THE MOLE CONCEPT A. introduction to the mole concept : relative atomic mass, relative molecular mass, relative formula mass B, the mole and mass | C. the mole and number of particles | D. the mole and gas volumes | E. the mole and chemical formulae F, the mole and solutions G. the mole and chemical reactions SECTION A. 1, Define relative atomic mass 2. Define relative molecular mass 3. Define relative formula mass 4. Covalent substances are formed when two or more .- bond and involves the of valency electrons, 5. Tonic substances are formed when a soe. bonds with a and involves the of outer electrons from the metal atom to the ‘atom. 6. Five elements that exist as molecules in the normal state and are gases are Hz, ....... and 7. Five compounds that are made up of molecules are and 8, Two compounds that do not exist as molecules are ‘9. Fill in the table with the following commonly used relative atomic masses, (CMPD oosscscocos! 7 MYBO Merny othap (ORYBEMY/Eces Act chlorine . nitrogen sulphur LEARN. SodiuM seen Potassium COPPE sos ver eens silver . ‘magnesium. aluminium ..... iron calcium... zine ... 10. Ail substances are made up of three types of particles either ............-, molecules or11, Iti important to remember that relative .... ‘mass DO NOT have any UNITS. WORKED EXAMPLES, ) Calculate the Relative Molecular Mass of CO; COp= (1 x 12) + (2 x 16) = 44 = 12 + 32 =44 b) Calculate the relative formula mass of ALLO; ‘AhO; = (2 x 27) + (3 x 16) Sa + 48 102 + Felative molecular mass and relative formula ©) Calculate the relative formula mass of hydrated magnesium sulphate MgSO;.7H;0 MgSOQ,.7 H20 = 24 246 432+ 64 + PROBLEMS i 4 Ix 24) +32 + (4 x16) + (14x 1) +(7x 16) 112 Formula of ‘Substance Bonding Present Present ‘Type of Particles Relative Atomic Mass! Relative Molecular Mass/ Relative Formula Mass [Remember : No UNITS } a NaCl onic ions. Relative Formula Mass = _56 b.H20 covalent ‘molecules Ch Fe e. Z080; £.H;SOy [C02 h HCL i, PoC, (HNO, kk (NH,)SO, 1H m.Ne. [:n. Cu(NO3)p “0. NH p-HCIO, q.Zn 1 Ar 2. Calculate the relative molecplar/ formula masses for the compounds below: 28) sodium hydrogen carbonate ») calcium phosphate i] ) hydrated copper sulphate Cu. ASECTION B: THE MOLE AND MASS 1, One . is the mass of substance that contains 6.02 x 10” particles. 2. Because an apple is heavier than a grape, one pound of apples will contain apples than one pound of grapes. 3. One atom of aluminium is heavier than one atom of hydrogen, therefore one gram of aluminium will contain ii atoms of aluminium than one gram of hydrogen. 4, Chemical reactions take place between the particles of reacting substances, Chemists therefore prefer to compare a fixed number of particles of the substance than to compare a certain mass e.g. 1 gram. The standard number of particles used as a basis for comparing different substances is contained in an amount of substance known asa The relative atomic mass of carbon is ‘The mass of one mole of carbon is 5. 6 7. The mass of calcium which contains 6,02 x 10 atoms is 8, Because a mole of carbon is an amount of substance the units used are 9. One gram of zine contains the same number of atoms as 1 gram of aluminium. True or False, 10. One mole of zinc contains the same number of atoms as one mole of aluminium. True or False. 11, One mole of zinc is 65 grams. True or False. 12, 65 grams of zine contains the same number of atoms as 27 grams of aluminium. True or False, 13, One mole of zine is the . .--»- of Zine expressed in grams. 14, One mole of Ne is the Bit ere teeta of Ny expressed in grams. 