固態物理導論

Sunway Lin
Introduction to
Solid State Physics

Sunway Lin
Sunway Lin
Introduction to
Solid State Physics

Sunway Lin
BCS
pn
2009/03/06
4
Sunway Lin
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
11
13
1-5
1-6
1-7
14
18
22
---
2-1
2-2 ---
2-3
2-4
25
30
33
36

3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
42
45
49
51
56
60
62
66

4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4 ---OPW
4-5 K.P
4-6
4-7 ---APW
4-8 ---KKR
4-9
68
71
74
76
79
82
84
86
89
Sunway Lin
5-1
5-2
108
5-3
5-4
LST
113
116
97
6-1
123
6-2
6-3
130
136
6-4
137

7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
139
142
144
144

8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
8-5
8-6
8-7
8-8
8-9
8-10
8-11
145
154
155
157
161
164
167
172
176
180
183

9-1
9-2
9-3
9-4
9-5
9-6
186
187
189
190
194
199
6
Sunway Lin
9-7
BCS
101
9-8
205

10-1
212
10-2
10-3
Pn
216
218
221
223
225
Sunway Lin
Sunway Lin
1-1
1-1
(
)
v
R
av 1 av 2 a3
v v
v
v
R = la1 + ma2 + na3
l , m, n
l , m, n av 1 av 2 a3
av 1 av 2 a3 av 1 av 2 a3
av 1 av 2 a3
i j k
(
)
v
j A j
v
v
v
v
A j = x j a1 + y j a2 + z j a3
x j 1 y j 1 z j 1
x j y j z j 1
= () + ()
1-2
Sunway Lin
()
2

n
2 2

1 2
n n 1,2,3,4,6
2 2 2

3 4 6
2 2

5 7
n = 5 n = 7
5 7
1-1 5
[
]
14 1-3
14 1-1
1-1 14
a1 a2 a3
900
a1 a2 a3
= = 900
a1 a2 a3
= = = 900
a1 = a2 a3
= = = 900
10
Sunway Lin
a1 = a2 = a3
= = = 900
a1 = a2 = a3
= = 900
a1 = a2 a3
= = 900 = 1200
11
Sunway Lin
1-1 5
5 1-4(a) 5
5
7
1-4(b)
A B B B A -
A A B
AB a A B // AB A B a m
1-4(b)
ma = a + 2a sin(
1 cos 1
m = 1,0,1, 2,3
cos = (1 m ) / 2
1 (1 m ) / 2 1
= 360o ,180o ,120o ,90o ,60o
12346
14
8
8
1
8
8 = 1
12
Sunway Lin
2 1-5
14
(
)
v
v
v
1-2 a1 = ai a2 = aj a 3 = a k
4 1-6
a
a
a
v
v
v
a1 =
j + k a 2 = i + k a 3 = i + j
2
2
2
av 1 av 2 a3
1 1
3 0
3
a3
v v v
a
a
V = a1 a2 a3 = 1 0 1 = (1 + 1) =
4
2
2
1 1 0
V = a 3 4
3
V = a 1
1-7
1-8
13
Sunway Lin
(L , M , N ) L, M , N
L , M , N
1-3(a) 4a1 , a2 , a3 (b) 2 a 1 , 4 a 2 , (c)
3a1,a2 ,2a3 (L , M , N )
v
(a) av 1 av 2 a3 4,1,1 1 ,1,1
1,4,4 (144 )
(b) av 1 av 2a3 2,4, 1 , 1 ,0
2 4
2,1,0 (210 )
(a) av 1 av 2 a3 -3,-1,2
( )
1 ,1, 1 2,6,-3 263

3
2
( )
( )
(100 ) 1 00 (010 ) 0 1 0
(001) (001)
{100}
[ ]
[100 ] av 1 0 1 0 ( av 2 )
14
Sunway Lin
1-2
r- X
` r-
r- av 1 av 2 a3
v v
v v
v v
v
v
v
a a
a a
a a
b1 = 2 v 2v 3v b2 = 2 v 3v 1v b3 = 2 v 1v 2 v
a1 a2 a3
a1 a2 a3
a1 a2 a3
v v v
1
b1 b2 b3
av 1 av 2 a3
b1 b2 b3
1-4( sc )
v
v
v
a1 = ai a2 = aj a 3 = a k
v v
v v
v
v
a a
a a
2
2
b1 = 2 v 2v 3v =
i b2 = 2 v 3v 1v = j
a1 a2 a3 a
a1 a2 a3 a
v v
v
a1 a2
2
b3 = 2 v v v = k
a1 a2 a3 a
1-5( bcc )
a
a
a
v
v
v
a1 = i + j + k a 2 = i j + k a 3 = i + j k
2
2
2
v v
v
a 2 a3
2
j+k
b1 = 2 v v v =
a1 a 2 a3
a
15
Sunway Lin
v v
v v
v
v
a a
a a
2
2
b2 = 2 v 3v 1v =
i + k b3 = 2 v 1v 2 v =
i+j
a1 a2 a3
a
a1 a 2 a3
a
( )
1-6( fcc )
a
a
a
v
v
v
a1 =
j + k a 2 = i + k a 3 = i + j
2
2
2
v v
v
a a
2
b1 = 2 v 2v 3v =
i + j +k
a1 a 2 a3
a
v v
v
a3 a1
2
b2 = 2 v v v =
i j+k
a1 a 2 a3
a
v v
v
a1 a2
2
b3 = 2 v v v =
i + jk
a1 a2 a3
a
v
v v
1-7 avi b j ai b j = 2ij
v
v
a 2 a3
v
v = 2
a1 a 2 a 3
i = j = 1 av1 b1 = av1 2 v
v
v
i = j = 2 i = j = 3 av 2 b 2 = 2 a3 b3 = 2
i j i = 1 j = 2
v v
a a
2
v v
v
a1 b1 = a1 2 v 3v 1 v = v v v
a
a
a
a
1
2
3
1 2 a3
v v v
(a1 a 3 a1 ) = 0
i j
v v
ai b j = 2ij
1-8
--- f (r ) r- f (r )
G- f G
v
f (r ) =
f
G
v v
e iG r
fG =
1
V
f ( r )e
16
v v
iG r
v
d 3r
Sunway Lin
n (r )
v
r- R = la1 + ma2 + na3 n ( rv ) = n ( rv + R ) n (r )
v
G- N (G ) G-
v
v
v
v
G = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3 n (rv )
v
N (G )
v
v
n(r ) =
n (r )
N (G ) e
v v
iG r
v v
n(r + R ) =
N (G )e
v v v
iG (r + R )
N (G ) e
[e ]
v v
iG r
v v
iG R
[ ]
v v
iGR
= 1 G
n ( rv ) = n ( rv + R ) e
G G = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3
[e ] = 1
v v
iGR
v v
R = la1 + ma2 + na3 G = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3
G R = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3 (la1 + ma2 + na3 )

= 2 (lL + mM + nN ) = 2
v v
[ ai b j = 2 ij ]
[ = lL + mM + nN ]
[ ]
v v
iGR
= ei 2 = cos(2 ) + i sin(2 ) = 1
e
r- G-
1-9 1-9 ABC (LMN )

v
v
v
a
a
a
OA = 1 OB = 2 OC = 3
L
M
N
G = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3 (LMN )

d = 2
v
G
v v v
G a1 G
d = OA v = v
G
LG
17
Sunway Lin
v
v
v
v
a1 Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3 2L 2
=
= v = v
v
LG
LG G
2
(LMN ) d = v
G
(LMN ) ABC
v
v
v
v
G = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3
v
G CA
v
G CB
v
v
v
v
a
a1 a 3
a
CB = OB OC = 2 3
L N
M N
v
v
v av1 av3 v v v v
v
G CA = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3 = a1 b1 a3 b3 = 0
L N
v
v
v
v av
v
a v v v v
G CB = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3 2 3 = a 2 b2 a3 b3 = 0
M N
CA = OA OC =
(LMN ) G = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3
1-3
X
X V
h Ch Ch Ch 12400 0
=
=
=
=
A
p Cp E eV
V
0
1 A 12400V
X
h
h
h
150 0
=
=
=
A
p
V
2mE
2meV
150V
1-10
v v
v v
e ik r e ik r
v v
k k
18
Sunway Lin
v 2
k =
s
o x
v
v
= OA + OB = R s + R s
) (
v
v v v
= R (s s ) =
R k k
2
[ (
)]
v
v v
v v v

=
R k k =
R (k k ) = 2
2
v v
1-8 G R = 2
v
v
v
1-11 (k k ) G
[ (
)]
v
v
v
n
(k k ) = n G
n = 1
n = 2
v v
2
1-11
k = k =
v v
v
4 sin
k k = 2 k sin =
d 1-9
2
d = v
G
v 2
G =
d
v v
v
k k = nG
4 sin
2n
d
2d sin = n
()
1-10 X
1-12 A A
v
k CA =
( X ) C
v
B P CB k
19
Sunway Lin
AB G
AB = CB CA
v
v
v
G = k k
AP
v
v
v
G G G
AB
(n=1) AB
(n=2)
AB
X
X
v
v
G k
1
G-
k-
1-4
1-13
1 v
G
2
20
Sunway Lin
1-5
v v
X e ik r
v v
v
v
e ik r rv F (r ) n (r )
v v
vv
v v v
v v v
= eik r = eik r ei (k k )r = ei (k k )r
v v v
i k k r
e ( )
v v v
v
rv e i (k k )r F (r )
v
v v vv
F (r ) = n(r )ei (k k )r
v v v
v
v
v
v
F = F ( r ) d 3 r = n ( r )e i (k k )r d 3 r
G = (k k )
v vv v
F = n ( r ) e iG r d 3 r
N
F =
[ n ( r )e
v
v v
iG r
v
d 3r
cell
SG =
[ n ( rv )e
v v
iG r
v
d 3r
cell
cell
=N
[ n(rv )e
= (
v v
iG r
v
d 3r
cell
= NS G
v
n (r )
v
n(r ) =
v v
(r r j )
21
Sunway Lin
v vv v
SG = n(r )e iGr d 3 r
= e
vv
iG r j
cell
[ n (v )e
v v vv v
= n j (r r j )e iGr d 3 r
v v
iG
v v
[ = r r j ]
vv
v
iGr
d 3 = f je j
v vv v
f j = n j ( )e iG d 3 = (
( f j )
( S G )
( F)
I F
I F
1-11(bcc) S G = ?
1-14 bcc 2
1
(8 1 )
8
a a a
v
v
r1 = ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) r2 = ( , , )
2 2 2
v
v
a1 = ai a2 = aj av3 = ak
v
v
v
v
2
G = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3 =
Li + Mj + Nk
a
f
2
SG = f j e
vv
iG r j
vv
vv
= f1e iGr1 + f 2 e iGr2
j =1
= f + fe i ( L + M + N ) = f 1 + e i ( L + M + N )
0 L + M + N =
=
2 f L + M + N =
bcc
(200)(110)(222)
22
Sunway Lin
(100)(300)(111)(100)
bcc (100)
1-15

