e jwt cos t j sin t

e jt

e jt cos t j sin t

cos t

sin t

cos t

sin t

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 1

e jt

e jt

e jt
e jt cos t j sin t

e jt

e jt

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 2

Re e jt cos t

Im e jt sin t

Im e jt sin t

e jwt

e jwt

1
(cos t j sin t ) (cos t j sin t )
2j
1 jt jt

e e
2j

sin t

1
(cos t j sin t ) (cos t j sin t )
2
1
e jt e jt
2

cos t

2sin wt j (e jwt e jwt )

j ( cos t j sin t cos t j sin t )

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 3

jt

e jt / 2

jt

e jt / 2

ex

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 4

x2
cos( x) 1
2!
x3
sin( x) x
3!

x4 x6

4! 6!
x5 x 7

5! 7!

ex
ex 1 x

x 2 x3 x 4

2! 3! 4!

t
e j

( j )2 ( j )3 ( j ) 4 ( j )5
e 1 j

2!
3!
4!
5!
j

j 2 1

j4 1

j 6 1

j 3 4 j 5 2 j 7
e 1 j

2! 3! 4! 3! 6! 7!
j

e 1

2
2!

4
4!

2
6!

This is a cosine.

j 3 j 5 j 7

3!
3!
7!

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

This is j times sine.

Page 5

e j /2

2
cos( / 2) j sin( / 2)
0 j (1)
j

3 2
e j 3 /2 cos(3 / 2) j sin(3 / 2)
0 j (1)
j

e j cos( ) j sin( ) 1
e j 1 0

x(t ) A cos(t )
A
A
e j (t ) e j (t )
2
2
A
A
e jt e j e jt e j
2
2

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 6

A / 2 cos(t ) j sin(t ) cos(t ) j sin(t )

A cos(t )

A j jt A j jt
e e e e
2
2
jt
Q e Q e jt

x(t )

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

A j
e
2

d
dt

Page 7

n
N

n 1

n 1

f (t ) a0 an cos(nt ) bn sin(nt )

a0

1
f (t )dt
T 0

an

2
f (t ) cos nt dt
T 0

bn

2
f (t ) sin nt dt
T 0

N
an jnt jnt
b
(e e
) n (e jnt e jnt )
n 1 2
n 1 2 j

f (t ) a0

an

2
1
f (t ) (e jnt e jnt )dt

T0
2
T

bn

2
1
f (t ) e jnt e jnt dt

T0
2j

1
1
f (t ) a0 (an jbn )e jnt (an jbn )e jnt
n 1 2
n 1 2

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 8

an

1
1
f (t )e jnt dt f (t )e jnt dt

T0
T0

1
An (an jbn )
2
1
Bn (an jbn )
2

n 1

n 1

f (t ) a0 An e jnt Bn e jnt
T

An

1
f (t )e jnt dt

T 0
T

1
Bn f (t )e jnt dt
T 0

an

bn

n 0

n 0

f (t ) An e jnt Bn e jnt

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 9

f (t )

Ce

jnt

e jnt

e jnt cos t j sin t

e jnt cos t j sin t

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 10

1
Cn
2T

f (t )e jnt dt

Cn An jBn

Cn An 2 Bn 2
Bn

An

n tan 1

1
2
x(t ) dt

T0

xk

Pavg A2 2
A2

1
1
Pavg a 0 2 an2 bn2
2
n 1 2

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 11

CC

Cn

C n

Cn

C n An jBn

C n

an

bn

C0
2

1 2
a0
2
1 2
an bn2

Cn C n
2

f (t ) A cos t

A jt A jt
e e
2
2

Single sided spectrum

Double sided spectrum

A
A

Real
Frequency Line

e jt

Exponential
Frequency Line

e jt

A cos t

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 12

f (t ) A sin t

A jt A jt
e e
2j
2j

Single sided spectrum

Double sided spectrum

A
A

e jt

Real
Frequency Line

Exponential
Frequency Line

e jt

A sin t

f (t ) A(cos t sin t )