15. One mole of NaCl isthe . A seoseeseseene OFNACL expressed in grams. 16. The scientist who came up with the number 6.02 x 10* is called nA is made up of two or more atoms bonded together. 18, 1 mole of Cl atoms has a mass of 1 mole of Cl molecules has a mass of 1 mole of oxygen gas has a mass of I mole of oxygen atoms has a mass of | J creas .. isthe relative atomic, molecular or formula mass expressed in grams. 19, 20, The statement 16 grams of oxygen could mean 16 grams of oxygen atoms or 16 grams of oxygen molecules O2 If no elear statement is given as to the type of particle being considered then you are to assume that the substance is in the form which you would normally find it. Fill in the blanks showing the form in which the following elements are found, oxygen Oz Nitrogen sulphur helium sesso chlorine... phosphorous ...... bromine iodine. ee neon 21, The number 6,02 x 10* is sometimes called the ......2 molecules. sodium hydroxide sodium chloride ice iodine ammonia gas calcium oxide The relative formula mass of CuSO, .5 H20 is contains 5 moles of water of .. 24, 25, ‘The relative molar mass of MgSO, .7 H20 is 26, The abbreviation which is normally used for the word mole in calculations is B Underline those substances which should be referred to in moles of formula units rather than moles of hydrogen chloride sulphur ammonium chloride This salt is copper sulphate and -»- locked up in the crystal lattice, Why do the inert gases exist as single atoms instead of as molecules? WORKED EXAMPLES : THE MOLE AND MASS Example 1a Mass ——> Moles How many moles are there in 42 grams of Nz gas? [ Mass of | mole No= 14x2 =28g} No. of Moles = Mass Mass of 1 mole = 2 28 = 1.5 moles Exampie2 Example 1b ‘What is the mass of 0.25 moles of Al(SO.)s ? [Mass of 1 mole Al,(SO,)3 = (2x27)+(3x32)+(12x16) 342.8) ‘Mass = No. of Moles x Mass of 1 mole 025° x 342 =_855 erams What mass of carbon contains the same number of atoms as 6 grams of magnesium? Step 1 Convert 6g of magnesium to moles No. of moles 6/24 = mass/ mass of | mole =0.25 moles magnesium Step2 Since 1 mole of carbon contains the same number of atoms as 1 mole of magnesium then ‘0.25 moles of carbon will contain the same number of atoms as 25 moles of magnesium Step 3 Convert 0.25 moles of carbon to mass ‘Mass =025 2 3 grams x ‘Therefore, 3 grams of no.of moles x mass of 1 mole 4 carbon contains the same number of particles as 6 grams of magnesiumPROBLEMS ; THE MOLE AND MASS 1 How many moles of atoms are there in a) 27 g of aluminium b) 20g of calcium ©) 140 g of nitrogen 4)}65 g of zinc ©) 4g of bromine ©) 4g hydrogen 2. How many moles of molecules are there in a) 6.4 g of SOz b) 56g of CO ©) 160 g of Bry 4) 4.0 g0f HF 3. What is the mass of a) 10 mol chlorine atoms _) 0.1 mol iodine atoms €) 0.5 mol Pb(NOs)a formula units f) 2.3 mol COs molecules '8)05 mol iron atoms 10.1 mol CuSO, .5 HO formula 4, Calculate the number of moles in a) 101 g of KNO} b) 980 g of H:SO, ‘5. What mass of copper contains the same number of atoms as 2.07 g of lead? TYPE OF PROBLEM units 6, What mass of oxygen contains the same number of molecules as 8.0 g of sulphur?1. Particles present in substances could be ‘The type of particle present in metals and the inert gases is the ‘The type of particle present in any covalently bonded compound is the ‘The type of particle present in any ionically bonded compound is the One mole of carbon contains 6.02 x 10 ‘One mole of sodium chloride contains 6.02 x 10° ‘One mole of helium gas contains 6.02 x 10° Fill inthe table below 2 3 4 5 6. One mole of chlorine gas contains 6.02 x 10° 7 8. 