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Any material contained in this document which is not already in the public
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Chapter : Mechanical
File Reference: MEX-104.06
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Section
Page
INFORMATION ............................................................................................................... 3
CALCULATING THERMAL EFFICIENCY USING THE INPUT/OUTPUT OR
DIRECT METHOD ................................................................................. 3
Thermal Efficiency ................................................................................................ 3
Example Problem 1.................................................................................... 5
Input/Output or Direct Method.................................................................... 7
Example Problem 2.................................................................................... 7
CALCULATING THERMAL EFFICIENCY USING THE HEAT LOSS METHOD ............. 9
Excess Air............................................................................................................. 9
Example Problem 3 Calculation Of Excess Oxygen ................................ 10
Stack (Flue Gas) Temperature ................................................................ 12
Heater Efficiency Calculation ................................................................... 14
Combustion Efficiency Charts............................................................................. 14
Example Problem 4.................................................................................. 15
Simplified Equation............................................................................................. 16
Thermal Efficiency Improvement ............................................................. 16
Example Problem 5 ............................................................................................ 17
Reduce Excess Air ............................................................................................. 21
Reduce Stack Temperature................................................................................ 23
Reduce Other Losses......................................................................................... 24
EFFECTS OF FIRING RATE ON THERMAL EFFICIENCY.......................................... 25
WORK AIDS.................................................................................................................. 26
WORK AID 1: PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING THERMAL EFFICIENCY
USING INPUT/OUTPUT METHOD....................................................... 26
WORK AID 2: PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING THERMAL EFFICIENCY
USING HEAT LOSS METHOD ............................................................. 27
Work Aid 2A: Excess Air and Thermal Efficiency Using Short Cut Equations.... 27
Work Aid 2B: Procedures for Calculating Furnace Efficiency by Heat Loss
Method ............................................................................................................... 28
WORK AID 3: FLUE GAS OXYGEN (DRY BASIS) VS. EXCESS AIR......................... 30
WORK AID 4: HEAT ABSORBED CHARTS ................................................................ 31
GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................. 36
ADDENDUM ................................................................................................................. 37
API - RP - 532 PROCEDURE ....................................................................................... 38
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................. 56
List of Figures
Figure 1. Steam Boiler System....................................................................................... 5
Figure 2. Excess Oxygen ............................................................................................. 10
Figure 3. Flue Gas Oxygen Versus Excess Air ............................................................ 11
Figure 4. Typical Aspirating (High Velocity) Thermocouple.......................................... 13
Figure 5. Combustion Heat Available to Process ......................................................... 14
Figure 6. Steam Boiler System..................................................................................... 17
Figure 7. Furnace Air Leaks ......................................................................................... 22
Figure 8. Flue Gas Oxygen Versus Excess Air ............................................................ 30
Figure 9. Heat Available from the Combustion of 1000 Btu/ft3 Refinery Gas............... 31
Figure 10. Heat Available from the Combustion of 1600 Btu/ft3 Refinery Gas............. 32
Figure 11. Heat Available from the Combustion of 5 API Fuel Oil............................... 33
Figure 12. Heat Available from the Combustion of 10 API Fuel Oil............................. 34
Figure 13. Heat Available from the Combustion of 15 API Fuel Oil............................. 35
Figure 1A. Typical Heater Arrangement ....................................................................... 38
Figure 2A. Vapor Pressure of Water ............................................................................ 41
Figure 3A. Enthalpy of Flue Gas Components ............................................................. 42
Figure 4A. Enthalpy of Flue Gas Components .............................................................. 43
Figure 5A. Combustion Work Sheet ............................................................................. 46
Figure 5A. Combustion Work Sheet, (contd) ............................................................... 52
List of Tables
Table 1. Furnace Fuel Savings .................................................................................... 19
ii
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Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
INFORMATION
CALCULATING THERMAL EFFICIENCY USING THE INPUT/OUTPUT
OR DIRECT METHOD
Thermal Efficiency
Thermal efficiency is defined as the percentage of the absorbed
energy to the total energy input. Calculation of thermal efficiency
is based on an energy balance around the boiler or process
heater.
