Running head: PHYSICAL FITNESS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

PPE 310: Health Literacy for Schools

Physical fitness and academic performance
Signature Assignment Outline
Diana Olivarria
Dr. Hesse

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Introduction
As time passes more and more children become less active and lead an unhealthy
lifestyle. According to the CDC or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, child obesity has
doubled in numbers within the last 30 years. If something is not done now, life expectancy could
lower to as young as 50 or 40 years old. To attack this issue it is crucial for children to live
healthy and active lifestyles. A way to tackle this issue is to involve the place where children
spend most of their time, school. Therefore it is crucial that the school environment encourages
them to participate in physical fitness activities not just outside but inside of the classroom. A
survey made in 2007 by the National Center for Educational Statistics found that third grade
students are spending an average of 20.7 hours per week in the classroom during instruction.
While spending a total of 3.7 hours for other subjects such as art, music and ESL as well as a
small portion of 3.4 hours during the week for recesses and physical education (NCES, 2006).
This means that students spend most of their school day sitting in a chair and not being active. In
order to attack not just the child obesity issue but get great academic results as well, it is inside
the classroom where teachers must make the commitment and promote more activity in the
classroom.
In order to improve students lives and improving their academic performance a program
will be put into place. This program is known as SPARKs 25 day challenge. Students and
faculty commit to 25 school days and 60 minutes per day of physical activity. By implementing
this program which comes with a prize if a certain goal is reached we are not only improving
childrens everyday life. We are also renovating our teaching styles to become more active and
therefore more effective than before. By improving a students health and activity rate we are

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also significantly improving their academic performance. Best of both worlds can be gained
through easy and meaningful accommodations made in classrooms as well as the physical
education curriculum.
http://eportfoliodolivarr.weebly.com/
Review of Literature
There are several ways in which to begin the change in students life style as well as their
performance. One very simple remedy is to integrate brain-breaks. Brain-breaks are small
physical activity sessions that take place in the classroom. They can happen as often as the
teacher sees fit and are often used when students seem tired or not motivated. According to the
journal Brain Breaks: help or hindrance, breaks during class have also had a positive impact
on learners motivation and achievement (Greany & Rodd, 2003). A study involving brain breaks
and a mathematics third grade class found that three different types of brain breaks related to the
subject content achieved the best results by combined enjoyment and motivating students as well
as for refocus time. Overall, this journal finds that if used consciously and used moderately in an
organized manner has proved to be the best option in terms of both student engagement and time
taken to refocus the class and therefore achieving better results.
In order to implement brain breaks into the classroom it is important to have the teachers
full participation and commitment as well. Many times, we assume that teachers should come up
with activities to use in the classroom. In reality, many teachers struggle to come up with some
idea which best fits their content or grade. To help this small issue it is important to give teacher
professional development regarding physical activity. This is needed because findings from a
research journal Physical activity based professional development for teachers: The importance

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of whole school involvement found that teachers who participated in the survey research agreed
that physical activity played an important role within the school itself. They also recognized their
duties to provide opportunities for their students. However, they made it known that they did not
feel prepared or experienced enough to facilitate said opportunities (Till, Ferkins and Handcock,
2011). Therefore when offered the opportunity to have firsthand experience on the matter, they
agreed it to be an insightful experience as well as enjoyable sense they got to try different
strategies with their peers. Overall, it is important to not only help students become aware of the
necessity for physical activity but we must also not assume that teachers have the experience to
create activities and must therefore provide them with tools to use in the classroom so integrating
physical activity will be an easier task.
Sierra Verde Elementary does very well on the education performance spectrum,
according to schooldigger.com (2015), they are ranked at 55 out of 929 schools. They also have a
proud reputation of being an excelling school for the past nine years. On that note, by showing
staff members all of the performance improvements that can come from physical activity in the
classroom such as brain breaks; it will motivate teachers to attend and to give professional
development to their peers in an effort to keep up with their reputation. As well as for the benefit
of their students of course. These findings could even be showed to principals and
superintendents in order to communicate the need for professional development concerning
activity in the classroom. Teachers will then be motivated to include physical activity more often
because they will have the necessary tools to do so as opposed to having to use it in a blindly
manner.