1-12(fcc) S G = ?
fcc 4 4
a a
a a
a a
v
v
v
v
r1 = ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) r2 = (0, , ) r3 = ( ,0, ) r4 = ( , ,0)
2 2
2 2
v
v
v
a1 = ai a2 = aj a 3 = ak
v
v
v
v
2
G = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3 =
Li + Mj + Nk
a
f
4
SG = f j e
v v
iG r j
vv
v v
vv
v v
= f1e iGr1 + f 2 e iGr2 + f 3 e iGr3 + f 4 e iGr4
j =1
= f 1 + e i ( M + N ) + e i ( L + N ) + e i ( L + M )
L, M , N
4 f
=
0 L, M , N
fcc (111)(311)(331)(200)(220)(222)(400)(420)
1-13--- X
f j = ?
()
v vv v
f j = n j ( r ) e iG r d 3 r
v
v v
G rv G r = Gr cos
v
n j (r ) = n j (r)
fj =
n j (r )e iGr cos 2r 2 sin drd = 2 drr 2 n j (r ) e iGr cos d (cos )

0
e iGr e iGr
sin (Gr )
2
= 2 drr 2 n j ( r )
= 4 0 drr n j ( r )
0
iGr
Gr
23
Sunway Lin
sin(Gr)
= drU (r )
0
Gr
[ U (r ) = 4r 2 n j (r ) ]
G G
v
v
v
k = k G = 0
sin (Gr )
1
Gr
f j = U (r )dr = 4 drr 2 n j (r ) = = = Z
Z
f j U(r)
[ g () =
sin(Gr)
f j (G) = drU(r )
0
Gr
U (r ) = 4r 2 n j (r )
f (t ) sin tdt f (t ) =
g ( ) sin td ]
U (r )
Gf j (G) = dr sin(Gr )
0
r
U (r ) 2
r = 0 Gf j (G) sin(Gr)dG
U (r ) =
n j (r ) =
1
2
2r
[Gf
[Gf
r
(G ) sin (Gr )dG
(G ) sin (Gr )dG
f j (G)
1-14 n(r ) =
sin(Gr )
f (G) = 4 drr 2 n j (r )
0
Gr
4
3
a0 G
re
2r
a0
sin(Gr )dr
24
a0 3
2r
a0
f = ?
Sunway Lin
2r
4 a0
= 3
0 re cos(Gr)dr
a0 G G
[ e ax cos bxdx =
0
a
]
a + b2
2
4 2a0

3
2
a0 G G 4 + G 2 a0
3
4 4Ga0
= 3
a0 G 4 + G 2 a0 2
16
=
2
4 + G 2 a0 2
1-6
N E 0
E E = E NE 0 < 0
E E > 0
A.
(NaCl)(CsCl)
1-16
NaCl 1-17
NaCl Na Cl
(7 .9 5 .14 + 3 .61 ) = 6 .37 eV
Uij i j
25
Sunway Lin
Uij 1-18
4 0 r
e2
b
n n b
r
U = U ij
j i
N
e2
2 j 1 4 0 r1 j
r n
1 j
R
r1 j = a j R ( a j )
U =
1
N e2
2 4 0 R j 1 a j
1
aj
j 1
=
U =
N
2
Rn
n
j 1
j
b

n
j 1 a j
e 2

n
4 0 R R
R 0 R 0
U
=0
R R0
N
e 2
n
+ n+1 = 0
2
2 4 0 R0
R0
R0
n 1
4 0 n
e 2
Ne 2 1
1
8 0 R0 n
n = 1.75 n = 7.9
U ( R = R0 ) = U 0 =
1-15 1-19
= ?
1
= =
aj
j 1
a j
26
Sunway Lin
1 1 1 1
1 1
= 2 + + L = 21 + + L
1 2 3 4
2 3 4
ln (1 + x ) = x
x2 x3 x4
+
+L
2
3
4
= 2 ln 2 1.39
(B)(C)(Si)(Ge)
CSiGe 4
4 CSiGe
1-20 [C
C 3
(C) III LiNaKBeMg

CuAgAu 1 2
(D)(Ne)(Ar)(Kr)
A
6
r
B
12
r
27
Sunway Lin
B
A
U ij = 12 6
r
rij
ij
U
U
=0
R R0
R 0 U ( R = R 0 )
(E)(O)(F)
(N)( H 2 O )
O-H
H--O 1-21
28
Sunway Lin
1-7
(A)
1-22(a)
1-22(b)
(B)
1-23
29
Sunway Lin
1-24
(111)
}}}}
ABC ABC ABC ABC L
} } } }} }}
ABC ABC ABC BACBA CBA CBA L
1-25
(C)
30
Sunway Lin
(Si)(B) p- B Si
(Si)(P) n P Si
(B)
(D)( SiO 2 )
31
Sunway Lin
2-1
2-1 2-1 M a n x n
q A x n
xn = Aei (qnat ) n n (n n )qa

2 n n
(na n a ) 2
q
(q )
32
Sunway Lin
C
n
M
d 2 xn
= C (x n +1 x n ) + C ( x n 1 x n )
dt 2
x n
xn+1 = Aei (qnat ) eiqa xn = Aei (qnat ) xn1 = Aei (qnat ) eiqa
2 M = C [e iqa + e iqa 2 ]
[ e ix = cos x i sin x ]
2C
(1 cos qa ) = 4C sin qa
M
M
2
q 2-2
q =
< q
a
a
4C
xn = Aei (qnat ) = Ae in e it = A( 1) e it
n
v
v
v
v g = q [ (q )]
i ( qnat )
[ xn = Ae
33
Sunway Lin
vp =
vv vv ]
p
g
q
vg =
d
(q ) =
dq
q =
q =
Ca 2
qa
cos
M
2
v g = 0
q q 0
qa << 1 sin
qa qa
2
2
C
qa
M
vg =
d
(q ) =
dq
a=
M
q
v p =
q
2-3
x z
2-2 2 2-4
M m (q )
2-1
34
Sunway Lin
d 2un
= C (v n u n ) + C (v n 1 u n )
M
dt 2
2
m d v n = C (u v ) + C (u v )
n +1
n
n
n
dt 2
i ( qnat )
i ( qnat )
un = Ae
vn = Be
(
(
)
)
2 MA = CB 1 + e iqa 2CA
iqa
2
mB = CA e + 1 2CB
(
[ (
) [ (
)] (
)]
)
2C 2 M A + C 1 + e iqa B = 0
iqa
2
C e + 1 A + 2C m B = 0
(1)
AB
2C 2 M C (1 + e iqa )
=0
C (e iqa + 1) 2C 2 m
Mm 4 2 C (M + m ) 2 + 2 C 2 (1 cos qa ) = 0
(q )
1
C
2
2
(m + M ) M + m + 2Mm cos(qa ) 2
mM
C
2
2
2
O =
(m + M ) + M + m + 2Mm cos(qa ) 2
mM
A ( q ) O (q ) 2-5
A2 =
q 0
C
qa
A =
1 2 2
2(M + m )
cos qa 1 q a
2
= 2C 1 + 1
O
M m
2C
A =
M
q q = M > m
a
= 2C
O
35
Sunway Lin
2-5 q 0
A
m
1
1
=
+ (1)
B
M
M m
O = 2C
A= B
2-6
()(a)
(b)
(LA)(LO)
(LO)(TA)
(TA)(TO)
(TO)
36
Sunway Lin
2-2
2-1
q q
N N q 2-3
q q
q Eq = n + hq hq hq
2
E = E q = n + h q
2
q
q
i ( qnat )
2-3 2-1 xn = Ae
N+1 q
x 1 = Ae i (qa t ) xN +1
x 1 = x N +1
e iqNa = 1
]( )
= Aei (qat ) eiqNa

qNa = 2l
q=
2l
Na
( l )
N
N
< q < l l N
a
a
2
2
q N
<q
a
a
N x n q
i ( qnat )
2-4 xn = Ae
q
A Aq t xn = Aq (t )e iqna
q n t
x n = Aq (t )e iqna eiqna
q
iq ( n n )a
= N n , n
37
Sunway Lin
n = n
n n n n = S =
2l
N
N
[ q =
< l ]
q e iq (n n )a = q e iqSa
Na
2
2
N
2
l =
2Sl
N
[ l = l
N
+1
2
N 1
N
2 S
l +1
N
2
=e
N
+ 1 ]
2
2 S N N 1
1
N 2
l= 0
2 S
l
N
l = 0
n +1
[ S = A + Ar + Ar 2 + L + Ar n = A(1 r ) ]
1 r
iq ( n n )a
=e
2S N
1
N 2
iq ( n n )a
= N n , n
2S N
i 2S
i
1
e 1 = e N 2 0 = 0
i 2NS
1
e
e (
i q q )na
= N q ,q
2-5 2-1
T =
1
2
M x& n
2 n
U =C
(x
2
xn ) =
2
n +1
C
2
(x
2
n +1
+ x n 2 x n +1 x n
x n +1 x n
r- q- xn (t ) =
Q (t)e
NM
q
iqna
Qq (t )
x n H=T+U
Qq
xn (t ) =
Q (t)e
NM
q
iqna
x n (t ) x n ( t ) = x n * ( t )
Qq * = Qq
38
Sunway Lin
T=
U =
1
1
2
Mx& n =
2 n
2N
Q& Q&
q
e i ( q + q )na =
n , q , q
1
2N
Q& Q& e (
q
q , q
1
1
1
1
Q& q Q& q q , q = Q& q Q& q = Q& q Q& q * = Q& q
2 q ,q
2 q
2 q
2 q
C
2
(x
2
n +1
+ x n 2 x n +1 x n
C
Qq Qq e iq( n+1) a e iq( n+1) a + e iqna e iqna
2 NM n,q,q
C
2 NM
Q Q
q , q
i ( q + q) a
+ 1 e iqa e iq a
e
C
2M
{Q Q [e
C
2M
{Q Q [2 e
C
M
i ( q + q) a
] e
+ 1 e iqa e iqa q, q
i ( q + q ) na
q ,q
iqa
e iqa
]}
{Q Q * [1 cos qa]}
q
2-1 q 2 =
U=
e iq ( n + 1 ) a e i q na e iqna e i q ( n + 1 ) a
i q + q )na
2C
(1 cos qa )
M
C
{Qq Qq * [1 cosqa]} = 1 q 2Qq Qq * = 1 q 2 Qq
M q
2 q
2 q
Qq
H = T +U =
2
1 & 2
2
Qq + q Qq = H q
q
2 q
Hq =
1 &
Qq
2
2
2
+ q Qq
Eq = n + hq
2
39
Sunway Lin
N E = E q = n + h q
2
q
q
hq q
2-3
2-3 q

q
q q
D(q) D(q)
dq
2-6 a L = Na
e iqna = e iq ( L + na )
e iqL = 1
q = 0,
qL = 2S
(S )
2 4
,
,L
L
L
2
q
L
2-7 q-
40
Sunway Lin
L
q q+dq
2
q-
L
D(q)dq = dq
2
:
D ( ) d = D ( q ) dq
D ( ) = D ( q )
dq
d
d
]
[ v g =
dq
L 1
L 1
D ( ) =
=
2 d 2 v g
dq
2-7
i(qx x+ q y y )
=e
i [ q x ( L + x ) + q y ( L + y )]
iq y L
e iq x L e
=1
q x , q y = 0,
2 4
,
,L
L
L
2
2-8 q-
q
L
2
L
q-
q
2
q+dq
41
Sunway Lin
L
D ( q ) dq =
(2qdq )
2
D (q ) =
L2
A
q=
q
2
2
[ L2 = A ]
:
D ( ) d = D ( q ) dq
D() = D(q)
dq Aq dq
=
d 2 d
2-8
i(qx x+ qy y + qz z)
=e
i [ q x ( L + x ) + q y ( L + y ) + q z ( L + z )]
e iq x L e
iq y L
q x , q y , q z = 0,
e iq z L = 1
2 4
,
,L
L
L
3
2
2-8 q-