In a boiler, although only the energy in the steam is usable, the
heat absorbed in a boiler is the sum of the energy in the steam
and the energy in the blowdown above that of the boiler feed
water. The energy in the stack gas above that of ambient air is a
loss. The energy transferred from the boiler through the
insulation and refractory to the atmosphere is also a loss. In a
process heater, heat losses are the same and include losses to
the stack gases and losses to the atmosphere through the
refractory and insulation.
Factors that increase the losses will decrease the thermal
efficiency. For example, operating with too much excess air
reduces the thermal efficiency by increasing the stack heat loss
because the excess air is heated from ambient to stack gas
temperature.
The thermal efficiency for which a boiler or a process heater is
designed is an economic evaluation involving the cost of fuel
and the cost of equipment to reduce the losses. Examples of
economic analyses include the amount of insulation or
refractory used to reduce heat losses to the atmosphere, the
amount of heat transfer surface provided in the radiant and
convection sections to reduce the stack temperature, use of a
preheater to reduce the stack gas temperature, types of burners
used (determines minimum excess air requirement) and the use
of chemicals to reduce the blowdown requirement.
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Example Problem 1
Figure 1 is a schematic of a forced recirculation steam boiler system.
Temp. F
psia
HT
HV
Blowdown
370
174.7
343.5
1196.4
Steam
434
154.7
--
1237.6
Feed water
190
--
158.0
--
Fan-200 HP
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Heater Thermal Efficiency
= 805,000 x 1,237.6
= 105,000 x 343.5
=
996.27
=
36.07
= 1,032.34 MBtu/hr
= Heat Out
= 1,032.34
= QA = 1,032.34 - 143.78
= 888.56 M Btu/hr
HPp =
Eff. =
Q A (100 ) 888.6(100 )
=
= 83.0%
QM
1070.2
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
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To simplify the thermal efficiency calculation the energy input from pump and fan are
ignored because these are relatively small and fairly constant. If this is done then:
LHV Eff. =
888.6(100 )
= 83.2%
1067
19.5
(100) = 1.8%
1067
Heat Losses
To atmosphere
= 2% given.
To blowdown
= 1.8%.
Input/Output or Direct
Method
The input/output or direct method is used whenever the heat absorbed by the boiler or
process heater can be measured. This is the usual method for boilers and is used for
process heaters only when there is a known amount of vaporization of the process fluid.
The energy balance on a boiler requires knowing all the rates on the boiler. Often the
blowdown (BD) rate is not measured. Sometimes the boiler feed water (BFW) rate is not
measured. The steam rate is always measured. Knowing the concentrations of one
impurity in both the BFW and the BD allows the calculation of the material and energy
balances. Example Problem 2 illustrates this calculation.
Example Problem 2
=
=
=
=
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Introduction to Boilers
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Heater Thermal Efficiency
Enthalpies
Enthalpy, Btu/lb
Temp. F
Psia
HL
HV
Blowdown
370
174.7
343.5
1196.4
Steam
434
154.7
--
1237.6
Feed water
190
--
158.0
--
Stream
Solution:
Material Balance
FBFW = Fs + FBD
CBFW FBFW = CBD + FBD
C
0.2
FBD = BFW FBFW =
FBFW = 0.02 FBFW
10
CBD
FBFW = 500,000 + 0.02 FBFW
0.98 FBFW = 500,000
FBFW = 510,204 lb/hr
FBD = 0.02 FBFW = 10,204 lb/hr
Heat Absorbed, QA
6
Heat In
BFW = 510.204 (158)
Heat Absorbed
Total
10 Btu/hr
80.6
QA
80.6 + QA
Heat Out
Steam = 500,000 x 123.7.6
BD
= 10,204 x 343.5
Total
Heat In
80.6 + QA
= Heat out
= 622.3
QA
10 Btu/hr
618.8
3.5
622.3
Heat Fired
QF = 673,756 x 1005 = 677.1 million Btu/hr
Thermal Efficiency
LHV Eff =
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Excess Air
The amount of excess air is defined as a percentage of the air in
the flue gas to the air that is required for complete combustion.
Excess air and excess oxygen are numerically equivalent
because the numerator and denominator are both multiplied by
the same constant to convert from one to the other.
Analysis from the lab will always be on a dry basis. Stack gas
analyzers that sample the stack gas will dry the stack gas
before analysis. Stack gas analyzers that are in the stack
measure on a wet basis but may be calibrated to report on a dry
basis.
