Chapter 5: Early Craniate Morphogenesis

I.

CRANIATE EGGS
II.
III. Vary in amount of yolk contained. Distribution of yolk w/in the
egg.
IV.
V. VARIATION IN AMOUNT OF YOLK
VI.
A. Microlecithal Eggs
VII.
VIII. Eggs with very little yolk.
IX.
Ex: Amphioxus and Placental Mammals.
X.
B. Mesolecithal Eggs
XI.
XII.
Eggs with moderate amounts of yolk.
XIII. Ex: Freshwater lampreys, basal actinopterygian and
neopterygian fishes, lungfishes (Dipnoi), and amphibians.
XIV.
C. Macrolecithal Eggs
XV.
XVI. Eggs with massive amount of yolk.
XVII. Ex: Marine lampreys, elasmobranchs, teleost, reptiles,
and monotremes.

XVIII.
XIX.

VARIATION IN DISTRIBUTION OF YOLK

XX.
D. Isolecithal
XXI.
XXII. Even distribution of yolk like in microlecithal eggs.
Distributed throughout the cytoplasm as fat droplets and
small yolk globules.
XXIII.
E. Telolecithal
XXIV.
XXV. Yolk tends to be concentrated on one end as in
Mesolecithal and Macrolecithal eggs.
XXVI.
XXVII. Vegetal Pole: YOLK
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XXVIII.Animal Pole: Contains nucleus and relatively yolk-free

cytoplasm.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI. OVIPARITY AND VIVIPARITY
XXXII.
F. Oviparous
XXXIII.
XXXIV.Animals that spawn or lay their eggs. Eggs contain
sufficient nourishment in the form of yolk, and sometimes
albumen, to support development.
XXXV.
G. Viviparous
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
Animals that give birth to offspring.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
Ovoviviparity: Relationship wherein mother
provides only protection and oxygen. Nourishment is stored
in the egg. Ex. Squalus acanthias (dogfish shark)
XL.
XLI. Euviviparity: Embryo cannot develop without the
nourishment being constantly supplied by the mother from
maternal tissues. Ex. Dasyatis americana
XLII.
XLIII. Some species in the ovarian cavity develop
TROPHOTAENIAE (a sprout long villuslike projections from the
lining of the embryonic gut.)
XLIV.
XLV. Histotrophic (embryotrophic) nutrition: Nutrition by
glandular secretions from maternal tissues, as contrasted
with nutrition supplied via placenta.
XLVI.
XLVII.
XLVIII.
XLIX.
L.
LI.
LII.
LIII.

LIV.
LV.
LVI.
LVII.
LVIII. EARLY CRANIATE DEVELOPMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE
CHORDATES
LIX.
LX.Aim of Gastrulation: To achieve a BILATERALLY SYMETRICAL,
THREE GERM-LAYERED STAGE WITH NOTOCHORD AND NEURAL
TUBE RUDIMENTS, and place the germ layers in their respective
position.
LXI.
LXII.
LXIII.
LXIV.
LXV.
LXVI.
LXVII.
LXVIII.
LXIX.
LXX.

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LXXI. Representative/
Egg Type
LXXV. Amphioxus
(Microlecithal)

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LXXII.

Cleavage and Blastula

LXXVI.BLASTOMERES are of equal size.

Chapter 5: Early Craniate Morphogenesis

LXXIII.