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Another factor that is important in order to increase a student's physical activity is to also
include the parents in the process. The study Parents views on child physical activity and their
implications for physical activity parenting interventions: A qualitative study by G.F. Bentley,
asked parents to observe and assess their child's physical activity levels, at the end of the process
parents reported to believe that their children do not need a higher level of physical activity as
well as reporting that environmental factors such as monetary cost, time and poor weather as
main barriers to their childs physical activity levels. However, parental support due to their
childs enjoyment of physical activities turned out to be an important facilitator for parents to
participate in their childrens physical activity (Bentley, 2012). The results of this study
concluded that by expanding parents knowledge on physical activity and by increasing their
awareness about the benefits of physical activity beyond the weight aspect is an important for
parent involvement in their childs physical activity levels. By making parents aware of benefits
that come from physical activity such as behavior change, motivation, self-confidence and
independence are key areas to increase childrens physical activity (Bentley, 2012).
In relation to Sierra Verde Elementary, the school performed quite low on in after school
activity. According to the School Assessment Tool, Sierra Verde Elementary failed on this aspect
with a low 20%. This relates to parent involvement because based on observation and discussion
with staff members. I noticed that parents in this particular community are very involved in their
childrens school affairs. If parents were given the opportunity to lead in various after school
activities which involved physical activity they could potentially motivate their children and
other parents to join for the purpose of their childrens wellbeing and enjoyment. Which was an
aspect that parents in the study agreed would be a reason for them to get involved with their

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children in physical activity. If the results of the assessment were shown to parents, it could also
become a motivator for them to get involved as the study mentioned.
Overall, by involving parents in the process of increasing their childs physical activity
levels will make teacher and parent collaboration to run at a good pace. As well as implementing
the importance of physical activity not just in the classroom for academic purposes but at home
as well for the mentioned benefits that come from increased physical activity and parent
involvement.
By having a parent and school partnership it is possible to have a positive effect not just
on a student's health but their performance as well. The study The Importance of Physical
Activity and Physical Education in the Prediction of Academic Achievement by Tara A. Stevens,
Yen To, Sarah J. Stevenson, & Marc R. Lochbaum. Observed the effects of physical activity
upon several measures of cognitive functioning in kids. They were able to find an overall
significant effect that was moderated by several variables such as participant age (middle school
largest ES), and cognitive assessment (perceptual skills largest effect size). Research concluded
that although effects in academic achievement are not immediately noticeable, its effect can be
seen over time. Therefore as previously mentioned, physical activity should be implemented as
often as possible weather in the classroom or at home.
Another study that set out to discover how physical activity affects a childs academic
performance was the study Physical Education, Obesity, and Academic Achievement: A 2-Year
Longitudinal Investigation of Australian Elementary School Children by Richard Telford, Ross
Cunningham, Robert Fitzgerald, Lisa Olive, Laurence Prosser, Xiaoli Jiang, and Rohan Telford.
This investigation centered on whether physical education as taught by specialists would make

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positive changes to academic development and prevent obesity in elementary school children. To
carry out this their investigation they developed a two year longitudinal study which involved
620 boys and girls who started from third grade. All of these children received 150 minutes per
week of physical education. One group of 312 children included 90 minutes per week of physical
education from visiting specialists. Meanwhile the other group of 308 children only received
physical education from generalist classroom teachers. Some of the measurements considered
included percentage of body fat (measured by dual-emission x-ray absorptiometry) and writing,
numeracy, and reading proficiency (by government tests). The results of this experiment were
that compared to regular physical education, specialist-taught physical education was linked with
a smaller increase in age-related percentage of body fat (P = .02) as well as resulting in greater
improvements in numeracy (P < .03) and writing (P = .13) scores (Telford, R. D., Cunningham,
R. B., Fitzgerald, R., Olive, L. S., Prosser, L., Jiang, X., & Telford, R. M., 2012). These findings
led them to conclude that the reduced age-related increases in child obesity and boosted
numeracy development among elementary school children receiving physical education from
specialists provides support for the crucial role that physical activity plays in both preventive
medicine and academic development. Overall, it is clear that by receiving physical activity
children can benefit from not just improvements in health but school performance as well.
In terms of physical education curriculum, Sierra Verde Elementary scored a concerning
40% on Gophers school assessment. In order to fix this issue, physical activity programs such as
SPARKs 25 day challenge should be implemented in order to not only involve children in more
physical activity but make improvements to the schools physical education curriculum as well.
When taking part of the challenge, schools are provided with an endless supply of materials to