The calculation based on a dry flue gas analysis is outlined in
Figure 2 and detailed in Example Problem 3.
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2.
From the percent N2, calculate the total O2 into the furnace.
3.
4.
5.
9.5
CO
O2
1.8
2.0
N2
86.7
100.0
0.21
= 23.0 moles/100 moles flue gas
0.79
1.1
x 100 = 5.02%
(23 1.1)
If there were no CO in the stack gas, the above analysis would have 11.3% CO2 and
the percent excess O2 would have been:
Percent excess O2 =
2.0(100 )
x 100 = 5.02%
(23 2.0 )
10
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Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Figure 3 (Work Aid 3) can also be used to calculate excess air (oxygen) once the
oxygen has been adjusted for complete combustion. For 1.1% O2 Figure 3 gives an
excess air of 5%. For 2.0% O2 Figure 3 gives an excess air of 9%. This checks our
previous calculations.
Excess air and excess oxygen are numerically equal, because both numerator and
denominator are multiplied by the same constant to convert between the two. % O2 in
flue gas is not % excess O2. Considering these equal is a common error.
The following shortcut equations can also be used to estimate percent excess air.
These equations assume complete combustion and a nominal carbon to hydrogen ratio.
When the flue gas analysis is on a wet basis:
Excess Air =
where:
111.4 x %O2
20.95 - %O2
111.4 x 2 222.8
=
= 11.8%
20.95 - 2 18.95
11
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Introduction to Boilers
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Heater Thermal Efficiency
91.2 x %O2
20.95 - %O2
91.2 x 2 182.4
=
= 9.6%
20.95 - 2 18.95
Lab analysis is always on a dry basis because the water drops out as the gas sample
cools. When the oxygen analyzer is located in the stack, the oxygen is measured on the
wet basis but the analyzer may be calibrated using lab results so that it reports on a dry
basis. When the flue gas is extracted from the stack and is transported to an analyzer
that is located some distance away, the analysis is on the dry basis.
The precise relationship between oxygen content and excess air is a function of the
hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the fuel. However, there is very little change in this
relationship over a wide range of fuels at low excess air rates as shown in Figure 3
(Work Aid 3).
Stack (Flue Gas)
Temperature
12
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6
3
4
5
2
1
6
6
AA
2
2
2
1.
= Thermocouple junction.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
= Centering tripods.
7.
8.
From Furnace Operations, Third Edition by Robert Reed. Copyright 1981 by Gulf Publishing Company,
Houston, Texas. Used with permission. All rights reserved.
13
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Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Heater Efficiency
Calculation
The API material and heat balance has been solved for a
number of cases and these cases plotted as heat available
charts to simplify the calculations. These charts are attached as
Work Aid 4. Work Aid 4 has charts for 1000 Btu/ft3 gas, 1600
Btu/ft3 gas, 5 API fuel oil, 10 API fuel oil, and 15 API fuel oil.
All charts have the general relationship shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 shows that the heat available to the process is reduced
as excess air is increased and a stack gas temperature is
increased.
0% Excess Air
20
10
14
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Introduction to Boilers
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Heater Thermal Efficiency
Example Problem 4
= QA = 353 MBtu/hr
Stack temperature
= 5%
Fuel
Q A 353 x 10 6 Btu/hr
=
= 20,643 lb/hr
HA
17,100 Btu/lb
LHV efficiency =
6
heat absorbed
(100 ) = Q A (100 ) = 353x10 6 x (100 ) = 85.1%
heat fired
QF
414.8x10
Given the heat absorbed, the heat loss method will calculate the fuel consumed. If a fuel
meter is available the calculated fuel rate should be rationalized with the fuel meter
readings.
If only the thermal efficiency is desired the calculation simplifies to the following:
From above we have:
HA
HF
QL
HL
=
=
=
=
17,100 Btu/lb. fuel at 600F and 5% excess air (heat absorbed from chart)
19,700 Btu/lb. fuel (heating value of fuel for chart used)
2% (Percent heat release/lost to atmosphere)
Heat loss, decimal fraction
QL
2
=
= 0.02
100 100
H (100 )
LHV efficiency = A
HF (1 + HL )
HL =
17,100 (100 )
19,700 (1+ 0.02 )
17,100 (100 )
=
= 85.1%
20,094
=
15
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Simplified Equation
A simplified (shortcut) equation can also be used to estimate LHV thermal efficiency.