L
3
L
q q-

2
q q+dq
3
L
2
D ( q ) dq =
4q dq
2
D (q ) =
L3 2
V
q =
q2
2 2
2 2
[ L3 = V ]
:
D ( ) d = D ( q ) dq
D ( ) = D ( q )
dq Vq 2
=
d 2 2
dq
q v
v =
q
Vq 2 dq V
D() = 2
= 2
2 d 2 v
=
1 V 2
= 2 3
v 2 v
d V
4 2V
2
=
(
2
)
2
=
3
d 2 2 v 3
v
q
D ( ) = D ( )
D( )
42
Sunway Lin
2-4
U
CV =
U
T V
(
)
T
1
f ( ) ~
f ( ) ~ e
k BT
kBT
D ( ) = 1
D
2-9
N 3N ( xyz
)
C V = 3 R = 5 . 96 (/ o k )
3N = () () = D( ) f ( )d
0
43
Sunway Lin
[
A D ( ) = 1 ]
D ( ) f ( ) d
D ( ) f ( ) d
f ( ) d
f ( ) d
= k BT
xde x
= k BT
e x dx
xe x
k BT
k BT
= kB
+ e x dx
0
e x dx
= kB
xe
T
e
e x dx
e x dx
dx
dx
= k BT
N N () 3N
[ R = Nk B ]
U = 3 N = 3 Nk B T = 3 RT
CV =
U
= 3R
T
2-9
2-10 3N
h n = nh n = 1,2,3, L
C V
(nh )e
=
nh
k BT
n =0
nh
k BT
e ( nh )
( nh )
n
[ =
1
]
k BT
n =0

1
h
( nh )
= ( h )
=
ln e
=
ln
( h )
n
1 e
1
e
3N
U = 3 N =
3 Nh
e
h
k BT
1
44
h
e
h
k BT
Sunway Lin
khT
e B 1
C V ~ 3 R
CV =
h
U
= 3R
T
k BT
h
k BT
(
) h
2-11N
(
h ) = 3N ()
3N () m
C V
[]
m
U = n( ) D( )d =
(h )n( )D( )d
1
n ( ) =
(1)
D( ) 2-8
e k BT 1
4 2 d
V [ v ]
3
D ( ) d =
m = 3N (
)
m
= D( )d = 3N
0
4V
3
v
2
d = 3 N
9N 3
= v
4V
(2)(1)
45
(2)
Sunway Lin
m 4V
U = 3 2
0
v
= 3RT
= 9R
3
Xm
T4
3
T
0
Xm
h
e
h
k BT
x 3 dx
ex 1
[ X m =
h m
= R = Nk B ]
k BT T
x 3 dx
ex 1
d
dU
= 9 R
CV =
dT
dT
d
= 9 R
dT
T 4
3
T x 3 dx T 4
+ 3
x
0 e 1
dT
T
0
x 3 dx
e x 1
T 4 T x 3 dx T 4 dx d T x 3 dx
+ 3
3 x
x
0 e 1 dT dx 0 e 1
3
x 3 dx T 4
T
= 9 R 4 T x
+
0 e 1 3
3

3
T
x 3 dx 1
T
2
= 9 R 4 T x
0 e 1 T T
T e T 1
e 1
CV T
3
2-12-

( h )(
)
3N ()
() 3N
46
Sunway Lin
(Li)(Na)(K)
(Cu)(Ag)(Au)
(C)(Si)(Ge)
( SiO 2 )
3
3
K B T NK B T ( N
2
2
)() C el =
3
NK B
2
()
47
Sunway Lin
3-1
V ( x ) = V ( x + na )
a n
H k ( x) = E k k ( x)
h2 d 2
+ V ( x ) k ( x ) = E k k ( x )
2
2 m dx
E k k ( x )
ikx
k ( x) = e u( x) u ( x ) = u ( x + na )
eikx
u ( x ) u ( x ) = u ( x + na ) 3-1
48
Sunway Lin
3-1
T k ( x) = k ( x + a)
TH ( x) k ( x) = T [Ek k ( x)] = Ek T k ( x) = Ek k ( x + a)
H ( x)T k ( x) = H ( x) k ( x + a) = Ek k ( x + a)
[H ,T ] = 0
H , T k ( x )
T k ( x) = k ( x)
N L L = Na L
k ( x + Na ) = k ( x + L ) = k ( x )
T N k ( x) = N k ( x)
T N k ( x) = k ( x + Na) = k ( x)
= e ika
N = e ikNa = 1
N = 1
2
l = 0, 1, 2, L
Na
k
kNa = 2l
k =l
T k ( x) = k ( x)
T k ( x) = e ika k ( x)
(1)
(1) k ( x ) eikx (1)

k
2
i ( k +nG) x
()(n ) f n (x) = e
(1)
a
G=
2
i
n a
a
Tf n ( x) = e i ( k + nG )( x + a ) = e i ( k + nG ) a e i ( k + nG ) x = e ika e
f n ( x) = e ika f n ( x)
f n ( x ) (1)
k ( x )
k ( x ) = C n f n ( x ) = C n e i ( k + nG ) x = e ikx C n e inGx = e ikx u ( x )

n
49
Sunway Lin
u ( x ) = C n e inGx u ( x )
n
u ( x + na ) = C n e inG ( x + na ) =
n
C n e inGx e
n
2 n
i
( na )
a
e inGx = u ( x )
k ( x ) k
G =
k ()
<k
a
a
2
N
N
[ k = l
]
< l
2
2
Na
k k ( x ) k k ( x )
G =
2
N k
a
50
Sunway Lin
3-2
V = 0
h2 d 2
( x ) = E ( x )
2 m dx 2
k (x) = e
ikx
d2
2 mE
2 + 2 ( x ) = 0
h
dx
k=
2mE
h2
( t ) k
2 2
E ( k ) = h k
2m
p = hk 3-2 E (k )
k
G =
<k
G
G
< k )
2
2
eikx e ikx u ( x )
u ( x ) = 1
51
Sunway Lin
1
1 v 2
m* = 2 k E ( k )
h
2 2
E ( k ) = h k
2m
1 d 2 E (k )
m* = 2
=m
2
h dk
E (k ) m * m
3-2 2-8
k ( x ) = k ( x + L )
i(kx x+k y y +k z z )
=e
i [ k x ( L + x ) + k y ( L + y ) + k z ( L + z )]
e ik x L e
ik y L
k x , k y , k z = 0,
e ik z L = 1
2 4
,
,L
L
L
2
k-
k k-
L
3
L

k
2
q q+dq
L 3
2
D (k )dk = 2
(4k dk )
2
D(k ) =
k2
[ L3 = V ]
:
D ( ) d = D ( k ) dk
D ( ) = D ( k )
Vk 2
1
= 2
d

dk
2 2
( k ) = h k
2m
Vk 2
D ( ) = 2
m Vmk
V 2m 2
2 = 2 2 =

2 2 h 2
h k h
52
d
dk
Sunway Lin
)

1
N = () () =
3 2 d
4V
f ( ) D( )d = 3 (2m) 2
0
h
e k BT +1
[ D( ) 2 2
] N T
10-4 T = 0 0 k
f ( ) =
e k BT + 1
(0) T = 0 0 k
> ( 0 ) f = 0
< ( 0 ) f = 1
T = 0 0 k = 0 (
) (0 ) (0 ) F
(0 ) F
3-3 N(a) T = 0 0 k (0 ) (b)

