Semen snes Ager, se mie serhaope lee "as Ergebnis waren, Das ‘Ausmal sd ss dior Bo shen Philos. he di Phys gen eanden, erBrgile der werieree ab ssibetbegi Exespoato dlscen nd ‘Unpruag in ssn; mens itverbuaden Prosene an. sere Mig a hnslopen 3 des Geshe ‘choedange Sve in dom Sn kommen sronde igs, evabrte wegen wurde in den apple ing Den ssangen, der Leben des . mn Es st Klar, dal de uepraglihen Inerprerationsbeprife ee stare Inkongreeassufweisen.Inr gegensstiges Verse ann nut mit Fille inet Mecheocio bogtifen werdes, die Urprong, Entwiddung und Funktion deer Boge Hiren wide. Es war das Ziel dines Betrages suf die Zwedimdfighsic einer soldhen Metacheore hinzuweien THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF CS PEIRCE ‘Victor F Lemen, Berkeley Since the publication of the Collected Papers af Charer Sando Peirce, philosophers have given critical tension to that noted American thinker, Peire hasbeen pronto ro the pilowphicel world athe founder of ‘the clic period in American philosophy. (L.) He is clebrated 1 re tor in mathematical loi, asthe originator of Pragmatism 8a expo- rent of indetrminism in natural phenomena In account of che develop- tment of Pezce's phlosphy, his intensive sady of Kant’ fie Cesgue tnd ofthe Sols logictns has been amply recognized als his com Drtence in mathemaccr Inadequate atention, however, bas been given to the influence of Pdzce’ scientific practice upon bie phileophical doctrines. Ie doc aoe appear ro have been auficently recognize! that (Charles Peirce was by prfeson an atronomet, «physic ard a geo ess. "To be sive, Bographial hetches of Pisce have cited items of ‘siete work during his Kfetime, and in “Chale §, Perce — Nine teenth Century Man of Seienes.” Carlyn Else has given arvey of Pare’ scientific ative, (2) Tei che sim ofthe present paper to se forth a synoptic account of Pires scenic contribution, ane to iad ‘ate 2 number of ways in which his arempt to clarity the concept and ‘method of rine nfluened his philosophy. (Charles Peirce manifested an intrest in chemistry at an easly age and while a schoolboy set up his own chemical laboratory. Subseenly afer reeciing the degre of Bachelor of arts from Harvard Univer, hebrained the degre of bachelor of scence, summa cum laud, ia che (Shey. Pore’ interest in 2 selene of fundamental ratural phenomena ald by an enchuste stay of loge asthe scence of ceaon The, which he conceived to include the methods of science. He applied imouto a thorough study of Kanes transeendencal analy and the [pflsenoe of Kant’ loge is mane in his Iss of categorie. In spite ‘of his early inerest in chemistry, there appear to be no contributions in ‘his field, exope foram early paper, by Peirce. Instead, he applied hi fative abliey and training in mathematics ro the mathematically deve Topol Glds of physical sence! to arronomy, physics and geodeny. Te wa step cowards foundations ‘aire’ scientific carer primarily consisted of service as « member ofthe United States Cont and Geodetic Survey. In 1859, when he fine fotned the Survey inthe temporry positions aid to a party in held, {he Conse Survey, a ie was then cle, probably wat the principal inn {ation for recarch in the Physical sciences in the United. Sates. For ‘mathematic, astronomy, atl physics are imporcant factors in ce para Uf geodery, Peve’s continuing seve in the Cont Survey bogsn with Sh Sppontoent a of fly, 186, Hina ask was co ai Bs faher, Berposin Perce, Perks Profesor of Arronomy and Mathematics in Hirard Univenity, in computations for che Coa. Survey_ forthe lfscrminaion of the longitude of American with respect 19 European {ions from obvervtions of gozltations ofthe Pleiades by the moon, For several years the son cooperated with Bis father jn these compo- ‘dons and i ereited with corrections to Benjamin Psre's work Thin (Chaves Prive sequized erining in theoreseal astronomy, including the ‘Guth of lee squares which astronomers wed inthe reduction of ob- Teevations. Pesce thus was Is ery inhib scenic cater to stay the ‘Kory of probly wich enters into dhe chory of errors of ober son, A father imps to hi ners in probability was given by the ‘Publication of Veass Loic of Chance, whi Pace reviewed and 0 which Fremnde eferene in ths paper, “On an improvement in Book's Cleus GE Loge (1867). His ise indpendeae meme forthe Coss Survey was Om the Thoory of Errors of Obervason”, Append 21 co the Report [Pike Supettentene for 1870 (873) and ie locked an acount of iperiments which applied specially to observations of phenomena, Sih ar the ceculaion oft sar. Perce adopeed frequency theory of prcbably, whichis suited 0 experimen physic, and founded thereon Whcory of inductive inference Fis inl inerpretaion of the Frequency theory was nominal, but gradvlly wader che inflaence of his physical searches, #8 + concept of theory. () Daring this p with the Obse Tes esipned parisipaon i the Obserr few line i ¢ & parry which fad made spe 2 member oF of the eclip tnd