jllll~ 0A ~ FJ: ( 167 - 1 ) ~j

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- 165

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a.
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to-

Of

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The Tin- Lead E :n:

THE I!!:!-~ EQUILIBRIUM Ot"A"GfrAM.

()i.

D:~~&=..~

f1

t
I

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~.
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L

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X age

of B

I ,

n
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AtbJ I ~ u~:U1

Two Components Completely Soluble in the Liquid State but Par

tialy Soluble in the Solid State With Peritectic Reaction:

\,u

. tyJI

0-A ~.!..m_~.~~ .s).r-JI ul.j.:i~1 ~ (~ ( 168 ... 1 ) ~J ~I

ex ulJ~ ~ J..:.LuJI0A ~LJI ) ~ ulJ~ 4JP'J ex ulJ~ u~ 4JbJl

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ex uIJ.,.t~~ ~ ~ u..,.s:JJ ' ( 166 . . 1 ) ~ ~I T , D)"p- ~J.l ..l1.. ~IJ

..

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dJ~j A' B' j~ lSi o~1 aJW\ ~ Loti Li~j~ lJ~j~ B , A lJlj.Lill~
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+ A ) 0A ~ J~ B" D' Bill J4J.1 ~ JW\ ..ill~~j

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~ lSi (166 -1) ~ ~ F~I.hh;J1 ~..ill~ ~ Oj~ l"~II.i~.:.G.l.:
R ~\J~j (a) ~IJ~
(fJ)

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- 172

a,(, ';?-.1.l1 oJlr-J1

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dJW ..~~I ~ ~L:;.:j
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I

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, ~~, - ("~,

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;;~I dJL-..JI ~ jj~ u4jjj ;;~....al dJWI ~ u4j .JJ111.:J 1:2

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("~,.,Ji

, ("J':

,,,jt

q -

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w1bb;'qj:;A. (167-1), (166-1)

, ("~.,Ji -

u,~j'"

("~l:J::i

~~..L:>-

--

~~

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, u~ -

U-O~J

~~

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. ( 174 - 1 ) , ( 168 - 1 ) ~.:u (.:1<.:i<.:;.u-:J1 J.e,L.i:LJI: '~!;

: 4..L&A w~jA CJ-l-fiJ : b.L>

. (174-2)Js:...:.. .... ~ ~
. u,~j". ("J-:!.,~.i.<l - ~~, ~i - ~~

- 173

_....-::c

~....

-,.

- I ,=0
~.

.~I"

01.

,. . t~+

Q..

---

r-

"T

"T

r-

10 20 30

7()(, I

40

Atomic percent antimony

5{/
60
70
80
I

6(){ I

Liquid
./"

.:I 500
~~

.g

400
300

~~

- 1200
-'

630 0 /

;,

~+L

rl

I( /+L./ V~

Eo-<

200I

100U
Ph

252 0

, 400

3-

,
!

20

::.,)

...
<:<:
...

...,:::J
~

Q,

>::

E-t

600

a+{3
I

30
40
50
60
70
Weight percent antimony

80

90

Sb

1400

2600 ~

1300

2400 ~-

...,
2200 ~

1200

0..

1100
1000

2000

1083 0
I

Ni 1.0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Weight percent copper

- 175

eu

E-4

10

800

l-

13~

\~/
,3.5 ,11.2
IX

-:

1 1000 c~

I-"'"

V
/'

32r

90
-

200

t-

700

Atomic percent cadmium

10
20 30 40 50 60 80 100
I

650

:----....
-- -..::::i'f

r--..,

600I

~500)

~-

i:l

{4OO

- 1~!00
Liquid

~ ........

+L

-111000 t:o:.,
o

~~

- 800 .....='

ex

~300)

r-; 600
3210

,. ~,
200

"
.-.B ~-...
..
..
"

'

l00~1g

Q;I

400

"

'Y

""8

\\

"",

10 20 30 40 00 00 '-70 sO 90

C~ 200

Weight percent cadmium

Atomic percent cobalt

10

15000

20

30

40

50

Liquid

1300

~-

='

700

..
."
.
.
..

Cl>

500

.
. ..

.. .

. . ."

10

IOO

...

200

11150

-: 800
-J HlO

.. -sc

ex+(3 1-(3-=]

)00

I~; ~~ ... ~ 00

_aCo

353

300N i

90

14951 600

..
.. ' . ..

ex

900

80

a+L

~ 1100
~
J..

70

II

II

1455

60

20

30

110

50

60

Weight percent cobalt

- 176

-I

70

80

90

Co

Atomic percent lead

10

noo

woo
~
~a+ L 1

---

953

900

20

30

40 50 60 708090

L1

...

..- --

L,

+ L.1:

-- .

41

800

...

::

700

1200

600

S
Q)
~

t::I

<Il

"'Q."

1400 ;..

Q)

1000
1

400

327
3260

300

t- a
1

ro

I
I

a+.B
I

50

60

ro

- 800

600

13----:.
.400

00

Weight percent lead

2000

1800

r-:

900

1600 ~

800

"'::l"

Q,)

;;

Cl).

"""...d

1400 -;

...

~ 700

e
Q)

E-t

9:1

1200 [

eoc

E-i

1000

500

400

Ag

800

10 20 3D 40 50 60 70 80 90
Weight percent copper

- 177

~
M
Q)

500

200

1600

-+L,J

Q).

1800

92.6 '{:.

,,
C,,)

2000

I'

II

eu

Atomic percent bismuth

350

10

250

g 200I

....

50

60

70

80

90

1i 600

.2~

\~
21.5

a+L
f--

150

I
I
I

100

f'

50

,I

t-32.2

",

I
I

a+fJ--

..J

Liquid

.ICJ
~

40

r-,

o-'

30

300 ~

20

3270

-...........~
" P + 1,
r---.... ~ V
33
55.5

V
124

I'

,..:...L
0

20

I'

,;:;

iI 300

gE

4i

I'

."'(~'200

fJ

tJ+'Y

- 100

10

-too ;

. 99!.51

Pb

500

"(
-fii

~-

30
40
50
60
70
Weight percent bismuth

- 178

80

90

Bl

C3

Atomic percent magnesium

oe

\..~+~

~.

~500

18+L

~ ..L

V; i / --1100

J.

"'d

~, 4001

- I / 14~9

e---/ SOC

. I 0'0 ~ \j

331\ 'Y~' .\~-, ==:::1

ll)

E-c

II

3001

200'

10

20

ro

10

1600
1539"

/' 6.5

&..{I

"P~
I

r:I

QO+8

Ii;...

30

Atomic percent copper

00
~
50
00
ro
1

'I

f
~

:e
~

900

~4

800
~?70

10

- 2400

97.2

2200 f
\ 1; =
_
s:

e+ L
lO~o

'Y+e

2000

.... 1800

1600

a+f
.....t
r. ....

20

760"

. ....... . -...

00 00 ro
Weight percent copper

~.4O

- 179

..... . -..... 1400

00

.g
co.

<,

~! ,no

...:j'......

2800

- 2600

96-:::~~

40(

C::;

lOO4u

k-rt

,~100
a +..,.

700
:

00

\..J

_ex

II

'Y+L

1000

90

--- <,

noo

80

--::::;

I
I

.;Z

I Ld6O<

Liquid

,!
I

'Y

~- 1200

60 70
Weight percent magnesium

:6+..,.'

I~

ji I

,I

1<Li"'1484"

:,) l300

50

40

1500
~11
1400

0
A

..

:"'.....hJJ ~__~l ~I

Atomic percent tin

,N

llOO

083

1000

900

40

50

70 80 90

60

-:.. 1800

;2

1600

p+L

)7551

I :--.~<.6

13.<.11

r""': + L

fJrrl

~ 700

1400

~ ~i
I / . \ &4no
58.6
2!'
586 ~ 1 (I ~
r-,
~ 600 f---- l:i.8~\A'
~ ""Y +
,
~
a+"Y-~~D
I L
~
15.6
_ :WI'--d '1+ t I
f'+
\

500
/

400)

I. 21.0/'
.., +0
+~ , -

3~nI

+
38.2

I,

ell

10

20

+, ~

40

30

~I

60

70

1500

Liquid

./

1200)

18

8-::

.'

80

Sn

00

80

90

11001

E
x 1000

900)

700

660

:~iY

-!I

.,

...:

~+

1800 ~

1400

,
~I 1200

577 0

30

40

50

60

II~ 1000

70

Weight percent silicon

- 180

80

00

"'+11

20

2000

...:I 1600

..:
~

iIlflJJ1.6
10

2200
I

5OO"~-"--:-':::------='=,.---+':---;~--f=--:!-=

Al

800)

Z400

/'

;;'

600

"-..\

~v

1300)

J7

14~ 26!'O

1400)

!:

2);
232
600

l.j~-,~~,~

Atomic percent silicon

30
40
00
60
70

20

800

'"

Weight percent tin

10

~
'02.4

~ + B 1- 186 ggnJ 400

50

- 1000 8~

+~

60.9

IRllo

100

~.

e'"

"'"

~- !I~

37.2

1200

415

'" +

e
'
-~+.
38.2
59.0

32.6

,I

I(

200

,/11

300,

'Y

'" + t

2000

Liquid

25.0

\ 798~\i/
~

...~800
\

30

\aL~!

"1

\~

20

10

~1

~-"'.JAJ~~'~ I

Atomic percent aluminum

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2000

1800

~f

J
700

Liquid

~\

i.'
~800

1600

1400 ;:

6600

.,E
1200 f-<

46.5

6001

9+

47.5

5001
~2 -i-

400

eu

10

20

30

9+_

40

50

60

70

80

90

\J

800

.-\.1

Weight percent aluminum

Atomic percent beryllium

1100

10

15

30

25

20

40

35

1000

1800

900

g
.;:;
E

1600

"0
0

800

1400

;;;

1200
600

'"

800

400

eu

E
~

1000

500

300

~
.;0

700

2000

Weight percent beryllium

- 181

600

Be

Atomic percent zinc

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2000

1800

1600

.."

700

.;;
1!

8.

E
~

600

500

iOO

10

20

30

40

50

60

Weight percent zinc

Atomic pereeet aluminum

70

60

i~J...J4I~.:JI~1
00

80

.. 2000

1800

Liquid
1600

900

.'i

o0

!f

..

.3

800

1400 ~

K
....~ 700

E:

660

_0

600r
500r
400'
eu

~2 ..H
"

10

20

30

40

............

1200

- ..j 1000

B+_

~8oo
50

60

~. eight percent aluminum

- 182

70

80

00

"~

2000

3600

1800

a+L

600 1539 0

2800

...eS

a5'
...

....

::l

.
!

::l

2400 ~

~
~

2000 ~

iii
E-t

!---

1600
1200

10

20

40

30

50

60

70

80

90

Cr

2800
2600

.
1000'

.-

~ 1300,
~

..
~

...QJ~~

1600

"Y

..

8
~

...
.
.
.......

.... .

--

...

Fe 10

200

--J 2400 0~

600

400

. 0
'91 770

3.

=
~

2'0

30 40 sO 60 70 80
Weight percent nickel

- 183

.. ..

1200

. ..

800

3530

<io

Ni 400

Atomic percent zinc

700

oW

10

40

30

20

~~'

50

60 70 8090

l:WO

419.5

..

_ 500

1000

Q)

E
I
f: 400

I
a

I ---,--.......,. I __~ <,

~ 3OO~t'
; 31.6
2001

100 1
Al

aU

bo.......-~'
a+.B\

I
10

I
20

30

I
iO

800

~
~
78
400

50

60

Weight percent zinc

*"

~\<

*"

"l

- 184

70

80

90

Zn

~~J

..

:,,~~tg loiJ~

odt ~~

~..bJ'1 .J~~) ~~Ij ~~ ~.Jl>:dl ~1j.3-t1

t (

hh;r..

Thermal Equilibrium Phase Diagram of Fe-Fe3C :

wlA#1 ~lS' ~ ~"1\~ J)lk~\ ~ ..ill~\ tlyi ~i .b.h;J\ I.:u. ~
..ill~

t:"

D~ ~.)...I.;l u~~ 0:!.JJ\ ~~\ d.....::>b.j uj-UJ~I ~~ ~I

~ ..,.:L.:)o. u~fll ~ J.:..bJ1 ..ill~ ~ ~ ~ ~j-UJj , ~Iyi ~~ ...L;,!..bJ1

4~ (,;j..u...ll yS'j-l1 ~~ u~ L..~ ~I , l..1j-J~ % 6,67

..,.Jl ~ uj-J~

~ ~L..=o. \.S~ \.S.JJ\

Fe3C = Iron Carbide, Cementite ~~I ji J.:~I

I~ .
~...\..J

I
~
or 6 67
jjL>o.J ~j' - / 0 ,

I ' ,.

....

u-a ~I,>~I
4~

o~

II'
".J...A>

l1.Jt ....I..>..J cw..u...L.J

I.:u. ( 186 . . 1 ) P

% 100, J.:..L,:.. % 100

u-a ,~~ ~I ~~I

, "-.:gLLa...DJl j

I x 12

(55,83 x 3 ) + I x 2

.. c ...

UY~ ~

Fy..J' ~ ("I~l ~ ~..ill~ ~

u::..hh;.J\ -r>-I (.:Y~j , uJ-l.fijlj J.:~I ,k,b ..

<l

~ ~ ( 187 - 1 ) ~ ~j-J..J' Fe3C J.:~

D.l)LAl1 ~L::. yS'j-l1 I.:u. ..1..LJ..J. LJJ-:'.>5:..l1

u-a D~lj D.)j ~

J.:~ wl.)j

.~~ .l>:!-UI ~ 4uJ1 ~ w:~1 I.:u. .l~j ~~ J.:..bJI..ill~ u-01y.. ~b:ij

~i Yj u:' ;;'1

'" IIj

J.:~l u:: 1~1 a co! C,.JI ~ --'"~ D.)~I ,,~ ~ Jo..b..;.Jlj

~ ~c.i.A ~ ~~ ~ uj-J.fijl ~
)

! ; c~ ( 186 - 1 )

.u J:l ~~llYP F

1u-a ~

~ Jo..b..;.JI ~ dJ~\ ".:u. ~j' ~I~ D.)~

u:: Jj"1l u 1b b:" <l~.J: ~~~I ~j' ~l~ (J.o~1 ) a .bii;!\ J.o~1
~~ Jb~ ~ \.S.JJlj , ~ l:~ D.)y.o ~.).#:! \.S.JJ\ Fe3C ~~Ij J.:..bJ1
~~I dJWI ".:u. ~

'4k

~)

4..:..>-"')1 d.....::>W\ a.:).r-JI w)LWI

- 185

.'

\0

00

I
\0

00

~ .1..a.J..J'

Jk:i: ":II 4:)..r--J1

~~W\ ~ ~ ~J ( Metastable ~I ~

~L:'JI "~I LAiJ ' Stable ~I .hh;J.~ Jj~1 .hh;J.1 ~ cill.:uJ' I~

,b,

'c!

,.:lJJ , J:;j

IC!

4.;-:-i:. ~J

(~~I ) 0J-~\J ...t:~I0.:7 ~ (..b~\ )

. 4-:L-u,I.)~ J.:!L.....JI ab. I" ! II ~l..b..b>..ll 0A 0::- bb;.

~L; 0A 0j-J~ % 6,67 Ji Fe3C % 100 ~\ ij

wrll

4 4.

I" :;j .)~ -.b..b.;.J I

",II ~J~ 0.:7 JJ~I ,b b'>ll

,blo ;".1.1 I~J ' (DLTE) ~J~ !.Si ( ~~ % 25 Ji ) 0j-JP % 2,07 + ...t:~J
J-..l-4:~ (ABRE TXGA) .hb.lIJ' 'Ld~i ~~j-ll ...t:..l--:>-

a :;bi

. ...t:~IJ~I~

Fe3C

( 187 - 1 ) ~
aJLo..J\ ~ 04J.:u1 ("..L.J:.. dJL.:.. ~ !.S.:ul tyJl 0A ~ ..>-"'j-ll ...t:~ ,b b;. q~
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A._~'1'L>A
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.

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~3 ~.)~...LLc. ~J-:! 0~..J

. A. Ledebur ~~ wrll ~ Ledeburite ~I')J-:-:J.:.l

- 187

JL.4:! lSyWl ~~I ui

~ ( U37)-5 %2,07 UA ~llSi ) ~\ ,lob;. ~ L~j

%0, 18 j.fiY:j u-u" 1493 o)J-"" ~.)j ~~ (l) ~ ~ ~...J-t:7 Jd_.i:L~ I to 10;. 4
(

~...:L.. J~ ) (..~I~ 8 ...l;!...L:.. j~jj ~~Ij B.C C. 0

...l;!..b-

07 u.JJ...rS

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G

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. ".u ;;jj~1 Lz.....,1.)..J ~~ ~,~I ~

J~I ~

lSj.J\ (NIESOG)

.JL~I ~ ,lob ;.t1 UA L4b...;J.1 ,,~~..jj

(Sir Robert Austen) 4;,,~,j<4 ~14.;~ Austenite ~l..LL.....,ji ~~ ~~I Y ~I

~.)..\ ~ CA:!l..ll.....,.)~I.)~ ~-'2j 8 ...l;!~ ~ ~-: lSI F.C.C ~~d<~.' ,~(.'
~ ~ d.l~

..u.: 4.AJ---'-"y,1 -=J~U~~

j..L...=J..J' ~I ...l;!...L..:>JJ u-u1392 , 911

~j u-u 1147 ~.)j ~ UJ7~ %2,07 j.fi.;J ~1 ~l J~ U~j~ ~j ~i

0

. u..illI~I":~4-~j~~lw~WI~lS~JL~II.u

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JL.4:!

NIETX ~I ,10 10;. 4 UA J.i...u.~:a'l ~~lIj

'7'-'-"..P-: ( ~l..LL.....,j~1 ) ~I J~..J.l..$ , D..l.A4-J1 :aJWI ~ jj..l=.A U~j~ (~.J-"

~ ~I

~ J~ UA wl.)j~

( GS .h;J1 ~ D)~I ~.)j u:o~~ ) <lLA

Ferrite C-<:!I~ ~ I~j' UJ-:lfl1UA ~ w~ ~ "-;-Jjoi:...l;!~ 0-C ;;.)~

~ ~ ...,.........,~..J Y ...l;!...u.J LiJLuj

8 ...l;!~

4,J~ lSi B.C.C ~~ 4.~~.' '~'.'