Gastrulation

LXXVII.
Presumptive
endoderm
INVAGINATES into the blastocoel.
LXXVIII.
INVOLUTION
produces
ARCHENTERON and the result is a gastrula.
LXXIX.The site of involution and the entrance to
the archenteron is the BLASTOPORE.
LXXX.
LXXXI.Presumptive notochord cells from the rim
of the blastopore flow inward, located
temporarily at the top of the archenteron.
LXXXII.
LXXXIII.
Presumptive mesoderm cells form
BANDS OF UNDIFFERENTIATED MESODERM
lateral to the notochord.
LXXXIV.
LXXXV.
---(at this point the embryo has: (1)
ectoderm, (2) endoderm, and (3) parallel bands
of mesoderm. --LXXXVI.
LXXXVII.
Actively mitotic bands fold upward,
separate from the endoderm and form
COELOMIC POUCHES/ MESODERMAL POUCHES.
LXXXVIII.
LXXXIX.
Larva hatches.
XC.
XCI. Coelomic
pouches
grows
ventrad
separating the ectoderm and endoderm and
meet at the gut. (1) SOMATIC MESODERM/
SOMATOPLEURE, (2) SPLANCHNIC MESODERM/
SPLANCHNOPLEURE, and the (3) COELOM is
formed.
XCII.
XCIII. ORGANOGENESIS.
XCIV.

NALE

LXXIV.

Additional Notes/
Distinctions
XCV. + Blastocoel is completely
obliterated during gastrulation,
compared to Mesolecithal eggs.

XCVI. Frog
(Mesolecithal)

XCVII. Yolk-laden cells at the vegetal

pole divide more slowly and are larger.

CXIII. Chick/
Amniotes
with macrolecithal eggs.
(Macrolecithal)

CXIV. Segmentation is confined to the

animal pole and results into a
BLASTODERM. Embryo develops from
the blastoderm

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XCVIII.The amount of yolk impedes involution.

The gastrula, therefore, forms in alternative cell
movements. EPIBOLY.
XCIX.
C.
Formation
of
CHORDOMESODERM.
Organization of notochord temporarily at the
roof of archenteron. Formation of longitudinal
bands of mesoderm to form the dorsal
mesoderm
which
eventually
forms
the
MESODERMAL SOMITES.
CI.
CII.
Presumptive endoderm streams to the
interior and provides a lining for the
archenteron. Cells on the surface of the gastrula
become the ectoderm.
CIII.
CIV. Lateral plate mesoderm stream forward to
form somatic and splanchnic mesoderm.
CV.
CVI. INTERMEDIATE MESODERM
CVII.
CVIII.
CXV. BLASTODERM: an adaptation to form
triploblastic organisms. A result of segmentation
of the cytoplasm at the animal pole only. At first
it is a thin multilayered mound of cells on top of
the yolk. It is like a skullcap.
CXVI.
CXVII. The blastoderm organizes into an
EPIBLAST (upper) and HYPOBLAST (lower).
CXVIII.
CXIX. Cells at the periphery of the hypoblast
grow outward then downward to become part of
the ENDODERMAL LINING of the yolk sac.
Hypoblast does not contribute to the developing
embryo. Epiblast is the presumptive tissues of
the embryo.
CXX.
CXXI. Initial cells migrate inward through the
PRIMITIVE
STREAK.
Migration
of
future
mesoderm between epiblast and endoderm.
NALE

CIX. +
Formation
of
the
notochord and dorsal mesoderm is
the same with amphioxus.
CX.
+Dorsal
Mesoderm
segments and reorganize to form
the
hollow
mesodermal
somites.
CXI. +Lateral-plate mesoderm
does not segment and forms the
somatic,
and
splanchnic
mesoderm.
CXII. +Presence of Intermediate
Mesoderm.

CXXXVI.
+Presence
of
hypoblast (forms yolk sac) and
epiblast (presumptive tissues).
CXXXVII.
+Primitive streak and
Hensens node are the functional
equivalent of the blastopore of
eggs with less yolk.

