Preoperational stage

Names

ID

Amna Al Qassab

H00328088

Mahra Bakhit

H00328199

Maitha Al Bloshi
Meera Faisal

H00272430
H00328006

Nada Aref

H00328552

Suad Taleb

H00283472

Wafa Al Junaibi

H00272675

Preoperational stage
Piagets second stage of development,
was the pre-operations stage. Children
usually go through this stage between
the age of two to seven (2-7) years old.
During this stage, children's thought
processes are developing, although they
are still considered to be far from
'logical thought', in the adult sense of
the word. The vocabulary of a child is
also expanded and developed during
this stage, as they change from babies
and toddlers into 'little people'

The key features of the preoperational stage include

Centration
Egocentrism
Play
Symbolic representation
Pretend (or symbolic) play
Animism
Artificialism
irreversibility

The key features of the preoperational stage include:

Centration: This is the inclination to focus on one and only part of a situation at one
time. At the point when a child can concentrate on more than one viewpoint they can
decenter. during this stage youngsters experience issues considering more than one
aspect .
Egocentrism: refers to the child's inability to see a situation from another person's
point of view. According to Piaget, the egocentric child assumes that other people
see, hear, and feel exactly the same as the child does.
Play: At the beginning of this stage you regularly discover kids participating in
parallel play. Every kid is invested in its own particular private world and discourse is
egocentric because they often play in the same room as other children but they play
next to others rather than with them.
Symbolic representation: Pretend (or symbolic) play This is the capacity to make one
thing - a word or an item - stand for something that is other than itself. language is
maybe the most evident type of imagery that youthful youngsters show. however,
Piaget (1951) contends that language does not cognitive development, but rather
simply reflects what the child definitely knows and contributes little to new
information. He accepted cognitive development, not the other way around.

The key features of the preoperational stage include:

Pretend (or symbolic) play: Toddlers often pretend to be people they are not (e.g.
superheroes, policeman), Children may also invent an imaginary playmate. 'In symbolic
play, young children advance upon their cognitions about people, objects and actions
and in this way construct increasingly sophisticated representations of the world' For
example: paying for food at the shop with invisible money.
Animism: believe objects have humans feeling like dolls. By animism Piaget meant that
for the pre-operational child the world of nature is alive, conscious and has a purpose .
Piaget has identified four stages of animism:
Up to the ages (4 or 5 years), the child believes that almost everything is alive and has
a purpose. During the second stage (5-7 years) only objects that move have a purpose.
In the next stage (7-9 years) only objects that move spontaneously are thought to be
alive. In the last stage (9-12 years), the child understands that only plants and animals
are alive

The key features of the preoperational stage include:

Artificialism: This is the belief that certain aspects of the environment
are manufactured by people (e.g. clouds in the sky). Childrens think that
humans have made the trees and the environment.
Irreversibility:

children think that once done it cannot be

changed
Piaget exemplified irreversibility by using the example of two glasses of
different shapes and sizes. When water is poured from one glass to the
other, the child in the preoperational stage is asked if the volume of water
in the second glass is the same as the volume had been in the original
glass. Irreversibility is the inability of the child to understand that the
volume can be proven to be the same by undoing the action and pouring the
water back into the original glassin age of (2-7 YEARS)

The
three
mountains
task
Piaget used the three mountains task to test
whether children were egocentric at this
age , they assume that other people will see
the same view of three mountains as they do
Piaget, thinks that children at age 7 are no
longer egocentric child can see more than one
point of view .
Aim: Piaget wanted to find out at what age
children decanter
(become no longer egocentric).

The three mountains task :

Method: The child sits at a table, presented in front is three
mountains. The mountains were completely different from
each other each one has a different shape and features for
example one of the mountains has a snow on the top
etc .The child was allowed to walk round the model to
observe it then sit in one side , A doll is then placed in
various positions on the table then asked to indicate which
showed the dolls view , Piaget assumed that if the child
picked one side and talk about it he is egocentric but if the
revers happened the chilled is not egocentric .

The three mountains task :

Findings: 4 year-olds almost always chose a picture
that represented what they could see and showed no
awareness that the dolls view would be different from
this. Six year-olds frequently chose a picture different
from their own view but rarely chose the correct
picture for the dolls point of view. Only (7-8) year-olds
consistently chose the correct picture.
Conclusion: At age 7, thinking is no longer egocentric
as the child can see more than their own point of view.

Evaluation:Policeman doll study

Martin Hughes disagreed with the three mountains task he thought
that it was not sense and very difficult for the children to understand
it ,so he did another task which he thinks more sense to children he
put a 'boy' doll and a 'policeman' doll then placed the policeman
doll in various positions and asked the child to hide the boy doll from
the policeman .
Hughes did this task just to know if the children understood what
was being asked of them
Hughes brought a second policeman doll he make it more
complicated and his sample comprised children between three and a
half and five years old and the answer was 90% correct
Hughes' experiment allowed them to demonstrate that they are able
to lost their egocentric thinking by four years of age because the
task made sense to them where Piaget's experiment
did not show that

Evaluation:The turnable task

The child is given two identical models of a three-dimensional scene
which include ( toy of people and animals and a mountain model
similar to Piaget). One of is mounted on a turntable it can be easy to
child use it.
where the child is familiarized with the materials and the idea of
looking at things from another persons point of view, a doll is
introduced, after that they but the model from a particular vantage
point and the child was invited to turn the other the model matched.
In the end, we found that the greater the age above the year the
greater the level of supply and achieved the highest results in the
different ages of the ages of one to four years

Limitations in the childs thinking

Children in the preoperational stage are able to focus on only
one aspect or dimension
Piaget drew a number of related conclusions:
1) Understanding of these situations is 'perception bound'. The
child is drawn by changes in the appearance of the materials to
conclude that a change has occurred.
2) Thinking is 'centered' on one aspect of the situation. Children
notice changes in the level of water or in the length of clay
without noticing that other aspects of the situation have
changed simultaneously.

Limitations
in
the
childs
thinking
3) Thinking is focused on states rather than on
transformations. Children fail to track what has
happened to materials and simply make an intuitive
judgment based on how they appear 'now'.
4) Thinking is 'irreversible' in that the child cannot
appreciate that a reverse transformation would return
the material to its original state. Reversibility is a
crucial aspect of the logical (operational) thought of
later stages

videos
The three mountains task :
https://youtu.be/OinqFgsIbh0

Preoperational stage:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M244b
2aDcz8

Divided work as :
Wafa Aljunaibi: introduction + first four key features & powerpoint
Mahra bakheet: the key feature of preopational stage stage include
Amna alqussab: the three mountains task
Maitha Alblooshi: policeman doll study + review & organize PowerPoint
suad taleb: the trunable task
Nada: limitations in the child thinking
Meera: pictures