S ...lJJ~~1 ~ ~ u~.;J.I1 LTg~..J lS.,.iL:J1 CA:!~I d.l~ ~ Dj)k . b.h>J.1

~~ ~jj-LlI.JA ...lJP~1 l.uj (,>,,"723 D)~ ~.)j ~j UJ7~

% 0,83..HS~

~ r,;;,J1 C-<:!~Ij ~1~1l.>-~ w~ D.)~ ~ ~ lS.:.J1 Perlite c.-=";;}~

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(jJj1Jl.S' ~ ) 4-j-4-:L.A

~~ lS.:.J1 ( 189 - 4,3,2,1 ) (,~, ~II~ jJj1J1lSi Pearls

:;

d.....JS' uA <l.4-uJ1

. ~~ ~ ji .)~ ~ Jo,.b.J1 ~ ~1 J~ lS.:.Jlj \ lob;. 4 c,-:,,;;}~I

- 188

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( 20 1 - 1 ) jS:.i;,

- 201

Mechanism of Bainite Transformation

1~~L:JI~~~

o)~ ~J..IUJ..I c..:~~1 ~j-A ,~1 ~I ~ c.:L.u...u,J~I0A J~I

f:i:

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. "fi~ ~ ~ ~J...ul,,~ UJ..I c.:'i~..,.3J J~I aJb:L.....~' ( ~'i

c.:1..L:l.;J1 ~J o~4--0 u-"550 a~J..IUJ..I u~

w..u..f: u~j-i c.:~LJIJ

. ~I c.:~1..;J1 ~J ~JUI J.rUJ1 ~J ' ~ ..ill~ UJ..I ~t=J1~1 'LS.,w1

Jo.,.b ~ i~ ~ , ~ ~ c.:'i~1 ~ ~ ~ ~ LS.,w1 c.,::~4JIJ

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. (205 - 2 , I )

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204 - I )

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- 202

VJ

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IS~I ~~I LJ-"'b.a1 ~IIJj-bJ1 ~ ttj1 j1 ~"1~"11 ~ WLi~..J
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. wl.)j ~ "1 Vacancies ~L'~ ..l~j ~ Lo ~ij' ~I ~ J~I

.LJ~ ~~ 0i ~"1 Lo "4-:i1 L~ .)L:;uj"14 ~I~I .LJ~ 0fi:! 0 i ~.~I 0Aj

( ~I.JJI ji ) ';;1.:u1.)~"14 Lr~ LA l.:uj , ..l~1 Q4-:i'1\ ~ ~I.)j ( _)~I )

isotopes ...Jl..Jo.Lll rl~4 .)~j"1l l.:u ~..l:i ji ~~..J ' Self Diffusion
LJ-"'L.u~1 IJ.-A ~j'

(225 - I ) ~..!1.Jj FJ-I..J' Radio-active ~\ ;~..lI..,J1

, .)L..:;,:;.j"11 J...l.LA ~ ;;..l~ ~~1 0i ~"1 Lo ~ ~ ~~I ..ll.u.i ;;..l~ 0i ~

tLi:i.)4 .)L:;uj"11 J...l...AA ..lI..l.J.:!

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Q)pJ I ~.)..l

~1j.LilJ ~~I ..u.,.r.U.l\ ~\~I ..lL.~i ;;..l~ ~1 1S..lj:i.;Al1 IS~~I ~1'pj1\ 0A

~I 0A dJj ~I~ ~ dJ~) ~ y3~

W Quenching ( ~ ~a.......u.Il )

Grain ~1jLi11 ~~ ..lj..b- ~ .)L:;uj'11 J...l...AA ..lI..l.J.:! W. ( ~I ) ~,,:,-,,~4

. l.:c~j '-&Jlj ~~I ~ J..uJ.I0Ays't Boudaries

- 224

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OO~_
8800

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Diffusion of atom

(d)

(c)

(e)
ccoooo
o 0000
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00 00
(XX)

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void
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ui ~c. Jj~1

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:
dm

,
J...I.LA ~ L..., l....... i~..J '
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de

= -D -

dx

dm ~
.. ~.-.~'1

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'lg 0.

dx

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J....1..s.A ~ D

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- 225

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x
dc

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=
x

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dc
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c = Co [ I - \jf

C .~J ]

- 226

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2
.

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(228 ... I ) Jj~

cal/g mol

A
cOl2/s

~I~I

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38 000

0,033

Zn

Cu

33900

2,0

Cu

AI

60 000

0,5

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Fe . .

18 100

0,008

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33800

0,21

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- 228

8
8

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(229 - 1) -.,JL.:;j1 JJ~I~..J

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44, I

0.40

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35,9

35,5

1,30

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31,2

41,7

0,09

Au

38,2

67,7

0,83

Co

34,7

47,1

0,20

Cu

33,0

59,7

5,80

37,5

67,9

0,58

a - Fe
8 - Fe

34,9

31,2

1, 1O

Mg

31,8

92,2

0,10

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25,2

10,2

0,24

Na

38,5

66,8

1,3

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37,4

136,0

3 1,5

21,8

0,13

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Q
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Heat Treatments

1~~II.!.U~I~J~~'pI~J.lQlt~~I~~W.1
Heat Treatments of Carbon Steels and Some Alloys :
~ ~I.r"" ~1--'j...J

.<t......al
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as: 2 !

,,,II ji pi ~~ ~I~I ~~W~ ~

i~I~L>

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. ~.J-!.~I yLdl ~ l.5~ ~l ~~I c:~~.J-A ~ ~

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:

% 0,8

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% 0,1

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% 0,1

..,Jl r~~~I-

% 0,25

- 237 -

..,J1U"" b.J I

LA

.:>./ \.t) k~.c

;..,..6~

New grains
forming

rolling

A~~,

13- ~A

.A.c:.~

~A ......,.;.
I
.: 1~.l-1J.t
-:-",~ , , <:J.J ~I

'-'

Deformed
elongated

c.~Co"" ~

(239 - 2)

grains

(239 - I ) ~

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"~\J;~I t~\J ' ~ w\.\~!...::.>.~ ~I ~ ~I ~41~1 ~

"~l..:-'"~, ~I ~ ...LfAJ1 wI.\~!

p.;-:w ch:.J1

W::>

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Corrosion ~I JA~ ~ ...ill.uJ1 lib ~:.:; ~\..:;j~J w~1 .\J...l>- rl..~1

~..J' ,:.JI.\~?l1 "~tJ.jjj ~Y-" 0.A ~I ~ -ill.:uJ' ->.?I )~t ~ ;)J)'u

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0~~1 ylL:. ~

a..l.:i=b1\
I

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Recrystallization.)~1 ;;~Lc!

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I-.L;U ;)-~ ~ D~~ wlJY-!

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. ~...l~1 wlJ..-:J1 w~4-:i~

4J a:g),U 'i ;;.J..:~. Orientations

wlA~~ wlJ~1

(.)'"'1y.,J\ ~ ~ ~~ J~I ;;.\Lc.!J ' ( 241 - I ) ~ J ( 240 - 1 ) ~

L J ~J.IJ ;;.\~l (.)'"'
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~
~

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00
'-'

00

N
I

00

tv
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00
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tv

,.-.,.