CXXXVIII.
Mammals

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Placental

CXXXIX.
Pattern of cleavage is
unique:
CXL.
CXLI. 1st cleavage: MERIDIONAL
CXLII. At this point cleavage begins to
differ, with each daughter cells from the
first division cleaving at right angles to
each other, one MERIDIONALLY and the
other EQUATORIALLY.
CXLIII.
CXLIV. 16 cell stage: inner cell mass is
present

Chapter 5: Early Craniate Morphogenesis

CXXII.
CXXIII.
All three primary tissues migrate
laterally to form extra embryonic membranes.
CXXIV.
CXXV. NOTOCHORD
AND
MESODERM
FORMATION:
CXXVI.
CXXVII.
A notochordal process from the
Hensens node pushes forward beneath the
epiblast.
CXXVIII.
CXXIX.
Streaming cells alongside the
notochord stablishes the mesoderm. Lateralplate mesoderm streams from both sides of
primitive streak.
CXXX.
CXXXI.
While
dorsal
mesoderm
is
segmenting to form the somites, the lateralplate mesoderm is splitting to form the somatic
and splanchnic mesoderm.
CXXXII.
CXXXIII.
Second
day
of
incubation:
splanchnopleure has formed the yolk-sac and
has produced the FIRST BLOOD CELLS and a
network
of
delicate
VITELLINE
(omphalomesenteric) VESSELS in the AREA
OPACA.
CXXXIV.
CXXXV.
CXLVIII.
BLASTOCYST: has an inner cell
mass.
CXLIX.Inner cell mass is where the embryo
develops from.
CL.
Blastocyst
wall
develops
into
TROPHOBLAST and established contact with the
lining of the maternal uterus.
CLI.
CLII. Formation of first endoderm is a product
of the inner cell mass whether by cell migration
or delamination.
CLIII.
NALE

CLX. +Nutrition
prior
the
attachment
of
conceptus
(embryo+extraembryonic
membrane) to the maternal tissues
is HISTOTROPHIC
CLXI. +Anterior end of neural
groove is widest, being the future
brain.
CLXII. +Closure of neural tube
begins at the caudal end of the
brain. It then sweeps caudad and
cephalad.

CXLV. 32 cell stage: outer layer is

expanded around the blastocoel and
forms the TROPHOBLAST.
CXLVI.
CXLVII.
BLASTOCYST: Because of
the cyst like nature of the mammalian
blastula.