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use in school. One of them being their own SPARK assessment as well as standards and
assessments. This articles data emphasized on the benefit that came from an increased amount of
physical education time by following the studys lead, Sierra Verde could not only improve their
curriculum standing but their 80% to 100% in during school activity. Potentially providing
children with improved education in both academics and health.
Synthesis of Current Literature
Although the articles discussed different aspects that come into play when taking physical
activity and academic performance into consideration. They all agree on the point that physical
activity during or after school hours make a great impact on children. Even though there seems
to be only a small improvement in academic performance, some of the research discussed found
cognitive improvement as well as other areas. Which work together when a child is performing
at school. Therefore demonstrating the efficiency of physical activity in a childs life.
The research Brain Breaks: help or hindrance discussed how although their research
showed little evidence of academic improvement. They also concluded that when brain breaks
are relevant to content and well organized, there is a significant improvement in focus time as
well as better results. This goes hand in hand with the research Physical activity based
professional development for teachers: The importance of whole school involvement. This study
centered on the idea that teachers do not often implement physical activity such as brain breaks
in their classrooms because they do not feel confident on the subject. Meaning that they do not
feel adequately prepared to create such activities. The study concluded that if teachers were
provided with professional development on the topic as they do with subject like math and

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science, they would be more inclined to properly include meaningful and effective physical
activity in their classrooms more often.
Teachers however should not be the only ones making an effort towards including
physical activity in their students lives. Parents have as much if not more influence on their
children and each other. This is what makes parent and teacher cooperation so important. In order
to include physical activity in students daily life parents must do their share as well.
According to the study Parents views on child physical activity and their implications for
physical activity parenting interventions: A qualitative study several parents feel that their child
has sufficient physical activity from school as well as consider it to be a pricy commitment at
times as well as inconvenient at times. However, parents were motivated to participate for the
sake of their childrens enjoyment. Therefore by developing school activities which deliver both
enjoyment and physical activity, parents will be more likely to participate and team up with
teachers as well. Over time they would be able to see the significant improvement from their
childrens school performance and health.
Another way to convince both teacher and parents of the performance improvements that
come from physical activity is by informing them of data which proves its efficiency. Two
studies developed different research which potentially proved that there is an improvement in
academic performance when physical activity is embedded in their daily lives. One study, The
Importance of Physical Activity and Physical Education in the Prediction of Academic
Achievement centered its research on several qualities from third graders including their
socioeconomic status to performance in content areas such as math and reading achievement.

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Their findings concluded that although a significant improvement was not noticeable right there
and then but argued that it can be seen overtime. The other study, Physical Education, Obesity,
and Academic Achievement: A 2-Year Longitudinal Investigation of Australian Elementary
School Children set out to find such improvements in a different manner. While the previous
study also used third graders for their research. The time frame used was longer since this study
takes place during two years. In a way it builds on the previous research because its conclusion
was that improvements would likely be seen over time. This research also gathered their research
through observation while the previous one was more of a survey rather than an experiment
based research. Which is why this study found solid proof that students do benefit academically
from physical activity while they also prevented the growth rate of child obesity within the group
tested.
The overall conclusion from this group of articles is that students should live a more
physically active lifestyle not just because of the health benefits but for their academic
performance as well. To do so they will need guidance from both the teacher and the parents as
well as opportunities to develop these habits. Teacher should develop a curriculum that takes
place in the classroom which can help develop a students physically active habits. While parents
do their part by participating in school activities and setting an example which their children can
follow. Thus, by doing so obesity rate will slowly decrease and students will benefit from this not
only in heath but in academic performance as well.
Practical Implications