: Surface Induction Hardening ~t uG~4 ~hCf1tt l~ !..ojt! - 2

~I ~ ~I wlJ4-:Ll1 r-..1~ ~, ~L...J\

a ~ICl!l ~~ (.~J

wl..'i:bJ1 ~ ~ W~\ kJ-ULII a..-iJ...;Wl,,~ l:1j.A U--OJ' y.&1J1u--o 'i~ I~I

~~~ wl~ dJh wlJ43 r-\...GU.u,\ JJ..:. (

d..:-il:J1 ~ (.)-"1000 ~ ...L9 J~ )

;It-... b,,,ll

~\ ~ ~I "~~J ' ( ~~~ MHZ ~1100000~w

) JL...:.

. ~~ (..r"b",ll ~I ~ JWI.jA L.S, :~I..rtIJ

I ~.)L:JI~J:.cS'a:J,,-=, ,JotLa:"JI- ~b
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w~J~ ~

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~ 1~IJs:.,;,j ~ , dJ;;;11 wlj.WIJ ":.JI~I ":J~W~

~I Jt ~I Ji a..L.ij..L1~ u~ i)i ~ ~I I,uJ ' ~J.J4i ;;~L.::.1 ;;)j.>- ~J~

J~ l.St dt .I.j

;;~~ j..W1 Ji d<1! ", II ..lli.o..:iJ aJWI ",u ~J ' ~l

.....!.bJ1 Jt

~J~I~~~ '1I,ojll~~~cGi'il'~\J~I~,~~
~I..) ,ej ;;1" , ~\ y..bJ1 u--o w\~ ~I ~J ~

.hd ~-'-" ufi1l

. ~l UJ~ ~....JI ~

I.)~I~~~!J 4)L:JI~J._""J,,-=, ,J_fLa-Jla~f

Strain or Work-Hardening Mechanism & Recrystallisation :

,j)J.J""7"
_1.1\

bj..:-...H

J"~ t~l a..:.,..:;-:>-~~:1 d..Jl.ill

t.~ .._
_
~

lLIt r-.:r-"
-I-II'()A

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~ ~..LC. ~l [~ 1LI~ t ~ lJAJ

~oo

11

~ t.:r' [

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LJ

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. .. c

41 j)_.~tll J.:!L..J1.r':"..H ~ (b)

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,~

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- - -.~...
~

L2>JI..L-.4...0

L....I wL.::.)l~'it .
c..:r=-"'"
()A

~I ;;.,.b.y t~'il..b.;.. J~ LAllj..L4A (p)j.A~~ j)J~1 ~ wk~'il ~~J

- 282

.)~(Qolj;",t~ ~)!I J~
(

3(~)
~I~~ -.;.)~I ~

-.;1

b~ D...l.:>-y Uj.:L.>J.\ wLc.~)!1 J::,~ ~~ JI

t, "J I

J.,,

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2f--'""

d.:g[;S' .)J~J'

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L....:l 41 ~

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, 4.:b-LJJ\ wl~~~\lJA "-:-'L;JI-';I , a..:,.illl D~_~\J

~ ~w~ wLc~)!llJA .)...wl I.:u. u1~

-')1u~.;I_UA u\.)-,!J..djjl ul:..l.A>J

doloill

w 1.).#I ~ wLc)kj)!1

, 2\"""'.u/..h.;.. 310 ~! 210 ~.).LU

U~, D.)_~llJA ~ aJ-*",,:, l..a..)~ .:.G-b Ul,~ D.)~L9 U~ UIJ ' a..;:;~ j......J
lJA.) ol';'~ J91.)~ -.;15-10 ~ ~ ~ I ~ w\.)~ ~ ..uyJ.1 ~I J~I

, . ( Offset yield strain ~-,~I

,)1 ~j u l ~ D.).#I

.b- )

%0,2

t~1

.b-

J\.....djl

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1.:u.')1 J~.,lJ ...I:!I~ ~

,bolL"j.'

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I.:u.

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IJ..:,.. d.L:~
~

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d.:gL:L.5' lJ
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I ~ l / :' ~
li~ ...u.ft..:!'~

I 80l
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.JA> wLc~)!1

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~I

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u.illl ~~ wLc~".:J1 ".:u. ...I;!1j.:i ~

284 - 1 ) ~ ~ -.;j,J1 Frank - Read

JI.J.) -

LA

&I~~.J-J-: LA

,~-.;..:~~JL;..~!~~b~\ ~~j-4D.)~(284-a I) ~
~I)!\

ck.=... (284 - b 1 ) ~

Fj-lj

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u:
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I

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l!

(284 - 1 ) ~

7bZ

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Precipitate
C_ particle

Y!TSinS
T

10(

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l
7bZ = 2Tsin 8

(284 - 2)

- 284

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Cooling Rate ...u...>+al J..1aA

D)~ "::J4J~ ~J~ ~ ..ill~J ' 0AjJl D~J ~ :;)~I 4J~ Jo~)...L..4..A

Quenching Period (~~I...u...>+al) 4.!4",-JI3~

1._
\ I~ ~
"
~~.

...w'
-:II.h.......,
. ~ aJ:
.".1\ ~
~
_ 'Jr.r~ u-

.:..:::1\ tJAJ-'
. . : II

L>A~

.~

Quenching ( ~~I ...u...>+al ) 4

~ Ji J~ ~ y:i~ ~ ~~I 0A ~ -.;.JJI ...w~1

14 w -JI

J...I-L.A ~ J.I..b::

~ l~y~Y' 0lS' l..o J.,k ~~J Ji ~J ~ aJJ~ Ji ~ Ji aJ~1 (.)-OI~ ~

D)~I ..::J4-J~ ~ I~~.J-A J.!o..=l

I q

,":,L..A Jy~

.
I

j:;...A )

W \ D).r--JI ..::J4J~

(~J~~J~)a:~WI

Quenching Temperature 4j1W ct t 3..>1.. ~)~

. ~~I ...w~1 ~~ i~..;.1\ D)y>J1 ~J~
I

Preheating'-:rtJ~I~1

..::JI~~.?l1 0A t~1 ~ ~ D~~I D).r--JI ~J~ ~1 ,,~~

.
I

Distortion ~

d.:J1~1

,-;-,-131

. d.:J1Y'" dlAl..a.A a:i u.::. i ,~!;.! -.;.JJI aJ~1 ~ Ji ~~i ~ ~~~I

- 287

: Sup - Zero Treatment ~13.J!.~.J~ W~ u~WI

u=o~~1 ;;~~ ;;)? w4-Jj...L~ ~j' ~ ~I a..LoW ~~ a..Lol-A

. ~~j~'1 ~I-,:, ~ ~ -

~I.p-l a..b.J ~ ~LA

dclh

<l

('b ~

180 ~ ~

Immersion Period ~13~1

(y'0

aJ~1 ~ a..b.J ~ d.!,;";;j 11;;~L.iJ1

Interrupted QuenchingA.h a-t! 1'4 .!a",-J I!

J.J"'>-p ~Iy.. ~ u~,

l,JljUl ~ J.J"'>-p ~j ~,~ J.J~

...b............l\.
~aJ:~ll.JJ::,~~I~I.
_ 'Y (.T"
~.
u .

(.T"

44C

t.:.J.J'X
... :-:I\J...L.LA ~'j~
v_ j~

. ~I j7~ ;;)r-Jl w4-Jj ~~ ~ ~ ;;~L.iJ Jj~1

LSjL...w:i

ui ~ ~

Holding Period ~~~I ~j

~ ;;)p- ~Jj ~ ~~ etJ~ ,L;.cj,,-: LS.JJI0A.)-I1

. dJ~ ~ LS.JJI LS)r-J1 ":-'-l~1 0Aj ;;yAIl ,,~~ 'Xj' ~Ij ~I ~Jj

~~

4.,1h11

~I ;;).r-' ~Jj ~1 J~.,JI ~ ~ LS.JJI 0Aj.l1

d...L.a.l1
.
aJ6. wr9j
. .
_ ~
0

Soaking Periodl.S.J~I~...),7,-tiI3~

I.
: '. ;; I - 1\
~ J.r--

a.:...oj j

II aJ:
.~.I\ ~ I. _.
<.:r.
~
~
0

I\:aJ:
.~.II
u i <.:r.
~
0

~ ~.,JI ~ ;;)r-JI w4-Jj ($jl...u.J ~ ~I 0Aj.l\ u~ ~ji ,..l.:l-i 0A

.
I

;;)p- ~Jj Uj j

u~l ~ ~y..UI

Direct Quenching 3~l:t11 A au,-til

ufi:i ~ ;;).r:'" ~'Jj 0A ~~ LJ.:I~I ~I

~ d..:L~

. a.:,."b",l\ ~'~ ACI ;;)p- ~Jj J~ ufi:i ~j a~#1

- 288

Heating Period ~I ~~

"':-lYk.l.\ ~..ul ,)1 ;;)r-JI ~.)...l:' J~yl ~ (~I ~...l:' .J....L.o (.;> ,~;;~\ u-ajJl
.a.r~I~~

Total Heating Period w:>",ilt4.!I4jt ~~f

. ~)~I ~~Ij ~I u3~ t~

Austenitising ~~.! ':l.I.U~~1 J~f

Ac] O-~.JI ~I u-a ~i ;;)~ ~.)..\ ~ ~ JQ~":l'lj a.r~1 ~

CLJ
~ l..LL...,j

wlu.~1
Jo..lLj <Wk.
l.-<3'.J--':
~
. _
_.

i (,,;r',II

_ ~

i l:Js'
<LW.J.
_
~

I.. - ': I
U::~

~
.

Overheating ..b~t ~I

.:JI j-A ~I Ac 3 ..\j ~I ~~

~"~ ~I
. ~ WWI
~
I.T"

cLUj ~:)L:. ~j , ;;..\l.:...L!.1 ;;~I ;;~I ~.)..lJI ,,~ ~ a.r~~ JQ~":l'1 ~

..\.)41 1~

~~ Ji d.....:>~ ~I..r"" ~~

~~Iw:>",jlt~~t

Sensitivity to Overheating

~,;)!;;",il~ .12\.oill ~ .b~\ ~ a.r~1 4=..L;U~1 ~~\

;;..\)L~I ~L;:j ui

Uj..\

I~ d.J~1 <lLA ..\~

.~~j
< ' - II

I~L~
J.llL;j
'-tt-'.~.

..\l:aJ.\

,.b.:
l\
~

ui ~ ~.:ul ~)~I ~..ul ulS'

~
~

a.r.
:~. t \
~

~~
~

c.J:9 a.:...:ilLll
.

Extensive Holding ~ ~lftl ~~ 'if

~I;;
I
d..::....\
~ a.r.:~.tl.J
~.J..r""
. .J~.

. ..\.)l.;J1 ~ ~~J

' d.....:>~

- 289

JQLi.:o.":l'I;;.rr:
,,;,, J.t
y=

4:u l..r"" a1.o~ cLUj [)lc ~ cLU~J

Burning ~ ~~t

..\J~ ~~1 ~1-s..\j.: -S.:ul Ac] 4..>..u1 J~ D.)I~

4.)..\ ~1 ~;.

Cf!

It

jli!

. ~~ ~ "'i -s.:JI.J-A~I, .::;l~1

t

~.)...ul

".:u. ~ 4:t ~Li:u."'iIJ

Annealing C.>oML.~t ) ~..u:al n

~ D.)Ir'" ~.)..\ ~1 aJ~1 ~ ~~

~~ D..\L.:. ~ -s.:J1 LA..u..;-:Li

J..:JI Dy..i.l

Annealing Periood (.>oJ ~t ) ~..u:at;;~

. 0;!..ltJ1 D.)Ir'" 4..>..\ ~ t.,JI.,Jo

t

4 ~ ~I ;;y..i.ll

Open Annealing ~Jf71==tt ~..u:at

~ aa,oj l 4J ~w.o ~J~I0A

III

II'

~ t I~';.:!J' ~ D..\l:aA 0c:!...J:i ~~

.aJ~l~

Bright Annealing ~~t ~..u:at .'

. ..> ..u Lr't'4L)

~"'i aJ :,0,.1\ - t.........
IA ~Wl.b L
-- ...J:i ~,
.
.:;---- c~
~ I""'"' 0-:!

vA

( ;;-L...6::.~1

Annealing Temperature ~.u:at ;;j~~..)~

l.&-i:...J:i .~ ~1 I ~ ~I D.;I.r-J1 ~.)';l
t

Full Annealing jA~t ~..u:at

0~"I ~lLA .J...J..;-:Li ~ AC3 ~r-JI ;;.)I-r=oJ1 .::;4-.)..\ J~ ~ 0;!..L1J~.

1.1.:0,0:
~

a...Lll
.
_. ~

- 290

~. ~.:J~
IA
_
._. ~

JJ- ~I

Process Annealing ","L:!S'~jtl ~...u:al

~..>..l .~ ~ ~ ~I jt j.l4U ..>..,.LfJ1 ;;.l~l D)J-'>' ~..>.l ..L<&. ~ 0:!..J:j

. .,illj Uj..l D)pI

Intermediate Annealing ~~l ~..u:al

aJlk~ .,illjj , a4.!g..l ~ ~~ ~ ~ jt ~.P ~ aJ~1 0:!..J:j ~

. l'~~ L2....u....r.U ~, D""",,::,4-0 ACt ~~I ~..>..ul Uj..l D).J-> ~..>..l ..L<&. \~;.!;.
I

l'lji l.:I~

",j

D~

Isothermal Annealing 1.S..>!.J.:d I u~~ ~..u:al

<t:ll J~ D-FJ C';1~~

J~I ;;)~. ~..>.l ..L<&. aJ~4 Jo~ ~l

. ioS..> ~j
I

J..lA4;l ...u...>+Ll 1~ Ac I

0-" ...u...>+Ll\

Soft Annealing ~1~...UJ

ji 4J3~ G~tj Ac, D~~ ~~I ~..>..ul Uj..l D)J-'>' ~..>.l ~ ioS~
d.,jj..u a.~..>..l ~t ~1 a.J~~ J~yl ~~ ...u~1 .,illj ~ ,

.
I

4J..P" ~..>bJl

~!

J..ojt.lt ~

Stress Relieving ul~~:'-il ;U1)!

~j' ~~I ~..>..ul Uj..l D)j-> ~..>..l..L<&.~, ~I..l~~1 aJlj)' 0:!..L1:i ~

Uj..l CJ,I..l~)'1 aJlj! ~ l'~ ...u~ .,illj ~ , ~ u..,o650 ~ ..ll ; II

..>..u (j;~ ~L..JI ~)LWI ji ~4L-1I0-" d:

!1'

;<11 U""l~\

J:..L.Li ji )~)'I

U""~

Core Refining ll_tl~ ~l u~ ~ aLtlaA

~! '7.JiU AC3 ~~I ~..>..ul J""';:; D..>l.r-- a~..>..l 0-" aJj

,~! 4.U ...u....r.U ~

~I..:J~I a a.!g..l yl4J1 ~ ~ ~ Ar) ~.r-JI ~..>..u10j..l D..>Ij-> ~..>..l

" ~.F=JI
- 291

~~ ~ ~

ufiJ

Ac) 0A ~I jl AC3 ~yoJl

~j~ul

0A

Normalizing 4t ~L....atl

~ ~I ~).? ~jj~! ~JI

. ~Ij l' I~ ~ J:.r:J cLUj tf'-:

( -S...LJP~I J~ ~I
I

cLUj

JL..:i...A , oJil.1:L1l j d.L:4-:Ll1 wLifiJl

~j jl t:2

4..lL.. ~ )

Stabilizing...>~~l

~ ~-4 ~..J.2i ~c.

. (.)-"850 ~ ~w.:. c)~1 ~ -S.JJI Co:!Lu.....uj~1 ~ u.J~1

Patenting ~~ I It

~ ~ ~-J" 4 QJ"..,JI ~y.Jlj L!J~~I ~ 4.d..u.:3 ~ Jjl..G:!..H:Uw

~~I ...LJ~I ~ AC3 (~I J.>JI J~ ;;).? ~j...u a ;;2 ,,~I ~y.J1 ji <.!J~~I

cLUj

~ ~
~
j

,a....JI~1\

LJI

.. .Y'"':)..

I~
~

1.(.~lill
u=

w~

..

I. -.:~ ~b:L..o
~j
.

a...uJ1
....

1..-

~ ~ ~lj..ill....J1 :)jJ-A~' ~~.#I0A ~~ ul..~i ~ O~Oj~

l.J:::l ;;).? ~jj ~ ~I ~l jl (,.,.a~."J1 j:LA ) ~~ ~j f'b ~ ~"~~

~I cLUj ~ ..L9j , ( a..;ll~ ~L~ ) l'1j-411 ~ ...LJ~I jl ( (.)-"400 j u.u500

.J..i...:' j.)-+J-J ;;...l.>.lj ;;j --4 LL1.L.u.J I 0A

J...l..S' L.41.A ~ u1~ ;;.J

(I'

~ ;;)~

. jfi.:.Lt.1 f' k-J I

I

Homogenizing ~~l n

( AC3.b;.J1 J~ ~I ~ ) 4...U:i..>-1.I ;;)~I w4-jj ~ -S~~..L1J ~~

, ~.,.c.JA~..}a ~~ L2....LJ~ ~, a1:~;;..J. ~j...ul

c.:u. ...w:. 4..l~4

J;~~I ~

. ~I.JJ\ wlj~ ~~j ~ ~.Jji ~ cLUjj

Electric Resistance Patenting ~l:'~I4AJl4tl:'~~ I .1

. ULJ
.<:::.....l\ 4..A WLJ I .. :. ~I
- ..~j.~-

- 292

.. ~b..o ~~
~.-

Malleablizing ~g

b -Jf

~J~ ,j~ ;;)~ ~J~ ~ C-o:!~1 ~ ~,~jJl J:~ 0:!..iLi ~

qA Jo.:-"-"J ~ ~ ul ~-J'

~ ~i...L9J' ~"pi dJlj! ~j~

.L....

ACj ;;)~

. U.J:l"p 1 '~~">-pb LSI UJ~ J:b ~J

I

Hardening or Quench Hardening "jalft-t.tl:,".! ",ajtIJi ...L'lwa7Jf

~ ~..>-A J...J..>--iJ J~ ACI JI AC3 ~~JI ;;)y-:-JI ..:J4-_)~ c,\A J...J~I

. C-o:!l.........;J).A 0J~ aJ~1 ~).W.ij Jl ~~ I-A! ~lS' ;;~~ ~ J~I

I

Hardening Temperature

. J.!I.<'l;!l!...ilJ...J...,r.W

J.;g dJ~1
I

a.\_.j,t.Q,-JI3J~ ~J~

~! ~

c.,;LJ1 ;;).r-JI ~J~

Dip Hardening ~y

a.\

'lloQ,,-Jf

~Jf).4 'ai4~~~~ 1.4 ... b!C,~.:i ~aJ~~ ~

. ~jA;;JI?~J~~J~

~-J ' ;;.!;;

Hardenability

..u.wa:af" _..l.:'Li

!C,;!lJ ~~ ~I.r-JI dJ~W~ 4:i~~ ;;~l:jJ ~\ ~Lg

. ~I ~I Jl Ja..r411 ~I dl~

Oil Hardening ~I ~ ...Lf lwa7Jf

. .:....J-.J r b ~ J...J...>+<J~ ~ ~ ~

Oil Hardening and Tempering ~:JI ~ ~t>ilj .i:! lloQ"itl

. .:....J-.J ..:JI-Ab. ~ ..l:!J+J~ ~ ~\.rJ ~ ..:J~

- 293

Air Hardening fl,1.J.&t1 ~ ...L:.d ~e.tl

~l ;;j\.r'"" ":'14-j..l UA ~I.wl ~ ...u...>+L1~ ~ ~ '4l~

Air Hardening and Tempering fl,1.J.&t1 ~ ~_~Ja..jt!J ",' ,lloIlaoi.t1

.4
I

1.;J IJ ~I ;;)..P- ~4-j..l UA ~I.wl ~ ...u...>+L1~ ~ ~L:L~

(~l- ;;~l...\:dl- ~..ut )J:.~tl;;.)~u~.)~~

J fl~JI

Hardening from Hot Forming Temperature

(Rolling. Forging Drawing Temperatures) :

UJ..l ;;~~ ~I ;;j1~ ~G:-j..l UA tJ~1 ...u...r-:UJ~ ~ ~ ~...c.

. ACI

;;)J-""" ~j..l UJ..l ;;..>!.r'"" ~j..l ~1 ~I ...l..t.;1LA...u...;-;Li

Induction Hardening~lu!.>y:a~J.l~tl

, ~I ~LJ~I ~b~~ ~I ~~ ~ ~I

.l.!'

,,,,jll ~~

. aJ~ I ~ ~ J.LlLLl.1 ~I ~:..u.:L11 J i

I

Useful Hardening and Tempering Effect

~!.>11 J.!llQjtl~

~1 ~\~J LA~ ~J' l.:;-~ ;;~I ~, ~ UA ~\ )..LiA

~J ..lJ..L=ic.4 )...L.4A
I

Core

Hardening~l

J d,03

~1 y.L'ill ~I Djl.r'"" ~j..l UA LA...u...;-;LiJ ~~ ~ aJ~1 ~ ~~

. ~ Ac, ~~I ~.J...Ll1 Uj..l ~j..l

I

Surface Hardening ~l J I.lwa3

~j..l ~1 ~ ~\ D).r'"" CL:-j..l UA LA...u~J ~~ ..l.A..! aJ~1

4,a,j

. ~I ~ ACt ~.r-JI ~.;,...Ll10J..I

- 294

s Double Quenching~J-tiotI;a ';;t!t-Jl

WA ..l.:!~1 L>A ~ l.S.JJI JJ~'

'oll ,... ill

: c.J::'.,b~ ~fi.l.1 ;U~l ~

~.,:jJ1 ;;)-P ~J..l WA J..J~4 ~l..lll "ol' '''''IIJ' yl.41J \ oll.... ill ;;J\P ~J..l

.~

s Through Hardening J&LLa1 '"" J IlQ jtl

~1 aJ~1 ~Jt ~t L>A Jt y14Il ~1 ~I L>A

al.l. i

r=u ~ ~
. ?':II ~J

s Useful Hardenability;;~l '""Jl.cjtl:aJ~Li

. l.4.,.b ,,' ~ L>A ~l.AA ~ ~

s Useful

J.-J

Hardness

~ ~I ~[:g

;;~I;;J~IJ,4.c

~ ~~l J-U: Jt aJ~' Jt ~l ~ ~ ;;~I ~l Ji1..ij JI.4A

. ~ I ~joAD I~ ~ l.S.JJI .ll.ALJ I l.Sjl.us.A

s Blank

Hardening Test ~!.>l~l ~ ~lj~l

;;~.A~' WA aJ~

yf9 ~ ~'..l~,!ij d..AJ l.4.. j:!..L..4.:LJ l.S~ JL;u.>\

..lbLll ~J' ~4 0-'A ~ l.S.JJ1 ~I~:. J~'J' l.Sr'!'-J..J' ~4 l;-,.. b,,,

. J~ 'Jl IoU ~ 4j~1 ~ U""1;9t ('1~1l.S~

s Extensive Hardenability.b~l ~IAJ~Li

. ~l ~ ~

',iol;;",l .J.A.! .bl~p'

- 295

'oll. ...i!l ~;~I ~[:g

Hardening Intensity

4-:11 ~~~I

w~ ~jl .'2\'oill ~ ~

~I~..ut

3.)~ ~~I...L>JI

. ~~ F1 jl (,blJl
I

Susceptibility to Quench Craking".! a",-Jl:' ~14 _~l:'Li

3~~ ~I ~ ji ~I 3Jj':l ,;lji ~ ~ t~ .14tJo:; 4J~1 ~113

. ~1J.;g

Through Hardening Plus Ternpering~I..>1IJJilLill ""' ,L'Q,-JI

. .. t~-; I .. ~. ~J\
c:::-:--' ~.

Water Hardening and

~ ~

Tempering~u.t~('_~~b:jtljloi.~f,Q-JI

)1-t..., .. I\ a..l.i.l..U..o ~.,

'<
c--- (jA
~

~UI. ~..u
I.r"

.. ~tl.J

~~

~. ~

... t~-;

c:=-:---'j

~ ~
~

Hardening Plus Tempering ( ~1..>11 ) Ji .. ' ~JI

, ~I wl.)~"1 ~ a....jL"iA ~ d.~ d.:Jl:L.o ~i ~ J~ d.L~

d......i:iJ-A 3)p ~'.1.) ~ ~ ~ ~ IS.:.JI ~~ ,LlJ:~j

Austempering ~~Ji~1.J.4

~ jl IS~ rk.. ~ dJ~j , ~L.l1 ;;)J->" ~J.) 0-A 4J~ ..u~

Lj)U1 cill:i J.,....w ~j' ~'1.H-~ ~

f"~lbs-J.-~I\
~ f""'=

Jj

,0

~ ~~I

Uj.)

d..:-4c.

;;)~ 4.1.) ~

- d.=.....uI.:l.:.u....w:.4J:~Il.JJoL...ib.'11
~UlJ.=:ill
.J
~ .
f"~ ~.1
j

. lSJL:-i.>.1

J...LL4 lS~ yoJl ;;)p

- 296

~.1...u ..u...>-;UJI ~

Martempering ~~..)Ut ~

~ JoLW~'1lj~ 0..!---.L..A j! [..L r b ~ ~.J~ <tJ~ ~ ~

J~ 3-~1 ;;)~ ~j...u ...w~1 d.l~ ~ ~ , lS)~1 ~~ fi;;~
lSj~\

l Tempering~t.>lIJi ~ ~~Jt
')jL..:J1 (.;7k JJ< .';.;11 j! ~I.r-JI a..1AlJ.1~ ~II ~ ~ ~ ~

~I 0j,~ ;;)~ ~j.)j ~I ;;)~ ~j.) 0::-:' ~ ;;)~ ~j...u dJ~j , rl=.1.l1 j!
..u~1 f~ ~,~;;~ ~j...ul

o.:u ~ aJY'-.:.J~

Jo~'11 ~,

ACj

[~I

.~L.;..,J~

. ~
"I~';I\;;~'P
I
d...:l..)
.j

l Tempering

Tempering Period (t _~~JI j)~

<lJ)G. <tJ~
. 'iJ.L
. ~_

,~II
lS.:.ul(.)AJ-'

Jot.:r-'

Temperatures(t_~~JIj)..)~u~..)~

. ~I "lti! ~ ~~ <tJ~~ ~ ~I ;;)y>J1 U~j.)

l

Temper Brittleness (t.:! .lb:i.tl ~ 4. "JuL:J1 Al~I.

~ J!' ~~ ;;)~ U~j.) Jl.hj ~ ~I

u-e ~L;jl

d..jl:J1 ~ u:o~'11

. ~I ~ ~ ;;)-~ U~j.) Jl.hj J-!L ,,~ ..u...>+J1

l~WIj)..)~I~..),~~~~I,.

~~it,.

Shorttirne Tempering at Elevated Temperature:

. ;;.)l:;~1 ~I ;;)'P ~j.) J~ ;;)'P ~j.) ~ ~ d.....!.YA ~ ~

- 297

, Boiling ~tl
c..JjJl Ji ~I ~UI ~1.Ak> ~ ~~ ;;.)1 ~4-.).) ~ ~ ~

a..:..kc
.~WI

,Case Hardening.....A..I.itl
. ~ Ji ~ll ;;.)->=U Ji

d..it.fi J>L;.. ()A F..JJ ~ a.~

, Carburizing ~~tl

J~

;;..;1 '4-.).) ~

aJ~4

~ f'~ Ji , l>J~ j~

.kLu.:..'14 ~J'

Ji.o l>J~

uJ-:I~4 ~I ~1~1 d.;~

~J ~ d.l~J Ac} , AC3 '4-r"'J\ .)J~I

. l>J~ U~ Ji , J~ Ji , l>J~

, Cyaniding ;).J i
Ji J.J-9 <l;l Jo~'i4 d.l~J ' ~.~IJ u~..PJ1

()A

",tl.

~ ~I ~1~1 ~~

.)y..LAJ l>J'p-A..b..u.J ~ ACI '4-~1 ;;)~, ~4-.).) ~'J.) lj~i

, Depth of Case ~~I ~~

~.)..L;t J.b.ll ~\ ~ ~

aJ'i.ill ~I .,.:\,,.,;ll ~ ~i f'...Go:.~

.
, Decarburization ~14tt;!

. l+... b". ()A ~WI {~J'

aJ~1 ~

;;.)~

UJ-:I#' ~ ~ a.~

, Depth of Decarburized Zone u~~1 ~ J!j11 ~tl

. ~b,,,ll a..4h.i.l1

u-o

.9~
,
.
Ji GS' u~..F=J1
- 298

ellA

Jlj.ll ~I J~t

Nitriding 3.3~f

.&y ;~ OJ\:.) ~ ( ~..u-=u ~ ~ .;i ) j~ ~j ~ ~

.~I~~~'

: Dry Nitriding~~f3.3~f
. ~~~L.;. ~ djli. ~ ;;j.;:w
I

Salt Bath Nitriding r.~~f uLo~ 3.3~f

. ~~L.;. ~I o~1 L)\..A~1

I

()-4

~Lok. ~ OJ.;:w

Depth of Carburizing 4:u~1 ~

J>b L~I~ ~ 0J-l~1 ~ ~ j\jy L>:JI aJ~1 ~

()-4 ~I

.
I

';J~I
I

()-4

aJ~1

Flame Hardening ~l.:' "'" d lAitt

~ ~1..G:J.u,L.;. ~ ~I ~I Ji ~\ ~ ~ ~

Age or Precipitation Hardening ~>Jl:'Ji J..!fafll:' ""'fIlAitf

;;~1I J.:jW\ ~\.).At Jb.3 ~ ;;)~I ~.)j L~ ~ ~ ~I? aLl....A

C'.:L1.1 ~
"_,,11 M

.)~

J .

~l

J'.I_11
~

4.j.C'-.1! a.........M1 r.J.r

-,,~

L>A a....a.A..u.:LJI..1.Ll
..,.........

~.

~4-.).)1 ~ ~ -uJ' ;;j~1 ~ ~ tL2:i) <li.c.

a.A..Ul5:..J.1
_.
-

I :.. '1 ~l....u:;

~.:r--'

'-" ;;.1
_ ~ill

~w
~.

i ,~,i.!J' oj-iJ1 ;;)r"" ~.)j ~

~I

~
_.

~'J-'1\ ;;') 1-1\

~

: SolidSolution Heating

,,,,,bi.11 jl

..1A~1 J~ ~f

. ~y.ll ~ljfil.1 LA..LL.::. '-;-lJ.:Li ~I ~:.;I~I ~.)j ~1 ~ ~

*
*

rrl

..

"",,~Wt uWt

~lltJt ~~J ~~t

~J~J

~t~~ ( ~~~t) ~~/ott

~Ij ~y..)':=""11 ~I: ~J ~.)) ~I~~ ~I ~ ~

. Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel

~~I

~ I.S-'~ J:J..:>. JAJ : ~I ! ~J ~~.)) 4;:J:~1 -.ill~1 ~

I.S~J: ~jJl J:J..:>.J. 0~~ %2 ~')1

J.....::W

~ ~J...GJ 0y~l0-A ~

. %4,3 ~ %2,5 lJ::! 0y'p ~ ~

1~~~I~I-\'JI
.)~~ ~~-J' ( J:~I ..>...:!:-l~) 0y..)':=""IIJ J:..l.>JIlJ::! ~ ~ bJ~ ~J

. ~I""":' ..LLiJ ~ I~J~ jJ~ '; ~.)~J ~~ ~I.)lo ~~ l.Sy...i ~~

: 0~#1 ~

y....=o- ~

,)1 ~y.#1 yldl

. 0y'p %0,6 ,)1

~-J

~ w~ ~ (a)

. 0y.P % I ,2 ,)1 %0,6 l>A b...l11

~ ~W~I u.ol.P-J1 ~i 0~J: (303 - I ) ~j

~ (b)

302 - 1 ) JJ~

. d..i..J.tl bJ~1 ~ ~~PI ~I tl~i

- 301

(302 - 1 ) JJ~

,-;.~tt
..:::....ttulwatttt~oj
~
fit t~~tu~~~ .!LL...:at;)
~ ~.J.J~ .
0

0l&J
0

~~,...

~I~"JI~"J~

l.Jt:a.~1

HB~J:l Rm~l~

HVJA!iJi

2f'A1;)j~

. 4:l..ut~iJ~~JI!1~i1 15090 1550280=

~
~jJ.#1

0,05>

~jA...lJ ..,l..:J1

tJ.i

DIN

Stoo

.2;;J~I~jJ-~I~~-~~..,...L-

150-100

360~

0,1=

RSt 37-2

.W1I~I.."wJ:lI:8-~~~~..,...L-

160120

430~

0,12 =

QSt44,6

165140

600-500

0,35

St50

510~

0,35

ZSt S2 - 3

J~)'I~~~~t

\ Jl,a

jlt ~u~

.as~I~;;~;'

. 3 ;;J.H"~j~~~..,...L-1 170-145 I
.~~~J.:lI:8~~..,...L-1

160

450

0,15

CIS

~Jw - ~J.u~ - a..~I~L~.i.4,lh~,.",u..1

160

450

0,15

WStl8: 315

690~

0,35

C35V70

700~

0,45

CK45N

.1~j~;;~..,...L-

800~

1,10

CHOW1

. ~~)'t4,.J~l'~~ .:,..u..1 240-165

850600

0,45

St60

. ~jL>aU
~1j~J:l1:81200.180
,COtt i .ra , ub:al ....I...l.I.-:i I '1:8
jr--IJ .:u.
~ ~ c::-:-- IJ.
v-:

...........tl

300

~1-:a1;;~ltt~~1

0,09C

- .;iLAj:iJ~1 ~..,...L- - .:u..,HS % 0,28 4

9SMIIl28K

. ~~~~~- ~j41I~~J.:l1:8
J.:lu- J~~~~jA'4-~j>5%l~

I 42CrM04V90

880~

0,42

2750

0,65

65Si7k280

1,05

105MnCr5

.~tJ~
~ ~ ...u...a..:,~ % 1,75 ~ ~t.Jj..,...L.Jjl.;Jl~

~~- ~~~~j>5J~%l~
.~L:.SlI~~IJ..w

'~P".t-A 0~ ..:..~Iy.\ J1l"'"'wl .~.....".....~ ..,.k ~l,. Jt .~.? ~ ~t..,..l.c .;.1 4,;.:..~ 0A J..J,! 0 1~'" Stoo
.0?J~

- 302

'.

~40 -
a:
~~'6oo
~- 2
~
1

.~

\!\'

UJ
UJ

I ."A
n.1

I UJ
Z
0

a:
2001~

30

...J
...J
UJ

~ ~lOog201

~~

a:

co

UI

'100

i:il
~20

~ 0

FE~

::::;:ay

SCRws

SCREW
DRIVE
RAIL.5
WIRE
ROPES

Tlrv-.'Pl.l.ATE
LEVm,
STRuCt

STEELS

CHAIN
STAMPINGS
RIVETS
WIRE
NAILS

AXLES
GEARS
SHAFTS
TYRES

DRILLS
TAPS
DIES

SHEAR
KNIVES
BLADES
BROACHE!:l
COLD
REAMERS
CHISELS
SOME HANO TOOLS

(303 - 1 ) ~~

~~Ilj4t.,.;J!J ~I ~ 1J.j-l~1 ~ ~ ~~I

441i;.J.t tt..~~t ul.A'~1 ~.J

- 303

'::>AWS
ofAZoR~

l~~~l~ltl~\~~

~, ~\ tl~i ~~ 4;~

,:u....p ~ ~Jj~1 Jj..J1 ~ i~

. u-'l~1 ;;~I u\:':l.,J1 ~.illj l>'=- ~.iJI ~

DfN 17006 ~~I ~U~tl cl,~\.,J.1 ~I ~6ji

( OJp ) <G)~ ~ jOl,?i ;Q)Ci u-t.t..asJl

c-:'""=

~Ui ~

~ ~ , ( Deutsche Indusrrie Norm)

, ~~\ iY"'1y.Jlj ~~I ,-:~.;J~ ~GJ\j , e:L:W~\ 4.4.,~ ~ Jj~1 jO~1

. ( 304 - I ) Jj~ , ~I~I ~l.ulj ~Ij ~ ~ .;:JGJI Lei

Jj~

( 304 - 1 )

I ..

'tl

_ . .f,Q,J

~ I~ ~~ 1000.4.4

j.:.Aj3
[

4.: .J.:..l>J I

I.,J.I

f
uLJlu

u4JWI

W~I V"'1y.J1 .=,~""

t.T'k.S:J1
- - ~":q
. 'j-'-' j

-t
ULJlu
l:L:,':ll1
e: <

4.4., , I_

. r->

~ W dJlJ ~J ~J.)-=:' e:L::U~1 4..."i.J...rbJ jO~1 \~ ~ j-4.>:!: J,j~tl ~~Jl

. ( 305 - I ) Jj~

- 304

( 305 - I )

J.,~

~I~

~I~I

.~~~~~*~= E

'~~JI..4A = A
. A.l.:JiL...J1 <;~I~~ ~ ~
.

= P

~J41I~~~\.j =

.~~l.l-*~=

. ",.jl.l~I..,...,.aJ~ ~l.l-* ~ = LE

.,:".I.411~(J~)~~= R

.:".JJLA~i.J~~~ = M
.~I-,,:,~ =

,,":,,-,,,ut~~~J..L:i~~ =RR
~~ ~G....Ll ~\.j

= S

. ~J41I~~

= T

. '~'r--J I~>/!~ ~l.a.A

.

Ti

= TM

~I.wt ~~ ~l.a.A ~ = W

. ",i':!-"'J,,!G..~I~~~~ = Y

.~t~~~~= U
. ~~WI <;J'r-JI u~J~ J.a.41 ~JI..4A

= W

.~~\.j = Z

, Drop-forg a.wWI ;;~I..L>J~ ~ .Y.~ (St) ~ PSt37-3 jA-.rl\ :

.
Ji

2fA/wJ~ 370

= Rm

Jl:..A

~ ~I ~ d..AJL.iA ~i w~ ~ ~J

J..1;JJ~1 ~) ~~I ~I~ ..~111~ ~jA.J':!: ~Wt ~~l

~IJQJ';"'l1 ~.;;JI

.ill:D., , (

t~\ ..L>

~t tly~ ~ ~I ~ ~Jo:l jA.) .. l..b~~ <;~~ wU<..a1 ~ ~..J

ui ~!)lj

~~I I~ ~J' d.:J1~1 wL:-JW.~ ;;~L..c. ~L...:i ";tJ ' ~~JI ~

~u ~

~I ~ UJ-l..F=J1 ~ ;;~L:j.~ ~\~jJ

r bU l ~~J

' ( 303 - [ ) ~ Deformability ~I d.-:l:'~J Toughness d",jl:a\

,,,.:=,It ...w:J1 ~ LJ~

. Weldability

- 305

, St44,3 , St44,2 , St37,3 , St37,2 w~1 ~ tl~1 JL..:i..t1 ~ ~j

~! ~~~ ['blJlj ';~~I u-"~~ ['blJ ~ l.&1S'St50,3 , St50,2

9,81 ~ <-:J~ 1~1 ~J-:l Strength

:=

Rm ~I ~ ~jl..4A ..,.J1 St j..-4j:!

oj;'/'

::: 9,81

44 Rm

:::

1l~I~d..oj~~(~

....L.:.JJ ~I 4~ d..oj~ ~ ,,~ St44,2 j...A.;.11 : J\.i..o

....L.:.JJ ~I ~ J~ ..;.)! ~~ 2fA/uJ~ 430..,.Jl <-:J~

2fA/uJ~ 431,6

. 2~.J ;;.)~I LS~ tj..LJI I~

Re

= Yield Point

t~1 ~

ul ~ ~~I ~I w'U.u.A w~L.:.. ~j

. E ~j-='- CO "P~ ~ l.:..u , ~L;.. ~I LS:1

~ ~ LS.:..u1 ~\~ ~ ~?-'II~;-.:iJJ

. ~).r-JI ~WI ~L:g

I.:u.

";~I ",~I ~j..AH

ul ~_,

Ji..4 \Y"1y.J1 ~ ;;~J-ll LSP ~I ~LaJlj

ufi.:!

u-,:,.P11

