FORMULAE SHEET

Chapter 14: Airframe loads

Steady pull-out

!! !
!"

Correctly banked turn

+ ; =

!!
!"

!! !
!"

; = ; = ; =

Chapter 16: Bending of open and closed thin walled beams

Direct stress distribution due to bending

z =

M x (I yy y I xy x )
I xx I yy I

2
xy

M y (I xx x I xy y )
I xx I yy I xy2

Section properties 2nd moments of area

I xx =

dA; I yy =

dA; I xy =

xy dA;
A

Deflections due to bending

M x = EI xy u'' EI xx v ''

M y = EI yy u'' EI xy v''

Load intensityl shear force and bending moment relationships

2
My
Sy 2 M x
Mx
Sx M y
Sy =
; Sx =
; wy =
=
; wx =
=
z
z
z
z 2
z
z 2

Chapter 17: Shear of Beams

Stress, strain and displacement relations for open and single cell closed section thin walled beams

z =

w
v v
w w
; s = t + n ; =
+
z
s r
s z

Shear of open section beams

qs =

(S I

& ( Sy I yy Sx I xy ) # s
&
Sy I xy ) # s
tx
ds

ty
ds
%
(
%
(

I xx I yy I xy2 $ 0
I xx I yy I xy2 $ 0
'
'
x xx

Shear Center: poin tin the cross-section through which shear loads produce no twisting
Shear of closed section beams

& ( Sy I yy Sx I xy ) # s
&
Sy I xy ) # s
tx
ds

ty
ds
%
(
%
' I I I 2 $ (' + qs,0
I xx I yy I xy2 $ 0
xx yy
xy
0
!

=
1

qs =
!,!

(S I

x xx

Twist and warping of shear loaded closed section beams

s

ws w0 =

A
qs
ds 0s
Gt
A

q
1
Gts ds; A0s = 2

p ds;
0

! =

!! !"#
!"#

!!
!"

Shear center (equilbrio de momentos em torno de um ponto O)

! ! ! ! =

! + 2!,!

Chapter 18: Torsion of Beams

Closed and open section beams

Closed section beams

Displacements associated with the Bredt-Batho shear flow

1
=
2

4!
=

Warping distribution produced by a varying shear flow

T # 0s A0s &
ds
; 0s =
%
(; =

2A $
A '
Gt

T=
pq ds; ws w0 =

ds

Gt
0

Chapter 20 Structural Idealization

Panel idealization: combination of direct stress carrying booms and shear only carrying skin

Br =

t D b
2 + m
6
r

Shear Loading of Closed Section Beams with booms and skin of direct stress carrying thickness tD:

qs =

(S I

n
n
S y I xy ) s
(S y I yy S x I xy ) s

+ q s ,0
t
xds
+
B
x

t
yds
+
B
y

D
r
r
D
r
r
2
2

I xx I yy I xy 0
I
I

I
r =1
r
=
1
xx
yy
xy

x xx

Deflections Unit Load Method:

! =

!! !!
!

!"

; ! =

!!,! !!,!
!

!!!

!!,! !!,!
!!!

; ! =

!! !!

!"#$ !"

Chapter 21 Wing spars and box beams

S! = !,! +
S! = !,! +

!
!!! !,!
!
!!! !,!

!,! !! !,! !"

! =
!
!! !! !"

!,! = !,! ! /
!,! = !,! ! /

with
with
! +

! !
!!!

!,! !! !,! !"

!
!! !! !"

! ! ! ! =

! + 2!,!

!
!

! +
!!!

!,! !
!!!

!,! !
!!!

Chapter 23 Wings
Torsion:

!"

!
!!! 2! ! ;

!"
!

!"

= !!

with = !

Shear:

!
!"#

!
! !!"#

!!! !!!,! + ! ! !!! !!!,!

modulus-weighted thickness

1
=
!,!,!!! !!!,! + !,!,! ! !,!,!!! !!!,! +
2! !"#
!

! ! ! ! =

!!! !

! ! +

2!,!,!
!!!

!,! !
!!!

! ! + !,!

!,! !
!!!

Chapter 28 Wing Problems

Divergncia (2D)
! =

Divergncia (3D)

2
! =

! ! !

Control Reversal
! =

!
!,! !
1

Aeroelasticidade
Wall mounted model

!"# + ! ! ! !" (! !" )

=

! ! !"

String mounted model

!"

! 2 !" + !"#
2
!"
!"
=

!"
2
2 ! !"
Struct supported model
!"

! 1 2 !" + 2 !"#
12
!"
!"
=

!"
!" 1 2