< >=
3
F
5
(a) T = 0 0 k
3 F
3 2
3
4V
4V
2
2
2
2
(
2
m
)
=
(
2
m
)
F
3
3
0
h
h
3
N = f ( ) D( )d =
h2 2 N 3
(0) = F =
3
2m
V
(b)
< >=
f ( ) D( )d
f ( ) D( )d
3
3
1 4V
F
2
2
(
)
2
m
d
3
0
N h
53
Sunway Lin
3 2
5
3 2
3
1 4V
1 4V
2
2 =
2
2
(
)
(
)
2
m
2
m
[
]
F
F
F
5
N h3
N h3
5
3
1 4V
(2m ) 2
3
N h
2 2
2 h2 2 N 3
3
F = F
3
5 2m
V
5
3-4
T > 0 0 k f ( ) =
e k BT + 1
= F
(k B T )
= F
k T
N eff = N B
F
3
k B
2
Neff
k T
3 3
C el = N eff k B = Nk B B
2 2
F
C el
C el
2-11 T 3 C el T
C el
54
Sunway Lin
3-3
3-5
3-4
ikx
k ( x) = e u( x)
d2
2m
2 + 2 ( E V ) k = 0
h
dx
d 2u
du 2m
+ 2ik
+ 2 ( E V ) k 2 u = 0
2
dx h
dx
11-2 0 < x < C
d 2u
du
+ 2 ik
+ 2 k2 u = 0
2
dx
dx
0< x<C
[ 2 =
u ( x ) = Ae i ( k ) x + Be i ( + k ) x
2 mE
]
h2
(1)
b < x < 0
d 2u
du
+ 2 ik
2 + k2 u = 0
2
dx
dx
b < x < 0
[ 2 =
u ( x ) = Pe ( ik ) x + Qe
(1)(2) u
( + ik ) x
du
dx
55
2 m (V0 E ) 2 mV 0
=
2 ]
h2
h2
(2)
Sunway Lin
x = 0
A+ B = P+Q
(3)
(4)
i ( k ) A i ( + k ) B = ( ik ) P ( + ik )Q
x = C [(2) u ( x ) x = b ]
Ae i ( k ) C + Be i ( + K ) C = Pe ( ik ) b + Qe
( + ik ) b
i ( k ) e i ( k ) C A i ( + k ) e i ( + k ) C B = ( ik ) e ( ik ) b P ( + ik ) e ( + ik ) b Q
(5)
(6)
(3)(4)(5)(6) ABPQ
=0
cos ka =
2 2
sin b sin C + cosh b cosC
2
[ a = b + C ]
E E k E (k )
1 coska 1
3-6
56
Sunway Lin
3-4
3-5 V ( x ) = Vn e
2
nx
a
V n = V n *
H = H 0 + H 1
h2 d 2
H 0 =
2 m dx 2
k ( 0 ) ( x ) = 1 e ikx
H 1 = V ( x) = Vn e
2
nx
a
Ek
(0)
h2k 2
2m
Ek = E k
Ek
(1)
( 0)
+ Ek
(1)
+ 2 Ek
( 2)
+L
=< k ( x) H 1 k ( x) > 2 E k
( 0)
( 0)
(2)
=
k
k ( x) = k
k ( x ) =
(1)
(0)
< k
( x) + k ( x) + L
(1)
H 1 k ( 0 ) > ( 0 )
k ( x)
(0 )
(0)
(0 )
Ek
Ek
57
< k
(0)
Ek
H 1 k ( 0 ) >
(0)
Ek
(0 )
Sunway Lin
H 1 = V ( x)
i
L
Ek (1) =< k ( 0) ( x) H 1 k ( 0) ( x) >= k ( 0) * Vn e
0
2nx
a
( 0)
k ( x)
2nx
i
1 L i 2nx
a
= V n e a dx = V n
e a =0
0
n
n
L
i 2nL
0
2 E k ( 2 ) =
< k
Ek
< k
(0)
(0)
H 1 k ( 0 ) >
(0)
Ek
(0 )
i ( k k +
1 L
Vn e
L 0 n
H 1 k ( 0 ) >=
[ L = Na ]
2n
)x
a
V
dx = n
0
2n
k k =
Ek = Ek
( 0)
+ E k
+ 2 E k
(1)
( 2)
h 2k 2
+
2 2
2m
n h k
Vn
h2
2n
2m
2m
a
k ( x) = k
(0)
( x ) + k ( x ) = k
(1)
(0)
( x) +
k
1
L
ikx
1
L
h
n0
< k
Ek
Vn
k 2 h2
2n
2m
2m
a
2
H 1 k ( 0 ) > ( 0 )
k ( x)
(0)
(0)
(0)
E k
i(k
2n
)x
a
= () + ()
2n
i
x
a
Vn e
1 ikx
= 1 e ikx u ( x )
=
e 1+
2
2
2
2
n0 h k
L
L
h
2n
k

2m
2m
a
u ( x) = 1 +
n0
Vn e
2n
x
a
h 2k 2 h 2
2n
2m
2m
a
k ( x )
58
Sunway Lin
Vn
h2k 2 h 2
2n
2 m 2m
a
(1)
k =
n
a
(1)
k =
n
2n
n
k = k
=
a
a
a
2 2
E k = E k = h k (1) k
2m
k=
n
(1 + )
a
k =
n
(1 )
a

(0 ) = A k (0 ) + B k ( 0 ) =
A
L
e ikx +
e ik x
H ( 0 ) = H 0 + V ( 0) = E ( 0)
< k (0)
(0)
< k
(0)
H 0 + V ( 0 ) >= E < k ( 0 ) >
(0)
H 0 + V ( 0 ) >= E < k ( 0 ) >
Ek ( 0) A+ < k ( 0 ) V ( 0 ) >= EA
( 0)
( 0)
( 0)
Ek A+ < k V >= EB
(2)
(3)
< k
( 0)
V ( 0 ) >= Vm k
L
( 0)
*e
2mx
a
[A
(0)
k
+ B k
( 0)
2mx
i
L ( 0) i 2mx ( 0)
L
(0)
( 0)
= Vm A k * e a k dx + B k * e a k dx
0
0
m
n
2mx
n
i (1 ) x
A L i 2mx
B L i (1+ ) x i a
= Vm e a dx + e a
e
e a
dx
0
L 0
m
L
[ m = n m n ]
59
Sunway Lin
B L i a ( mn ) x
= Vm 0 + e
dx = Vm B mn = BVn
L 0
m
< k ( 0 ) V ( 0 ) >= AV n = AVn *
(2)(3)
( E Ek (0 ) ) A Vn B = 0
( 0)
Vn * A + ( E Ek ) B = 0
AB
(0)
E Ek
Vn *
Vn
=0
(0)
E Ek
1 ( 0)
(0)
E = E k + E k
2
(E
(0)
k
Ek
h 2 n
2
=
(1 + ) 4 V n
2m a
(0) 2
2
+ 4 Vn
h 2 n 2
+ 4

2 m a
(4)
(4) << 1 2
h 2 n 2

2
2
2
h 2 n
m a 2
h n
E+ =
+ Vn +
1+
2m a
2
m
a
V
h 2 n 2
2

2
2
h 2 n
m a 2
h n
E =
V
+
2m a
2
m
a
V
h 2 n
+ Vn
E+ =
2m a
= 0
2
2
E = h n V
n
2m a
E+ E 3-7
E g = E + E = 2 Vn ( )
60
Sunway Lin
3-8 V n
Vn 0
61
Sunway Lin
3-5
v v
r v t
v
v
t r v
v v
v v
f ( r , v , t ) f ( r , v , t )
v v
f ( r , v , t )
v v
f 0 ( r , v , t )
v
t r
v v
f 0 ( r , v , t )
3
mv 2
v
m 2
f 0 (v ) = n
e
2
v v
f ( r , v , t )
df f
=
dt t coll
f
v v
f ( r , v , t )
t coll
v v
df (r , v , t ) v& v
f
v v
= r r f + v& v f +
dt
t
f
f
f f
f
f f
+ v& x
= v x
+ vy
+ vz
+ v& y
+ v& z
+
y
z v x
v y
v z t
x
f f
f
f f
f
f f
+ v& x
+ v& z
+ v x
+ vy
+ vz
+ v& y
=
t x
y
z v x
v y
v z t coll
f f
f
f f
f
f
f
v& x
= v x
+ vy
+ vz
+ v& y
+ v& z
+
t x
y
z v x
v y
v z
t coll
drift
62
Sunway Lin
f
f
= + = {} + []
t drift t coll
f
f
f
v-
r- v x
+ vy
+ vz
f
f
f
v
v
+ v& y
+ v& z
r v ()
v& x
v y
v z
v x
f
f
f f
f
f
f
&
&
&
v
+
v
+
v
v
+
v
+
v
x

y
z
x
y
z
t
y
z v x
v y
v z
drift x
v
v
r v
f f0
f
=
t coll
f 0
f f 0
f f 0
f

t coll
3-6
f f0
f
=
t coll
f f 0
f f 0
f 0
= 0
t
f f0
f f0
f
( f f0 ) =
d( f f0 )
dt
f f 0 =
ln ( f f 0 ) =
63
+C
d( f f0 )
dt
=
f f0
f f 0 = Ae
Sunway Lin
f (t ) f 0 = [ f (0) f 0 ]e
f f 0
f (t ) = f 0
3-7--- z
J z = E z =
ne 2 F
v v
f ( r , k , t )
v
v
v
v
v
v
k p p = hk = mv d 3 v
3
v 1
m3 3 v
1
3
3v
dn = ( ) ( ) =
fd k = 3 fd p = 3 fd v
h
h
2
m3
v
J z = ( ) ( ) ( ) = (e) v z 3 fd 3 v
h
(1)
f (1) f
f f0
f f
f
f f
f
f
+ v& x
+ v x
+ vy
+ vz
+ v& y
+ v& z
=
t x
y
z v x
v y
v z
F = (e) E z = mv& z
vz =
eE z
m
v
f
= 0 r f = 0
t
f f0
eE z f
=
m v z
(2)
1
f 0 f 0 =
p2

2m
f
+1
f 0 f f = f 0 + f 1 f 0 >> f1 (2)
eE z f 0
f
= 1
m v z
f = f 0 + f1 = f 0 +
eE z f 0
m v z
(3)
64
Sunway Lin
(3)(1)
m3
J z = ( e) v z 3
h
3 v
d v
eE f 0
f 0 + z
m v z
m3
m3
v
= ( e) v z 3 f 0 d 3 v + ( e ) v z 3
h
eE z f 0
m v z
3 v
d v
v
[ v z f 0 d 3 v = 0 ]
f
e2 Ez m3
v
=
v z 0 d 3v
3
m h
v z
f 0
f 0
vz
F F
J z =
[ v z
f 0 3 v
e 2 E z F m 3
v
d v
3 z
m
h
v z
f 0
dv z = [ f 0 v z ] f 0 dv z = f 0 dv z ]
v z
Jz =
e 2 E z F m 3
m h3
Jz =
ne 2 F
Ez
m
v
f 0 d 3v
[ n =
m3
h3
J z = E z
v
d 3 v ]
ne 2 F
=
m
J z = ( ) ( ) ( ) = e < v z > n =
< v z >=
ne 2 F
Ez
m
e F E z
1
~
C
m
100
1
C
100
65
Sunway Lin
3-6
v v
f k = f (r , k , t )
v& v
f k v v
f
+ v f k + k k f k = k
t
t coll
fk f0
f k
t =
coll
v
v
k k f k (1 f k )
v
v
kk k k
f k (1 f k )
kk = k k
v
f k
3
t = [ f k (1 f k ) f k (1 f k )] kk d k
coll
v
= [ f k f k ] kk d 3 k
3-8 3-7 z
v
f 0
v& v
f
k k fk = k
t coll
66
f
= 0
t
Sunway Lin
v
v
v& eE
v
v
eE
v v
v
v
v = a t =
t p = hk = mv = eEt k =
m
h
v
v
f
v f
k f k = ( k ) hv k 0
v
f 0 v
f k
(1)
t = v k eE
coll
f k f 0 = f k
fk f0
f
f k
= k
t =
coll
v v
f
f
f k = k = 0 eE v k
t coll
v
f k
3
t = [ f k f k ] kk d k
coll
v
v
v v v
f
= [f k f k ] kk d 3 k = 0 eE [v k v k ] kk d 3 k
v
v
v
v
vk z vk v k = v k
2
f k
f 0
2

