BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN

DEMAND
NAME: BISHWARUP BISWAS
SEC:- B.TECH (CHEMICAL)
YEAR:- 3RD SEM:-6TH
SEMINAR

WHAT IS BOD?
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND ALSO KNOW AS BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND.
IT IS DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN CONSUMED BY MICROORGANISM
TO BREAKDOWN THE ORGANIC CONTENT OF A WASTE WATER(SAMPLE)
MEASURED IN MG/LITRE.
IT IS A 5DAYS TEST.
ALSO REFERRED TO AS BOD5.
BOD FOLLOWS 1ST ORDER KINETICS (C=C0 EXP(-KT) )

HOW TO MEASURE BOD?

TO ENSURE PROPER BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY DURING THE BOD TEST, A WASTEWATER SAMPLE:
MUST BE FREE OF CHLORINE. IF CHLORINE IS PRESENT IN THE SAMPLE, A DECHLORINATING CHEMICAL (E.G, SODIUM SULPHITE)
MUST BE ADDED PRIOR TO TESTING.
NEEDS TO BE IN THE PH RANGE OF 6.5-7.5. IF THE SAMPLE IS OUTSIDE THIS RANGE, THEN ACID OR BASE MUST BE ADDED AS
NEEDED.
NEEDS TO HAVE AN EXISTING ADEQUATE MICROBIOLOGICAL POPULATION. IF THE MICROBIAL POPULATION IS INADEQUATE OR
UNKNOWN, A "SEED" SOLUTION OF BACTERIA IS ADDED ALONG WITH AN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT BUFFER SOLUTION THAT ENSURES
BACTERIA POPULATION VITALITY.
SPECIALIZED 300 ML BOD BOTTLES DESIGNED TO ALLOW FULL FILLING WITH NO AIR SPACE AND PROVIDE AN AIRTIGHT SEAL ARE
USED. THE BOTTLES ARE FILLED WITH THE SAMPLE TO BE TESTED OR DILUTION (DISTILLED OR DEIONIZED) WATER AND VARIOUS
AMOUNTS OF THE WASTEWATER SAMPLE ARE ADDED TO REFLECT DIFFERENT DILUTIONS. AT LEAST ONE BOTTLE IS FILLED ONLY
WITH DILUTION WATER AS A CONTROL OR "BLANK."
A DO METER IS USED TO MEASURE THE INITIAL DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION (MG/L) IN EACH BOTTLE, WHICH SHOULD BE A
LEAST 8.0 MG/L. EACH BOTTLE IN THEN PLACED INTO A DARK INCUBATOR AT 20C FOR FIVE DAYS.
AFTER FIVE DAYS ( 3 HOURS) THE DO METER IS USED AGAIN TO MEASURE A FINAL DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION (MG/L),
WHICH IDEALLY WILL BE A REDUCTION OF AT LEAST 4.0 MG/L.
THE FINAL DO READING IS THEN SUBTRACTED FROM THE INITIAL DO READING AND THE RESULT IS THE BOD CONCENTRATION
(MG/L). IF THE WASTEWATER SAMPLE REQUIRED DILUTION, THE BOD CONCENTRATION READING IS MULTIPLIED BY THE DILUTION

FORMULA FOR BOD:-

ULTIMATE BOD=C0(1-

EXP(-KT))

(FROM 1ST ORDER KINETICS)

BOD FOR SEEDED SAMPLE: BOD5=[{(DO)INITIAL-(DO)FINAL}-{(B)INITIAL-(B)FINAL}] X (F/P)

BOD FOR UN-SEEDED SAMPLE: BOD5=[(DO)INITIAL-(DO)FINAL]/P (F=RATIO OF BACTERIA PRESENT IN
DILUTED SEED SAMPLE TO THE BACTERIA SEED CONTROL)
(P=WASTE WATER VOLUEMCTRIC DECIMAL FRACTION)
(P=VOL. OF SAMPLE/VOL OF BOTTLE)

SIGNIFICANCE OF BOD: BOD IS THE TRADITIONAL, MOST WIDELY USED TEST TO ESTABLISH
CONCENTRATION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN WASTEWATER SAMPLES (I.E.,
RELATIVE STRENGTH).
BOD IS BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT IF SUFFICIENT OXYGEN IS AVAILABLE,
AEROBIC BIOLOGICAL DECOMPOSITION (I.E., STABILIZATION OF ORGANIC
WASTE) BY MICROORGANISMS WILL CONTINUE UNTIL ALL WASTE IS
CONSUMED.