made’ ob Harvard Obx with ee ene ‘While prepa for che Surv Europea lib meio Rest Harvard Coll Tighe from ee Peirce made ofthe euler. but the exper thee coneen poved ols F meaphysc Soil rear ‘While Pei instocted, N the Survey. vetich hed the accleaam laud, in che earl phenomena, Science of reston fence, He applied sealyic and the egorie. In apite "eonerbations in ‘dhe applied bis hema deve: sand geodery Te ‘ise 22a member 19, when he fit partyin the Fl % principal int siced are. For for in he pura tev began with > ai hi father, Mathematcr in Survey for the ‘ct 0 Baropess [by the moon ia thee compu ees work. Thar 1 nctoding the relusion of ob- ‘er 10 stay the sro of obser rs given by the Wed and to whi Boole’s Callas ‘othe Repo Van account of of phenomena, sency theory of founded thereon of the Frequency ‘eof hie physical Sco The leo Scns he Phang of C8. Pine ” everest well a his suds of Duns Scons, he eventually adopted 8 concep of probability which commeneaor ‘ow all we Mop theory. (8). 1 During this period in American science, the Coast Survey cooperated with the Observatory of Harvard Collage. Accordingly ia 1967 Pelee ‘was asigned by che Supeincendent of che Survey to the Observaory for partcipaion in its program of aberrations. While togugad in this Sock ft the Obseratory, he observed and mined fr the it tine rover ‘new lin inthe specrum ofthe Aurora Borel. He wa a member of ‘party whch observed the eps ofthe sun in the United Stats in 1869 snd made spectroscopic obseratons on the carona of the sm He war 4 member of Benjamin Peice’s Coast Survey party for te obser vatog of che eclipse of the sun in the Materrnesn on December 22,1970, and made observations of the corona with polricope, In 1871 che Harvard Observatory acquired a Zallnerastophotometer for Perce and sith ithe undertook to measure the ineaty of lige fom slered ses While preparing his results forpubliceion, he was ia Europe ons misses for the Survey and used the opportanity to examine the nanuccipa rp ‘Baropea libraries of Ptolemy's extalogue of sears, Pesce’ sport “Phos, metic Researches", Volume IX of the Annals of the Observatory of Harvard College (1878) includes his edition of Polemy’s ewalogee the ropor: abo includes 4 comparison of the estimates of incase of the ligh from certain stars by diferent observer which Pence mused to 4 common standard, With the sd of the data that he hed shoaned, Perce made the frst analyieally formated etme of the secon ofthe gulany. Peiro’'sobuervadonal workin photometry ended in 18 but the experience gained inthe i enabled him later Co offer ae bye, ‘esis concerning the posible hyperbolic strctare of spice This yoo Posed solution to a cosmological problem, whic can be af inure oe 2 mecaphysics of space, is dhs a development ot of Paine aeeoh Sal resarces into he light from the ras While Peirce was engaged with his photometric rexarches, he was insructed, November 30,1972, by Benjamin Pence now Sipturainas ofthe Coas Survey, to asume charge of the pendulum operations of ‘he Survey. In Europe, under the auspices of Europisce Conder, hich had been founded in Been in 1864 hough che inka, eutenane General Bacyer, there were programs comicted to desesing the acederaion of gravity at various pointy of the geodetic netwol,[Reverie pendulums were construct after design by Bes and were provided with appropriate support by Repoldw. Sohne, Hamburg, and vwere used by Swis, Resin, German, and Austrian aeronomer, Peirce Yeas authorized to order a Repsold appara forthe Sarvey tnd on a Inision to Europe took poms of it in Hamburg in May, 1875. Be- tween then and Augus, 1876, when he retened home, he made ober ont on the oxi ofthe peadulum a sation in Geneva, Par, Berlin and at Kew Observatory. He deected an eror in clic deter” rmination of gravity in consequence of flenure ofthe support, 2 tripod, during cslatons of the pendulum, and by measurement aad theory dewermined the coresions tothe Fal reas of the observations. During his sojourn in Burope he prexented hie findings to the Special Commision on the Pendulom and to the Permanent Commision of Europliche Gradmensm. On reeua t the United Sexes, Perce continue his expe rimental work atthe Stevens Inscate of Tednology, and subsequently couductd observations at American stations. By intacon, he submited paper on the influence of ce flexibility of she tripod onthe oxlations of che pedalum, for preenition to the General Conference of Exo sche Gradmessong in Setar in 1877, and recived authorization from the Superintendent of the Survey t0 attend the Conference, at ‘bid is eis were scope Subsequently, Péirce demonstrated theoretically and experimentally the feasty of overcoming the Hexiblity ofthe pendulum support by oelating two similar pendulum froma common rapport ia tip Hie designed, hd constructed, and employed 2 new type of invariable, reversible pandlam of eylindial form to which he could apply Stokes theory of resistance to the motion