CLIV. Inner cell mass is converted into epiblast CLXIII. +In living agnathans and
and primitive endoderm. It is then called an ray-finned fishes, the floor plate
EMBRYONIC DISK or BLASTODISK. Establishment does not roll into a tube, but
of germ layer follows together with the yolk sac becomes
a
wedged-shaped
for a yolk that does not exist.
NEURAL
KEEL,
which
then
CLV.
detaches from the ectoderm and
CLVI. NEURULATION:
organized a neurocoel.
CLVII. Formation of NEURAL PLATE. Lateral
borders of neural plate elevates to form the
NEURAL GROOVE. Grooves meet to form the
NEURAL TUBE. The cavity is the NEUROCOEL.
CLVIII.
CLIX.
CLXIV.
18.ORGANOGENESIS: Process of forming organs.
CLXV.
19.EPIBOLY: An alternative cell movement in Mesolecithal eggs due to
CLXVI.IMPORTANT TERMS:
impeding of yolk which makes involution difficult. Small cells from
CLXVII.
the animal pole grow downward over the larger cells of the vegetal
1. SEGMENTATION/ CLEAVAGE: Early divisions of the zygote that is
pole thus tucking the yolk inside the forming blastopore. Results
initiated by FERTILIZATION.
into YOLK PLUG.
2. BLASTULA: A hollow sphere of small cells as a result of cleavage.
20.INTERMEDIATE MESODERM: A strand of lateral-plate mesoderm
3. BLASTOMERE: Cells of blastula.
immediately lateral to the mesodermal somites. Gives rise to the
4. BLASTOCOEL: Cavity of blastula.
kidney tubules and the ducts of the urogenital system.
5. BLASTODERM: A result of segmentation of the cytoplasm in the
21.TRIPLOBLASTIC ORGANISM: Three germ-layered organism.
animal pole only. It is perched like a skullcap on the massive yolk.
22.HENSENS NODE: A structure that develops within the blastoderm. A
6. TROPHOBLAST: Blastocyst wall that establishes contact with the
thickened nodule of closely packed blastoderm cells that defines
maternal tissues in placentals.
the caudal end of the future embryo.
7. BLASTOCYST: Mammalian blastula.
23.PRIMITIVE STREAK: a multilayered longitudinal structure that
8. FORMATIVE/ MORPHOGENETIC MOVEMENTS: Cellular migrations
develops within the blastoderm.
that generates the three germ layers.
24.VITTELINE VESSELS: Collect yolk globules and transport them to the
9. INVOLUTION: A formative movement that produces the archenteron.
simple, twitching, eventually S-shaped heart.
10.ARCHENTERON: Earliest gut.
25.CONCEPTUS: Embryo + extra embryonic membrane.
11.BLASTOPORE: Entrance to archenteron.
26.NEURULATION: Process of establishing neural tube.
12.CHORDAMESODERM: Notochord
27.NEURULA: A term used to describe and embryo wherein the lateral
13.SOMATIC MESODERM: Outer wall of coelomic pouches. Result of
borders of the neural plate become elevated to form a pair of neural
mesoderm growing ventrad.
folds bounding a neural groove.
14.SOMATOPLEURE/ BODY WALL: Somatic Mesoderm + Ectoderm
28.NEURAL KEEL: A variation of neurulation found in living agnathans
15.SPLANCHNIC MESODERM: Inner wall of coelomic pouches that lies
and ray-finned fishes where the neural folds do not roll into a tube,
against the endoderm.
but instead becomes a wedged-shaped neural keel.
16.SPLANCHNOPLEURE: Splanchnic mesoderm + endoderm. Gives rise
CLXVIII.
to digestive tract.
CLXIX.
INDUCTION OF DIFFERENTIATION: MORPHOGENS
17.COELOM: Cavity between somatic and splanchnic mesoderms.
CLXX.
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CLXXI.HANS SPEMANN: Dorsal lip of the blastopore is an organizer area

that establishes the long axis of the craniate body.
CLXXII.
CLXXIII. HOMEOTIC GENES: A number of genes that determine the
fates of individual segments once they are determined by earlier
processes. Found in fruit flies. Includes the HOX GENE CLUSTERS
of craniates.
CLXXIV.
CLXXV. MORPHOGEN: a protein that is the molecular basis for
induction of differentiation encoded by genes. The SIGNAL for
the cascading genes. No morphogen = no induction.
CLXXVI.
CLXXVII. CHORDIN: is a secreted morphogen encoded by genes in the
dorsal lip of the blastopore during early proliferation of
presumptive notochord cells.
CLXXVIII.
CLXXIX. MESENCHYME: an unorganized accumulation of dendritic,
undifferentiated embryonic cells that compose much of an early
embryo. During organogenesis, mesenchyme becomes
organized in aggregates known as BLASTEMAS (totipotent cells).
Most are mesodermal in origin. Reserve cells that can replace
some varieties of worn or damaged tissues, especially
connective tissue.
CLXXX.
CLXXXI. MESECTODERM: mesenchyme of ectodermal origin.
CLXXXII.
CLXXXIII. NEURECTODERM: mesenchyme of neural ectoderm origin.
CLXXXIV.
CLXXXV.
CLXXXVI.
CLXXXVII.
CLXXXVIII.
CLXXXIX.
FATE OF THE ECTODERM
CXC.
CXCI.
(1) Entire nervous system and some of its membranes.
CXCII.
(2) lens and retina of the lateral eyes and the sensory
epithelium of other special sense organs.
CXCIII.
(3) Epidermis and derivatives and glands that lie within
the dermis.
CXCIV.
(4) Lining of stomodeum and proctodeum and
derivatives.
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CXCV.
(5) Tissues that result from migration of mesenchyme
from neural crest and ectodermal placodes.
CXCVI.
A. Stomodeum and Proctodeum
CXCVII.
CXCVIII.
STOMODEUM
CXCIX.
CC.
A midventral invagination of the ectoderm of
embryonic head that develops at the anterior end of the
foregut where formation of ORAL CAVITY commences. The
foregut and the invagination is separated by ORAL PLATE, the
rupture of which gives rise to the opening of the digestive
tract from the exterior.
CCI.
CCII. Provides cells that secrete the enamel of mammalian
teeth. An invagination known as RATHKES POUCH
envaginates from the roof of the stomodeum before the oral
plate ruptures to give rise to the ADENOPOPHYSIS.
CCIII.
CCIV. PROCTODEUM
CCV.
CCVI. Develops in relation to the hindgut. Proctodeum and
the hindgut are temporarily separated by cloacal plate.
CCVII.
CCVIII.
CLOACAL PLATE = ORAL PLATE.
CCIX.
B. Neural Crest
CCX.
CCXI. As neural groove sinks into the dorsal body to form the
neural tube, some of the ectoderm at the SITE OF THE UNION
of the neural folds separates from the surface ectoderm.
They form a pair of MESENCHYMAL RIBBONS paralleling the
neural tube on each side. The ribbons become segmented,
and form a cluster of cells, these are the NEURAL CREST
DERIVATIVES (neurectodermal).
CCXII.
CCXIII.
Neural crest rapidly proliferate to form:
CCXIV.
1. They form blastemas for the skeleton of the pharyngeal
arches. Including that of the jaws