BOD DATA FOR MATERIALS OF DAILY

USE:-

WASTE TYPE

Treated Domestic Sewage

Raw Domestic Sewage

Typical BOD LEVEL Mg/l

40
350

Vegetable Washings

2000

Dirty Water

1500

Liquid Waste from Slurry Stores

3500

Liquid Sewage Sludge

15000

Cattle Slurry

15000

Pig Slurry

25000

Brewer's Grain Effluent

40000

Silage Effluent

55000

Milk

140000

PERMISSIBLE LIMIT OF BOD: PERMISSIBLE LIMITS FOR VARIOUS PARAMETERS FOR DRINKING WATER CAN BE FOUND
IN INDIAN STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER SPECIFICATION (IS 10500:1991). BOD AND
COD FOR DRINKING WATER SHOULD BE NIL.
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE LIMITS ARE GIVEN BY CPCB EFFLUENT DISCHARGE
STANDARDS, WHICH MENTION PERMISSIBLE LIMITS FOR DISPOSAL INTO INLAND
SURFACE WATER, ON LAND FOR AGRICULTURE, INTO PUBLIC SEWERS AND FOR MARINE
DISPOSAL.
BOD < 30 MG/L AND COD<250 MG/L FOR INLAND SURFACE WATER DISPOSAL AS PER
CPCB STANDARDS

BOD EQUIPMENTS:-

ADVANCED METHOD FOR TESTING

BOD:-

BIOSENSORS.
SOFTWARE SENSOR.
ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS.

BIOSESNORS: BIOLOGIAL SESNORS MADE FOR THERMALLY KILLED CELLS.

ENZYMES(RESAZURIN) ARE THE MOST WIDELY USED BIOLOGICAL SENSING
ELEMENTS IN THE FABRICATION OF BIOSENSORS.
POLYMER SUCH AS NYLON IS USED.
IT WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE OF BINDING NEGATIVELY CHARGED BACTERIAL CELL
WITH THE POSITIVELY CHARGED NYLON MEMBRANE.
IT MEASURES THE DEGREE OF POLLUTION STRENGTH.
THE PROCESS IS VERY FAST.

BOD BIOSESNSOR CELL

DISADVABTAGES OF BIO SESNORS: IT REQUIRES ACTIVATION EACH AND EVERY TIME BEFORE USING.
MAINTENANCE COST IS VERY HIGH.
IT RUNS FOR A LIMITED TIME BECAUSE REACTIVATION IS REQUIRED.
IT DOESNT RESPOND WELL TO QUALITY CHANGING CHARACTERISTIC OF THE
WASTE WATER. (DIFFUSION PROCESS OF VARIOUS MICRO ORGANISMS).

BOD EVOSENSORS(BODSOFT): BOD SENSOR IS THEINNOVATIVE, MERCURY-FREEANDEXTREMELY

RELIABLESOLUTION FOR BOD ANALYSIS.
A MICROPROCESSOR-CONTROLLED PRESSURE TRANSDUCER TRANSFERS THE
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND VALUEDIRECTLY TO THE DISPLAY: RESULTS ARE
DISPLAYED DIRECTLY IN MG/L WITH NO NEED FOR FURTHER CALCULATION AND ARE
STORED AUTOMATICALLY IN THE BOD SENSOR.

PROCESS: FILL THE BOTTLE WITH THE SAMPLE

ALONG WITH REAGENTS AS PER REQUIRED.
INCUBATE
SCREW THE SENSOR
MONITOR THE MICROORGANISM ACTIVITY
READ THE BOD VALUE (PPM OR MG/L), BASED ON THE PRESSURE CHANGE
INTO THE BOTTLE BECAUSE OF MICROORGANISMS ACTIVITY

ELECTROCHEMICAL SESNORS
FOR TESTING BOD
MADE UP OF GOLD CATHODE, SILVER ANODE, ELECTROLYTIC SOLTUON AND PE
MEMBRANE TO CREATE A POTENTIAL ACROSS THE MEMBRANE.
O2 IS CONSUMED BY AU CATHODE AFTER VOLTAGE IS APPLIED TO THE AG ANODE.
IT MEASURE THE DIFFUSION RATE OF OXYGEN.
IT DOESNT MEASURE THE CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN BUT PARTIAL PRESSURE
OF O2 IN %SATURATION.
DATA CALIBATED IN SOFTWARE AND THE BOD VALUE IS OBDTAINED BY USING O2
SOLUBITITY CHART DATABASE.

ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR
WORKING MODEL: IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS, O2 MOLECULES DIFFUSE THROUGH THE
MEMBRANE TO THE SENSOR AT A RATE PROPORTIONAL TO THE PRESSURE
DIFFERENCE ACROSS IT.

CONCLUSION: SO FROM THE BOD EXPERIMENT WE DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN

REQUIRE BY MICROORGANISM TO BIODEGRADE THE ORGANIC MATTER
PRESENT IN A SAMPLE OF WASTE WATER.
MORE THE VALUE OF BOD MEANS HIGH AMOUNT OF MICROORGANSM IN
WATER SAMPLE AND HIGH ORGANIC MATERIAL IN WATER SAMPLE WHICH IS
TO BE BROKEN DOWN BY MICROORGANISMS.

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