9. i ‘AMOUNT OF ‘NUMBER AND NAME OF DETAILED BREAKDOWN OF ALL SUBSTANCE PARTICLE PRESENT INTHE | THE PARTICLES PRESENT IN THE FORM THE SUBS. IS FORMULA ie NORMALLY FOUND a) I mole of H;S0, 1) T mole sulphuric acid 1)2 moles hydrogen atoms molecules ii) 1 mole sulphur atoms ___| iii)4 moles oxygen atoms b) I mole ZnCO; ii) | mole zine carbonate formula units | |) 2 moles NH." ions( 2 mol nitrogen atom atoms and 8 mol hydrogen atoms ) if) 1 mole SO,” ions (I mol sulphur ‘atoms and 4 mol oxygen atoms) © Imole (NH):S0, @) Imole #202 €)2 moles COz | | Tmole Cu @) Imole Hz 10. All the problems you will encounter next involves calculating mass, number of moles, or number of particles, so you must know the relationship that exist between all these quantities in order to go from one to the next. fass No. of Moles No. of Partick State the relationship that exists between the following: a) Mole and mass for the element carbon 'b) Mole and number of particles for the element carbon. ©) Mass and number of particles for the element carbonPROBLEMS ; THE MOLE AND NUMBER OF PARTICLES 1, Calculate the number of individual atoms present in TYPE OF PROBLEM ‘Moles —_» Particles a) I mole of zine b) 2.5 moles copper ©) 0.56 moles aluminium 4) 5 moles magnesium 2. How many moles of the following compounds contain a) 4.8 x 10” molecules HCI b) 6.2 x 10” molecules CO, ©) 3.2 x 10* formula units NaCl 4d) 2.5 x 10* molecules Nz ©) 1.5 x 10 formula units (NH,)2SO, 3. Calculate the total number of individual atoms in a) 20.4 g of copper b) 260 g zine ©) 0.127 g calcium ) 20g neon ©) 46 g sodium ¢) 33 g lithium 4, What is the mass of a) 4 x 10° atoms of carbon b) 3 x 10 formula units of CaCl, ©) 8 x 107 molecules COz 4) 34 x10" molecules Clr ¢) 5.3 x 10™ formula units CaCl, —f) 7.3 x 10” atoms NeIN_D: ILI AS VOLUME! Gas molecules themselves occupy no volume. It is the space between the molecules that is counted as the ‘volume occupied by the gas. Gas molecules move rapidly and collide with each other and the walls of the container they are put in, The collision of the gas molecules with the walls of the container results in what is called pressure of a gas .A balloon is kept inflated because of pressure caused by 2. Molecules in a gas are so far apart that the size of the molecules has no effect on the volume of the gas which is mainly space.Itis the of molecules, rather than their size which determines, the volume of the gas assuming that temperature and pressure are kept constant. 3. The volume of a gas depends on the of gas molecules present. The type of gas does not ‘matter. 4. Avogadro’s law states that equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same ‘number of molecules, True or False, 5. Jars A,B, and C contain 500 cm’ of ammonia, hydrogen and chlorine respectively. This means that all three jars contain the same number of molecules inside them. True of False. 6. Gases can be compared under two sets of conditions: (@ standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p.) which is ......... °C and ............ atmosphere pressure, (ii) room temperature and pressure (1.t.p.) which is . °C and atmosphere pressure, 7. (One mole of any gas contains molecules, Gi) .o. grams of H; contain 6.02 x 10” molecules ii) grams Cl; contain 6.02 x 10 molecules. 8. One mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 dm’ or 22,400 em? at. 9. One mole of any gas occupies a volume of 24 dm? or 24,000 em? at 10. Two grams of hydrogen contain 6.02 x 10” molecules and occupies a volume of ... .. at s.tp. 11. 