t = eEv k 0 0 (1 cos ) 0 kk k dk sin dd

coll
m 2
W ( , ) = kk k 2 dk ( ) 2 2
0
[ 3-7 ]
W ( , ) d ( )
2
f k
f 0
t = eEv k 0 0 (1 cos )W ( , ) sin dd
coll
(1)(2)
(1 cos )W ( , ) sin dd
(2)
0
0
W ( , )
67
Sunway Lin
3-7
U(r)
H 0 n = E n n
[H 0 + U (r )]
= ih
n = C n (t ) n e
En
t
h
CnUn e
C i n t
= ih n n e h
n t
En
t
h
m * < m n >= mn :
ih
C m
= C n H mn e imnt
t
n
H mn =< m U (r ) n > mn =
Em En
h
i t
C n H mn e imnt dt
0
h n
v
k C n = C k = 1 C j
Cm =
v
k
Ck =
t
i
H k k e i k k t dt
0
h
C k (t ) =
t2
H k k
h2
t
sin k k
2
k k t
t
sin k k
2 = 2 ( t ) ]
[
k k
k k t
2t 2
2
H k k ( k k t )
2
h
2t 2
2 t
H k k (E k E k )
2
h
h
68
[ ( ax)
1
( x) ]
a
Sunway Lin
2t
2
H k k (E k E k )
h
Ck (t )
d
2
2
2
C k (t ) =
H k k (E k E k )
dt
h
W k k =
()
v
V
f k
3
t = ( )3 Wk k [ f k (1 f k ) Wkk f k (1 f k )]d k
2
coll
v
V
=
Wk k [ f k f k ]d 3 k
3
(2 )
[ W k k = Wkk ]
3-6
v
f k
3
t = [ f k f k ] kk d k
coll
V
V
2
k k =
Wk k =
H k k (E k E k )
3
2
(2 )
(2 ) h
E k d
W ( E k , ) = kk k 2 d k
0
m 2
[ k dk 2 2 E k dE k H k k ]
h
2
m 2 V
= 2
H k k
2
h (2 ) h
2 E k (Ek E k )dEk
m 2 V
= 2
H k k
2
h (2 ) h
2Ek
3
m 2
W ( E k , ) ( ) 2 2 E k
h
( ) =
(2 )
H k k
H k k
1
(1 cos )W ( E , ) sin dd
0 0
69
Sunway Lin
3-9 Ze
U (r ) =
Ze 2 e r
1
0
4 0 r
I
v
v
1 ikvrv
1 ikvrv
k >=
e k >=
e
V
V
v
v
Ze 2 1 e r i ( kv kv)rv 3 v
H k k = < k U (r ) k > =
e
d r
4 0 V r
=
Ze 2 1 e r iqvrv 3 v
e d r
4 0 V r
Ze 2 1
4 0 V
Ze 2
re r e iqr cos d (cos ) dr
2 0V
Ze 2
Ze 2
r
iqr
iqr
e
e
e
dr
dre r sin qr
=
2 0Vq
2 0Vq 0
1
Ze 2 e r ( sin qr q cos qr )
Ze 2
=
2
2
2
2 0Vq
2 0V q + 2
q +
0
v v v
[ q = k k ]
e r iqr cos 2
r sin drdd
r e
( ) =
(2 )2 h
H k k
Ze 2 1 1
2
2
4 0 hV q +
N
3
m 2
W ( E , ) = ( ) 2 2 E
h
Ze 2
= n
4 0
m2
4
h
1
2E 2
2
q +
[ n =
70
N
]
V
Sunway Lin
Ze 2
1
= n
I
4 0
m2
4
h
1
2 E 2 (1 cos ) 2
sin d
2
0
q +
v
v
k = k 3-9 q = 2k sin sin = x

2
2
Ze 2
= n
I
4 0
1
m2
4
h
8 x 3 dx
2 E 2
2k 2 2
1 + x

[
1
x 3 dx
[1 + ax ]
0
2 2
1
2a 2
ln(1 + a) 1 + a
Ze 2
= n
I
4 0
1
1
a
ln(1 + a )
3
1 + a
2m 2
E
2k
[ a = ]

I n
p
I
1 1
1
()
=
+
p I
( )
3-8
3-10
xy E x
71
Sunway Lin
ne 2
j x = E x =
m
E x ( x )
ne 2
j x = n ( e)v x j x = E x =
m
vx =
e
Ex
m
Ex
B
x
v
e
v v
FB = ( e )v B = (e)
Ex
m
0
0 =
Bz
e 2
E x B z y
m
( y ) ( y )
y 3-10(b)
v
v
E = E y y [ Ey ] Fe = eE y y
v
FB y
v
v
eB
e 2
FB + F =
E x B z y e eE y y = 0
E y = z Ex
m
m
Ey
RH =
j x Bz
eBz
Ex
= 1
RH =
=
j x B z ne 2
ne
E x B z
m
Ey
n p (
) n
4-1 (a) r-
2
a(b) k-
a
72
Sunway Lin
E (k ) k- k X
4-1(c) k M
(c)
4-2 (Cu)
4-1
v
v
V (r ) (r )
v
v
R G
73
Sunway Lin
v v
v
V ( r ) = U G e i G r
v
G = 0 U G = U 0 = 0 U 0
vv
( r ) = C k e i k r
vv
v
v
v
[ (r ) = e ik r u (r ) u (r )
v
v v
k k G
( )
v v v
vv
v v
vv
(r ) = C k G e i ( k G )r = e ik r C k G e iGr = e ik r u (r )
G
G
v v
v
v
v v
v
i G r
u (r ) = C k G e
u (r ) u ( r ) = u (r + R )
v v v
v v
v v
v v
u (r + R) = C k G e iG( r + R ) = C k G e iGr e iGR
G
1-8 e
v v
iG R
G
v v
v v
v
= 1 u (r + R) = C k G e iGr = u (r )
v
(r ) = C k e
k
vv
i k r
= C k G e
( )
vv
vv
v v
v
= e ik r C k G e iGr = e ik r u (r )
G
v v v
i ( k G )r
]
vv
v v
v
v
V (r ) = U G e iGr (r ) = C k e ik r
G
h2 v 2
v v
v
+ V (r ) (r ) = (r )
2
m
v v
vv
vv
h2 v 2
iG r
ik r
ik r
+
U
e
C
e
=
C
e
k k
G
k
G
2m
k
vv
v v v
h 2k 2
C k e ik r + U G C k e i ( k +G )r = 0
k G
2m
h 2 k 2
vv
U G C k G e ik r = 0
k 2m C k +
G
74
Sunway Lin
h2k 2
2m
G
G Ck
( k )Ck + U G Ck G
=0
k =
G
G ( g ) G
( k )Ck + UCk + g + UCk g
U g = U g = U
=0
Ck C k 2 g Ck g Ck Ck + g C k + 2 g 5
k k 2g
k kg
k k
kk+g
k k + 2g
k 2 g
kg
k+g
)Ck 2 g + UCk g = 0
)Ck g + UCk + UCk 2 g = 0

=0
)Ck + g + UCk + 2 g + UCk = 0
k +2 g
)Ck +2 g + UCk + g = 0
5 Ck
0
0
0
0
k 2 g
C k 2 g
C
0
0
0
0
kg
kg
Ck = 0
0
0
0
0
k
0
0
0
0
k+g
Ck + g
0
0
0
0
k + 2 g C k + 2 g
0
0
0
0
k 2 g
0
0
0
0
k g
0
0
0
0
k
=0
0
0
0
0
k+g
0
0
0
0
k +2 g
5 n (k ) k
4-3 5
75
Sunway Lin
4-1 ( k )C k + U G C k G = 0 k
G
v 1 v
k = G
2
G ( g ) G
U g = U g = U
=0
v 1 v 1
k k = G = g Ck
2
2
C g C g 2
2
k
k
g
2
( )C g
g
2
( )C g
+ UC g = 0
2
+ UC g = 0
2
2 Ck
U
=0

( )2 = U 2
= U =
h2 g
U
2m 2
2U
g = 2U 4-4
4-2
76
Sunway Lin
d
vv
v
v
v
e ik r u(r ) u (r ) (r )
v
R j
v v
v v
v v
ik R
(r R j ) e j (r R j )
v
k (r )
v v
1
v
v v
ik R j
k (r ) =
e
(r R j )
N j
v v
1
v v
v v v
ik R j
k (r + R ) =
e
(r + R R j )
N j
v v
1
= e ik R
N
v v v
ik ( R j R )
v v
v v
v
= e ik R k (r )
v
= k (r )
[r ( R j R)]
[ e ik R = 1]
v v v
v v
1
v v
i k ( R R )
[ m = ( r rm ) ]
< k H k >= e j m < m H j >
N j ,m
v v
v
v
v v
v v
v
= e ik m * (r m ) H (r )d 3 r [ m = Rm R j ]
v v
v
v v
(k ) =< k H k >= J e ik m
m
v
v v
= * (r ) H (r )d 3 r
()
v v
v v
J = * ( r ) H ( r ) d 3 r
()
v
( ) ( J ) (r )
v
(k )
v
(bcc) 8 m
a a a
a a a
+ ,+ ,+ , , 8
2 2 2
2 2 2
77
Sunway Lin
v v
(k ) = J e ik = 8 J cos
m
kya
kxa
k a
cos
cos z
2
2
2
v
k = 0 k x = k y = k z = 0 min = 8 J
v
2
2
2
k (
,0,0) (0,
,0) (0,0,
)
a
a
a
max = + 8 J
16 J
v
(fcc) 12 m
a a
a
a
a a
( , ,0) ( ,0, ) (0, , ) 12
2 2
2
2
2 2
(k ) = 4 J cos
kya
kya
kxa
k a
k a
k a
cos
+ cos x cos z + cos
cos z
2
2
2
2
2
2
k x = k y = k z = 0 = 12 J
v
2
2
2
k (
,0,0) (0,
,0) (0,0,
) = + 4 J
a
a
a
4-2 1s 100
a0 =
1 1
=
a 0
2 a0
e
0
h 2 4 0
= 0.529 A J
2
me
1 me 2
1Ry =
= 13.6eV
2
4 0 2h
H 100 = E1 100
1
E1 =
4 0
me 2
= 13.6eV = 1Ry
2
2h
= < 100 H 100 > = E1 = 1( Ry )
v v
v
J = < 100 ( r ) H 100 ( r ) > =
1
a0
d dr (sin d )e
78
r
a0
v v
r
a0
Sunway Lin
2
a0
r dre
2
=
a 0 3
d (cos )e
r 2 + 2 2 r cos
a0
[ y
rdre
r
a0
r
a0
(r + )2
r )2
ye
y
a0
2
dy =
a 0 3
rdre
r
a0
r 2 + 2 2 r cos
r +
a0
a 0 e ( y + a 0 )
r+
r+
r
y
r
y
a0
a0
a0
a0
=
rdre a 0 e ( y + a 0 ) + rdre a 0 e ( y + a 0 )
3 0
a 0
2r
2r
2 a0 2
a0
a0
a0
a0
=
e
r
dre
e
(
+
a
)
rdre
+
e
(
+
a
)
0
0
0
0
0 rdr
a 0 2
a0
+e
[ r dre
2
J =e
a0
2r
a0
a0
r dr e
2
r dre
2r
a0
a0
dre
2r
a0
a0
( + a 0 ) rdre
+ e ( + a 0 ) rdre
2r
a0
2r
a0
2r
a0
2r
2r
a
a
a
a
= 0 e a0 (r 2 + a 0 r + 0 ) rdre a0 = 0 e a0 (r + 0 ) ]
2
2
2
2
1
1 +
+
a 0 3 a 0
(Ry)
J 0
4-3
vv
v
e ik r u k (r )
v
v
v
v
u k (r ) k = 0 u 0 (r ) r
v
v
u 0 (r ) (r )
v
k (r )
vv
v
eik r u 0 (r )
79
Sunway Lin
vv
v
e ik r u k (r )
vv
p2
v ikvrv
v
v
ik r
+
V
(
r
)
e
u
(
r
)
=
e
u k (r )
k
k
2m
( p + hk )2
v v
v
+ V ( r ) u k ( r ) = k u k (r )
2m
v
p2
v v
v
k = 0
+ V ( r ) u 0 ( r ) = 0 u 0 ( r )
2m
vv
v
v
v
u 0 (r ) k ( r ) = e ik r u 0 ( r )
vv
p2
v ikvrv v
v
ik r
+
V
(
r
)
e
u
(
r
)
=
e
u 0 (r )
0
k
2m
h 2k 2
2m
v
0 u 0 (r )
k = 0 +
vv
v
v
k ( r ) = e ik r u 0 ( r )
v
v
V ( r ) = V ( r ) k ( r ) = Rl ( , r )Ylm ( , )
v
k (r ) r 0
r0
k
v
dR(r )
k (r )
=
= 0
r r0 dr r0
(Na)-5.15eV
-8.2eV
80
Sunway Lin
4-4 -----OPW
---OPW
OPW (Be)(K)(Si)(Ge)(Al) III-VII-VI
v
1940 R j
OPW
OPW
81
Sunway Lin
v
k >=
v v
k + Gi >=
vv
1
NV
e ik r
v
Rl
jk >=
j ( r Rl )
v v v
1
ei ( k + Gi ) r
NV
e
N
v v
ik Rl
j (r Rl )
v v
i (k , r ) = k + Gi > ij jk >
(OPW )
j =1
OPW j M ij
v v
< jk i ( k , r ) >=
v v 3v
k
*
(
, r )d r = 0
j
k
i
NV
v v
1
ij =< jk k + Gi >=
N
1
=
N
=
1
N
v v
ik Rl
= kv, kv + Gv i
*
j
v
( r )e
v v
*
i ( k + G ) r 3
d r
j (r Rl )e
i
v v
v v
i ( k + Gi )( r + Rl )
v
d 3r
1
V
v v v v
i ( k + Gi k )Rl
v v
ik Rl
v v
*
i ( k + G ) r 3
d r
j (r )e
i
V
v
*
i ( k + G ) r 3
d r
j (r )e
i
M
v v
v v
OPW i ( k , r ) = k + Gi > ij j , kv + Gvi 4-5
j =1
v
k (r ) i
n
v v
v
k (r ) = i i ( k , r )
i =1
82
Sunway Lin
v
k (r )
(H )
v h2 v 2
v
v
(
r
) =
+ V (r ) k (r )
k
2m
v v
v
* v
*
*
J = k (r ) H k (r )d 3 r = j i j H i d 3 r
i, j
= j i H ji D ji
*
i, j
v
*
H ji = j H i d 3r
v
*
D ji = j i d 3r
J j * ( J )
J
j
= i H ji D ji = 0
j = 1,2,3, K , n
i =1
i
det H ji D ji = 0