2. They contribute to the anteroventral portion of the

neurocranium, and to some of the membrane bones that
ensheathe the neurocranium.
3. They invade the anlagen of the thyroid, thymus, and
ultimobranchial bodies that are developing from the
epithelium of the pharyngeal pouches or pharyngeal floor.
4. Lingual cartilages and branchial basket of agnathans.
5. Neural crest mesenchyme in the head or trunk streams
ventrad around the notochord to form the AUTONOMIC
GANGLIA and specific cells of the ADRENAL GLAND.
6. Meninges other than dura mater.
7. PIGMENT CELLS! Not only of skin, but of muscles and in
many internal organs.
8. Neurilemma: a living membrane that ensheathes all nerve
fibers outside the CNS.
CCXV.
C. Ectodermal Placodes
CCXVI.
CCXVII.
Paired localized thickenings of the embryonic
ectoderm that sink beneath the skin and give rise to
neuroblasts and the sensory epithelia of certain sense
organs.
CCXVIII.
1. NASAL (OLFACTORY) PLACODES: forms above the
stomodeum. The placodes sink into the head and become
part of the lining of a pair of nasal pits that open to the
exterior via nostrils. Some become neurosensory cells in
the olfactory epithelium.
2. OTIC PLACODES: lateral to the hindbrain. Becomes the
OTOCYST. These are precursors of the sensory epithelia of
the membranous labyrinth (inner ears).
3. LENS (OPTIC) PLACODES: Lenses of the eyes
4. EPIBRANCHIAL PLACODES: contribute neuroblasts that
become sensory cell bodies in one pair or more of the
ganglia in cranial nerves 7, 9 and 10. Their fibers
innervate the TASTE BUDS.
5. LINEAR SERIES OF PLACODES: Lateral-line canal systems
of fishes and amphibians. ELECTRORECEPTIVE EPITHELIA.
CCXIX.
CCXX.
CCXXI. NEURULATION
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CCXXII.
CCXXIII.