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The Lets Move movement is a program whose mission is to reverse the fact that
todays youth physical activity has lowered to a new level. According to their findings, research
shows that 2 out of 3 kids are not moving enough. So SPARK and developed the 25 Day
Physical Activity Challenge in efforts to motivate kids and teachers to become more active and
make it a routine. This challenge awards $25,000 worth of SPARK equipment, curriculum and
training to the most active participating school. When signed up, the SPARK website offers
many resources such as P.E. curriculum and lesson plans which can be used to create ideas for
accomplishing the challenge. The challenge asks students and teachers to participate in 60
minutes of physical activity for 25 school days. This challenge suggest different ways in which
this can be done, for example 20 minutes before school, 10 minutes during school and so on. The
program also provides motivation pieces such as certificates, tracking forms and pledge forms to
be filled out by the teachers throughout the challenge.
Marketing (appendix)
In order for this plan to be successful it is important to make everyone in the school and
even the community be aware of the mission and become motivated to take part. For the
marketing of this challenge, the team which will include the leading teachers, physical education
teachers and the principal. It is important for school staff to be involved in the process since
parents trust and will be motivated to participate as well. The principal of Sierra Verde
Elementary, Dr.Tsunes as well as the vice principal Mrs. Basal are well known for their active
engagement in school challenges and community activities. Their experience would come in
handy as well as their support in order to better run the program and ultimately getting the best
results.

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Administration
This program will be implemented school wide, to do so the leading team will consult
with the principal on participation and set the 25 days in which this challenge will be done. In
order to promote the program around school a visual posters will be posted around the school. In
places such as the cafeteria, library, around campus and locker rooms, the posters will give
students a number of recommendations in which to engage in order to accomplish the task. The
poster will also act as a reminder for students to carry it through (Appendix A). Apart from the
promotional posters a newsletter will be sent home with students to make parents aware of the
challenge. This newsletter will include details on the program, what the challenge requires as
well as persuading messages for parents to also take part on the challenge and help their school
access more funds which can be used to better the schools physical education curriculum or
provide the necessary materials to carry it out (Appendix B).
Student Engagement
To keep track of the schools progress, each teacher will create a map where students can
observe their progress as well as compete with the other classes for the results. This map will
contain different small prizes when the class reaches certain goals. Students will also be provided
with an individual tracking sheet in which they can record their activity for a number of weeks.
When filling this out students will fill how many minutes of physical activity were done for each
day as well as the activities done in order to reach those minutes. This will likely be the biggest
motivator for students at Sierra Verde, because from observation it was clear that students have a

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strong competitive drive and the thought of prizes and competition against each other will drive
students to participate and do their best. In order to get the school to be excited about the event
an assembly will be carried out where the school principal will introduce the challenge and the
importance of regular physical activity (Appendix C).
Students love to watch their teachers be silly and participate in small competitions. In
order to motivate students to engage in similar activities teachers will give a demonstration of
how this might look like when accomplishing the goals with peers. Afterwards students will be
asked to volunteer where they will participate in small competition as well and receive a small
price which will motivate students to participate.
Recognition
As students reach a certain amount of minutes, they will also be given small prizes such
as wristbands, buttons and stationary all the way to perhaps certificates from sponsors such as
Laser Quest for a free laser tag game. Teachers could also come up with their own set of class
rewards such as a party or individual rewards such as a late homework pass. This will be done in
order to motivate students to keep going on their pledge and stay active. At the end of the
challenge certificates of completion will also be passed out by teachers to recognize students for
their perseverance and drive.
Funding
In terms of funding, not much would be needed since the SPARK program already
provides all necessary forms such as pledge forms, tracking forms and certificates. However in
order to provide small prizes to motivate students. Sponsorship from already associated
companies such as Peter Piper Pizza, Harkins Theater and Laser Quest will be contacted with the