v
v
Rl j 1s G = 0
v v
vv
1
v
v v
e ik r 1s ,k ( r ) 1s ,k =
e ik Rl 1s ( r Rl )
NV
N l
vv
1
v
v
=
1s * (r )e ik r d 3 r 1x1
V V
0 =
*
3v
H 11 0 H 0 d r
E=
=
*
3v
D11
0 0d r
83
Sunway Lin
4-5
v v
k p
vv
v
v
v
v
k ( r ) = e ik r u 0 ( r ) k = 0 u 0 (r )
v
v
v
k k = 0 ( k 0 )
v v
k p
vv
v
e ik r u k ( r )
84
Sunway Lin
vv
p2
v vv
v
v
+ V ( r ) e i k r u k ( r ) = k e i k r u k ( r )
2m
( p + hk )2
v v
v
+ V ( r ) u k ( r ) = k u k (r )
2m
v
p2
v v
v
k = 0
+ V ( r ) u 0 ( r ) = 0 u 0 ( r )
2m
v
u 0 (r )
v
v
v
k = 0 u n (k = 0, r )
p2
v
H 0 =
+ V (r )
2m
v
v
H 0 u n (0, r ) = n (0)u n (0, r )
vv
v v
v v
v
k 0 n ( k , r ) = e ik r u n ( k , r )
v v
v
v v
H 0 n ( k , r ) = n ( k ) n (k , r )
v v
v v
v
v v
hk p h 2 k 2
+
H 0 +
u n (k , r ) = n (k )u n (k , r )
m
2m
v v
v
h2k 2
h
k
p
k = 0 H 1 =
H 2 =
m
2m
v v
v
v v
H 0 + H 1 + H 2 u l ( k , r ) = l ( k )u l ( k , r )
()
v v
v
v
v
(1)
(2)
u l (k , r ) = u l (0, r ) + a n u n (0, r ) + a n u n (0, r )
n l
n l
l ( k ) = l (0) + l (1) ( k ) + l ( 2 ) ( k )
an (1) an ( 2 ) l (1) l ( 2 )
v
v
H 0 u n (0, r ) = n (0)u n (0, r )
v
v
v
v
(1)
(1)
(1)
H 1u l (0, r ) + a n H 0 u n (0, r ) = a n l (0)u n (0, r ) + l (k )u i (0, r )
nl
nl
85
Sunway Lin
v
v
v
(1)
H 0 u n (0, r ) + a n H 1u n (0, r ) + H 2 u l (0, r )
( 2)
n
n l
n l
v
v (1) v
v
( 2)
(1)
( 2)
= a n u n (0, r ) l (0) + a n u n (0, r ) l (k ) + l u l (0, r )
nl
nl
v
== hk 
m
m
v
v
1 v
p dr i v
v
=
= H0,r =
r H 0 H 0 r
m dt h
ih
v
v
v
v p
v
v 1 v
v
v
(1)
l = hk = hk = 0
m
ih
(1)
v
a m (1) 
(m l )
l (0) m (0)
v
 + 

nl
v
v 2

l ( 0) n ( 0)
nl
v
v
k = 0 ( k 0 )
v
h 2k 2 h2
l ( k ) = l ( 0) +
+ 2
2m
m
= l (0) +
h2
ij = 2
m
l ( 0) n ( 0)
nl
[ i, j = 1,2,3 x,y,z ]
v
v
v
v

l (0) n (0)
nl
h2k 2
2m
v
v v
v 2
k 
3
h2k 2
+ ij k i k j
2m i , j =1
l (k ) = l (0) +
h2
2
ki k j
m
i, j
ij
86
Sunway Lin
mij *
ij
1
2
=
+ 2
*
m m
mij
v
v
v
v

l (0) n (0)
n l
(bcc) x,y,z
v
v
k = 0 ( k 0 )
v
h2
2
2
2
l ( k ) = l ( 0) +
(k x + k y + k z )
*
2m
*
m
1
1
2
= + 2
*
m m
m
n l
v
v 2

l (0) n (0)
4-6
OPW
v
V (r )
v
W (r )
v
V (r )
87
Sunway Lin
4-6(a)4-6(b)
4-6(c)4-6(d)
4-4 (OPW )
k = i i
v v
i (k , r ) = k + Gi > ij jk >
v v v
v v
[ u ij =< jk k + Gi > k = k + Gi ]
j =1
M
v v
v v
= k + Gi > jk >< jk k + Gi >
j =1
P = jk >< jk
j
v v
v v
v v
i = (1 P ) k + Gi > k = i (1 P ) k + Gi > = (1 P ) i k + Gi >= (1 P )
i
v v
= i k + Gi >
i
k
h2 v 2
v
H k =
+ V (r ) k = k
2m
88
Sunway Lin
H (1 P ) = (1 P )
[H + ( H )P ] =
( H )P = ( H )
jk
>< jk = ( j ) jk >< jk
h 2 v 2 v

+ V (r ) + ( j ) jk >< jk =
2m
j
v
v
W (r ) = V (r ) + ( j ) jk >< jk
j
h2 v 2
v
+ W (r ) =
2m
v
W (r ) j
j ( j ) 0 W ( rv ) V ( rv )
k
4-6
4-7 -----APW
---APW
APW
APW 4-7 I
r0 II
89
Sunway Lin
v v
( k , r ) = ( I ) + ( II )
l
vv
v
= a lm ( k ) Rl ( , r )Ylm ( , ) (r0 r ) + e ik r ( r r0 )
[ ]
l =0 m = l
1 x o
0 x < 0
( x) =
v
v v
(k , r ) r = r0 alm (k )
v
k (r )
v v v v
v
k (r ) = j (k ) (k + Gi , r )
j
v
j (k )
v
k (r )
(H )
v h2 v 2
v
v
(
r
) =
+ V (r ) k (r )
k
2m
v v
v
* v
*
*
J = k (r ) H k (r )d 3 r = j i j H i d 3 r
i, j
= j i H ji D ji
*
i, j
v
*
H ji = j H i d 3 r
v
*
D ji = j i d 3 r
J j * ( J )
n
J
= i H ji D ji = 0
*
j
i =1
90
j = 1,2,3, K , n
Sunway Lin
i
det H ji D ji = 0
4-8 -----KKR
---KKR
KKR APW
h2 v 2
v v
v
+ V (r ) (r ) = (r )
2m
91
Sunway Lin
2m
0
h2
2m v
v
k =
U (r ) = 2 V (r )
2m
h
2
<0
h
v v
v v
v
v
2 + k 2 ( k , r ) = U ( r ) (k , r )
2
v v
[ G ( k , r r )
v
v v
v v
v v
L G(k , r r ) = ( 2 + k 2 )G(k , r r ) = (r r )
v v
( k , r )
v v
v v
v v
v
v
(k , r ) = G ( k , r r )U (r ) (k , r ) d 3 r
v v
v v
G ( k , r r ) ( r r )
v v v
v
1
v v
eik ( r r )d 3 k
( r r) =
3
(2 )
L e
v v
ik r
v v
v v
v
= ( 2 + k 2 )e ik r = (k 2 k 2 )e ik r
v v
1 ik r
L e
v v
e ik r
= 2
(k k 2 )
v v
v v
G (k , r r ) = L1 ( r r ) =
1
( 2 ) 3
v v v
v
1e ik ( r r ) d 3 k
L
v v v
v v
ik r r cos
e ik ( r r ) 3 v
1
e
=
d k =
(k 2 sin d ddk )
3 2
2
3
2
2
(2 ) k k
(2 )
k k
=
=
1
(2 ) 3
1
(2 ) 3
k 2 dk 2 ik rv rv cos
e
d cos d
k 2 k 2 0 0
v v
v v
k 2 dk 2
ik r r
ik r r
(
e
e
)
v
v
k 2 k 2 ik r r
1
v v
4 i r r
2
(k
v v
k dk
ik r r
e
2
k
k = k ( k = ( k + i )
0 ) 4-8 k
C
1
v v
G ( k , r r ) =
v
2 v
4 i r r
(k
C
v v
k dk
ik r r
e
2
k
92
Sunway Lin
1
=
v
2 v
4 i r r
=
v v
ik r r
e
k dk
C (k k )(k + k )
1
v v lim[2i Re s( k = k + i )]
4 i r r 0
2
e ik rv rv k
1
=
lim
2
v
v
4 2 i r r 0 (k + k ) k = ( k + i )
1
=
v
2 v
4 i r r
v v
e ik r r
2i
2
v v
ik r r