of body ia a viscous medism. On June 14, 180, Peirce added the Academy of Science in Pais on the ‘aloe of gravity in Paris In 1883, Pazce aguin joameyed. ro Earopes while experimenting ia an inerument maker's shop in Pari, hed covered thit the flere of the pendalam reff dirng oxilatins in fluences the reales of observations fr the deerminaton of gravity, and rave a preliminary cheory forthe effect. Valuer of the acceleration of rity a diferent statons ae of sarees sa geodery Yor the clelation ofthe ellipse, oF flattening, of the earth, Pere contributed to this problem of geodesy by making reer clelstions of the elpticiy from ‘sults of observacion with pendolums Profesor Theodor von Oppolee, ‘who supervised operations wich + Repold apparatus in Austin prevented an extensive report on apparatus for determining gravry to the General Confenae thi ‘Ace t ern Noun loge ofS feed dey icles wb “ce cpa Sie ge io poe Scie is wl Mes wo med vert ince eave Se fount Hitient © oft Cos Eire Santa ow ahs ‘eect On Fedex Toni? Talein Lo al Menen January 2, of an expan"by Bese, and wore ine, Hamburg acd \ astronomers. Pee he Sorvey and on in May, 1975. Be. t,he made cbse ws in Geneva, Pars, ror in erie deer. ve suppor, ipod, vrement and theory obrervations, Daring Special Comminion ion of Europace ‘ontinaed his expe. Ye and ubsequently tion, he submited don the onions ‘onference of Ear sted. authorization he Canferens, at and experimentally valu suppore by pore in antiphase ‘ype of invariable, veld spply Stokes scous medium, On fin Parison the beyed 0. Europe, fin Pars, he die ng oxilatons ine ion of gravity, and fe secelerstion of forthe ealeulation rntibeted to ths he elipcty from Jor von Oppoler ‘Avra, preseated iy 0 the General The Rule of Sica he Phpy o ©.5 Pe os ‘Conference in Rome in 1883, and cua Peres imporane contributions ocho fed ‘Ac the high of his actviey in the fs of serotomy,gravimetry spectrocopy, and geodesy, Per. publsisd in the Popular Scone Monthly in 1877—1878 his famous series of papers, "Lisnrsions of che Logic of Science”. In hi paper, “How To Make Our Kies Clear, he stated the pragmatic criterion of meaning which Ss generally sckeore ledge tobe the origin of the philvophy of Pragmtiom. The rule “Consider what effets, which might conceivably have praceal bese ingr, we conceive the objet of our conception to have ‘Then, cur cox caption of thee effects isthe whole of our conecption of the abjen Since gravity i manifested by the weight of a body, snl nthe objet of Aecerminations by cbservaons on the oxillaions of pendulees itp ‘quite understandable that Pies shoul lure his eterion by ie usin ofthe concept of force ab exemplified hy the veight of body He explains the parallelogram of force nthe manner ef a wader of physics leturing to an elementary cas, 1k would appear chat Peir’s pragmatic rule for th clafication of ideas was the outcome of reflection upon his experinentl and theo retical work n physical sence, In the Nineteenth Cencry, quantitative science, whih raquins exact. standards of weights and measures, was given a firm foundaton by the eszablshmene of the International Bureas of Weigts and Mean to the Pavillion de Breut,Sbzes, France, In accordance with his pura of ‘the foundations of knowledge, Pevce concerned himrall withthe ce blihment of standards forthe United States whidh was ¢ responblity ofthe Coase Survey. On returning home from Europe in Augers 1876, he brought linemeter whidt had been stndardioad oy che Tnperial Standards Commision in Bers. Since met ars are sist to sponta ‘cous alterations in length Peirce undercook to sandace a meter in terms of a wave length of light. His work on the spectrum meter led fo A theoretical and experimensal explanation of “ghosu” in diffrction spectra. On» mison to Europe in 1883, Perce compare, for the Office vf Weighs and Measre, 2 United Stites Suadard Yar, Low Nose Iron Yard No. 57, with the Bish Imperial Standards ache Boar! of Trade in London. He was for « period in charg af the Cc of Weihes and Measures of the United States Coatt and Geodetic Sarvey, sad on January 24, 1885, he testified before a Conmission of Cengros oa eka ofan expanded office of weighs and meats forthe Unie Sees,wm on : “While Pesce was engaged on his final redactions for his researches on Me Oe eed esi d pees wick ead eee radihadontacet Tin aformisso tinier | ae etc One may conore that preload com i aa en rari genduam coernom pom 2 Nee aim ely eel eke: nial cen of ae es en reine oe trie i ce inal conditions of dynamics! peoblem, che slution of e Siberia mim ine ial conden Tome Epa of moos tM Sec ee ee eis ek ie bel demoed a ea of tec aor 2 a cage lucia gone IV conc tad fe ne Scevtecd open income: ign ela dos fo PAloeDA& esion of ein ta formar of the wend pera ch oy Protea le Und fo appre eas Bre andaos quantum mic (2) cmb atm te nag Hh, Ca Ant pen New as ei Came sat | > ie heer ies Bret uit © ane Read a soe Je j tlio! ceils Eau (Tesi oe