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proposal for their participation which could bring benefits such as tax reduction and
advertisement. Another way to provide funding would be to request participation from the
schools PTASO. Which is very well known for their active participation and organization of
events. A meeting would be set up in order to present the idea of the SPARK challenge which
could result in a $25, 0000 worth of equipment or funding for equipment. Many of the
participating members have their children at the school as so would be motivated to agree to it.
Scheduling
As the challenge request, it will take place during the span of a school day for 25 school
days. The actual duration of the challenge can spilt throughout the day, during class as well as
towards the end of school. It would just be a manner of teachers making time during instruction
to do so. The challenge only requires 60 minutes of physical activity each day. This could be split
up between the teachers as well as provide activities during recess and during specials classes
such as art, music and of course physical education. Students are also allowed to complete the
times at home which could potentially become a homework where students complete a certain
amount of time being active at home and have their parents sign a record sheet demonstrating
that they did it.
Conclusions
It is crucial for the sake of future generations that we start intervening and spreading
awareness in regard for the need for a healthier lifestyle in order to prevent child obesity rates
from increasing. As well as the importance of letting students and parent know of the multiple
benefits such as academic performance which improve with increased physical activity and
healthy living. In order to do so it is important to get students accustomed to a physical active

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daily life which eventually becomes as automatic as brushing ones teeth. To do so we must
increase the implementation of physical activity in and outside the classroom by preparing
teachers with the necessary tools to do so and gaining parent support and participation. This will
then motivate students to take after them and become active as well. Therefore a program like
SPARKs challenge will be a great way to put this idea into play and eventually become a school
tradition.
The first year of the program is more of a learning or testing year. During this time we
will identify methods of scheduling and practices which became the most effective and what is
not crucial to its implementation. The first year is also the most important for teachers to become
accustomed to implementing a more physically active classroom as well as recruit parent
volunteers who will assist the teachers for the activities or create one of their own to put into
practice during recess. In three years, following the modifications and accommodations made
from year one. Hopefully other schools within the district will join the challenge and agree to
compete with the school which would take the students competitive drive to a new level in order
to show viper pride and that Sierra Verde is the best. Perhaps after seeing optimistic results from
the program a donation center can be developed where the community or business can make
donations which will always enhance the program as opposed to the school providing everything.
Another aspect which will work in our favor will be that we will have 3 years worth of
data to support the positive impact on obesity growth rates and academics achievement that the
program had on the students. In five years, we can imagine that the program will have been
perfected and perhaps can become a student led movement where the students put in
recommendations for how to implement physical activity in a school day and perhaps if the

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school were to win, spread the kindness and make a donation of the equipment to under
privileged schools who might need them more than us.
Overall by implementing a more physically active life in everyday living it will enhance
not only the students heath but their academic performance as well. Sierra Verde is already an
active school but they still have some refinements to make in terms of activity in the classroom
and curriculum. Hopefully by implementing a program of this sort teachers will become so
comfortable with activity in the classroom it will become a regular activity which will ultimately
benefit students lives in general as well as decrease the percentage of child obesity.

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APENDIX A

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APENDIX B

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APENDIX C
April 4th- SPARK challenge-Assembly Schedule
K-2 9:15 am-10 am
9:15- Welcome by administrating principal and staf
9:20- Pledge of allegiance
9:25- Principal introduces the challenge
9:35- Demonstrations by teacher competition
9:45- Student volunteer competition
9:55- Closing/ Additional Program information and questions
10:00- Exit
3rd-5th 10:15-11:00
10:15- Welcome by administrating principal and staf
10:20- Pledge of allegiance
10:25- Principal introduces the challenge
10:35- Demonstrations by teacher competition
10:45- Student volunteer competition
10:55- Closing/ Additional Program information and questions
11:00- Exit
6th-8th 11:15pm-12:00pm
11:15- Welcome by administrating principal and staf
11:20- Pledge of allegiance
11:25- Principal introduces the challenge
11:35- Demonstrations by teacher competition
11:45- Student volunteer competition
11:55- Closing/ Additional Program information and questions
12:00- Exit

