Inductionmotor

Construction
Stator+Rotor
Statorcircuithasthreesetsofcoilswhichare
separatedby120oandareexcitedbyathree
phasepowersupply.
Therotorcircuitisalsocomposedofthree
phasewindingsthatareshortedinternally
(withintherotorstructure)orexternally
(throughslipringsandbrushes)
Rotorhastwotypes:squirrelcagerotorand
woundrotor

Rotatingmagneticfield
Statorissupplybyabalancedthreephasesystem

Fluxdirection

Fluxequation
Attimet1

Attimet2

Attimet3

Someimportantequation
Synchronousspeed

Nsisthesynchronousspeed
Fisthefrequency
PPisthenumberofpairsofpole
Pisthenumberofpoles

Slip

Sisslip.Sisbetween0and1
Nsisthesynchronousspeed
Nisthemechanicalspeed

Equivalentcircuitofinductionmotor
R1:statorresistance
X1:statorreactance
Rm andXm:represent
thecoreofthemotor
E1:isthevoltageofthe
sourceminusthevoltage
droponthestator
N1:N2istheequivalent
numberofturnsofstator
comparingtothatofrotor
R2:rotorresistance
X2:rotorreactance
S:slip

Equivalentcircuitofinductionmotor

Moreequivalentcircuitofinductionmotor

Powerflow

Powerflow

Example
A50hp,60Hz,threephase,Yconnectedinductionmotoroperates
atfullloadataspeedof1764rpm.Therotationallossesofthemotor
are950W,thestatorcopperlossesare1.6kW,andtheironlossesare
1.2kW.Comparethemotorefficiency?

Torquecharacteristics

Moreregionsoftorquecharacteristics
Largeslipregion

Startingtorque

Moreregionsoftorquecharacteristics
Smallslipregion

Slipatmaximumtorque

Example
A50hp,440V,60Hz,threephase,fourpoleinductionmotor
developsamaximumtorqueof250%atslipof10%.Ignorethestator
resistanceandrotationallosses.Calculatethefollowing
Speedofthemotoratfullload
Copperlossesoftherotor
Startingtorqueofthemotor

Startingprocedure

Startingprocedure

Example
Aninductionmotorhasastatorresistanceof3Ohm,andtherotor
resistancereferredtothestatoris2Ohm.Theequivalentinductive
reactanceXeq=10Ohm.Calculatethechangeinthestartingtorqueif
thevoltageisreducedby10%.Also,computetheresistancethat
shouldbeaddedtotherotorcircuittoachievethemaximumtorque
atstarting.

Speedcontrolofinductionmotor

Armatureorrotorresistance
Armatureorrotorinductance
Magnitudeofterminalvoltage
Frequencyofterminalvoltage
Voltage/Frequencycontrol
Rotorvoltageinjection
Slipenergyrecovery

Controllingspeedbyusingrotorresistance
Insteadystatecondition,themotoroperatesnearthesynchronous
speed.Hence,smallslipregion.

Controllingspeedbyusingrotorresistance
Consequencesofchangeinrotorresistance

Thesynchronousspeeddoesnotchange
Themaximumtorquedoesnotchange
Theslipatmaximumtorquechange
Withtheincreaseinrotorresistance,thestartingtorquedecreases

Inconveniences
Smallrangeofspeedvariation(i.e speedchangefromposition1toposition2
attorqueT1)

Example
Athreephase,Yconnected,30hp (ratedoutput),480V,sixpole,60
Hz,slipringinductionmotorhasastatorresistanceR1=0.5Ohmand
arotorresistancereferredtostatorR2=0.5Ohm.Therotational
lossesare500Wandthecorelossesare600W.Assumethatthe
changeintherotationallossesduetothechangeinspeedisminor.
Themotorloadisaconstanttorquetype.
Atfullloadtorque,calculatethespeedofthemotor?
Calculatetheaddedresistancetotherotorcircuitneededtoreducethe
speedby20%?
Calculatethemotorefficiencywithoutandwiththeaddedresistance?
Ifthecostofenergyis0.05USD/kWh,computetheannualcostofoperating
themotorcontinuouslywiththeaddedresistance.Assumethatthemotor
operates100hoursaweek.

Controllingspeedusinginductance
Addinginductancetothemotorwindingsisanunrealisticoptionfor
thefollowingreasons:
Thephysicalsizeoftheinductancerequiredtmakeasizablechangeinspeed
islikelytobelargerthanthemotoritself.
Variableinductancerequiresexpensiveandelaboratedesign
Theinsertionofinductancereducethestartingtorque
Theinsertionofinductanceconsumesreactivepowerthatfurtherlowersthe
alreadylowpowerfactorofinductionmotor

Controllingspeedbyadjustingthestator
voltage

Controllingspeedbyadjustingthestator
voltage
Thetorqueofthemotorisproportionaltothesquareofitsstator
voltage
Synchronousspeeddoesnotchange
Decreasingstatorvoltagewilldecreasealsothestartingtorque
Slipatmaximumtorquedoesnotmove

Example
Forthemotorgivenintheaboveexample,assumethattheload
torqueisconstantandequalto120Nm.Ignoretherotationallosses
andcalculatethemotorspeedatfullvoltage.Repeatthe
computationifthevoltageisreducedby20%.

Controllingspeedbyadjustingthesupply
frequency
Synchronousspeed

Controllingspeedbyadjustingthesupply
frequency
Decreasingthefrequencyincreasesinreturnthestartingcurrent

Effectsofexcessivelyhighfrequency
Anincreaseinthenoloadspeed
Adecreaseinthemaximumtorque

Effectsofexcessivelyhighfrequency
Adecreaseinstartingtorque

Anincreaseinspeedatthemaximumtorque
Adecreaseinthestartingcurrent

Example
A480V,twopole,60Hz,Yconnectedinductionmotorhasan
inductivereactanceof4Ohmandastatorresistanceof0.2Ohm.The
rotorresistancereferredtothestatoris0.3Ohm.Themotorisdriving
aconstanttorqueloadof60Nmataspeedof3500rpm.Assumethat
thistorqueincludestherotationallosses.
Computethemaximumfrequencyofthesupplyvoltagethatwouldnotresult
installingthemotor.
Calculatethemotorcurrentat60Hz,andatthemaximumfrequency.
Calculatethepowerdeliveredtotheloadat60Hz,andatthemaximum
frequency.

Effectofexcessivelylowfrequency
Reducingthesupplyfrequencyreducesthespeedofthemotor.
However,frequencyreductionmayresultsinanincreaseinmotor
current.Atverylowfrequencies,theequivalentreactanceofthe
motorXeq isverylow.SinceXeq isthelimitingparameterformotor
currentatstarting,itslargereductioncouldleadtoanexcessive
currentbeyondtheratingsofthemachine.

Example
Forthemotordescribedintheaboveexample,computethemotor
speedandstartingcurrentifthefrequencyisdecreasedto50Hz.

Voltage/Frequencycontrol

Voltage/Frequencycontrol

Example
Repeattheaboveexamplewithconstantv/fcontrol?

Q&A