~~~, ~I .. ~-9i

\.:u, ufi...-J' J~ wl~ LSr'-1 ~~ a~1 ~ LS~I ~ ";J-:l.F=>-l1 ~I LS!

Britlle

a.;~

t. :~"'II

'0

;;II.)j ,,,SII <G..:-4L:9['..Lc. j:L.A

blJ U:'1.L:9j ,Deep Drawing

~j['

~.

['I~)U ~l..c.

- -II

\Y"lp

~LJo~~-J
I.~ ,~"'II 1.::.

LS~ (.~I

.Tracture

~ ~-J' Quality Steel ~ t~ ~I \.:u, ~ . j-l.,j..i.lI1:L:U~ ~l.Aji~1

j.A.r' I ~ ..l-.i7 C u-':'.F=>-ll .).r:-j ~ ~

J ~ St L.>-A -~ ~

C j.A.r' I d.J ~II ".:u,

%0,45::: 100
45 <lJ4..J,I-q~~
1L:9.......L.aC45JWI ~
I.....
.;;...,I.r"""'.
U:'.

jl q jl k jl f ~~ Ij......) ~ , ~ ~ \Y"lp ~

1
~

ud l ..woo) 1~13 u-,:,P

. ( 307 - 1 )

- 306

IA4,100

J3~1 ~

'l.4S'm

VJ

-..J
I

.~

- ~I : ~

<l...LA

c.ill~ 0-Jp ~I ~ 4H.~.I! ~WI ~LWI GI

. lAl~J' rJ:'.Il.i..1l1 - r~lj2jl\ - ~#I - ~l - rj)-SJI - MJ~y.1

'7'~! ~ Ji , ~

~t..!.UL..u
J.~ VA ~~~t
.

ua1p J-:~ ".)"p.:.J.1 ~I..WI u~l0-A L.P..r-iJ1

~.).1 ~ ~ J~I ~ is.J.J\ ~I ~J-A~

Ji,

"J.:J.~ ua1p ,-;..L::J\

: ~ ~ ~ , Transformation J~I ".)~ ~

. a.:,J..illl is J.A J \ a.:,..i>-I.I

..,b.

~~

Ji , ~I ;;)..r""

~ I ua 1y.J I ~ (a)

. ;;)~I ~ d.AJ l.4AJ j:Sl:JIJ ~llli d.AJ l.4A ual~ ~ (b)

.t'.:J1
'-"

~L..cJ-l~~I

l.:~~l\ ~ l,.)-'-"
I~._) J~I
w'lT
~

~.

I~.
L.~I\
c---'

..,.....

I' ~
(c)
ua.P"
~

. { Ct.J~1 0-A 4~ ~ ~ is~

. is)~\ .I..I4:tJIJ ~~I ~ d 2 2! b l l ual.PJ1 ~ (d)

~L;..~.vJ;. d..A~~ 4..,-JI~1 <G)tAlL.. ~J ~I ~J-A ~ (e)

~I
tl as~1 ~.J_
Us.tl-'Jb

~.
: ~~j~l~..J

~ ~ .I~I ~ dl~~..J ' "...I

~\ ~L".JI ~ J.:J...>JI ~ YJ.:Li 0\- 1

. ( 302 .. 1 ) ~ ' ua1y.J1

. Cr C ~ Fe)C ~~I ~~ wl..l.::'.P 0-J.fij - 2

. Fe) W 2 J\ (Fe Cr)

~ ~ ~~.J.La w~J-A 0-J.fij - 3

: ~ ' ~~I w'l..w,1 ~ .J-:?illli - 4

. (309 _. 2) , ( 309 .. I )

Ac J.:W ~ (a)

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. ( 310 .. 1 ) JJ~ ~I , ~Lu....uJ~\

- 308

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- 310

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. i-UdJ ('Jl.4A ( i}
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= AISI)

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t:..L...ui ~ ~LWI "~j , %5

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. ..IlWI ~yfll ~I u~ ..illj ~ ~~ , u>!~1 ~.).c. xx wl....~1 J...G

- 321

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4lxx

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43xx

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44xx

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46xx

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48xx

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5lxx

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61xx

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81xx

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86xx

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* ASTM

A 440

A 242

A 441

Mn, Cu, Si

A 572

Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni

42-50

Mn, V, Cu. Si

A 588

42-50 (290-345)

[1.,Ji . w~ t~t

40-50 (275-345)

Mn, Nb, V, N

10

(290-34~)

(I~i. w~ T~t

42-50 (290-450)

Mn, Nb, Cu, Cr, Si, Ti

A 606

[1.,Ji - w~ t~i

42-50 (290-345)

-_.

[1.,Ji - w~ t~i

Mn

A 618

42-50 (240-345)

A 633

a.b~i - [1.,Ji

Mn, Nb, V, Si

A 656

A 607

Mn, V, Cr, N, Cu

6
(345)

Mn, V, AI, N, Ti

A 715

Mn, Nb, V, Ni, Cu

50

46-60 (320-410)
(550)

45-70 (290-485)

wld..b:9

.w~~wr
w4-.)~ ~ w~

80

50-80 (345-550)

Mn, V, Cr, Nb, N

a.b~i - [1.,Ji

. [1.,Ji - t~i

u~tJ~1

4i)..r--

. d'..!o'i w~

d ';""';~a

. w~-rJJ [1.,Ji
a.b~t - [1.,Ji

American Society for Testing Material = ASTM

('r,

01

t:rl

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~I~i ~ ~I ,,~~ u i

l':' _)~, ( ~~Ij ~j~1

) uL:.~ <\..LA l.jjJji

tl~~1 ~ i~ f'jWI 'p~1 ,,:-Jdl tl~i ~i ~ ~ ~ l.;Aj' ~~..)I

: ;LJl:;j1

. Austenitic Stainless Steel ~ji i..Ld..l f' jl..4A ~ - 1

. Ferritic Stainless Steel ~~ i..Ld..l f'jl..4A ~ - 2
. ~~!j ~ji ~jjj.o i..Ld..l f' jl..4A ~ - 3

Duplex ( Austenitic - Ferritic ) Stainless Steel .

. Martensitic Stainless Steel ~JLc i..Ld..l f'jl..4A ~ - 4

. J:=i.LJ t,

~I.! \, a; It

J:. ~

i..Ld..l f'j l..4A ~ - 5

Pricipitation - Hardening Stainless Steel.

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~I 4..16. ~ <t..AjWI ,,~~ ~ J~ <Gi ~j' l.~j~\ tyJl..,JolLi i..uaJ1

~l...:L..A ~ j~ <Gi ~1 Rm ~I ~ <U.4j LU ~ cilljSj , ~L:. wljL~H

" ~I d.!;.!;-......,j~1 tl~~1 l.;A ~i Toughness

) g 'oj

II ;uL... l.;A ~jjjJ.1 d<.! ! ,,,t! ,,~ ...u...r-:W ....l1.:. ~ i.S..r-=--i ~l.j l.;Aj

J~ u~

: Fusion Welding ~J~ 4l--"W ....l1.:. JWI .J4' W, 4L:. a..c:.)-'-L':'

J:. c.:L;:u...,j~1

~~! cill~ ~

~1 JyUlJ ~1.S.l1 c:9"l1 cIJ L~ ~

0 Ferrire ut, c.:1~ L~

ui ~j'

o)y>- ~Jj ~ clJG..).c.

...u~1

JJ.LA ~ ~I

. ~...J I .;-:i:- w L:.1.b.4J I r W ~ ~ I~ l:;jj % 100

- 324

Vl

g~

' ,f

S:-'[
J;.

c.'

'--'

VI

tv

----w

~
~,
t.C

,f
.L't

f'

l:

tl

-f

,<[-,~
J;.

n
t
J

f~

'~i
f)

~:

'"E

.~'~

...Q

t'

II

\~

i
rr
~

h
H
h
"[

II

tv

o
o
o

o
o

VI

In

f't~".l{tJ~

;;...)~t w4...)~ ~
'

"'\

~ i"~
Q

L~ ~~I

wuL;....,.,JI

w"i\

.;;..,ljllt w~~1

- ~!r-Jt ~W~ I~ "i - L~ ~~I

:l.....s....4.:i..;tt

J.:!lA

.J~ "it ~~

\~1.ojlt

A.....t~t wt~~1

JAt...-..A

- JAWt ;;..,ljlll ~~

.wlA~~w~1 ;;~I- w~1

1'~1 - '~tJ.>

I'~I- ~!>--?Jl w~~l- w~1

.wlA~t

J~l
...I.>~

~~

~bll

l'-4 o-JJ:!J

r .

~~I

~I

l'-4 o-JJ:!J

r .

~l
2

~t

~~t~>al ~jS~...)

y.\.watl

430

Ujj%

17 Cr, 0,012 C

ASTM

w~

- .
517

(Fe~Wt)

345

446

i~ f'JW .;u~y.L-

25

25 o, 0,20 C

410

w~

12,5 Cr, 0,15 C

440A

552

17 Cr, 0,70 C

440C

345

- -Lo~
~...)
.

~+w~

f'J W

724

Fo~

17 Cr, 1,1 C

20

i~

~+w~

414

1828

~+.J~

517
20

1690

759

Fo~

276

276

1966

30

13

1897

Fo~

~W.I

~~l~.;al

~.JS~j

b'L3
~~

.J>~

r'1~'.iIJ~JI~r'Jl:llI~It.I~I~4_~_U~I~I#1 (326 - 1 ) Jj~

J~'

yL.aJ1

17Cr,7Ni

304

301

ASTM

0~

19 Cr, 10 Ni

(Fe~L:J')

Ujj%

r.
OJ.Hol

~~,
~

~t

r.
OJ.Hol

~,

~I

759

0~

p"~'".i'J~

276

580

-.- i~
~J.