1000 em? = cee dm DHMMES = as sesseceeveen Ot 22,400 cm’ = dm? 50 mls, =... em? 24,000 cm? = dm? 0.5 dm’ = . om? 12, Below are various relationships that exist between moles, mass, volume and no. of particles, which you must. be thoroughly familiar with, before you attempt any problems relating to the mole and gas volumes. Fill in the necessary blanks and learn. 8) Mole and Volume of a gas i) 1 mole of any gas occupies a volume of .......... dm° at s.t.p. ii) 1 mole of any gas occupies a volume of dm’ atrtp. b) Mass and Volume of a gas i) Relative Molecular Mass of a gas in grams occupies a volume of dm at stp. | ii) Relative Molecular Mass of a gas in grams occupies a volume of ........... dm? at f.t.p. | ©) No. of Particles and Volume of a gas ' i) 6 x 10” molecules of any gas occupies a volume of .......... dm? at s.t.p. i ii) 6 x 10 molecules of any gas occupies a volume of .......... dm? at r.tp.PROBLEMS : THE MOLE AND GAS VOLUMES 1. How many moles of gas are there, in a) 24,000 cm’ of CO, at r.t.p. b) 48 cm’ of Hy at r.tp. ¢) 3 dm? of ammonia at s.t.p. 4) 72 dm’ of O; at s.tp. e) 4,760 cm’ helium at r.tp. f) 22,000 cm’ Cl at s.t.p. g) 224 dm’ of COatrtp. ‘h) 0.112 dm? of HS at r-t.p. 2. Work out the volumes of the following amounts of gas a) 2 mol Np at s.tp. b) 10 mol HC! at stp. ©) .01 mol Ne atr.tp. 4) .125 mol He at s.tp. €) 2.5moCk at stp. 1) .53 mol CO; at stp. 3. Work out the volumes of the following quantities of gas: a) 2g of Hy atrtp. b) 3.20, atrtp. ©) .0028 g Nz atr.tp. 4) 011 gCO; at stp. ©) 16 g CHyat stp. f) 88g CO> at rtp. 4. Work out the mass of the following volumes of gas a) 2000 cm? of Ch, at s.tp. b) 26.5 dm’ of O, at r.tp. c) 24,200 cm? of COs at s.tp. d) 2dm* of Heat rtp. e) 300 cm’ of N; at s.tp. f) 3.5 dm’ of Ne atr.t.p. 5. What i the volume at s:tp. occupied by a) 3 x 10” molecules NO; b) 6 x 10 atoms Ne ©) 4 x 10"* molecules NHs 4) 6.4 x 10 molecules Cl, ©) 3.44 x 10” molecules O2 f) 5 x 10” molecules Nz 6. Calculate the no. of molecules present in the following volumes of gas a) 600 cm* H3S at r.t.p. b) 600 cm? Ch at r.tp. ¢) 2,400 cm’ Op at s.t-p. 4) 22,000 cm’ Np at s.tp. e) 3.5 dm’ He at rtp. f) 22.4 dm’ CHyat stp. ‘TYPE OF PROBLEM D Volume ——* MolesSECTION E: THE MOLE AND CHEMICAL FORMULAE a a together in the same proportion by }b) The above statement when correctly completed is called the Law of ) This law simply states that all pure samples of the same compound will have the same composition , no ‘matter how they are made or where they are made 4) Complete and balance the equations below showing 4 ways of making copper oxide: DCuNOp (3) > CuO |) + pee CuCO; ) = CuO (5) + ‘| CuOH): (3) > CuO (s) + iv) Cu () +. > CuO (5) ©) One mole ofall the samples of CuO from d) will contain ‘mole of copper atoms and mole of oxygen atoms, ‘A chemical formula shows how many moles of each element combine to form one mole of the compound. Fill in the blanks in the table below: CHEMICAL ‘CHEMICAL COMPOSITION FORMULA a) HO @ Imole oxygen atoms ii) 2 moles hydrogen atoms (only pure hydrogen gas exists as molecules) b) GHOH ©) CO; a) PbCh, b) CalOH, ©) (NH)SO, @) ZnlNOe ° j PB The we formula shows the simplest mole ratio of each clement present in a compound. ‘The compound CsHe has an empirical formula of... : ‘The molecular formula shows the eee ee ee mole of the compound. Tonic compounds have giant structures in which there are no free units such as molecules. Because ionic compounds are not made up of molecules they do not have a molecular formula but rather an formula, 107. Only coccsssnssssseees Compounds like HzO ,CO; etc, can have a molecular formula, 8. Ionic compounds can only have ‘ formulae while molecular substances may have both a hes formula and an . formula. 