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References
Bentley, G. F., Goodred, J. K., Jago, R., Sebire, S. J., Lucas, P. J., Fox, K. R.,
Turner, K. M. (2012). Parents views on child physical activity and their
implications for physical activity parenting interventions: A qualitative
study. BMC Pediatrics BMC Pediatr, 12(1), 180. Retrieved February 15,
2016, from http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/14712431-12-180
Gopher. (2016). Retrieved February 07, 2016, from
http://www.gophersport.com/resources/active-healthy-schools/
Parsad, B., Lewis, L., & Greene, B. (2006). Calories in, calories out: Food and exercise in
public elementary schools, 2005. Washington, DC: National Center for Education
Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Dept. of Education.
Sierra Verde Elementary School. (2012). Retrieved February 15, 2016, from
http://www.greatschools.org/arizona/glendale/2757-Sierra-VerdeElementary-School/details/#Students
Stevens, T., To, Y., & Lochbaum, M. (2008). The importance of physical
activity and physical education in the prediction of academic achievement.
Journal of Sport Behavior, 31(4), 368th ser., 2-3. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
SPARK Physical Education Curriculum. (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2016, from
http://www.sparkpe.org/25-day-physical-activity-challenge/25-day-challenge-details/
Till, J., Ferkins, L., & Handcock, P. (2011). Physical activity based professional
development for teachers: The importance of whole school involvement.

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Health Education Journal, 70(2), 225-235. Retrieved February 15, 2016,
from http://hej.sagepub.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/content/70/2/225
Telford, R. D., Cunningham, R. B., Fitzgerald, R., Olive, L. S., Prosser, L., Jiang, X., & Telford,
R. M. (2012). Physical Education, Obesity, and Academic Achievement: A 2-Year
Longitudinal Investigation of Australian Elementary School Children. American Journal
of Public Health, 102(2), 368374. http://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300220
Weslake, A., & Christian, B. (2015). Brain Breaks: Help or Hindrance? Teach
Collection of Christian Education, 1(1), 2,7. Retrieved February 3, 2016, from
http://research.avondale.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1003&context=teachcollection.

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Signature Assignment Rubric

Criteria
with
Profession
al
Standards
Reference
PHYSICAL
d
Outline
Outline
Turned
In(Alread
y
submitted
for points)

(5) Exemplary
(97 100%)

(4) Highly
Proficient
(93 96%)

(3) Proficient
(83 92%)

(2)
Approaching
Proficient
(73 82%)

(1)
Unsatisfactory
(72%
and below)

FITNESS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE 3

10 Points
Logical,
Brief outline
detailed
with at least 5
outline with at original peer
least 5
reviewed
original peer
references
reviewed
written in
references
APA format is
written in
submitted.
APA format is
submitted
with a
technology
choice
selected to
embed the
assignment.

5 x 2=10
points
Introduction
10 Points
Introducti Introduction
Introduction
on to the
is fully
is fully
topic and developed,
developed
overview
well
with all topics
(In your
organized,
introduced.
purpose
introduces all
statement topics, created
also
a plan for the
introduce paper and
all
invites the
subtopics) reader to read
InTASC
further.
1c,k; 5k;
9f; 10h
5 x 2=10
NAEYC
points
6b
NETS-T
3a,d; 4a,c
CEC
EC2S1;
CC7K1;
EC7K1;C
C9K4;CC
9S8
Literature Review
Adequacy 1. Literature
of
review
Knowledg highlights

15 Points
1. Literature
review
addresses

Brief outline
with some
references but
not 5 original
peer reviewed
references
written in
APA format
are submitted.

Brief outline
No outline
with one or no was
references
submitted.
submitted.

Introduction
is addressed
well,
somewhat
organized and
created a plan
for the paper.

Introduction is Introduction is
addressed
omitted or
adequately.
was
disorganized
and did not
create a plan
for the paper.

1. Literature
review may
address major

1. Literature
review does
not address

1. Literature
review does
not have the

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