1 e
=
v v
4 r r

v v
ik r r
1 e
v v
C G( k , r r ) =
v v k
4 r r
v
v v
v
U (r ) U (r ) = U n (r Rn )
n
v v
1
(k , r ) =
4
v v
ik r r
v v
e
v v
v
n rv rv U n (r Rn ) (k , r )d 3 r
V
v v
G S ( k , r r )
v v
( k , r )
v v
v
v v
k ( r ) = e ik Rn k ( r Rn )
v v
1
v
k (r ) =
4
1
=
4
ik r r
v v
e
v v
v v
v
n rv rv U n (r Rn )e ik Rn k (r Rn )d 3 r
V
n V
v v v
ik r r R
n
v v
e
v
v
v
i k Rn
e
U n (r ) k (r )d 3 r
v
v v
r r Rn
v v v
ik r r R
n
v v
e
v v
ik R
GS (k , r r ) = v v
v e n
n r r Rn
1
v
v v
v
v
v
k ( r ) =
G S ( k , r r )U n ( r ) k ( r ) d 3 r
4 V
93
Sunway Lin
k (r )
v
v
k (r ) (k )
4-9
B (Bi)
1

B
94
Sunway Lin
v
4-3 B = Bz q V ( r ) = 0
x-y
v v v
B = A
Ax = By Ay = Az = 0
v2
1 v
1
( p x + qBy )2 + p y 2 + p z 2
H =
(
p qA )
H =
2m
2m
H p x p z ( p y H y )
] [
H , p x = H , p z = 0
H , p y 0
[ p x
d
ih X = p x X
dx
p x X ( x ) = p x X ( x )
X =e
ip x x
h
H p x p z H
( x, y, z ) = e
( px x+ pz z )
h
Y ( y)
( x, y , z ) H
1
( p x + qBy )2 + p y 2 + p z 2 =
2m
2
1
2
2
2
(
p
+
qBy
)
h
+ p z Y ( y ) = Y ( y )
x
2
2m
y
2
2
P
h2
m qB
Y + ( y y 0 ) 2 Y = z Y
2m
2 m
2m
2
2
Pz m qB
2m
2
Y + 2
(
y
y
)
Y = 0
0
2m 2 m
h
95
[ y 0 =
px
]
qB
Sunway Lin
[ +
~e
m
2h
2m
m
2 x 2 = 0
2
2
h
m
1
x 2 H n
x = ( n + )h ]
2
h
y = y 0 =
qB
m
Y ( y y0 ) ~ e
qB
2h
( y y0 ) 2
Hn
( y y0 )
qB
p
z = (n + 1 )h
2m
2
2
2
pz
p
1
1 qB
+ (n + )h = z + (n + )h
2m
2
2m
2 m
pz
1
) ( n + )h x-y
2m
2
( =
h2
2
2
k x + k y
2m
1
eB
x-y = (n + )h =
2
m
4-9(a) k-
2
L
()

2
h2
1
2
2
k x + k y = ( n + ) h
2m
2
k- n 4-9(a)
n h
1 2eB
2
2
k 2 = k x + k y = ( n + )
2 h
96
Sunway Lin
n k 2kdk =
2kdk =
2eB
2eB
h
2
2eB L
eBL2
=
=
h 2
2h
k
4-9(b) B
eBL2
2h
4-10
F
eBL2
heB
=
m
2h
4-10(a)
h =
4-10(b)
97
Sunway Lin
( B 0 ) 4-10(a) n = 2
( B = 0 ) 4-10(b)
n = 3
4-11
B1 < B2
n = 3 n = 2
v v
M = M B
M =
M = B
B
M
2
= 2
B
B
1
M
B
eBL2
1
1 heB
4-4 n = ( n + )h = ( n + )
=
2
2 m
2h
M
4-12 (
) N (n+1)
( n + 1) < N < ( n + 2)
98
Sunway Lin
[ n n+1 ]
( n + 1) <
N
< ( n + 2)
( n + 1) <
2hN
< ( n + 2)
eB
B0 =
2hN
B0
< ( n + 2)
B
1
B
1
>
>
( n + 1) B0 ( n + 2)
(n + 1) <
= i + [N (n + 1)] n +1
i =0
heB n
1
3
[ (i + )] + [N (n + 1)](n + )
m i =0
2
2
NheB
3 1
B
(n + ) (n + 1)(n + 2)
m
2 2
B0
B > B0 > N n = 0
1 heB
N
2 m
B
1 heB
N
,
>1
B0
2 m
=
NheB (n + 3 ) 1 (n + 1)(n + 2) B , 1 1
B0

2 m
M =
=
B
1
B
1
B Nhe
2(n + 1)(n + 2)
(2n + 3) ,
<
<
2m
B0
n + 2 B0 n + 1
B
0
,
>1
M
B0
=
=
B Nhe ( n + 1)( n + 2) , 1 < B < 1
n + 2 B0 n + 1
mB0
4-13 4-14
99
Sunway Lin
1
4-14 M
B
e
1
B
1 1
0 = 1 =
=
~ N
B B0 2hN N
B
2
F =
h 2kF
1
1
1 1
~
~
~ 2
2m
B N F kF
1
1
~ 2
B kF
4-5--- 3-8
RH =
1
B
e = R H B =
ne
ne
B
100
Sunway Lin
4-15
[
]
1
1 heB
i = (i + )h = (i + )
2
2 m
eBL2
heB
eB
B
2h
m
2h
n i
i 1 i 1 n i
eB
eB
n = i
2h
2h
B
B
2h 1 h
=
= 2 = 2
ne eB
ie
ie
i
e
2h
B i
H = RH B =
1 h
H = 2
ie
4-15
h
8
2 h 10
e
4-16
i 1 i i 1
i
i
i + 1 i
i
101
Sunway Lin

v
E
v
v
v
ne 2
J J = E =
()
102
Sunway Lin
5-1
r
r r
B
=
t
r
r r r D
H = J +
t
r v
B = 0
v r
D =
v r
r
r r
(
E
)
d
a
=
B da
s
t s
r r
r r r r
v
s( H ) da = s J da + t D da
v v
( B)dv = 0
( D)dV = dV
v
r r
E
c dl = t
v v
H dl =I t
c
B da = 0
D da = Q
5-1 5-1
Q R r (1) r R E=(2)
r < R E=
v v
(1) r R r D da = dv =Q
s
D da = Q
E =
0 E 4 .r 2 = Q
1 Q
4 0 r 2
103
Sunway Lin
v v
(2) r < R r D da = dv =Q
s
D da = 0
s
( Q=0 )
0 E 4 .r 2 = 0
E = 0
5-2 Q
R r (1) r R E=(2) r < R E=
5-2 r
v v
(1) r R D da = dv =Q
s
D da = Q
E =
0 E 4 .r 2 = Q
Q
4 0 r 2
(2) r < R Q ( Q)
4
4
Q
r3
Q = ( .r 3 ) = ( .r 3 )
= 3Q
4
3
3
( R 3 ) R
3
v v
D da = dv =Q
s
D da = Q
E =
0 E 4 .r 2 = Q =
r3
Q
R3
Q
r
4 0 R 3
()
5-3 5-1 r (1)

r R (r) =(2) r < R (r) =
(1) r R r = ( r = ) = 0
1 Q
E=
r
4 0 r 2
104
Sunway Lin
r v
r
1 Q
1 Q r
1 Q
v
V r = ( r ) ( ) = ( r ) = E dr =
dr =
=
2
4 r
4 0 r 4 0 r
0
r=R (R) =
4 0 R
(2) r < R E=0 r=R (R) =
4 0 R
r v
v
VrR = (r ) ( R) = E dr = 0
R
(r ) = ( R) =
Q
4 0 R
r = R 5-3
5-4 5-4 d +q-q
v
r E =
v v
D da = Q = ( + q ) + ( q ) = 0
s
v
D
v
v
r (r ) E =
1 q
1 q
q
1 1
(r ) =
+
=
( )
4 0 r+ 4 0 r
4 0 r+ r
d
d
d
d
r+ = r 2 + ( ) 2 2r ( ) cos = r[1 cos + ( ) 2 ] 2
2
2
r
2r
1
d
d
d
d
r = r 2 + ( ) 2 + 2r ( ) cos = r[1 + cos + ( ) 2 ] 2
2
2
r
2r
d
r>>d ( ) 2
r
105
Sunway Lin
(1 + x)
1
2
= 1
1
x + ...
2
1 1
d
d
1
d
= [1 cos + ( ) 2 ] 2 (1 + cos )
r+ r
r
2r
r
2r
1 1
d
d
1
d
= [1 + cos + ( ) 2 ] 2 (1 cos )
r r
r
2r
r
2r
1
d
d
1 qd
[(1 + cos ) (1 cos )] =
cos
4 0 r
2r
2r
4 0 r 2
q
qd
[ p ]
v
v
d (-q +q )
v
v v
1 r
1 r
=
=
4 0 r 2
4 0 r 3
v
v
1
1
+
E = = [ r +
]
r
r
r sin
=
1
qd
1
[cos ( 2 ) r + 3
(cos ) + 0]
4 0
r r
2
qd
1
[cos ( 3 )r + 3 ( sin )]
4 0
r
r
qd 1
[ r 2 cos + sin ]
4 0 r 3
v
v
1 Px x + Py y + Pz z
E = = x y
z
x
y
z 4 0
r3
v
v
3Px x Px r 3Py y Py r 3Pz z Pz z 3( rv )rv r 2
=
x
+ z
+ y
=
4 0
r4
r4
r4
4 0 r 5

1
5-5
+e e
v
E
5-5
v
q E
v
E q
v
v
v
E E = E
106
Sunway Lin
2-11 d
v
e d
E =
j
4 0 R 3
v
v
e d
E = E =
j
4 0 R 3
v
= edj
v
E =(
1
4 0 R
v
)
3
v
v
v
= (4 0 R 3 ) E = E
v
v
E
= 4 0 R 3
v
v
5-6 5-6 = qd
v
v
+ qE qE
-q (
)
v v v v
v
v v
= d ( qE ) = qd E = E
y
y (0) = V y
y v
y
v
( y ) (0) = E dr = Edy = Ey
0
( y ) = (0) Ey = V Ey
-q y=h+q y = h + d cos
U = (q) (h) = qV + qEh