9. Underline those substances which have the same empirical and molecular formulae a) CH, b) CH ©) CHOH @) Cath ©) CH;COOH HCH 10. ‘COMPOUND EMPIRICAL FORMULA | MOLECULAR FORMULA | a)_water 7) 1,0 b) butane Calo )_ethanoic acid ‘CHCOOH ) propane’ CH e) ethanol | CHOH ee {) hydrogen peroxide | __ HO; g) ethyne on (RMM=26) h) pentene CH (RMM= 70) i) ethane CHy (RMM=30) WORKED EXAMPLES Example 1: FINDING PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION ‘What is the percentage of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate NHsNO; ? clative formula mass of ammonium nitrate = (2x14) +( 4x1) + (3x 16) = 80 .slass of nitrogen in 1 mole of NH,NOs =2x14 = 28 Percentage Nitrogen = 28 x 100 80 = 35% E : PIRICAL, On analysis, a compound was found to contain 55.19% potassium, 14.62% phosphorus and 30.19% oxygen. Determine the empirical formula of the compound. K P Percentage of element 35.19% 14.62% 30.19% Mass of element in 100g of 55.198 14.628 30.19g ‘compound Relative Atomic Mass 39 31 16 No. of Moles of the element 55.19/39 14.62/31 30.1916 (Mass/R.A.M) = 1415 =4n = 1.887 ‘Simplest Mole Ratio Lals An 1.887 (Divide by smallest number) 472 47 An 3 1 4 Empirical Formula = KPO. iatExample 3 : FINDING MOLECULAR FORMULA 3 g of carbon, 0.5 g of hydrogen and 4g of oxygen combine to make a compound whose molecular mass is 60. Determine the empirical and molecular formula of this compound = ic H 0 ‘Mass of element 3g 0.58 4g Relative Atomic Mass 2 1 16 No. of Moles of the element o.sit (Mass/R.A.M) =0.50 Simplest Mole Ratio 25 50 2 (Divide by smallest number) 25 25 25 1 Z 1 Empirical Formula = CHO ‘To find the molecular formula : 1 (empirical formula mass ) = relative molecular mass n (CHO )= 60 (30) =60 n 2 Molecular Formula = 2,(CH;0) = CHO; 1. Calculate the percentage by mass of the underlined element in the following compounds: a) MgO. 'b) NH«NQs_ ©) Mg(NOs)z d) Cay(PO,)a 2. Calculate the percentage by mass of water of crystallization in the following salts: a) NagSO, .10H0 b) CuSO, .5H20 3. A compound that has one sulphur atom per molecule, contains 17.2% sulphur by mass. What is the relative ‘molecular mass of this compound? 4. Find the empirical formula of the following compounds from their composition by mass. a) Pb = 92.8%, O = 7.2% b) Na = 43.4% C = 11.3%, O = 45.3% ©) O = 63.2% N = 36.8% 4) K = 41.0% S$ = 33.7%, 0 = 25.3% 5. Find the empirical and molecular formulae of the following compounds a) an oxide of phosphorus, with a relative molecular mass of 284, containing 43.7% phosphorus and 56.3% oxygen. b) gaseous compound, of molar mass 44g/mol, containing 27.39%carbon, and the other element being, oxygen. ©) a hydrocarbon which contains 82.8% carbon by mass and a relative molecular mass of 58. )_an organic acid contains 26.7% carbon, 2.2% hydrogen, and 71.1% oxygen by mass.The relative + molecular mass of the acid is 90.Calculate the molecular formula of the acid. 12SECTION F: THE MOLE AND SOLUTIONS 1. The concentration of a solution can be expressed in two WAYS, iN... and 2A solution is a solution of known concentration. 3. 1000 em? of solution is the same as 1 of solution An NaC] solution of concentration 2 mol/dm’ is more concentrated than an NaCI solution of concentration 1 mol/dm? True or False 5. An NaOH solution of concentration 45 g/dm’ is more concentrated than an NaCI solution of concentration 1 mol/dm’ True or False 6. To prepare a sodium chloride solution (RFM 58.5) of concentration | mol/dm’ , 58.5 grams of NaCl is dissolved in 1000 cm’ of water .True or False . 