CHAPTER 8

REVIEW

CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE

The membrane has a phospholipid bilayer. This is
double layer of lipids that each have a phosphate
group attached. It also contains embedded proteins
which acts like a guard for the cell, allowing and
denying entry in to the cell.

Phosphate Heads:
- Hydrophilic (loves
water)

Lipid Tails:
-hydrophobic (water
fearing)
Proteins:
- Acts like a security guard
- Allows certain materials
into cell

FLUID MOSAIC
MODEL
The proteins form a mosaic pattern. Because they
can move, the model of the cell membrane is called
the Fluid Mosaic Model. Because the proteins can
move its why its called fluid
This provides the membrane flexibility

SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE
The semi-permeable membrane acts like a filter for
the cell.
Semi-permeable: allows water to pass through while
excluding other molecules

Molecules
Water that has been
filtered through

Semi-permeable
membrane only allows
water through, and
filters other molecules.

CELLS AS AN OPEN-SYSTEM
Cells are considered to be an open system.
Open system: a system that allows ENERGY and
MATTER to cross the systems boundary.

Matter
Energy
An open system
allows matter and
energy through
the cells
boundary

C O N C E N T R AT I O N G R A D I E N T
Concentration gradient: the difference in
concentration between two areas.
The random movement of particles from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Everything likes to be in a state of equilibrium.

The red particles are moving from area of high

concentration to an area of low concentration.

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Movement across the cell membrane without any
energy input
There are 2 types of transport:
1) Diffusion
2) Osmosis

Eventually particles will move across the membrane

due to passive transport.

DIFFUSION
The net movement of particles from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration
Usually occurs with smaller particles that can
squeeze through the phospholipid bilayer
Example: Oxygen

The food coloring is being diffused in the water,

because everything wants to be in a state of
equilibrium, the food coloring is dissolving in the
water.

OSMOSIS
Diffusion of water across the cell membrane

HYPOTONIC
SOLUTION
Has a low concentration of solution
Loses water
Cell can burst

ISOTONIC SOLUTION
Having the same concentration of solute
Normal

HYPERTONIC
SOLUTION
Has a high concentration of solute
Gains water
Cell will burst
Gets smaller
Shrinks

FACILITATE D DIF FUSION

Some molecules are incapable of passing through
the membrane and rely on transport proteins

TRANSPORT
PROTEINS
Recognizes atoms and molecules by shape, size, and
electrical charge
Types of transport proteins:
1) Carrier proteins
2) Channel proteins

CARRIER PROTEINS
Facilitates the diffusion glucose across the membrane.
Glucose molecule fits into a grove of the carrier protein
causing it to change shapes and release the glucose onto
the other side of the membrane.

CHANNEL PROTEINS
Forms a tunnel-like pores in the cell membrane
allowing ions in and out of the cell.

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Moving substances across the membrane against
their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

ENDOCYTOSIS
Cells take in substances
Cell membrane forms a pocket around the material
to be transported
Types:
1) phagocytosis- eating
2) Pinocytosis- drinking

REVERSE OSMOSIS
The filtration of water
Pores are large enough to let water through but too
small to let bacteria, salts, etc.

Water is filtered
through an artificial
membrane to remove
impurities.

EXOCYTOSIS
Reverse endocytosis
Materials stored in
vesicles or vacuoles EXIT
the cell
Vesicles and vacuoles fuse
with the cell membrane to
release stored contents.
Important for getting rid
of enzymes and hormones.

S U R FA C E A R E A T O V O LU M E R AT I O
The higher the SA-V ratio, the easier a cell can
diffuse nutrients throughout the cytoplasm
Cuboid:
2wl + 2lh + 2wh= surface area
Lwh= volume

S I N G L E V S. M U LT I C E L LU L A R
Single Celled organisms: organism with a single cell
Multi cellular organisms: organisms with many
different types of cells
Ex^ humans