The simplified equation assumes a nominal heating value of the fuel (carbon to
hydrogen ratio).
100
QL
For Example Problem 4 conditions and assuming the ambient temperature is 80F, the
furnace efficiency calculated by the shortcut formula is as follows:
100
Percent efficiency = [100 - (0.0237 + (0.000189 )(5 )(600 80 ))]
100 + 2
Percent efficiency = [100 - (0.0246 )(520 )](0.9804 ) = 85.5
This is a close check to the 85.1% calculated in Example Problem 4.
Thermal Efficiency
Improvement
Example Problem 5 calculates the thermal efficiency for a forced circulation boiler and
the changes in thermal efficiency that would result from reductions in stack temperature,
blowdown rate, and excess air.
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Example Problem 5
Introduction:
In this example we will perform an energy balance around a boiler system and calculate
the fuel it requires. We will also examine methods of efficiency improvement.
Directions:
Calculate the fuel and boiler feedwater required for the boiler system shown in Figure 6.
How can the furnace efficiency be improved?
Temp. F
psia
HI
HV
Feedwater
180
--
148.0
--
Steam
700
600
--
1351.8
Blowdown
492
633
478.5
1203.1
17
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Heater Thermal Efficiency
Answer:
Material Balance:
Feedrate
= F
Blowdown
= 0.1 F
Steam product
= 250,000
F =
Blowdown
Heat in:
250,000
= 277,778 lb/hr
0.9
Feed water
= 277,778 x 148
Absorbed Heat
Total
= 41.11 MBtu/hr
=
QA
= 41.11 + QA
= 27,778 x 478.5
= 250,000 x 1351.8
41.11 + QA
= 13.29 MBtu/hr
= 337.95
= 351.24
= 351.24
Heat absorbed
QA
= 351.24 - 41.11
Heat loss
QL
= 2%
Fuel LHV
Heat available
Net fuel
Gross fuel
Heat fired
LHV efficiency
310.13 x 10 6
FN =
16,725
FG = 1.02 x 18,543
QF = 18,914 x 19,400
= 310.13 MBtu/hr
= 18,543 lb/hr
= 18,914 lb/hr
= 366.93 MBtu/hr
6
QA
(100 ) = 310.13 x 106 x100 = 84.52%
QF
366.93 z 10
18
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As shown by the table below in Table 1, the improvements are all of the same order of
magnitude. Which one (or all) is used depends on economics of the specific boiler
under consideration.
Base
Lower
Stack
Temp.
Reduce
Blowdown
Reduce
Excess Air
10
10
10
310.13
310.13
302.63
310.13
Stack temperature, F
600
550
600
600
20
20
20
10
84.52
85.91
84.52
85.40
Base
1.62
2.42
1.04
Case
Percent blowdown
Heat absorbed, MBtu/hr
19
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1
Base
Heat in
277,778 x 148
41.11
Heat out
27,778 x 478.5
250,000 x 1,351.8
=
=
13.29
337.95
351.24
Heat absorbed
Stack
Percent excess air
Heat loss
Fuel LHV
Heat Avail.*
Net fuel
Gross fuel
Heat fired
2
Lower
Stack Temp.
41.11
4
Reduce %
Excess Air
Reduce Blowdown
255,103 x 148
37.76
41.11
5,102 x 478.5
250,000 x 1,351.8
=
=
351.24
2.44
337.95
340.39
351.24
310.13
600
20
2%
19,400
16,725
310.13
550
20
2%
19,400
17,000
302.63
600
20
2%
19,400
16,725
310.13
600
20
2%
19,400
16,900
18,543
18,914
366.93
18,243
18,608
360.99
18,095
18,457
358.06
18,351
18,718
363.13
84.52
85.91
84.52
85.40
Fuel savings
Base
1.62%
2.41%
1.04%
*Maxwell p. 185
20
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21
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Inlet
Construction
Joint
Clearance
Around Tube
Penetration
Poor Seal on
Access Door
Casing
Corrosion
Leaky Covers
on Observation
Doors
Idle
Burner
Outlet
22
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Use low NOX burners for reduced emissions and low excess
air.