7, 500 cm’ of 0.6 mol/dm? NaC! solution contains 0.6 moles NaCl .True or False .500 cm* actually has moles NaCl The 0.6 moles of NaCl is contained in .... 8. 200 cm? of 50 w/dm’ NaCI contains 50 g NaCI True or False 9. a) 2500.6m? =......ceeendm? —b) $00 em? = dm? ¢) 1.8.dm’ = 10, mol dm’ can also be written as . dm’ of solution. 11. In problems involving solutions you may be asked to calculate any one of the following three quantities i) Amount of solid used to make the solution. This may be expressed in MOLES or ii) Concentration This may be expressed inmoV/dm’ or iii) A Volume This may be measured in em? or 13,”ROBLEMS : THE MOLE AND SOLUTION 1, What is the concentration in moVdm? of the following solutions a) 0.1 mol of NaCl in 100 cm’ of solution b) 0.5 mol of AgNO; in 250 cm’ of solution c) .002 mol of NaOH in 20 cm’ of solution d) 2 mol of ZnSO, in 4 dm’ of solution 2. How many moles of the named substance are there in the following: a) 100 cm? NaOH solution of conc . 0.4 mol/dm> b) 100 cm® of HNO; solution of conc. 2 mol/dm? c) 5 cm’ K,CO; solution of cone. 0.5 moV/dm’ d) 500 em* CuSO, solution of conc, .01 moV/dm’ 3. Calculate the mass in grams of solute present in the following sample of solutions: a) 1000 cm? of 1.0 mol/dm? HCL b) 10cm’ of 0.1 mol/dm’ NaOH ¢) 2dm* —of 0.5 mol/dm’ H2SO, 4) 25 cm’ of .01 mol/dm* AgNO; 4. What is the concentration in mol/dm? of the following solutions? a) 0.43 g of KOH in 100 cm’ of solution b) 2.45 g of H;SO, in 500 cm’ of solution c) 15.75 g of HNO in 250 em’ of solution 4) 13.8 g of KxCO; in2 dm’ of solution 5 Calculate the concentration in g/dm* of the following a) 4g NaOH in 500 cnr of solution b) 20.75 g KT in 200 cm’ of solution 6. Describe in detail how you would go about preparing the following standard solutions a) 250 cm’ of 0.5 mol/dm’ NaCl b) 2dm’ of 2 mol/dm’? KI 7. Now, do the first two parts of problems I to 4 using the formula given below Relative atomic masses you may need H=1, Na=23, }6, K=39, Ag=108, S=32, Cu-64, I-127, Zn-65, Cl-35.5 N=14, 14USING THE CHEMICAL EQUATION IN CALCULATIONS 1, a) Matter is neither ............e-.. nor destroyed in chemical reactions. +b) When correctly completed the above is called the Law of. ©) The law basically says that when chemicals react, the same “atoms “ that were there at the beginning are still there at the end and therefore there is no change in the total... .. ofthe chemicals. 2. Ina chemical reaction the mass of all the reactants is to the mass of all the products. 3. Examine the following balanced equations and fill in the blanks for some of the quantitative relationships shown 2: (@) + O2 (g) > 21,00 a) 2x 6.02x10” molecules Hz + see sessesssesees.tmolecules Op > os... molecules H;0 b) moles Hy + seccsoscveeene molesO, > moles H:0 °) grams Hp + grams; > sevens moles HzO @ dm? H + dm'0, >... ‘grams H.0 4, List some of the quantitative relationships shown in the equation below: a). ») 9)... 5. Examine the balanced equation below and fill in the blanks: €aCOs (3) + 2HCI (aq) > CO; (g) + CaCl (aq) + HO a) 1 mole CaCO, + 2 molksHCl => 1 mole CO; b)0.5 mole CaCO; + molesHCl_ > 0.5. moles COz ©) 0.1 mole CaCO, + molesHCl > 0.1 moles COs )2 moles CaCO, + molesHCl > 2 moles COs €) 2.5 moles CaCOs + 5 molesHCl > _...... moles COz 1) ....moles CaCOs + 3 molesHC!