18 5872 : 2009
Hazardous area
‘Source of release:
Plan view
Noves
1 Rie the zor radius for open ir situation
2 The wall should extend ot least the ull wel Height ofthe henardus arc I ist be Wed a a déeton wal,
13 Sisthe shores distace from the source to the edge of the etining wal
Fig. D-2 Extent of Hazakuous AREA AnouND Watt, Prooucinic Suettento AREA
does not provide a minimum of 12 air changes/hour
throughout the space. Normally, artificial ventilation
(that is, mechanical ventilation) would be provided in
order to dilute and remove flammable gases or vapours
released within the building. In most cases there will
also be openings in the walls, through which flammable
{gases may migrate as a result of draughts, convection
‘currents, or disturbance caused by equipment within
the enclosed area,
Itis generally easier to ensure that flammable gases
removed from an enclosed area are diluted and released
safely if the ventilation system is designed to extract,
sir from the building. In this case, itis also possible to
‘monitor the air exhausting from the building, and to
take additional precautions if flammable gases are
detected,
Enclosed areas are further qualified by various levels.
of ventilation, that is, adequate, inadequate, dilution
and overpressure.
D-3.1 Adequate Ventilation
35
(patumbonitOymy The extent of te finmable
josphere that will exist during the release from a
Jow momentum source ean be estimated by speci
calculations.
‘The objective of adequate ventilation is to ensute that
the building can be properly classified as Zone 2 in
large buildings it may be possible to classify some parts
as non-hazardous, while other parts are Zone 2,
Continuous or primary grade releases should not be
discharged internally, but should be piped directly to
‘an external safe location through ducting, With suitable
veniilation design, any areas of Zone 1 should be of
very limited extent,
buildings or structures artificial ventilation is often
needed to achieve 12 air changes, and where this is
provided, careful design and balancing of air inlet or
extraction points is needed to ensure no stagnant areas
‘exist, Measurements made after the ventilation system
is installed may be needed to check for stagnant areas,
‘and the tests may need to be carried out both on ar
empty building, and after large items of plant, or stocks
of products have been introduced. With very large
buildings it may become impracticable to provide
artificial ventilation to achieve 12 air changesMhour
is certainly inefficient to blow very large amounts of_ APL SOS
(CLASSFICATON OF LOCATIONS Fo ELECTHIGALINSTALATIONS AT PETROLEUM FACIES CLASSIFIED AS CLASSI, ZONES O,
6.6.2.4.3 “Floor area is the maximum area of any hor
zontal plane intersecting an enclosed are.
66.244 Recirculation of inside airs permited if
1. the recirculated air is monitored continuously with a gas
detection system mesting the requirements of Section 6.522
‘rough i, and
bb the gas detection system is designed to automatically stop
recirculation, provide an alarm (audible or visual, or both, as
‘most appropriate for the area), and provide exhaust (ata min-
imum rate as described in Par. 6.62.4.2) to the outside if
vapor-air mixtures in concentration over 20 percent of their
Jower flammable limit (LFL) are detected.
‘Note: Sie dtion sr mst ead to the pain question oenere
athe enesntation of fsmmable go vapor smannns Deon 25
‘ai ofthe lower Nammabl lini (LFL fo af tut atonal enon.
(ee,
buildings), air flow due to thermal forces (stack effet) pro-
vides adequate veatilation i the inlet and outlet ventilation |
‘openings are properly sized and located. When determining,
adequate ventilation for enclosed areas using the mathemati
cal analysis below, @
hour. The minimum atea for
tidings to obtain comple
change of ar each Sve minutes GRAERRREEEITD can
be caleulated from the following equations (Equation | and
[Equation 2) if there is no significant building internal resis=
tance, and the inlet and outlet openings are vertically sepa-
rated and on opposite walls. It is recommended that this
method of calculating adequate ventilation be limited 1
enclosed areas (e.g, buildings) of approximately 283 cubic
meters (1,000 cubic feet) oF less.
6.8.2.4.6 Provisions need to be made for the introduction
of ir in a manner to propery distribute ventilation; that is, air
should not be permitted to flow dizectly from the ar inlet to
the air outlet (Short-circuited) without removing air previ-
‘ously within the enclosed area, or from the air outlet back into
the ar inlet.
[Nate The specie equations below wil deme tbe minimum sea fo
inet and outlet opens to provide a complete change oa each ve mit
es at ccommended shove I diferente fo exsange the ie 6
‘sie, Equation Ica be ads nan vee ner mane, fr example
‘opening ala ing wuld be required for eompce change oa ech
Kemmis, 7 appoahes 7, he stack let reed,
¥
— 0
1200,)K TTT,
Where:
A_ = Free area of inlet (or outlet) openings), in square
fee, includes a 50 percent effectiveness factor)
Volume of building to be ventilated, in cubic feet
7
hy = See Equation 2
T, ~ Temperature of indoor at in degrees Rankine
(degrees Falrenheit plus 460)
T,, = Temperature of outdoor ai, in degrees Rankine
Not | Equation as rod fom the 1988 ASHRAE Handbook of Fu
arenas Chaet 2, using Equations) ad (10), asuning am ehange
‘ven fve minutes Referens the atove Handbook, Chapter 2, fr ad
‘oat inomation oa natal venules blangs The detains o Eq
tone and re based om Ele its and conversions oS ai ent
teen ase
Note 2: auton tapes when 7,21, IF 7;< 7 replace 7; wih , amd
replace Twi,
|Note3: Thee ary (4) determined in Eaton 1 sues ha he fre area
‘ofthe ill equal thro en of he et I he tes are eh se
‘he salle ofthe tho areas and eer o Figure 7, Chaplet 22 of te 1988
[ASHIRAE Handbook of Fundamental, sepoducd below a igue I. THe
tte of the openings (a8 termined fam Equation Ica be reduced by
same percents as the “nctease in percent baited From Fgae|
H
oe 2
WAZA T/T
Where:
1h = Height fiom the center of the louver opening to the
Neutral Pressure Level (NPL). in feet. The NPL.
the point on the vertical surface ofa building where
the interior and exterior pressures are equal,
Free area of lower opening, in square feet
Free area of upper opening, in square feet
Vertical distance (center-to-center) between 4, and
Api feet
Nowe Equation 2 apis when 1 >1, 17; < Te testo 1/7, sould be
iver
40
Increase in parent
1 2 3 4 5 6
Ratio of outet oil or vice-versa
Figure 1~Increase in Flow Caused by Excess of One
‘Opening Over Another
(See Section 6.6.2.4.6)