23
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24
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25
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WORK AIDS
WORK AID 1:
Step 1.
Step 2.
Calculate heat released from fuel combustion (QF) by using the fuel rate and
the heat of combustion.
Step 3.
Eff. =
QA
(100 )
QF
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WORK AID 2:
Excess Air, EA
Dry Basis, O2 in stack gas
Excess Air =
91.2 x % O2
20.95 - % O2
111.4 x % O2
20.95 - % O2
Thermal Efficiency
100
27
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This Work Aid will assist the Participant in Exercise 2B: Calculate Furnace Efficiency
using Heat Loss Method.
To determine a furnace thermal efficiency, follow the steps listed below:
Step 1: Calculate oxygen to furnace, using the formula:
moles N2
moles O2
moles N2
(21)
100 moles flue gas
=
79
(100 )
100 moles flue gas
Percent excess O2 =
moles O2 to furnace moles O2 from furace
QA
HA
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Step 6: Calculate heat fired, QF, Btu/hr (If fuel consumption desired):
QF = (FG) (LHV fuel)
Step 7: Calculate furnace efficiency:
% efficiency =
Q A (100 )
HA
=
(LHV fuel) (1+ HL )
QF
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WORK AID 3:
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WORK AID 4:
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Figure 10. Heat Available from the Combustion of 1600 Btu/ft3 Refinery Gas
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Figure 11. Heat Available from the Combustion of 5 API Fuel Oil
33
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Figure 12. Heat Available from the Combustion of 10 API Fuel Oil
34
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Figure 13. Heat Available from the Combustion of 15 API Fuel Oil
35
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GLOSSARY
blowdown
economizer
A device for transferring heat from the flue gas to the boiler
feedwater (BFW) before the BFW enters the boiler drum.
excess air
flue gas
higher heating value (HHV) The amount of heat released during complete combustion of
fuel when the water formed is considered as a liquid (credit
is taken for its heat of condensation.) Also called gross
heating value.
lower heating value (LHV)
stack temperature
The temperature of the flue gas when it leaves the last heat
exchange surface
thermal efficiency
The sum of the radiation heat loss and the stack heat loss.
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ADDENDUM
API - RP - 532 PROCEDURE...................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
37
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If not known, it is usually satisfactory to estimate these data, based on typical local
conditions.
QS
T ST
Qr
LHV + H f + H m
Source:
H a at T t = T a
Am bient
Fuel Air
API Recommended Practice 532, Measurement of the Thermal Efficiency of Fired Process Heaters, 1st
Edition, August 1982. Reprinted courtesy of the American Petroleum Institute.
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The work sheets required for the RP 532 procedure are attached. An example of how it
is used to calculate the efficiency of a gas-fired furnace is attached.
This procedure consists of the following steps:
1.
Using the Lower Heating Value Work Sheet, determine the lower heating value of
liquid fuel (if required). If the fuel is gas, or if typical liquid fuel properties are
known, it is not necessary to complete this work sheet.
2.
Using the Combustion Work Sheet, determine flue gas properties for stoichiometric
combustion conditions.
3.
Using the Excess Air and Relative Humidity Work Sheet, determine the amount of
water vapor in the flue gas. The vapor pressure of water at the ambient
temperature can be determined from steam tables on Figure 2A.
4.
Using the Stack Loss Work Sheet, determine the stack heat losses. The enthalpy
of the flue gas components can be determined from Figures 3A and 4A.
5.
where:
100(QsQr )
LHV + Ha + Hf + Hm
(Eqn. 4)
Cp
Ha
LHV
Hf
hs
Hm
Qr
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Qs
Ta
Td
6.
Tf
= Temperature of fuel, F.
Tm
= 100
The firing rate can be calculated, based on the heat absorbed in the boiler or
furnace, as follows:
Qf =
where: Qf
Qa
e/100
(Eqn. 6)
= Heat fired, MBtu/hr (LHV).
Qa
This procedure calculates the efficiency of boilers by both the Input/Output and Stack
Loss methods. It uses the HHV of the fuel and can be used for coal-fired boilers, as well
as gas- and oil-fired units. The forms for this procedure are attached. Line items on
these forms that do not apply to Saudi Aramco boilers have been crossed out.