60

290

304L

P'J W

. ~jL:1t ~ ~4 ~ - ww...al

55

19 Cr, 10 Ni, 0,03 C

i~

. w~~'-' 4.W~1 ~ WI..ls.A

0~

~1.9

559
i"l.>..U

269
I~1

55

0.j-1..p101.S

ul..ls.A

[0.03Cb(Nb J

16 Cr, 4Ni, 4 Cu,

(Nb) =10 x Cmin

18 Cr, 10 Ni, Cb

5 X %C min

321

1311

I ~4

17-4PH

347

18 Cr, 10 Ni, Ti =

1207

0~

0~

655

621

276

241

45

45

....I.s.:' ~I ut..u.A - ...b..i..4JI ~-,1

I.;.,';;,',

~WI

. i"l.>..U

~W.I

~ u~~' ~ ~~I ~1.".tt wl:llj..>

. i"l.>..U

14

L I

i~ P'JwJJ.-J-c,s-Jy ,.)JIo;U J.:'ll~

uGJI..WI - J'L-ll j)~1 - wLAlS:Jt - L.>"~I

. w~...>=JI ~~1-

("J

..:..~ HSeries
. P Series

S Series

4U.~

~
r'~lV

v~

<

~&l
,G' ->~\

~' ~: L\

J: li"

~~~

TSenes

':':"IJ-/ M Se~es

o Series
WSeries..:,:.v../
D Series

~A~

00

C'l

r')

(UNS) ~..wI~tl~i~l!
AISI
identification

UNS
number

Tool
steel type

;',i,01

AISI
identification

LJNS
number

M series a...:.~
.)J4JIJ&.~~
.U1~~
1'11301
Cold-work steels MI*
Water hardening

1'11302
M2*
1'72301

WI
Tll313
M3/1
1'72302

W2
1'11323
M312
1'72305

W5
1'11304
M4
CL.!..J.l1 ~ ~4 .J.bA
1'11306
M6
Oil hardening

1'11307
M7*
1'31501

01*
1'11310
MIO
1'31502

02
1'11333
M33
1'31506

06*
1'11334
M34
1'31507

07
1'11336
M36
.,~ ,.J.J~ .J.bA ~
1'11341
M41
Air hardening

1'11342
M42*
1'30102

A2*
1'11346
M46
1'30104

A4
K88165
M50
1'30106

A6*
Tscries a...:.~
1'30107

A7
1'12001
1'1
1'30108

A8
1'12004
1'4
1'30109

A9
1'12005
1'5
1'30110

AIO
1'12006
1'6
tJftJIJ 0-,,:,#4 ~
1'12008
1'8
High-carbon, high-chromium
1'12015
1'15
1'30402
D2*
~Jfitlyf
1'30403
D3
Chromium type
1'30404
D4
1'20810
HIO
1'30405
D5
1'20811
HII
1'30407
D7
1'20812
1'4190 I uL...u.JIJ JJ.bll1'Jl..4. Ht2
SI
1'20813
1'41902 Shock resisting H13*
S2*
1'20814
HI4
1'41904
S4
1'20819
HI9
1'41905
S5
~J
jj
,,!~-,i
t1yf
1'41906
S6
Tungsten type
1'41907
S7*
1'20821
H21
1'20822
H22
1'51606
P6*
c:.~I~
1'20823
H23
Mold steels
1'51620
P20*
1'20824
H24
1'51621
P21
1'20826
1'61202 0""~~ H26
L2
1'61206 Special purpose
L6
d.,~~JAtlyf
Molyhdenum typ
1'20842
H42

Tool
steel type

4~c:.~~~
High-speed steels

LP-L.JI J.<. ~ ~
Hot-work steels

. 3~jll ~..iJ1 4..0~. = Unified Numbering System = UNS

- 329

~.1.atI~

tt~~lj~.J
W5 , W2 , WI
07,06,02, 01
All ,AIO,A9,A8,A7,A6, M,A2
07 , 05 , 04, D3 ,02

..:ujJl~~u~

..

j:.1,W1~..w..#u~

i"~IJ 0-'"'~4 ~

t1yI

H39, H2O

~J..t:1.}A

t1yi

HS9, H40

, M3-2 , M3-1 , M2 . M I ~~.}A

J~t

~-.>~4t1 ~

~~

J~I
~L..jl~

t1yl

, M36 . M34 , M33 . M 10, M7 . M6 . M4

M50. M46. M42, M41

~-.lj

~~

~!t~~

H19, HI(] }

d!ii, '7'lj

TIS, T6, TS, T4, TI

W}
0

.UI ' " ","G.u..."

57.56.55,54,52,51

~J.>S" t1yI

~j~.JJu~WI~-!~

t'yi

:}

~~I.c>",

~
~I.c

P6w~..ul~

u~!Jy!t~

L6, L2~'~~

~l>,"';~i

P21, P20,

- 330

( SAE , AISh..4..!; f,Q; ) ~~I ~ t.'~l ~l ~>i (33 I - I ) JJ~

\4jj % ~I.:!._=tl~>at.>-~
Si

Mn

2,0

0,8

-0,60
1,40
0,50

Co

Mo

Cr

0,20
0,5

0,25
0,50

1,0
2,5
-0,50
1,75

-0
3,0
-

5,0
-

-5,0
12,0

0,4
0,5
0,25

..)A..)

Ni

-1,00 -0,90
1,50 1,60
-2,0 -0,70
-1,00
1,0
2,25
3,0
5,25
-1,0
12,0
1,0
2,35
-0,35
-0,4 -5,00
-1,5
-1,5
0,55
1,0 7,00
7,0
5,0
-0,25
-2,0
-9,0
0,50
12,0
18,0
-0,55
4,0
-1,5 -1,0
-5,0
0,65
2,0
6,0
8,0
-0,7
4,0
-12,0 -1,0
1,5
18,0 5,0
-0,8
-1,0 -3,0
-1,5
-3,5
1,50
4,0
4,0
6,5
8,75
-0,35 -0,5
1,5
0,20 -0,75
-0,25
1,0
1,00
1,50
0,40
-1,0
0,75
-1,25
1,3
3,5
-
-0,07
-0,6 -0,50
-0,20
0,30
1,25
5,0
0,25
0,55
0,8
2,5
1,0
0,1
0,45
-1,8 -0,25 -0,35 -0,2
0,10 -1,0
-0,20
0,55
1,0
1,5 4,25 1,50
3,25
I, I -0,35 0,55
-0,85 -4,0 4,25
-0,45
040
10
5.0
1.50

- 331

~~
~tUi

W7-Wl
-

55-5 I

07-01
A7-A2
D7-Dl
-

H16-Hll
H26-H20
H43-H41
TI5-TI
M36-Ml
L7-LI
F3-Fl
P20-PI
PPT+
6G
6F7-6Fl
6HI
6H2

Ultrahigh Strength Steels~t ~AA.J~t~la~:atttt~1

Ji ~J-IJ-~..II ~I tl~i ~ JrW3 j! ~Ip ~ 3...LJ~ tl~~1

~ ~jLi

".:u. ..L.Li

'1 ~l:g wlj~! d..AJLiA ~ J~I ...LJ...)i Ij! ' u.fij J:>L..JI (p~1

rJWI ~I tl~i ~ ~ j..;.....G 4-AJL4l1

a....4jl..:g

tly~1 "~J" ~L...JI tly~1

~~ ~ ~ ~..>-=J\ ~ LLc. ~ ~~I ~\J 3~\ ~J i~

. <.L4 L.:LJ I
tl~~llrA 4340,4140 AISI ~;j~1 ~1l>A ~fij wJL..J\ tly~1 ..:....:iJ

t1.
~
(.:r'.J-A.H

, ( 333 - I J J J>..

) ~.
: ''',.~11.J ~..LJ..Ai
J..LJ..~
<""11 ~
I
I a.....,J
..
A_

LitI ~l:g

jl"...J.l ~~I ~yl Y>J (American Society of Matals) AMS j.-o.>: t\:~~1

".:u.

. 300M, D6AC , 6434AMS jj-'lY~ ~j3 ~ ;a 42,ib II w~..L...U.l1 ~~ J..J..:

01~i ~~

I 8 ,a

'.'J' wL~J..r-6 ~ ~ ~ji a.....oWI tly~\,,~

. 43j~ ~ l>AJ ' 43J\..4j 0L~ ( VAR ~~\ ~ ~1.J..J-8S" (.)-";g

JS'

) aLyiA

~ ~~ t LiJ.)'1\ ~l:g w1j~.~ ~Jl.4A JyiJ y.j~ t\~~1 ,,~j.:~

..;;.11 w\j~~ a.....,J~1

4Lc. ~~I t1yi ~ "~l.5:.J\ J-A~\ , 4

t~ ~ ,,~ d..AJWI ~l:g ~\ t1yi ~ W' . "LtU'11

J+.a:i

L;. ~~

'1J ~~ 0~

~)A ~ tly~1 ,,~~ ~ , ~J-I~I y1.d\ "j,p: l.A Jl1Ai 3~u:. J~

, ;a 2;2;; '''Ji ~ Ji;a .!;.! !t,;i.)l.A ~~ (~3jk, ~J-I..J ' Maraging 0.!; ;t~ ~
;a,a~~: .. 3)? w4-.)j..l.L.c. ~~ w1j~~ d..AJ l.4..c ~i ~ J~I..I.La:iJ

. ( (.)-"620 .. 428 ) ~

- 332

Rm

~L...a4.)-lQu.:.

( 333 - 1 ) Jj~

I P, S

Ni

.J.>

.. ,.

~1.A4.Q'

(200) A~.>4

Co

0,03

(250) B~.>4

Mo

1917

0,03

Ti

Fe + % ~jS:.tI.)-lQl:Wl ~

1 Si
.J.>

8,57

1917

Mn

4,54

8,57

0,03 (300)

.J.>

0,250,1

5,14,6

1918

AI

J..!j'-J4~~I~~Jl44~~(Maraging)~I~tt~Ia:J~~I~I~J~~

Ro,2

~~'~I#1
Jl.Mj1

~t

0,1

0,50,3

9,58

ASTM
A 538
0,1

0,1

0,80,55 5,24,6

~i
O,ol

0,1

0,1

~i

0,003 0,150,05

0,01

0,1

~i

0,02

0,003 0,150,05

0,01

B
0,05

0,02

0,003 0,15.0,05

Zr
1448

0,05

0,02

Ca

1400

1655

0,05

2~/N 2~/N

1586

1936

1800

C~.>4

'"

C"I
C"I

~J' ~~ 'i y.L.a

44I:..;.J: Iy,Lwat1 t I~~ ~I uL4:!.tb.L11 ~

u-o F

J=.41~~9~j.UIJot..A~yk:.

~..>4J1 ~ ~I ~'0...u, ~I.r-JI ~4JW~ J~\',.,;II J.:lL:g.~, 0~fo:l~1

. ~I
. %30-25

J4..u. ' 0;.WIJ

= 8 , 2fA/N 540 - 440 = Rm W~I <La15;'

J;.. ,;"; -~ tlj-i~I,,~ I ~j.tf~~_~~IJ._C...-~.tLo:' ""_..L~Lt f'lJwy.l.w:t

rl~i

<\..LA

~ , ~ w1~ 0-J~1 ~ ~l:L.I.l ~iJ ' ~~I l+-"",I~

~pll.1 ~ Y-t:'\.j~IJ ~I ~JI ~k~J ~y.JIJ a.b~~IJ ~IJ ~~I

. ASt52 , ASt 42, ASt 35 ~I
. H

J:LA ~11l.irb-tl0-~~J

IV , H TIl, H II, H I tlj-i~1 J':.A: ~1.>11r.I.Jilj h;warl~Ji~

'i ~~.rS ~ .w:.lj-ii ~ I ~)!J.:dI4.lAWl:tj)J .!lwa:3~y.l.w:t

'u-.,o840 ~ ~~ c~k ~ . %0,3 ~

J.Jy

0~P ~ ~ .>~ (.;,$j~

c)~?lIJ ..>JL:..J.I c~i <G..o ~J' u,/600.0 ~ ( ~GlI

) t~ i.,., -,j\~..J

. ~j:J1 t..>~iJ ~~l c..Lq.c.iJ (j",~IJ

<i.;l0~ ~~ .>p.-iJ ~~ 'i ~Ij-ii ~

11..4._J.i..-Jl:t ""I

l~~

~WI ~ c~1 Ji c~~1 Ji ~ ta'on ~..><::"'l~ ~; %0,30 0--" ~i

.~I~I

~ ~l:a.tl ~ .>~

Spring Steel ( u~~1 ) ~l~l ~ ..

~~ ~..J' (~%1
~

+ 0~ %2 ) Ji (rJ:!..w~ %0,2 + r~ %1,5 )

u-o .>~i t1j-ii I.!llJA,J ' (j",o480 ~ ~I.r-'..J <..>-"860 4..>~ L.>-A ~j.J1

~4-..>~..L-i.c. ~J' ~~ ~ (0~P 1,20 ~1 0,6 ~~p ~) U-:~lyJl

. ( ~~ ~ <..>-"300 ~1<..>-"0 170 )

- 334

d ,;.,;,~ c)~

wL:..Ll.1 ,.\~i ~ ~~ I w:'a;'~Ji~-.J-4'-~)!. ~~J.4~~

~j-A

,s..>->i sol?! &lyJ LS)..r-J1

I.A.~~ jAlL.o tL1:iJ~ ~ ~\ 0-" t1y! ~1

U-UjjJ J:~J ~~ ) ~j-A LS)P ~~ jAl..t.A I.,jJ f"~.,J~1..S' LS">->!..ill~ 0-" ~

~t ~!.1Jj J~

( wL.S~1 ~ f"~~~1 <.!1~~ 0-" ~y....dl wl..jI~~1

. f"j~ %3,5 ,~%5 , ~ %12, UJ7~ %0,6: ~ LSJ-~I ~j~1

. f"~JJ~\ ~...L4i jAl..t.A 0-" '-,-LJ~ ~j u-u/fA/fA 410

21

= ~...L4i jA~ d.J

. u-u/fA/fA 410 X 12 ~ ~ LS~WI ~\ ~~ jA~!.Ai

0-" t1y! f"1~\ ~1 LSP'

uL:->! ~ j--A~I

~~ -illj 0-" ~I ~j

'.

~.J-: dJ.iJj' u-u~1 ;;~! ji.A \~ u;,o":":"";" LS).r'" ~~ jAlLA

tl:= LS)_~

4J ~I

~..l..-.4i jA~ j j JAJ ' Invar-Steel (invariable) ~\-:, ~J..r-UI

t.,...~. tI

. ~ %35,6 ~ .s.~..J' u-u/fA/fA 410 X 0,9

~G~==~;rlj ~IJh

(((~I ( ~~jo>o.Ul ) ..>JL:d. t ~t>-S ~t>S ~LlD

. f"j~ % 1,36 , ~ %0,5 , UJ7~ % 1,0 : ~ ~1.:aJ.1 ~ LS~J

I (

w!.Vi 1)

100 ;;)j_:>- ~J~...LL.c ~ ~, u-u 810 ;;)p ~J~ 0-" CLJj..l1 ~ ~~ ~..J
. u-u 200 ~1

..w.c. ~.jJl ~I \~ f"J~ I (~j!lflJw )..>~I~~I.J-4yilD

~~ l)J7~ %0,2~! %0, 15 ~ ~WI ~ LSji=..!..J ' u-u'550 ~ ;;)p w4-J~
. f".92~~

%0,25 + f"':~JA %0,5

1~_~WI~

. c.:r,Ii

: ~"':!-JJ ~.J-l

. Soft magnets ~jA u..J u "2 h

jt "

~..J

~ (a)

. Hard or permanent magnets ~I~ ~ u".!b;;" ~ (b)

- 335

ji d.b.a.tl ~~ ~.J..\j <.:.I1j.LiJ1 (.:r"~ ~~I ;;..\~I ~ ~l:i ~)tL 1.!1~~j

~~ ;;..\~ <.:.II~ w~ CL..iJ.ll1 ;~I<.:.ll)..LiJu. Magnetic Hardness Lb~
;;..\~I~.;J ~j' d~ /I,~bi;l\ ~I'p ~

a.:;-b W~j'

(~...u l5i) a....;~

~~ o~H ji ( ..\.J~I ~ J.:<,~,;l~) ~1...uI<.:.lI..\~?l1 tW.J4 ~~~l

. LA..w ~""""'j d.b.a.t1~.,......,~.;J ..ill~J' ~~4 ji ~4 j'l l5p..i

Soft Magnets (

~f

) ~o.\.Uf """"~t.b.l.i1f - 1

( d ~ ,,,_bit II ~lh1I~1 ~~ ) ~4~1 <.:.I\.S.r-l1j <.:.IIJJ~I ~ (".)?; '''~~

J-l~1 ~ ~ tly~1 ".:u ~ L,~I ..\1~lj. ~~I <.:.I'1yJ.1 Core ynj

<.:.II.JL.::<JI ~Li.a ~ ~4~1 ~j~ tL23) ~~ (d~ ,,,~b;;tI ~1...41lj)

w:.L..u %5 - %4 ~1 ....g~1 ~l\ J.:~l J~I l.:u ~ ("~-J

' d..:Jl~?l1

. d......U:;..>1I<.:.1I..\..\..>--=JI("I~-"1 <.:.I'1L~ (~~ J~ ji , &il.,:g.J ~

d\

..ill~j

Permalloy

~ ~I ~j , <u..A:i~~ a:~l....Ul<.:.1)lAl...t.A d~ ~G. ..ill~ ..!.I~j

wi ....gj.J-L'.1

~,

~ ~~

"4-:i1 ~ ~~ ~I u-a1.PJ1 ~j , <.:.I1j..Wl d~ .~:

I5p i ~lj 0Aj' J.:..u.. %21.5 + ~ %78,5 ~ I5J~j

bll U'~Iy.J1

d~ '''_ b it II a:~l..Q.j?lu. dj.LiJ1 ,.:.JI.J.J-4

,,~I ~ LA~i

~,1tO

J.L:. [100]

:,' 15,000

dJ~
It,_

d ,; ~i

.......

~.

~.,

J)A

4
;

ti+J Permeability

:.< II
/1,1

~I

~j , (

Ji , ( j-:!-~lj

,,~I ~ ~U L> /I' _bit

'-'

I'

I.L

:)"JO
<too
600
(~':"'-/.-,f ) .:t~~';"'~1 ;~:"il

100

336 - 1 )

.1\ ~...u~ ) <.:.II.J#I ~~~

~ ~I 0A ..l..l..;-;J4

5,:lQO

....1dJ---='"

u..uL......u ~I l.:u ~

I.!1wj

d~

. <.:.I ".J~I

Crystalloy ;;k....J.II5~~1 ..ill~\

(336 - I )

w:..l.uJI..ill~ 0A~.P -'::J1.J.*

- 336

J.l~i ~

, ;, ,... j; ~I %50 , %50

~...w.JIJ ~I -ill~ .ill~J

' ...l2...I...~.J1J

. (336 - 1 ) ~, ~I 41.!b j !<' 4 Glo~i

: Permanent or Hard Magnets (

d.:g~J ~i ~J ' ~~ ~I

~to.\J'l

) ..lL.att, if! i.b.,l.i.tt - 2

u-,:,fil l ~~ ~ ~.;-tl ~I

~I~i JJi

~1 c.~p t~iJ' .s~i U".!bi t 4 ~ JJ-'~ ~lIJ (;'e1 ,?"..zJIJ

(".1P 1

%0,6: ';;~l.5' ~IJ ("~.,J~I ~ \5~ ~I ~I...LlI u".!bi .11 -ill~ .)~Yl
"~J' ~~ %25 ~ ~1....,g4 ~J" ~ %25, ("~yi %13 , u.J-!~

Alnico -ill~ ~

Jib..."

~1...Ll1 u".!bittl ~ ;UJ.)-L11 tl~~1 * i <Y' .ill~\

.
~

u.A Fe3 Ni AI ~.J-A u~ , Alni

~ll ~

4tJG~~l~

....,gk.: 'i .;:JI .ill~1 ~J

~ ...l:!.b- JJ~I , B.C.C. ~)tS' ~.J-A ~1 ~J+Ll' ~ ~ \5.:J1 (j"0 J 900 ~

B.C.C ~ ("~y~IJ J~.:L.lIJ ~..bJ1 cJ::7 ,-;-<-,~I \5J~~.J-A ~L:LJIJ ' B.C.C

wlj ~~I "~J ' (Parameter) ~J~I d..lWI ~~ lA\:)G.

J.,Jo ~ ....,g)tL.:;.~

. (Maximum Hysteresis) Glo~'"~~ D'~

.. ("~~.
~ ~
~
.
.~~...JA-l~

-ill~J ...l2~ Anisotrpy ~4-:i1 U""1y.J1 ....,g)tL.:;.1 <Y'

D.) l..U..u,'i I ~i

.ill.:lS'J

~..u...o J~ ~ (j"1200 D)~ ~J.) <Y' ,.:...4l1 LrA ~k ~ ~ 4.:~

. (Preferred Orientation or Texture) D.b-JA ~J ~1 wl.J.J4JI ~.iJ

~~ 4J '''Jb i'4 U""1y... ~ J~ ~pl '~<Y' D.)l...i.:L..,'i1 ~i -.ill~J

. (.s.?~1 wlA~'i1 ~ ~1y.J1,,~ ~ ";-JL....:.. ~ ) ";-J~.;-tl ,,~'il ~

-ill~.J1 ~

FJI ~"...;:; ,~,j:'ii ~J Alcomax

Exchange ~\S..:.ll wljl~'iIJ D)~I

4).)

4-:k Jlk:

tl...4:i) ....,gjj-!o ~ ~ .s~~1

. Magneto wlA~UIJ wl...Lly.1 ~ ("....G:.:Lu.::iJ '

- 337

-ill~1 "~J

d !<!~L..l.1

\5j-7J1 Forces

LJ-A ~I Alcomax -.ill~ ~1

( 1948 a.....) I"'~~I

( i'2 II!.!bi i 0) '4-j-l1 ~J.J~ L

... Li.J ,

~La~ ~i ..L9,

~J..u.J1 ~i ~14.!

I" .!biil\ Yi--"",Ip

. (Columax) ~4 ~~I -.ill4-uJ1 ~J ' 4~4

D.J.,....,

LJ-A ~ ~I d1~J ' ~)4.jIJ ~.,.s..I1

~ ~I tly~1 d1.l..5'J. ( ~~I J.}->

-.ill4---u ~ \S?i t1yi L.!Jl..L..2.j

ee'

OJ ...I;-!..u.J1 JJ--?= II! 0

JJ-~I

wljL11IJ ...I;-!~I ~\.!,,,'::""iJ ...I;-!~I LJ-A ~ ~ ~I tly~IJ wjAj...~.n, j.~l

. (Magnadur ~4 ~~l tly~l) L!~p..~1

I

. t:Jl

~~luLi.;.y>aI~~~~

~I~I wl.o~IJ i~1 ~~ Creep ~jJl d...oJ~ ~ ~j

: ~ 1..0 L8-O-AiJ
I

~..\:lIJ1 ~,"",j ~~ ( i)

I"'~~IJ';'ee' ~IJ ~~..9-tIJ ~~IJ ~IJ I"'~I ~ \S~j

. ( 339 - I ) JJ~ . I"'~~IJ

1~1~,"",j~~(y)

Nim , Nim 75 : tly~1 ~J ' ~-,~I -.ill~ \Si Nimonics 4-=k. JJ..b:!j
. Nim 80, Nim 80A , Nim 95, Nim 100, Nim 105, Nim 115 , 118
, (339 - I ) JJ~' a5'~4 ~ ~I Nimonics a...:.~ ~i L.!JL.L.4.j
.\ .! I

'a -; lIJ' ,->,,0 I 000 - 900 ..w:. 0-:!...Ll...:iJ4

t~ ~~I i~ ~JWJ

u.PJ' (J5.:.i11 CO I"'J-:!-L.oY~IJ I"'~~I w~j-A Ji ~l.i....::,i ,~~) ~J~4

.J....:JP' ~ Lo ~~,

~ ~j-A (~Iji) ~Ji ~ d_~ LJ-A Lo~ ~I

~ ~I ~~I-.ill4---u a...:.~J' I"'~\j.!jll J.J~J I"'~\j.!jll ~fiJ u-':I.)L-11

. ,->,,900 - 700 ;;)p

- 338

w4-.J~ U;::I

r1..G::L...u)U

( 339 - 1 )

JJ~

Ujj % 4'~.>1I~b~lu~j~UId..!.'b1~a..~i",tll.!.U~I~I~ ~,-:!".!4atl~~1

0,45

Nb

Ti

0,5

0,75

0,5

Mo

Co

74

30

25

12

Ni

11

21

14

16

18

10,5

3,0

Cr

0,2

0,04

0,2

0,15

0,12

0,12

3,0

Nim 100

Nimonic 80,80A

Tinidur

Timkin 16-25-6

FCB. R 20

F.V.535

C-O'-Mo-V

as'.:.""lt 1oSJ>s11 ~~l

1,2

58

I~~IJ"=-

u~>Jlu~

20

,.

u~>Jlu~

2,4

':'~>JI~

~-lj u~>J' u~

~-lj u~>J1 u~

%1

%4,4

r~.jJl

1,1
u~>JI~

r~.jJ1

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(f'")
(f'")

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. aa.!,;...ul as~4 ~ ~

, ~J~I ~ ~ '1 j-l~ -:.s..b ..L9j

~=JI ~~i ~~ ( ~ )

1"'.,.1':"; '''ij' %25 M~j-llj %15 ..l..~..w.J1 dJWI,,~ ~ I"'.i)-SJI ~1 ~~

,,~..l..Lc. u.:...jJl d..AjlAA ~I~~i ~1, 0'.,01000 - 900 D).r-JI ..::J4-J..lI5..LQ ~

..::J4-J..l ~ ~~I d..ij

..llJ4 ~ ' ;}

4-iSJj' Jbl.:<J1 a...ojLu ~~ ..::J4J...u1

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1~~.J1I~~i~~(~)
%0,5 ..ll:a.l.1 ~ ~1 ~4) ~WL:...j a...ojla..o LY-'I~~ <.ill~I,,~

,>-.,0 1000 ~
I

~~ J~I DJ.J--"A 0-A

t4i D)..r-- ..::J 4-J..l ..l..Lc. ( I'"~j l:L:J

Cermets ~j.>. ~I ulp.;.tl ( J )

~~I ..llj-llj djLiJl tJ::.~ -bj)L;. ~j

. ~ ..l1J4:1 ~'p-J\ ..llj-ll J~ ..::J~~ Jo.J~ , (Sintcring)

. 70 A1 2 02 + 30 Cr:
. TiC + Ni + Cr

- 340

(Binder)

~ij

ji

4l-01..l~1 lSJ.AJ D.)fi.:Lt.1 ...ill~1

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a...;,t;...l\ D.;I~I w4-.)~ ~

1\1

e J(JO

,:t:e

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100

~JJIY.....
Carbon steel
G.4'./~

(341 - 1 ) ~~~.)
~~ ~~

'*

- 341

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( ~t )~j.tt ~~
Gast Iron
~J w~IJ w.J-;l.PJ1 ~ tUj) ~ ~I ~ .>4'jJl J.:..w.. ~~

, ;;..I1..l>J4 ~ ~ , (Plasticity) <G,jJ..u <.>01y. ~ dJ~ ~J' <.S.?~I ~H~I

~ ~ ~I ~ JbJl wlS WL.o ..IJl..;J1 ~ Ji w.>L..J1 ~ ..IJ-'-'" ~ Ji ~""':! ":1J

, d..9~IJ Machining ~I ~":Jj ~ ~IJ ( Casting ~, ) ~4 ~

~) ~J' ykJl tl~i ~J~ ~ ,10.,;,,11 w\..I~)'1 J~lwl.,JJ d..;!~':' ~i

;;~ J~i ~ ~J"~ aJ~J j:i.A <.S~i wl~ ~ <UJ' 4.:J~1 clj~1

J.:~ ~ tl~~1 ~ ~J' <.S?-~I ~I ~L..J-;l ~ J~I ~ ;;..l..4.a.AJ

'
l.('.~.~ I . kW ...La.J.l.>J IL-WI L l.4.A
.. j~
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aJ..~ Ji ..L.4.>J ;;~ <.>Olp <U ~~\ I.:u.J ' ( <.S..ILAj!l .>4'jJ\ J.:~ ) c~4
d 2 12 Q",j

~Ip <UJ ' t~ U"'~ ~ y.J ,~f j.U <.Si 0A ~l ~lj\j.:;..4l":11

JiA <.S~ ~I

tl~~1 ~ ~ <.Sr>-t ~lj UAJ' Bearing Properties a-~

4-=i-il.::L.A~..>-: <.S.:.ul ..)-A~I , ~\ ~ ~Jl...4-4J a.,jJ..ill1 ~ (Nodular & Malleable)

. Corrosion ~I jA'-,"c

J...i:t j.SbJl LJl.4.A ~ ;;J~

~ ~LW4 ;;~...L..:. ~":1~ (.;r~ jAojJl J.:~ f"1~' ~ l"'~ ~.J-;lJ

. ~Ir-JI cG~~J ' ~ J~J

- 342

'

4J4S'JA

l~jJl ~-'>tl~l
, ~1~~?11 4.Ajl.4Aj D~~I ) ~\.p- ~ L~j~jJl J:...u. t1jli ~J...LO

UA ) r W I J:...w.J1 + D~..PJI ~jJl J:...u. ~ ~ tljl~\

+ D~j~1 y..L.o..ll + ( Sorel metal J,J.J" tjl

c......u . .dl

JL...o ut~~\

, Lime stone
I".:~ I'-ft-'
.'oj ':ill
V""'

~W\ u.;-4.l1

".:u ~j (

d...jj..illl

UA r W I J:...w.J1 ~L4i

~ ( Ferrosilicon ~ ) Fen-alloys a.:J:...w.J1 <..!.l:i~l ~

(~I ~

) ~I ...l .d......<l.Aj (.!..l~1 ~ ~~j rl....G:.::u.u4' Cupola

( r WI ...u..w...!w
d...j l.4A )
~
..)

..

~
~
, ~j"'
'0 II..
~
~
~
()A

I ''il
t.j-J

".ti J-Li:J

~.;jI..>---AjJl J:...u. c::~1 ~j , .)~Ij CL..l~lj U.J-:l..>==J1 ~ ~ <\..i..c.