CCXXIV.
CCXXV.
CCXXVI.
CCXXVII.
CCXXVIII.
CCXXIX.

CCXXX. FATE OF ENDODERM

CCXXXI.
1. Epithelium of the entire alimentary canal and its
invaginations between the stomodeum and proctodeum.
2. Epitheliod components of the parathyroid glands,
ultimobranchial glands, thymus and the lining of the auditory
tube and middle ear cavity. They are endodermal because of
they originated from pharyngeal pouches.
3. Midventral invaginations of pharynx: thyroid, lungs and swim
bladders, and their ducts.
4. Crop sacs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, various gastric and
intestinal ceca.
5. Lining of urinary bladders and urogenital sinus of mammals.
CCXXXII.
CCXXXIII.
FATE OF MESODERM
CCXXXIV.
A. Dorsal Mesoderm (Epimere)
CCXXXV.
CCXXXVI.
Somites collectively constitute most of dorsal
mesoderm. Aligned beside the notochord and the neural
tube. Some somites exhibit three regions:
CCXXXVII.
CCXXXVIII. MYOTOMES: contribute mesenchyme that
migrates into the body wall of the trunk and tail to form
skeletal muscles.
CCXXXIX.
CCXL. SCLEROTOMES: gives rise to VERTEBRAL COLUMN
RIBS. Those in the head sometimes gives rise to PARTS OF
THE NEUROCRANIUM and to one or more sense capsules.
CCXLI.
CCXLII.
DERMATOMES: contributes to mesenchyme that
forms the dermis of skin. Most of the dermis arises from
lateral-plate mesoderm. Paraxial mesoderm continues
anterior to the somites as incompletely segmented
SOMITOMERES. Somitomeres lack dermatome and slerotome.
Remaining myotomal component of somitomeres gives rise
to BRANCHIOMERIC and EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES.
CCXLIII.
B. Lateral-Plate Mesoderm (Hypomere)
CCXLIV.
CCXLV.
Confined to the trunk and consist of:
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CCXLVI.
CCXLVII.
SOMATIC MESODERM: gives rise to connective
tissue, blood vessels of body wall. Skeleton of body wall,
girdles, and limbs. Outermost product is the DERMIS OF THE
BODY WALL and PARIETAL PERITONEUM.
CCXLVIII.
SPLANCHNIC MESODERM: gives rise to smooth
muscles, and connective tissue of digestive tract and of its
outpocketings, to the heart, and to the blood vessels of the
viscera. Outermost product is VISCERAL PERITONEUM.
CCXLIX.
C. Intermediate Mesoderm (Mesomere)
CCL.
CCLI. Pair of longitudinal ribbons of unsegmented
mesoderm. Gives rise to kidney tubules, and longitudinal
ducts of the urogenital system.
CCLII.
CCLIII.