_ = 15 moles CO; 2) The ratio of CaCOs : HCI: COz in terms of mol When one of the reactants in a reaction is in excess, the ae the one that is completely used up. Therefore itis the limiting reagent which will determine the amounts of... .. formed.In other words the reagent limits the amount of product formed. If zinc is added to excess dilute HCl and all the zinc disappears the limiting reagent is the From the equation 2: (g) * O1 (g) > 24,0 () 2moles+ — 1 mole > 2 moles a) Therefore 4 grams + grams > 36 grams b) The ratio of H, to O; td H,O in terms of moles (not mass) is 15©) If8 g of Hz were mixed with 32 g O2 , which reagent would be in excess? ii) which reagent would be the limiting reagent ?.... iii) which reagent controls the amount of water formed ? 4) If 4 g of Ha are mixed with 40 g Qs the amount of water produced is limited by the amount of present, since is present in excess. 9. Study the equation below and answer the questions that follow CaCOs (8) + 2 HCI (aq) > CO; (g) + HOM) + CaC (aq) a) To produce I mole of COz,,....... moles of CaCOs must react with moles of HCl b) To produce I mole of CO; grams of CaCOs are required ©) 100g of CaCOs will produce em? CO; at rtp. d) 50g of CaCOy will produce vs. em? CO; at rtp. €) 50 g of CaCO will produce grams of CO; at rtp. f) How many moles of HCI are present in 100 cm’ of 2 mol/dm* HC! ?. {Remember MCV ] 2) How many moles of CaCO are required to react completely with 100 cm? 2mol/dm’ HCI ?...... hh) Ifyou react two moles of CaCO; with 5 moles HCI , which reagent will be in excess?.... 1D) Ifyou react 100 grams of CaCO; with 2.5 moles of HCI which reagent will be in excess?.. A, Some reactions do not go to completion This means that not all of the reactants are converted to products Reactions that do not go to completion are usually reactions e.g. Nz (g) + 3H; (g) > 2.NHs (g) 11. The amount of product formed in an incomplete reaction is known as the actual yield and is obtained experimentally. Assuming this reaction were to go to completion ,i.. at least one of the reactants were completely consumed ,the amount of product formed can be obtained by calculation using the chemical equation. The amount of product formed by calculation is called the . .. yield, 12. If the actual yield of a reaction is 10g ammonia and the theoretical yield obtained by calculation using the chemical equation is 40g ammonia, then the percentage yield is w DEXA! \G THE CHEMICAL EQUATION IN C: TION! A completed chemical equation can be used to obtain a lot of information. Five examples are below showing how a chemical equation can be used to determine each of the following EXAMPLE 1: Determining the mass of a reactant needed or produet formed in a reaction, EXAMPLE 2 -Determining the volume of gases used or produced in a reaction EXAMPLE 3: Determining mass of a product formed when given concentration of the reactant in mol/dm* =XAMPLE 4: Determining the limiting reagent in a reaction =:XAMPLE 5: Determining percentage vield for reversible reactions EXAMPLE 6: Working out the eauation for'a chemical reaction 16! dln haat (200, deemmpore, cccrrtp fo Ke 2 Aron? Caloxd) —> Gaowr COCg) 2) Clentate Ha marr of GO formed whan 52 Zroms Ca CO, 1s healed Ab) Cabeutete Pha ela oo, Prodicad at rb .p Liaw al we CO ae [Caz4o C212 C=] 2. bike. PbO) 6 healed it oltempore, Ctering fo He Egpation ' 2 PING) OD >. 20M) + 4NOG) +O 4) Colealate fhe mans of leak onicla forms how ab g Palos), os Meher 4) Caleulute fle volume of NO, forms? chen (269 PAID) keatad (at rtp) vs P=) 3. Slisthy Ha ren cfrom below M4CD # Cu SO, CR)” ar Lihat prows of prmgrecitas 6 rey fo prroda ce “ae j lit 24 Guz oy Biigts ona pate 7 Ba SQ, Could ha ebfacn.ad. mig SQ, @9) + CRS) frre | Oa7G tee of Ba - Ball @y) + 4, 50, @q) —> 2NaChag )+ SO (5 5. bhat pray, of 2ene adtSsalued m dif Hef OU prod aiCnag oy clog b) 250 cw3 ty foal mde itt pay 17