~~~ ~ a..........;:;J-A ut;-9~1 ".ti uj.,Jj , ( ~I ) l'1J--811 ul..>..~i ~ u.J-:l.;-SJ1 ~

d...j.illl jlA ~L;.. t1jli ~ ~I~I~:cl1.:u , ~~j \ ill.!.

,';,ij

~L:.jl

~i:J'~ ~~ J\y-~I ~ ~ ~w~1 ul..~~1 ("~j' (Malleable)"

,c.:.......,....ul ~~~I tljl'il d.!;;;i~ 4J6~\.wlu~'ilj~~1~1

~IJ-~I ~

J?

c::1.:U1 ~ <..!.l:i~1

u.~ ~

d.:J1..c. ~4-.)~

~1 ~ D)poJl ~.)~~.) ~ ~

~ ~4~1 ul..~~1 rl~I~..J . ~jJl J:~ D.)L.Al\

t1jli ~ ~ ~jJl J:...I.:>- t1jlt ~ ~~ , ( Malleable & Nodular ) tl~i

C::J~jJ~1 J:...w.JIJ ~I~I ut~~1 J:...u.J c......u....ul u~ J:...u. jlA

41 ~I ul~~1

. \.Gp..i ul..~i ~ ~ Ji d;.!aii ~l...J..J ul..~~1 ...I.:>-i ~ ~ J:..b YbJ' (Duplex)

4=iJl~ ~.)~J ~jJ ~ ~jJl J:...u. t1jli ~ ~ ($p..i ~w UAJ

u.J-:ly~~~I~jJl J:....w..Jt, u~IJ u~~1 ~~I~jJl J:....w.. jlA

. I.AA.J '" (~~($y,..11 )~I~jJl J:...I.:>-Ji CL..l~1 ~~IJ

0 1 ~ ~ 01 ~ 'Jl <1.,j1 'Jlj , Jj.bJt.,. ~

J..L.:g jl J.b

, ..s~.~I.J-">jJl ...I.:!..I....:lo- tly~ ~4 0..u ~.J-A

J.:' J.J~

J..o~1 ~ Lbk.. Malleable (*)

<1.,j! JI.;~

J.:'u

. ~.r:i:-J 4.;Jk

- 343

...I.:!...L..:-JI \j.A

<Wjt..... 0~ ~

J-o"l~1 ..l;!..b. t1j>1 ~ J..p-ji ~ ~I

4.1

'"il\ ~ '-;-l.)~ ~~ '1 ~'J

. ~ Iy..J ( ~.).,1 l:Ll1 )

.s>W I ~~ '-:-'-'-='

~ ~ ~ ~IJ J-o"l~ I ..l;!~' CJ::l (,;r'-"L.....u ~I ~)l:L..;. '11 UI ~~ 1(.)-<'J

U.J;l'p-!1 ~J:! ~ %2,07 ~ uj~1 ~ jJ~ '1 ~I t1j>Ul

~I~ ~I "'~ J-o"l~1 ..l;!~ ~ Cl.J;l'p-!1 ~ jJ~ ~

~ ) ~J--4 ~I ",.:u. u..F=JJ
...w1~1 u~..P-l1 ~ u~
~ ..l;!..L>J1

u~~'p-!I

..l;!~1 ~I ~I~

%3,67 ~~! JI"p-~1 ~ ~ t.i:i~ ..uJ)

( %2.07 =

~~ ul C<:!l..w...,J~1 ..l;!..L>J ~ ~ ~I

w4+:-- CJ::l 4'; Ii;" 'l J~I ~ ~I~ ;;.)y..o ~

~I~ ~ ~ U.J;l.F=JI J~jl ~

~ ~'J:!..u

l;L.,L,..,i I~J~ %2 ~..rll

Uj<.11

lO

II .s~J.=

: ~ tJ I ~ Lull '-:-'-'-='

Fe3 C + Si~ Y + graphite

: c<.:

~I~~! y~l..w...,J~\ J~ ..lJ~~j

Y+ grap hiHe .l:!~~>

..LWJ

Fe3 C

..l;!~1 J...:,J....rSJ

Fe ..l;!..L>J1 )

DC

+ grap hiHe

.s.;l~1 uj IjLJ I ,b b;,.'l ~...!I

u~J~IJ . ( Fe3 C ) ~l ~Ll 0A ;; , 'l ~..:J.I aJWI ~ u~J.:u1 ~~ E~Ij>~1

w4-.)~ ~ ~ ~L...JI ~Lw.....uJ~1 ) .)L...:11 ~G 0A ;;~I aJWI ~ ~JJ..>J.I

~ ~ ~J-t-'I ~J--4 0-lP ~
~! ~

) Ledeburite

..lJ~J-t-'1 ~J--4J

..l;!..L>J1 ~

&--b=

( ..lJ....>-t=J~ ~'1J-:-!~! J~14WI

~~ ~~I

,-"",1147 ;;.;I~ 4.)~J %4,3 Uj~..;---5"

Ledeburite 4~wl ~J--4 U~J

G4-:-- u

, J-o"lj-JI

;;.;I~I

Ledebur <L...4....~

J..:J.....:>. ~ ~l.iJl w4S.;-l1 ~I ~ Pearlite

..l;!..b. u-ol-'p- J..:~ ~ aJ~1 ~ wl...:5.;-l1 ",.:u.J ' Eutectiferous ~jHI

~.,b.~! ~I ~ .(g~IJ_~~1

- 344

, %2.J-~ 0.
Wu.,.;.,

'ao ;'..L4 u~~ ~~j...l:..1-:>- t1yi ~L:;j1 ~ G~j

4~ %4,3 ~.J:JI ~jA ~y.fi ~ l.~yi:i ~I ~jJl ...I:..b- t1yi -.!lJ.JS'j

~ Ljl~~jJl...I:..1-:>- t1yi ~ u~' dJjJ. (d 02 '09) d...:~\ ~I'p

~ ~~i

';1

~I .lj~1 "~0A ~yl ~j , %3,75 , %2,5

J...oI~1 ~i 0A

..L.Li

0::' ~ Uy-F=JI

D.l~~1 u~~1 ~ ' ~'+Lli ~1.0 tly~1 ~

~~..JI~.J-'" ~ ~ Ij~j-A ~IJJI->-=-c. uy..;-S-JI UI.5' 1~11.A J..:~ ~

~ DjYl~, ~ ~ ~ jl ( ~I~ ) ~ Uy~

~ jl Cementite

~ 1~lj.l1 I.pj:i i.Sy.-i jAlj-L LLJ~j. ~.JYj ~Yoj ./~~I ,,~ ~ ...I:~
: ~, J=:u-.JI I~ ~
. (u.#...11 ~ ~L;..) ~I~ jl i.Sy.-i ~~ .lyo-j - I
. d.S'~11 ~ d.,ulr-JI w)L,WI - 2
. ~j ~I ,,\.tii ~ ...I:.>-;UJI J...IAA - 3
( 346 - I ) Jj~1 ~ ~LJl ~jJl ...I:~

ty

...I:~ ~ jAl.,....J1 ,,~j

. Structure ~Iy..j ~.;i ~ ~A ~jJl ...I:..b- t1yl ~I 0::t:! i.S JJ\

: ~tJl.~1 ~ dJ i 2! t1yi ~Y
I

~ ' a..5'~1 ~I

LijT 41 JL.:J.I (.Jj~1 ~ .lJj LA ~ Dj)kj

Chilled Cast Iron ~~j ~....L> - 1

~ ~~I ~jJl .~..L>JI 0A ~ ~Y ~

. i.S.lLAYI y~jJI ...I:~I 0-" ~I ~ ufi.=
I

Mottled Cast Iron Ji.lJi~j ~~ - 2

~jJl ...I:..b- 0A ~) ~ i.S.lLAYI ~jJl -J.:..b- 0.A D~ wbLu. 0A u.A

~jJl 0-'1~)U 0::' 4.:J~1 ~ DJ~ ~ ~ t~1 I~

01 J~I

~ ) ~~I

. ( ~I ~jJ\ ...I:..b- ~ i.S.l LA..,Jl ~Ij uA::~1

- 345

( 346 - I ) JJ~
f"t~~t J~JA~I~YI...y....\.:lo.~I.?Jtt..~l
J~

~lS'.4.t1

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t#t

Re

Rm

u-u

%1>

240

275

"':;-:J)-:l

550

550

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%1>

138

172

c,;w~

l,..l".l,.lU~t

18

275

413

c,;w~

~.,ll ;)..l...~d

380

550

~J-:l

~L....>f'.~1

620

825

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18

240

365

c,;w~

10

310

450

~J-:l

550

700

~ ~.)
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275

275

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f"t~~l

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.
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(4,3-3)

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(4,3-2,07)

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~ ~ ~~I ~J ~J' ( %3 LJA ~i LJ.J;l~1 ~ I~ LJlS' ...L,~ -S.JJI
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( .)~I ~;;~) ~-J~.) JS~ ~ ~J a4i~ ~J Lk# j-4-i.l1 -~ ~

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d1~J ' %0,83 w.:~J~1 ~~ (~ , (,j"723 ;;)..r-- ~J.).)1

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30

50
60
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80

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(I)

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(2)

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(3)

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HJO
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- 409

(4)

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> Ag 25 + H 2

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(5)

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(7)

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(9)

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Galvanized wrought iron
21
Al-Z:J-M g alloys (e.g.:

8
9
10
11
12

AI-75S)

22
A
23

,n Indium
;'~~

j AI-High
r~g alloys (c.g.:
'2.... 0'
1:J..- ;:;; )
A)-JAJ'.., Mg alloys (e.g.:
AI~8)

21

37 4-6% chromism steel, type 50]

IAluminum pl\1~ V~iY low per

ccntage of alloying ccnstitu
cuts (0.~.: Al-53f::.)