Sample Calculation - RP 532 Procedure
The following sample calculation illustrates the use of the RP 532 calculation procedure
to determine thermal efficiency. (Based on Par. 3.2.2 of RP 532.)
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2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
.8
.6
.4
.2
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Temperature, F
Source: Data taken from Steam Tables
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Sample Problem:
Given:
Stack temperature
TST
= 300F
Air temperature
Ta
= 28F
=
=
=
=
= 0.525 Btu/lb- F
Cp(fuel)
0.24 Btu/lb- F
50 %
3.5 % (wet basis)
2.5 % of lower heating value of fuel
= 100F
Fuel composition:
Methane
Ethane
Ethylene
Propane
Propylene
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
75.41 vol. %
2.33
5.08
1.54
1.86
9.96
3.82
Solution:
1.
2.
= 18,120 Btu/lb
= 18,120 x 0.025
= 453.0 Btu/lb of fuel
Data extracted from API Recommended Practice 532, Measurement of the Thermal Efficiency of Fired Process
Heaters, 1st Edition, August 1982. Reprinted courtesy of the American Petroleum Institute.
44
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Ha
Fuel:
Hf
Atomizing medium Hm
Using Eqn. 4:
e = 100
e = 100
3.
100(Qs + Qr )
LHV + Ha + Hf + Hm
100(1162.1 + 453.0 )
= 91.03 % (LHV )
(18120 134.5 + 210 )
HHV
=
=
=
=
1.784 x 1059.7
1890.5 Btu/lb of fuel
LHV + latent heat
18120 + 1890.5 = 20010 Btu/lb.
Using Eqn. 5:
egross = 100
egross = 100
Data extracted from API Recommended Practice 532, Measurement of the Thermal Efficiency of Fired Process
Heaters, 1st Edition, August 1982. Reprinted courtesy of the American Petroleum Institute.
45
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Source:
API Recommended Practice 532, Measurement of the Thermal Efficiency of Fired Process Heaters, 1st
Edition, August 1982. Reprinted courtesy of the American Petroleum Institute.
46
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Source:
API Recommended Practice 532, Measurement of the Thermal Efficiency of Fired Process
Heaters, 1st Edition, August 1982. Reprinted courtesy of the American Petroleum Institute.
47
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Source:
API Recommended Practice 532, Measurement of the Thermal Efficiency of Fired Process Heaters, 1st
Edition,
August 1982. Reprinted courtesy of the American Petroleum Institute.
48
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Source:
API Recommended Practice 532, Measurement of the Thermal Efficiency of Fired Process Heaters, 1st
Edition, August 1982. Reprinted courtesy of the American Petroleum Institute.
49
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Calculate the thermal efficiency of a boiler or furnace, using the Stack Loss Method.
Attached are calculation sheets you may require.
1.
Radiation Loss
LHV
= ________________Btu/lb
Qr
= LHV x %Qr/100
= (_______)(_______) = __________ Btu/lb of fuel
Qs
Excess air
Ha
Fuel:
Hf
Atomizing medium
Hm
If steam is used:
Hm
= ___________F
Steam enthalpy
hs
= ___________ Btu/lb
Hm
= (__________ - 1087.7)(___________)
= ___________Btu/lb of fuel
50
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Thermal efficiency
= 100
= 100
100(Qs + Qr )
LHV + Ha + Hf + Hm
100(
% (LHV )
e=
2.
H2O formed
= ___________lb/lb of fuel
Latent heat
HHV
egross
= 100
= 100 - 100 (
= ___________% (HHV)
51
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Source:
API Recommended Practice 532, Measurement of the Thermal Efficiency of Fired Process Heaters, 1st
Edition, August 1982. Reprinted courtesy of the American Petroleum Institute.
52
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Source:
API Recommended Practice 532, Measurement of the Thermal Efficiency of Fired Process Heaters, 1st
Edition, August 1982. Reprinted courtesy of the American Petroleum Institute.
53
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
Source:
API Recommended Practice 532, Measurement of the Thermal Efficiency of Fired Process Heaters, 1st
Edition, August 1982. Reprinted courtesy of the American Petroleum Institute.
54
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
55
Engineering Encyclopedia
Introduction to Boilers
Calculating Boiler and Process
Heater Thermal Efficiency
REFERENCES
Saudi Aramco Standards
SAES-F-001
API Standards
API-RP-532
56