CCLIV.
CCLV. Extraembryonic Membranes
CCLVI.
A. Yolk Sac

CCLVII.
CCLVIII.
Most primitive. Surrounds the yolk. Empties into
the midgut and is usually lined by endoderm. Highly vascular.
Vessels = VITELLINE ARTERIES/ VEINS, are confluent with the
circulatory channels within the embryo proper.
CCLIX.
CCLX. Yolk particles in the sac are digested by enzymes and
then transported to the embryo via vitelline veins. In sharks,
yolk enters the intestine directly, yolk is propelled by rapidly
beating cilia that line the sac and stalk.
CCLXI.
CCLXII.
Meckels Diverticulum: a vestige of the yolk sac
in humans.
CCLXIII.
CCLXIV.
Yolk sac in viviparous fishes and amphibians is
highly vascularized and lies close to maternal tissues. It often
serves as a membrane for absorbing oxygen from the parent.
CCLXV.
CCLXVI.
After the yolk is depleted, the sac may absorb
nutrients from maternal tissues. Simple yolk sac placenta.
CCLXVII.
B. Amnion and Chorion
CCLXVIII.
CCLXIX.
Embryos of mammals and reptiles develop
within 2 membranous sacs: Amniotic sac (composed of
amnion), and Chorionic sac (composed of chorion).
CCLXX.
CCLXXI.
These membranes are forms when upfoldings of
embryonic somatopleure meet above the embryo and fuse
forming the amniotic sac. The chorion forms with continuous
growth of somatopleure and surrounds both the amniotic sac
and yolk sac.
CCLXXII.
CCLXXIII.
CCLXXIV.
In the amniotic sac is AMNIOTIC FLUID
composed of metabolic water and embryonic tissues. When
the embryonic kidneys begin to function, nitrogenous wastes
are added to the fluid.
CCLXXV.
CCLXXVI.
Helps prevent desiccation in oviparous species.
And buffers fetus against mechanical injury.
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CCLXXVII.
CCLXXVIII. Chorion lies intimate with the eggshell or the
lining of the mothers uterus. It keeps communication with
its source of oxygen and, in viviparity, a source of nutrients.
CCLXXIX.
CCLXXX.
CCLXXXI.
CCLXXXII.
CCLXXXIII.
C. Allantois
CCLXXXIV.
CCLXXXV.
A midventral envagination of the embryonic
cloaca. It ordinarily grows until it becomes in contact with the
inner surface of the chorion to form a CHORIOALLANTOIC
MEMBRANE:
CCLXXXVI.
CCLXXXVII. (Reptiles + Monotremes: In contact eggshell)
CCLXXXVIII.
CCLXXXIX. (Viviparous squamates: respiratory organ)
CCXC.
CCXCI.
(Eutherian Mammals: in direct contact with the
lining of the maternal uterus, constitutes a part of the
CHORIOALLANTOIC PLACENTA, performs 2 additional
functions: transfer of nutrients, transfer of metabolic waste.)
CCXCII.
CCXCIII.
The base of the allantois becomes the urinary
bladder of the amniotes. In mammals, the part extending the
tip of the bladder and umbilicus may retain after birth as
URACHUS (Middle umbilical ligament).
CCXCIV.
D. Placentas
CCXCV.
CCXCVI.
In the broadest sense, it refers to ANY REGION
IN A VIVIPAROUS ORGANISM WHERE MATERNAL AND
EMBRYONIC TISSUES OF ANY KIND ARE CLOSELY APPOSED
AND THAT SERVES AS SITE FOR EXCHANGES BETWEEN
PARENT AND EMBRYO.
CCXCVII.
CCXCVIII.
In a more restricted sense, placenta is an organ
composed of:

(1) highly vascular region of an Extraembryonic membrane

(yolk sac, choriovitelline membrane, chorioallantoic
membrane or chorion alone)
(2) the associated highly vascular lining of the maternal
uterus.
CCXCIX.
CCC. Yolk sac serves as part of placenta in viviparous
amphibians, and fishes such as dogfish. They dont have
amnion, chorion or allantois.
CCCI.
CCCII. Marsupials: Yolk sac likes against the chorion, instead
of allantois, as part of the CHORIOVITELLINE PLACENTA.
CCCIII.
CCCIV.Eutherian mammals: CHORIOALLANTOIC PLACENTA.
Has an umbilical cord.
CCCV.
CCCVI.
CONTACT OR NONDECIDUOUS PLACENTA: fetal
membranes peel away at birth. (Marsupials and Ungulates)
CCCVII.
CCCVIII.
DECIDUOUS PLACENTA: Chorionic villi become
rootd in to the endometrium, or dangle into uterin blood

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sinuses. When fetal part of such placenta disengages at

parturition, the invaded potion of the uterine lining, the
DECIDUA, is shed and bleeding occurs.
CCCIX.
CCCX. Distribution of Chorionic villo
CCCXI.
(1) Cotyledonary Placenta: in isolated patches (Sheep, cow)
(2) Zonary Placenta: in a band encircling the sac (Cat, dog,
seal)
(3) Discoidal Placenta: in a single large discoidal area. (Brown
bear, humans)
(4) Diffuse placenta: Diffusely over the entire chorion (pig)
CCCXII.
CCCXIII.
CCCXIV.
CCCXV.
CCCXVI. ---END--CCCXVII.
CCCXVIII.

CCCXIX.