25
lAlcb:::3
26 Cadmium
27 A!-Si-:'>iG alloys (o.g.: AI-35G)
ZS Al-Cu :,!!(,~,S (with or without
small :;..Jditicns of lUg) (e.g.:
lJ..2'1S)
29 AICt! c<:l:J~'G (with or without
small :::'d;~ions of Zn) (e.g.:

Tha.Iium

,13 Cobalt

;4 r"j:-:es;.~-iij c~s~ iron

45 5j)-50~end tin solder

4G 17% Cr-7% Nl steel, type 301
(active)
47 18% Cr-8% Ni steel, types 302
303, 30-1, 321, 347 (active)
-18 23% Cr-14% Hi steel, type 309
(active)
49 25% Cr-20% Ni steel, type 310
(active)
50 18% Cr-12% Ni-30/0. Mo steel,
type 316 (active)
51 lIastelloy "C" (59% Ni, 17%
Mo, 5% Fe, 14% Cr, 5% W,
0.1% C)
[y~

I..~;;l.;l

~)~

"r.~;.l

1>';

Iron (Fe+++)

5;)

IlydrQf}?!.1

5;~

./.. r.~ifl.";::Jny

5',/

r~; ::,~-:lP.i.~)

[>8
59

A~.'~ni;;

Ii"llmi:; metal (60% Cu, 40%

i '7"J'\

1" -"-'. ,
i ."l"'~:5an:::'<1

60

i
I

!~1-i~0)

61

30 Al-Cu-S: alleys (c.g.: Al.10S)

31 l\-lild steel
32 Copper steel
33 S.A.E. ~11()
34 S./i..::::;..11-i-O
35 Wrought iron

62
63

36

65

Caet iron

64

- 446

Cu, 1:;{,
r ,_,

(at'

ronze
66.51'0
6% AI, 4%

ze,

i;\: .:,:;: ' brass (,vld. of ~% Sn

I to I;,lur.tr. metal)
', : : " " ,1 ( .. -.f;- e)

1.;.. ':.-.:..t,,; iJ,l.,;.:.!...,

' '::'J;~j :~i.l.::% Cr (active)
!:i t;,me] (,{390 Ni, 13.5% Cr,
G% Fc) (active)
[
8\)% Ni-20% Cr (active)

n:I.r.;;telio~r "A"

c;;

N!, <.:~% :,'f~"

C)

~::rl%

Fe, 0.1":'0

~ . :1

S.:,

69

~"::.~

bab,~~;;: ::?;~)

i ..~chnE.1r~1ty

b~...s...,

(',"1 % C~~,

71
12
'/3

'/4
75
76

rr

78
79

80

81
82

83
84
85
'---"3

Monel (70% Ni, 30% Cu)

12-14% Cr steel, types 403,
410,410 (passive)
1G--]8% Cr steel, type 4"40

I!

(;':\S5ive)

"
'" 7'" N'
It , ,_<r-

1 t ype 301
Iv _ 1 S te c,
<

-r.-)

,," ('"1

(;:--.. :3:;;-.,rc)

sor::

dc,'

typos

.-, v us3~2.v:m~,'W4, ~;;:~~7 (P::'

G5
96
97

98

~~

I
~

~3)~

70

Z;:;, t '~J So)

I Aluminum bronze (add. of
2-2- ~% Al t-o75 % Cu-25%
Zn ~,!loy)
lRed brass (85% Cu, lli% Zn)
Copper (-ic)
Oxygen
Polonium
Copper (~U8)
Iodine
Tellurium
(SiliCOD bronze (1.0 to 3.0%
Si) &
Nickel-silver
Ambrae (5.0% Zn, 20% Ni,
balance Cu)
170% Cu-30% Ni
C{ Comp. G-bronze (88% Cu,
2% Zn, 10% Sn)
I Comp. M-bronze (88% 0.1,
3% Zn, 6.5% Sn, 1.5% Pb)
lSilver BOlder
Nickel (paesivc)
60% Ni-15% Or (passive)

0"
.:"1;.1

(pnseive)

1\~~.,2~~~>J (~~!' (!Je..."ii!h;;,~)

! r}~: ~ ~ r:..:. . .:.-!.:'~

~:'~l

.""1,",

I :s:w.elb~.. '"3" f6:1% m, 3G'?o

lvlo 5~~) !!e} o.i ~:.~ C)
68 .J Yellow b,:.~'" (~.s-7G% C;:;,
'B (t50-1.E~~) f:;~!, C.75-2.!j%
Ph,

f ;{)~~)

(H.I

87

i'i~cord

S7
, ",

(W% Ni. 20%

99

100
101
102
103

104
105
106
107

103

109

~!~

-447

~lf

/>:

<>n'

-,.

sive)
2:3% Cr-140/0 Ni steel, type
309 (passive)
~:3-30% chromium steel, type
446 (passive)
25% Cr-20% Ni steel, type
310 (passive)
18% Cr-12% Ni-3% Mo steel,
type 316 (passive)
Mercury
Silver
Lead (Pb+-r + +)
Palladium
Bromine
Chlorine
Graphite '
Gold (-ic)
Gold (~us)
Platinum
Fluorine
Cathodic End
~.y~

c;,

Y~ ~ l'dl?,;.~~
(':.)/~~J!Y

4.1 ""Jh ~J8=;"tt ~t#t

I

Metals in Electromagnetic Fields ~t.i.I.l.t.b.~~1 u~~ I ~~ u!).14t1

Electrical ~~~I ~~I ua1p ~ <t.........u1.)..J1 ,,~~ ~~

. Magnetic Properties d.1",.!hi.tl ua1y.JIJ, Conductivity
~~ w\~ 4j~ wG~G wGJ:!! ~ -.;~ ~LaJLg , 1....9~ ~ l.o5'

LJ~ ~ (.;>'!I.!hi. oJ! ~~~ J4=-... ~~LaJl ".J....l, ,jJ-~~J' ~~ ;;.J-~

J....I~I ~ij'

cLw...,1.),j

I..::.)~ I~ ~lb .:.G.bJ ' w~4J1 ,,~yl.:;:i ~~

: ~ 45~1 ".J....l, ~

y,; ~\

. ;;.).:ill ~).;.JI )...ul ~ ;;,j~y.1 ~LS::iJ\ wLi~l ~lb - I

. Spin

L2..)j=A

J.Y"" wL:.~?lILJI.)j,j

. Hysteresis (.;>'''.16i. I IJ ~~.J-8s:J1 J~Il.:...::t~ -.;.:..JI Uk-.::JI

I

~J

... I I.,.

~~~~

JI ,-~~I

- 3

Electrical Conductivity ~y~1 ~~~t

, .)-"'. T(.7",1\'L.l~.l...J""'...')-6-=
ULJ ~I

<lJ 4j.l.1 j-LiJ1

~.)-"'- - 2

ty ~

LaJI ~~
,:.. . t

~.....:JI

JL..a:i..j1 U\.,:g"~
... .rr:

~LJ. ~
~

,.<'1\

J.w-"l
_ .JjJ\

~.)-"'- d..As\.,:g ~jj:i ~I wGjys:J?JI J wL:.J:!~\ ~.c. ".J....l,

(

i~'
I
~

f~. I'q2(,'a'(..:r~
n_ t

449

I')

:.

~...uJJ

. 4.;i~~1 l~y
wGJ:!i

L....l

~~I w~ J....WI ~yILJ~ ~11I ~J:!~I ~~I (.~j

. ~I ~J ~ wGJj-~?lLg u-iJ~?l1 J:....:>J::JI ~ L..i . 4Yj\ a.~L..,

. ( d.,0l3 ~o i )

t y fi

19- J 0 x 1,602 = LJJ..rl-~?l1 4..L:~':;'

-448

L-

to -4

,00

t:J

10'

~
..
u
I ~

t:I

'0'

/O~

.~
~

C,J

:5l'e

2i

'0 1

\1- ], 'f J:

1 J
~~,
., ~
1

lS

V;

~~~.)

E;

:1'

,\''!l

.J:

Ct)

fOoZ

!
1

.~

c::

t;oo,

/0"

Insulators

Semiconductors

.r~ rk~ ~. \.~

Q \' V a'J' l'
&
,,<:J~~ ~

~~~,.J,

.,.;~~.~

.".;....v~...,11

Conrfuctors

I.

fCP

fO"

0'"

'0"

<'5

,~

ro 2rJ

ResistIvity, ohm.vm (log scale)

~->~"J V"'~ I'"'"' i".J 1~u..#I4.0.J1A.l.1

( 449 - 1 ) JS:":'

b..:=..ta

I~~ ~ ~~ u~ '

o ..)-A....
'JLJ ~..:r-'"'
I. -_~tI a.....L~
.
(
".
.)-Aj-J...J
I .~. Ie'!
~ (..J-->'-'

aJ."....:::11

~I ~

L ji 4.~ u~

ui LAl wlj~~\ ui ~j

1602)
. ~c"'~1
'
()~.

19-10 x

~.l",r"
A

(n);; -tl wljJj-'-'.

-SJ~I ~ . "I...J

~j-J Ij-JL.'

"j:.;------'

G.j~
.

I. -~ "-~
.rr:

is.:01

J.W1~".r ~S'..;->JI ~l:9j

. (mobility) /l

(e)

(Ohm.m)' = cr ::: wl.J.C">-.~1

o

:=

ne ).1 / w ljj),:j$J!:::

. ~ lj GJ~

11

/ C:!.J-A.,;:u.::: /l

~~~l ~~l - ~Ji

, d..:jLill aJWI ~ Lo ~ ~ wlj~~\ d.S'...P" 0"uLi ~ ~I..;->J\ ~LbJI ~~

~JIJ' iS~~1 wlj~~\j w1J .:.w 1 ~~.tI ~1...Lb..............)U wlj~~ll.-.:a~~!

wlj~~~luj...:g! ~~~ ~ ~I U:O~ I~L~ l.lJ.:.u ~ ~

~Ij

4y c.:.,.jlS'

(450 - 1 )

I~l ~L.JI ~\ ) 18i~! k.f, t~ ~>L: is':,d1 L.-9.)oJ\ ~! '7J~

tWJl~ ~~~I ~~I ~1..:9 ~1~j.3 ui ~\ lrj , ( 450 - 1 ) J~

J.:.....oJ..:.11

d.

~ :b uj...:g ! J~

a..:i ~j.

( ~~

wlj~~1 JoL...:.j ~~~j~ I~ c)~1 4J~

w.....:i ;;~I wlj~~\ ..J~ ~~ \~ ~~~I ~jill ~....uJ~ ~ ~.9=!~1

. wlj~~\ ~ JWI ~ ~ ~

- 449

ctr-~ ~ ~-W=:--~-t
-B)
+}- ,

q:J-4)

cr;:4B

,)B

CR,/:B CR.. \ ~ c)
+)

---(f)

<)

--C+

<f ~ w'GJf

~~it1r:p

eI

+ + + + +

(n)

(b)

No external elect. field

.A;..o ~u~ J~

In the presence of elect. field

~t...~ J~ c:r9 .l~.jlt ~i:i

~~ ~

(450 - I )

1~~~I~Q~I'-~~~
wG~l

) ;;->-.,JI wGJ..>AJ?l1 j~J.).c. GAl ';~~I ~-,lJl ~.L.QL;.. ~..j

~~ ~ ';~.J-+S' ~ ~ ~,j..W1 wG>:1 ~ (~j~?l\ jl..iJ1 JI j..~~1

I~J ' (#1 ~ ~y.1 ~I.~ ~ ~LuJI ':..lGj~YI u~

~ wG~?l1 d...S'~

J.P-: La ~l.c. ~>: ~

~..JI ~t..:; ~ ~ )

, lS~ ~

\j!J . j..W1 j;.lj ';LJ~ jL;i IS~

4-:L.c.J-"-" ;;jl-:,lj ~ w~';;

~y.1 ~I ~ Ls~~\

, wG.J:!L: ~~ ~ r~ wGJ.-~Q?l1 c.J.Al ~J ' ~4.i ':I L<> ~1

( ';l-;l~1

, lAljl~\ d..LuJ jl.;jj! ;;j~ ~ wLi.J:!)U 4~J ~~I ~lb 0-A I~j-~.~
, ( H = 12 Rt ) j~1 jj>l ~ d.:!.;1~ ULb ;;j~ ~ j..W1 ~ ~ La I.J.AlJ

a..c.j-W' ~1 wGJ~)lI.~:LuW ul ~J
4-->\~1 0-C. a~ ,~,~I L_~W!J ~l:~1

~..JI ~ JjL,.:.l1 ) ~.? ~li:;1 ~ a~ ~l:i

J..u..~ j..W1 ~ .)L.,;JI r..5~ ( wG.J:!~~

jAl..c. r..5IJ. (

rJ1 u~u ) ~I (

~\ ) ~~~I L.~I..JI ;;.~\ t:'" '-;-U-Ul.u:! ~l:i

~~ j..W1 ~J!.A.A..u~ ~ wGJJ~)l1 rl~~ wlj-,=~I jl~l jl.;jjl ~~ ~J=

- 450

wlJj ..l~j ji (j.W1 ;;).? ~J..l tL2:iJ~ ) ~1y.>J1 wljl~'il >~. ~LJ~I

l#' j.Li.U

..lJ~1 ~ u.llJ1 ~I jl ~-,ll j.WI ~ ~.m~I.).Th 0A -s~i

uI t:-'"~ I~ 0Aj
~L..:::I~j

~~~ I ( J.:.t..::.yJl

44l.1l 0A J1Ai 15 i ) J.:.t..::.~J \ L

..uy

, J.:.t..::.yJI ;;~ wlj.W1 ~ ;;)y.>J1 ~J..l tL2:iJ~ ..ll..ly ~~I 4AjW\

. (451-1 )~, ..lJ~I~~~ji.S.?id~

w~
.
~

'-'

20

;:

'"
'6

,~"'\

\~I

10

0'

E
o

..:::

200
~~t '=If.. .-'

400

's'"

28

3.0
2.5 1

50

60

..,-~I~

.5.0r

Lr~
~ r
<,
s

4.5

1--1-_
SO
100

40

,","",~";~I

1}

5.0

;:

,~

OL_---L..
o 20
100 eu

L_.

L...I

100

I)

/.~cL:J

--.JL-_

-1._

250

500

.......,;;JI "-_J..>~_..J

~4J'~~,--~

'(~~I~

(451 - 1 )
- 451

I..~

Iq.~ -

\
-----.

~ .~

....

.~

;.'~

:oc

I r i I I

Awaul

.....
r"

I.

C"-l

lr)

'---'

"1"

VI

"1"

,.....-A--,

1111

"

'---y--1

III I

11\\

-..)

VI

+::>.

~
~r:

1/

~ ~'
/111

'1/

II
I

!
,'II

I II i I I,

\ ,III

II

1~ S
x ~ I

\\,

I I I

;,v 0,

Insulators Jjl.9--.a.t1

~jj ~ ~ ~ ~ ~j 4.:9 LbJ1l"?

U::7 ~\..cJ1 ~

'j

uljl.4lI~!:.79

~~~I ~J\ ~ ..w:. u'jj~ ulj~~1 ~ ~ ~

, dJjWI uljJ.4l1 ~ o.J....1lj , cGA-f.-:g ~ 'O~ I~J....L>- l.f.1J~ jj~

4.r.c' ul~
l~! ~! ' I~)L.;JI

. (457 - 2)
l4i1)~ UlJo l"?

U::7 ul~1 (J~r ~ 4Jj...c. ~)..\ ~ Jjl~1 U=!L~J

'O)r-J I ~J..\ G-t.....i:i) ~ , '0.;-b.~...J.1 'O)-.r-J' ~)..\ '-:-'-'-=- l.f.1J.:.IS';J ( 457 - :3 ) ~

. Jj.Ll1 ~:l7 ~ cJ1l

: Semiconductors u~..911 j)~~i

0 1'OJ).~1 ~~ ~I UAJ ' ~~~\)liJ1 ~y ~..\) u~y l.,4kl ~ ~
u~"t I oL......:;,~ . ~ ~ r. .
'r
.
d~

, ~~I jl d..:J1.r-J1 a.:9LbJI

~I~I ~

Lt.~
. ~.~
<' . t.,
u-:

Jw. ~)L;.

d.:LJ[;

tt.... ~ ~ 1..a,,":1! I -!.L~ ~

'"~
lJ=-':r--' ~ .

a.:9~ \.~ ~bJ~ @ajLJl 'O~~ ~

elil ~ 'OA ;]~)~ 'O)~ a.....,~ o:.u. J.=...a.,:J1

'O..\~. ~j

~I~l ~ ~~I 4.:9LbJ\ l"1~1 ..w:.j" ~L;9j 'O)~I u~.)..\ ~

. 'O.r!OlLA ~~~ d.:glJo

'OcU:.L..A

~~

IJJ..\

d..:J1~1

01!

~~ jl ~ jl 1'~1;;~ (Y'l;9 ~

a:9lbJl (.pj:i

u~~\ ,,~1 u~L:.. ~ (~J

0~1 4JG. ~J" ~lJo l"j-.> 0::' 'O~I d~l)~ ~ uLij~~1

~lJo l"? 0::' ul~1 ..L..:i ':J).L.a~1 o~i UAy.:...i

o~IJ" -b.A....9 ;;)~I ~)..\

t!'J-.

..\..Lc.j

l"~~lj l"~iL,~lj

lA)j--t--C- uljj~~ ~ <lil ~)..J ~

r:-JI 3)J->- ~)..\ ~ ( 4J~ ~;;~ w~ ~I YJ

) dJjk

.4.3 o.J....1l..:~){.....a~\

~L:9 ..\1..\j.3j' ~lS"~;. ,,,j 4;:;' 1<",' u~j-ll ~ UA L;-l~

. ).-8-'.a,j~\

4.iS'Jj.