A jt A jt A jt A jt
e e
e e
2
2
2j
2j

2A

e jwt

A/ 2

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 13

Single sided spectrum

Double sided spectrum

2A
A

A/2

A/2

-A/2

Real
Frequency Line

Exponential
Frequency Line

+A/2

Double sided spectrum

V

2A

e jt

2A

Exponential
Frequency Line

e jt
A sin t A cos t

f (t ) A cos t j A sin t
f (t ) A(cos w j sin wt )

A jt A jt A jt A jt
e e
e e
2
2
2
2
jt
Ae

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 14

V
2A

e jt

e jt
A cos t jA sin t

f (t ) A cos( 0)t
A
A
e jt e jt A
2
2

e jt

Exponential
Frequency line

x(t ) 2cos2 (t )

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 15

e jt e jt
2

1
1
1 e j 2 t e j 2 t
2
2

V
1
1/2

1/2

e jt

Exponential
Frequency line

e jt

2cos2 (t )

x(t ) 2cos(t ) cos(2t )

cos(t ) cos(3t )
1
1
1
1
e jt e jt e j 3t e j 3t
2
2
2
2

1/2

3
e j 3t e jt

1/2

e jt

3
e j 3t

Exponential
Frequency line

2cos(t ) cos(2t )

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 16

f (t ) .8cos 2 t .6sin 2 t .8cos 4 t .3sin 7 t

0.8 j 2 t 0.8 j 2 t 0.6 j 2 t 0.6 j 2 t 0.8 j 4 t 0.8 j 4 t 0.3 j 7 t 0.3 j 7 t

e

e
2
2
2j
2j
2
2
2j
2j

.5
.4

.5
.4

.15

.15

4 2 2 4

Frequency line

x(t ) 3 6cos(4 t 2) j 4sin(4 t 3) j6sin(10 t 1.5)

x(t ) 3 3e4 t e2 3e4 t e2 2e4 t e3 2e 4 t e 3 3e10 t e1.5 3e 10 t e 1.5

3 e j 4 t 3e2 j 2e3 j e j 4 t 3e2 j 2e3 j 3e j10 t e j1.5 3e j10 t e j1.5

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 17

e j 4 t 3e2 j 2e3 j

3cos(2) 2 cos(3) 3sin(2) 2sin(3)

2

6.16e j 4 t

e j 4 t 3e2 j 2e 3 j

3cos(2) 2 cos(3) 3sin(2) 2sin(3)

2

3.46e j 4 t

6.16

3.46

1.5

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

1.5

Frequency line

Page 18

3j
Each time the number is
multiplied by oi,
it shifts by 90 .

-3

-3j

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 19

x j jx

jx
j j 1

z x jy

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 20

Re z x
Im( z ) y

z M

z Ae jt
z A cos t Aj sin t
e jt
e jt
cos t j sin t
Re z A cos t
Im z A sin t

z x jy

M x 2 y 2 tan 1 y / x
x 2 y 2 tan 1 y / x if x <0
z M

x jy M cos jM sin
z 5.927
5cos(.927) 3
5sin(.927) 4

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 21

z 1 j
M

1 j
2

y

y
arctan
x

arctan
x

If x < 0

1
=arctan 3 / 4
1
z 23 / 4

12 j 2 2

arctan(1) / 4 .785

z1 a jb
z2 c jd
z1 M11
z2 M 22
z3 z1 z2 M1M 2(1 2 )

z1 2.785

z1 z2 (a c) j (b d )

z2 5.927

z2 3 4 j
z1 1 j
z3 (1 3) j (1 4) 4 j5

z1 1 j

z2 3 4 j

z1 2.785 z2 5.927 5 21.71

z2 3 4 j
z1 1 j

z2 5.927 z1 2.785
z
5
z3 2
.927 .785
z1
2

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 22

z* x jy
e jt

e jt
z M
z* M

z zz*
2

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

1
z z*
2

Page 23

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

Page 24

Charan Langton, complextoreal.com

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