4..:.,.)..\ ~ ~)J-"" ~)..\ tLi3)~ ..l\jb~

~..\Wl

".J....1I ~~jj

2RI0 = n (n) ~J~~I jLiJI j-~..0 ~ ~Lu:i J.:.--..a~\ ::L~u 0 1f"\~j

o~i ~J' JjI~ 3~/0J.r=LS:.I! 7 10

=n

,3~1 u).l.<a-J-41J 3.r=wo/(jJ~!

. 0:..wI0;;.J....1I
- 458

u::-: ,::,,~y.1

~ r~i....L...:i.;J1 w~y.1 <l~i tl..~i ~i L,rA L~ 0~..JIJ rJ-=.il.A~\J

~, ",~~I...bl..;Wj~4 ~I r~LA~1 d_)~ Jo+iYJ' ~~?1\ ;;~~I

)...Lli ~ ~ 4 l~ Lj~l 32 ~..l~ r~l.A.>-~1 ;;j~ ..:.Jl.iJ~l ) , ( 460 - 1 )

( Jlh.11 j.....i....aJ1 ) ~

a,(., ';;'...J.\

;;)~I w4-j..l ~~J' ("p~1 a...:-c~j lSi ~jW\

. (jl..:-"ilJ ~l.i ~J:! ~ ~! ) ~~y\ <l;..g~ l>A ~yl ~ ~j~ I'.~LA~I ~

~ ~I~I U\.kJI

<loU 0~ , (~I 3)~ a~j..u ) ;;)~I 4-j..l t~j4J

l5)J cGLS~ l>A .D~I ...b4Jj~\ wl.i~! J..>i ~~)l.b.i~ .Ll~1 Jo4i)~1 ",.!b?-..:L.!

r~LA~JI ~ dJ~ rl4i?J d...Aj)U1 :UlkJl t:l:WJ' ( 460 - 1 ) ~ ( lll~ JI ) ;;~

~i a.s:~1 3j4l1 c~J' ev 1,22 0~1 ~J' ev cJ~ 0J.>-.:DJ1 0,75 ~

.
.
lS~ \.:.t~J ' ~~I cG~ ~ lSpi ;;~ L5):i \

0~?J I~ 3j4l1 coU ..l~jg . 3~1 ..:.Jl.i~~ ~ ~ jL;J1

JL.il. '

JA.i ~ ~L;..

til; ,~,l .D~I ;;jJ~ ;;j~ ~

~'+.!~ lSpi ..:.J1~.D~;;.)-4 JS' ~J ' dj4l1 ~J ~l:u.o wl.iJ~?11

, wl~1 4...5'~ <l~1 ..lLA: wl.i~?J1 a.s~ <ll~1 0 1l:.~IYI LJAJ ' ( 460 - 1 )
~ ~.u.:uJ' 4..$'~1 3~1 ..:.Jl.i~?J1 ..l~ tA d~1 ~..LClSJ~ 0 i (~J

4.i~ wL~IJ)~1 <loU j~ ~J ' ( 0~! -;;.JA ) rlJ) ~ ~)I'~J:! 4 1 Jj-4JI

.-:JI J , un dSp

~~

(p 0~1 ) n yJlu, L~J..>I . jL:=J.1 w)l~l.i 31 w).lAb.

~ 3J).\..cJ' 3jW,?J1 ~ ~ 4fiJJ'

/-lP a.5"~ ~~ (w\~\) P ~~

. ~~ ~ ~ J~I jL::JI 0~' , dS..>-...J1 c~1 ~ U:!.I~ ,..dJ~

J = ( n 11 n + P /-l P ) e

= jL;JI;;~ 01 lSi

e =~ / cJjg ";l;~1 J4J1

P : ~I.>=J.I ~ wlj4l1 ~;:.,

=~I.>=J.\ ~ ;;~I wl.iJ)-.g)l1 'r.f,y

s

cr=(n~ln+p/-lp)e

=:

~.iJ1 ~L9

= P \.4:L..
~~

~5J

Covalent

......

I,
I'

\.

\'

' I

"

--

"

I,

' '

.;_'.-.f3

',

"

'\
'.',
I

Ge

"~----,

......

Electron .....~~,
........,----~----

Ge

Ge

Ge
,

,'"

\ I

\.......

(460 -1 ) ~

Hole

_-~

__

"

"

'

Ge

f. ,

...
'fill'

".'

I1

Ge

-- --

\.'

I ,

\8r~-~--~--;--~-e
.
'

\ '

1,.,

I ,

Ge

Ge

'~'Ho{e
Ga'
I\ . ,I' ~
... \
I
_ - _....

__ <,'

.-- --. . ..,

"

I' . ' \

~.

:E1~~ ~~g-! __ ~_'e

'. :

\ '

__ b~\

Free electron

e-~- -;'0'8'~ -~'e

Ge

0 0 0 0 o 0 G) 0 o (!) @G)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
0 0 0 G 0 0 0 0 o 0 00
0 0 0 0 (!) o 0 0 o @ 00

Ge

8"~--~"9"~--;'-B Ge \~~.c:...~~
...
........ _--.."..

"I

+>

Ge.

; e ..

: e .

0\

'

,,/Ge __

I.

"

' \
,.\

'er--_~";~ ~Er-~

,,'

.'

I '

Ge.

Ge.

Ge

.;; ~~,
~/ectrons ~ i;J.

Va/en"e

-_!.- ~ - "
61'..
Ge
--. --',>tV:_
,
- ...... ~.:8
,

c::,.J~' bond

}~.

( ;;j-A - u.~l

dJjJ ~j

) c::j)-l ~yJl

~ ~I ;;).r-- ~j.l ...G..:: ~11"'.J-~1.A~1 ~

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10 lO

x 5 JSJ

tLa:ij')J\ I~~j , ('~lA~1 ~ ~ ~j.l ~ 1. 5 ~ dJ~ ~j . Jt-.~jjJl

~ L:..L..i

uA!..L9 lS?i u~i ~j' ~j-ll~:u ('1...L.~Il.J-" ~

;;.J.:~I l~l.....=. .).:. L:..L..,i ....L...Wj ~I

4yU

..L9 ~~I

Thermistors dJG. ~ ~ ~I~I

ui ~~Il.J-"j , Ni O,Mn 2 0 3 & Co 203 ('h.:i--...3

J! ~ Impurities

~\.~I .l~.,J

~ ~ ~ ;;)..r-JI ~j.l tW)'-;l ( ~~ ) .l1..rbL: .lI.lj.3 J-:.JA~1 wlj-WI L j l:4..A

. ~i d.:9~ ~~ l~ uA! ~~')JI I.:u.j , cl)-Lo~,1 "L~Y W.ljjl L..6" ~AjW\
~ ~w ~I ~L:~I....-Jlj..ul ~

..L9 , ~: lS..uj ;;j I~ I

j.l j-:!-i:i

Thermistors w).L......o~1 ,,~I J~.l~j

y i ~j--tJ l~ ~ ciJ)l~I .).:.

L~Y

c
. u-u l 00 ~l ~
~ w>l.JAj-l1 ,,~i ~ J.=...a~1 ~j.l~ J.u.c ;;.lLD ~ lSy>..1 ~G l.J-"
b.lj~L: ,,\.jlj~ ~

J=.e J>.:i ) lSy>..i j.JA~

l.J-" w1j~ d.ilL..a~ y>..1 ~ ji ~;;

u~Lg. dJjJ ~Ij SlL:i...c u46-= U~lj ('.njl.A~lj (Substitutional

dJ.#...... <GcgLb ('y.. u1 ')JjL.:.

~ J..i..c wGj~~1 ~1 ~~

ji

u~jYI ji j j a'"

all l.J-"

.a:3 ' Covalent I.!J~I ebL:-ij')JL: <Gljj eb+i~

<LtJG. w~ ......

~ ..L:>:-~ 'ij

wWj.rAJ~L:

i~ ~ jl:iT UI~~.1 cPJj (,.~L:.r4U1 ~I

j-A j~.;J1 ~ ui ~jj-Ll.1 0-""j . ( u~1

t::

:G.lj'?'L:

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, (462 - la) ~~I, ~) u~1 ~ ~_)L.;JI .,)..1A ~ wWJ;;s:Jl ~~

~ d.J Wl5:A ~ ')J ( ";~1 ~~

) j~1

~ -..GljJl Uj..r:&J,?,L9 , ( 642 - l b)

u i Uj.l d... .:!ll.hl\ i"~ l.J-" ;;.J.:~ <u~ J~I ~1! .fb,;'" 2 ", Uj~1 ~1lLb ('~

[~L: ~ci d.:9Lb w~ ~1 JIZj)lJ d..JAyiJl uj~~1 I~~ ..I.~ ~l:JL:j , ~

('~j-lYI d.ilL..a) ~ ~ i..L:J.L:j' ~LJ~I ~I ~ ..Li~ ;;.J.:~I ~j.>J1

ui

JjL.....i..;> , (462 - 2) ~, ('~1.A~ jl u~.....u f'J:!...LJYlj

\"3-:14-1Ij uj)~lj

('~ lS~) .l~j ~ lSjJ\ j-AYI ~Ij u~l ~ lSi, .)).l; ('J-t-'..c.,JY\ j11l5:.:i

- 461

ai, ts ~ dJL....:,.. (.;r9 U

Si : Si : Si : Si
...
.. .. .'
Si : Si : Si : Si

- - }
I.J.A ~J' (uJ~Jl ~)
} JL.... a.:i ~ :L......o,J-..i.J1 ~

~~ @: ~~

~~}

Si : Si : Si : Si

JL.LW)U ;;.IJ-.":,,j-ll

(d~.;..G\; ~')

J.=-+b.:i ..w:. Lj->J I ,..J.A j;.1.I

t~jJl I~J ' ~4~1 ~I

(462 - l b ) ~

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~-

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~~ j

js~ 'S:

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;;

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, ~IO')1 \;.J--=:-

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(462 - 2

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f/.,

j\.;-hJ1

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Si , S;

~~~\

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.",

w).L.oj-ll ,)~;" i 0-"

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&b:

, (p) Acceptor

-)

Si : P : Si : Si

wljJ.0SJ~

~ ~ I ULbJ I W~-'-"-<l ,)1

~~~,

(462 - la)

L..bJI

i 0=) \.;-bJ I

- . 'Ij-'-'
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i..::
~

, ~WI w4~.JJ1 wl~ a~".~bi.4..r&5J1 w4-j-l1 wl~j Rectifiers J~\ c:"'\..b.~j

~ L...i:i.rf.lj ~11"'4~Il>-c ~Ij'

a,;.,.;:,... .J.I ;;)~I w4-)..\ u-,,4-~ ~j

ULb ,)1 ~~?Jlj 4.:J1~1 ULbJI j.J~j , d.L~ wl..:9~ ~J 4:i)..r-

~~I J=....ajLJI ~ 4:u...rJoj (.;r9 ;;~~I ..LoU.Uj' (a2,,!q~!l\ wl;:}~1 ) ~4-*
~~. ~I ....u...)~j ~jJl .l~j~j I"'J=-i~\~!"l\ ~~ij Photoconductors

- 462

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~ L~J' ~l~ as~t ;;~l4J1 ;;Yl..l .::JLi.-1 ~ ~Li~ ...:J~\ ~tI ;;~I..I

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~ ,:P.7 ~4~ JL.::--t ~~ ~ JjlyJl d.A...o ~ J~JI Jl~1 ~~
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"~J' Jjl...Ll1 ~G.j 0-A J.,b ;;~J

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0A ~al ~A ~1 ~4~1 a.:gLbJI

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. (468 . 4 ) , ( 468 - 3 )
- 467

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1000
800

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(468 - 2)

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u!).l4U'4J,uJh ~t ~t#t

Magnetic Properties of Metals

W4-J~1 dol ",.(bi'

~I~ (.>"'olbi'

(,.w-~l.itl J~ I ~ u~1

J~ ~ ~.I~J ~

wlj-LiJ1 ~

l.!.1.I~J' ~ ~I (.>"'olbi. l \ J4--11 u=o).~p'9l ~J ~I-,:! \ 8';""

!9,

p'9l ~~J dol"'olbi. l \ wl.l~Ji Diamagnetic d~"""'olbi' 4\:.1 ~ ~

J.1.b3

;;L...a........J1 tl~~1 .Dl..lA.J dol "'olb j.11 ~I.-JI wl~ -si Paramagnetic dol "'olb i.i..4I).:,
. Ferromagnetic

llj. ~JY'" (.>'''olbi' 4 J~ --41J3 u.e. aJ~.Ll~ ~~* ~

4.i~ ! (Spin)

L;lj.-LA

"-:!...I:!~~

JS' J-.tj

~ JY'" JJ-u ( ~~~I ~I ~L., ) L:JljJ~~1 ~lS"

wlj.W1 J$' u~J . .,)..u ~ u~~1

~l..;U ~)lJ, dol '''olb j'

~Ip

c.a JJ...I:! I~ol 'iu L'~ liilj ~ ~ Jl4i

4J u~ u i F

l.!.1.I~ u~, wl.i~j ~-S~

, 4 J L;J I dol '''olbi.11 w~4--1\ ~t:J ~J4-:ij ~~J 4:u-~b ~ ~I.,..>JI,,~

. ;;Jfi.:u.1 'd)Ul1 tl~~1
I

vll

~.4i ~I -S.JJI .J-4~\

Diamagnetism 4_l.t.U_4.b i.i4~..u1 ~I~t

~~ JJ~..J' ~Jj->-JJ~ ~w~d.j~~uJ~~1 u i lj~~ui~.,

~ (.:r~i u~ ' vlJ~ i~ ~J . uIJJ..u1 ,,4-:i1 ".I~ ,,~I ~ ~.....u-:.Jo.:...u

.I~ (.:r'L:J~J' .I~ -SJ.J-=-O UIJJ..l;J ~J)~J! j-,~ ~ ~J~?ll wl)..l.41J

.I~J

J..i.c.J ' ( 470 - I )

js:...:l. , ~ ~ ~>L..J ~ ~~I ~I JL:-JI

- 469-

~ -s~ dJJ~ 0~' ~JL.;.

(.;>"'

.:bj; ... J~~b c..~ tyJl 1:U1 LJ-4~

~J-A ~ ~'1\ C'" ~LuJIJ W>..b.i '";-l~ I.:u. ww~?lt ~Jj.l ~I..ul ~.r--JI
ww~?ll d)..LA ~ a.:gLbJ\ ~ tL2:i) LJ-4 ~jA dJ6.

Jk.: -SjJlJ-AYI

, l~

J..'\'

DJ~ ~ J~ LA I.:u.J . J~I ~ ~~?ll ~Jj.ll I.:u. ..l~H ~! ~~ l>-~ ~

~

J1..L:u-J.

w~~ a.:

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'n

.:bi; 11..b~1 D~ ~L:U LJ-4J' 4.! II' .:bi; 4l:..l~LaJ\ ".:u.

"~~J' d.:,,,.:bi; ... l:..l(.)""I_p- <lJ~Ji~ ~ -s~ LA...Li.c. d....,~).~1

~~J' 4 J j wW~H d).Jo.A J\)J.A ~ -s~ ~I ~La.ll J.S' d.,~~L;.J1

U:::' ~Lu.ll ~L.;. ~ DJ)\....c. I~. wl)..ul ".:u. ..lJ...c. ~

IS;.! II,.:b;; "~!..l ~J..l

0fi.: ~Lu.ll I.:u. 0 i YJ ( wl.jJj-~?l\ LJ-4 w..l~ \j! ) DJjJ\ DI..,.uJ ~JW\ J~I

...~
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~

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C:::!:3 <::0
C:.0 <:i:>

C:0
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Ferromagnetic

Nonmagnetic

(470 - I )

-470

~-?----

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....

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&

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QJ

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Ferromagnetic

Ferromagnetism ~~~w.tU"'l,I#t

...l.:!~1 j:<.A ,.:.dj...Li.l1 ~~ ~ D~ d~ ,,,~bis

ua1y..

4J <-:.J1j.W1

~ ~.s"2

~ u i ~j' a~ ((,~b;sll y\..b:g)U y~ ~ ("~.,lj..l4Jlj ~~Ij (.~Ij

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f..l~1..uIL~:III.~-..
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I .
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Jo..i:L:o..JJ

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Ferromagnetic ...l.:!~1 ~l ~ CY...l.:!~ d....i..dl "~lA ~ ...L4..9, <-:.Jlj_LiJI ".:u.

l4;1

~~ ~I wl)..ul ~ ~~ -=.dj.W1 ".:u. ~j' ..l;!..L'>JlS a~,,,~bjs'l wlj.1~ lSi

J.4..:jJ ~l..:Ll~j , ~I.)j..l

,,4-3 1~ J.4.:D ~..I~I

wGjj--Al?l1 ".:u.j , ~..I~ wG.'J

,<::""11

ua1p D.).ill uJ ~L:J~j , ( 470 - I ) ~, 4J~ D...I.>j-A a~ ((,~b jill ~~J>-e.

, a ~ '" ~b is '11.)~1 aJG. ~

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~..l;!~1 wlj.LiJ1 ~ wl.).:.Jlj, ~ I~,,~k.is'l aJWI db ~ ;;.).:.JI.)l.p.c.II~-9

~ ~

Magnetic Domains a~ ,,, ~bjs 4 0-J-9lj..l ji;;~ <':'ll...L:>-j ~ ~~

, (473 - I ) ~,( ~~ 3fAS-1O x I ~ ~ ~ w~) a~,,,~k.jsIlljtA~

0-J..J1j..J1 ~~ j.c u'" ~b is II

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~~

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,( 474 - 3 - I ) J~i ,~)~ (,;;>((,~b;s'l J~~t:i ~j.W1 ~~ ~ 1~1 LS~~I

~ ~ ...\..:lo.1.,l1 u",~bisll ul~..J1 ~b d~ (('.lkjsll ("~I ~ lS.).:.J1 ~1~II.:u.j

~ u",~bisl\ ("yJl ~ji ~t;j~J' ~G~?l (,;.)~I ul.)j..ul ~L,p-.':; l>A a...a.~1

lS~ ".l~ lS.)~1 ul.)j..J1 ~ J.91~II.:u.j. WI.l I',,, .It.,i S

lS~1 ".:u.j , Exchange Forces ~WllS..PJ1 ~ ,

'I

~ lS.:u101~..J1

<W.lp a....u.&'l..A ji ;;.~l...AA

0-J..J Ij..uI 0-Jp .l~l .)...c. ~ ~L.=..J~j , ("~I ji ~I.':; JS' ~ JJ~
wljl~)U j...Li.l1

uarLi

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4J.,..,u.A

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lS~\ ".:u.lS~ -Uj' ~~I wljl~~1 ji (;;.).>-.,JI

4.)..1

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~ b j ; tI 0-J-9 lj..J I

u.P ~ (,) ~ ~J

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;;.)j-5'.:.u I w 1j..lAJI Jo L..w....:..\ L.J-'l

. (475 - I )

~'= \.i.A.j . a.!

~, ;;)~I

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tLi:i) ) ~I.~\

<-:.J4-.).l L.J-'l ~ .lj...l.> ~1 d.:,,,.:hj;ll ~:31~

- 472

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- 526

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