U + = (+ q) (h + d cos ) = qV qE (h + d cos )
v v
U = U + + U = qdE cos = E cos = E
5-7
5-7
107
Sunway Lin
v
P = nqd. j ( n )
v
v 4
4R 3 P
Pa = P ( R 3 ) =
j
3
3
d 5-8
r>R 5-4
v
1 Pa r R 3 P cos
=
(r ) =
4 0 r 2
3 0 r 2
v
v
P 1
E = = a 3 [ r 2 cos + sin ]
4 0 r
P R3
[r2 cos + sin ]
3 0 r 3
r R +
2-11
v
1 Q
rR
E1 =
rr
4 0 R 3
v
1 Q
r>R
E2 =
r
4 0 r 2
=
4
Q Q = ( R 3 ) nq
3
r v
R v
v
v rv v
(r ) = E dr = [ E 2 dr + E1 dr ]
=
=
dr
Q
2
4 0 r
4 0 R 3
R
rdr =
Q
8 0 R
(3
r2
)
R2
nqR 2
r2
(3 2 )
6 0
R
r 2
d
2
r+ = r 2 + ( ) 2 rd cos
2
d
r 2 = r 2 + ( ) 2 + rd cos
2
nqR 2
(r ) = + + = [
(3
6 0
d
r 2 + ( ) 2 rd cos
2
)]
R2
108
Sunway Lin
d
r 2 + ( ) 2 + rd cos
2
)]
R2
v v
nqdr cos Pr cos P r
Py
=
=
=
=
3 0
3 0
3 0
3 0
v
v
v
Py
P
P
j =
)=
E = = (i + j + k )(
3 0
3 0
x
y
z 3 0
nqR 2
+[
(3
6 0
rR
5-9
5-8 5-10
: dV
v
PdV r
v
1 ( PdV ) r
d =
4 0
r2
v
1
P r
= d =
dV
4 0 V r 2
v
P
v 1
r
2 = ( ) [ r = ( x x ) 2 + ( y y ) 2 + ( z z ) 2 ]
r
r
v v 1
1
=
P ( ) dV
V
4 0
r
v
v P
v v 1
1 v v
( ) = ( P ) + P ( )
r
r
r
v
v v
v P
1
1
P
=
( )dV
dV
4 0 V
r
4 0 V r
v v
v v
1
P da
1
P
=
dV
4 0 S r
4 0 V r
n
b = P n ( n )
v v
b = P ( )
109
Sunway Lin
1
b
1
b
=
da +
dV
S
V
4 0
r
4 0
r
v
v
v 1
v 1
1
b da
1
b dV
r
E = =
r +
r Q ( ) = ( ) = 2
2
2
4 0 S r
4 0 V r
r
r
r
v
v
P n b = 0 P n
v
b = P P b = 0
5-9
5-11 A A
R 5-12 A
V V A
v
V E A V 5-7
v
v
E V P
A
v
v v
v
v
P
E = E + E = E
3 0
v
v
E E
v
v
P
E 5-8
3 0
v
v
v
v
E = ES + E S + EV
=
1
4 0
b da
r
r +
b da
r
r +
b dV
r2
r]
S
v
v
1
( P n )da
ES =
r
4 0 S
R2
v
5-13 P y
v
b = P n = P cos
da = 2R sin Rd = 2R 2 sin d
110
Sunway Lin
r = n = (i sin + j cos )
v
2P
E S =
[i cos sin 2 d + j cos 2 sin d ]
0
4 0 0
P 2
[i sin d (sin ) + j cos 2 (d cos )]
0
2 0 0
v
P
2
P
P
=
[i 0 + j ] =
j=
2 0
3 3 0
3 0
v
E A
v v
v
E = E S + EV =
1
4 0
b da
r2
b dV
r +
r2
v v
V b = P = 0
v
E=
1
4 0
b da
r
r +
b dV
r
r +
b dV
r
r] =
1
4 0
b da
r +
b dV
r2
r]
5-10 5-5

v
5-5 E l
v

v
v
= El
()
v
v
P = 0 E ( n
v
v
= n
v
E
v
E l
v
E
v
v
v P
5-9 E l = E +
3 0
v
v
N = N
111
Sunway Lin
v
v
v
v P
v
P = N = NEl = N ( E +
)
3 0
v
v
N v
P=
E = 0 E
N
1
3 0
=
N
N
( 0
)
3
(1)
r 0 E = D = 0 E + P = 0 E + 0 E = 0 (1 + ) E
r = 1 + (1)
r 1 N
()
=
r + 2 3 0
v
E l
v
P

3-4
3 0
v
E l
v
E l
v
E l
5-11
v
E l
5-11 5-14
v
5-4
v v v
v
v 3( r )r r 2
E (r ) =
4 0 r 5
z p
z
112
Sunway Lin
Ez =
p
4 0
3 z i ri
ri
p
4 0
2 z i xi y i
ri
xyz
xi
r
i
2
5
=
i
Ez = 0
yi
ri
=
i
zi
ri
E x = E y = 0
5-10
r
N
N
( 0
)
3
r 1 N
=
r + 2 3 0
5-2
(A)---
(B)---
(C)---
= e + i + d
e =
i =
d =
5-15
113
Sunway Lin
5-12
v
v
E
v
v
= e + i + d
= E
(a) e 5-5 e ~ R 3 R
(b) i 1-6
e2
b
[ r bn ]
4 0 r r n
U (r ) =
v
v
F = U ( r ) r = R = 0
b=
e2
4 0 n
R0
n 1
e2
4 0 R0
nb
R0
n +1
=0
E ( x ) R
2 x = R R0 R 0 >> x
U ( R0 + 2 x ) U ( R0 ) = ( ) + ( )
=
k=
1
1
2
2
k ( x ) + k ( x ) = kx 2
2
2
[ k ]
1 2
1 2
1 2
2
kx
=
[
U
(
R
+
2
x
)
U
(
R
)
]
=
0
0
2 U ( R0 + 2 x )
2
2
2 x
2 x
2 x
( )
U ( R0 + 2 x) =
n 1
e 2 R0
1
e2
x
+
<< 1 k
n
4 0 R0 + 2 x n( R0 + 2 x)
R0
k=
2(n 1)e 2
4 0 R0
= e ( 2 x )
(=) eE = kx
e(2 x ) 2e 2 4 0 R0
3
=
=
=
~ R0 ~ ( R1 + R2 ) 3
E kx
k
n 1

e
[ R1 R2 ]
i 3 e
3
i =
114
Sunway Lin
i e
v
v
(c) d E
v v
5-6 U = E = E cos T
< cos >=
( cos )e
e
[ x =
U
k BT
U
k BT
2 ( cos )e
0
2 e
E cos
k BT
E cos
k BT
sin d
sin d
E cos
E
a =
]
k BT
k BT
a
=
a
xe dx = e
e dx e
x
a
a
a
a
+ e a 1
= L ( a )
e a a
e a + e a 1
L( a ) = a

a
a
e e
5-16 a>>1 E >> k BT

L ( a ) = 1 < cos >=
a<<1
1
E << k BT L ( a ) = a
3
< cos >=
a 2 E
< cos >
2
d d =
=
=
3 3k B T
E
3k B T
5-13 e
5-17 Z
Z(-e) Zm
k
v
v
E = Re E0 e it
v
v
r = Re r0 e it
v
v
v
( Zm ) &r& = kr + Z ( e ) E
v
v
v
ZeE0
eE0
eE0
v
k
r0 =
=
=
[ e 2 =
]
2
2
2
k Zm
k
m e
Zm
2
m

Zm
115
Sunway Lin
v
v it
v
v
= ( Ze ) r = Re 0 e
v
0 =
v
Ze 2 E0
m e 2
2
v
v
0
Ze 2
v
v
=
e ( ) = =
E E0 m e 2 2
= 0 e S =
Ze 2
[ ]
m e
5-14 i
v
v
E = Re E0 e it
] M
M b
v
v
u a u b k
v
v
v
v
M a u&&a = k (u a u b ) + eE
v
&v&
v v
M b u b = k (ub u a ) eE
1
1
1
v v
v
=
+
u = ua ub
M Ma Mb
v
k v eE
v&&
u= u+
M
M
v
v
` u = Re u 0 e it
v
u0 =
v
v
eE 0
eE 0
=
2
k
M i 2
2
M
M
k
[ i 2 = ]
M
v
v
= eu
v
v
= Re 0 e it
v
0 =
v
e 2 E0
M i 2
2
v
v
0
e2
i ( ) = v = v =
E E0 M i 2 2
i e
e ( )
i ( )
116
Sunway Lin
i ( ) e ( )
e a e b
= ( ea + eb ) + i = ( ea + eb ) +
e2
M i 2
2
v
5-10 El
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
E = El P = 0 E P = N
( ) 1 N
[ ( ) ]
=
( ) + 2 3 0
e2
(
+
)
+
ea
eb
2
M i 2
N
( ) 1 N
=
=
( ) + 2 3 0 3 0
(1)
( = 0 ) S = ( = 0)
<< i
S 1 N
=
S + 2 3 0
e2
( ea + eb ) +
2
M i
(2)
( i << << e )
= ( = ) (1)
1
N
=
( ea + eb )
i << << e
+ 2 3 0
(3)
n
n 2 = [ C n C
nC 2 = C n ]
(3)
(2)(3)(1)
( ) 1 N
=
( ) + 2 3 0
e2
( ea + eb ) +
2
M i 2
N
N e2
1
( ea + eb ) +
=
2
3 0 M i 2
3 0
1
2
i
117
Sunway Lin
S 1 1
2 + 2
+ 2
2
i
1
+
+ 2
+ 2

= i 2 1 S
S + 2
S + 2
T 2 = i 2
( ) = +
S
2
2 1

T
5-3 LST
LST [(L)-(S)-(T)]
LST
L 2 S
=
2
(LST )
L =
T =
S =
5-15 LST
v
5-18 ( k )
v
P
v
v
v v
D = r 0 E = 0 E + P
(1)
v v
D = 0
v v v
v
E = ( ) = 0
(2)
(3)
v
v
E E l
v
v
v
r ()(1) D E P
118
Sunway Lin
v
v
D = Re D0 e it
v
v
E = Re E0 e it
v
v
P = Re P0 e it
v v
(2) k D0 = 0
v
v
v v
v
( D = 0 ) ( D E P k )
(4)
v v
(3) k E0 = 0
v
v
v v
v
( E = 0 ) ( D E P k )
(5)
v v
v
k // P (4) D = 0 (1)
v
v
P
()
(6)
r = 0
E=
v
v v
v
k P (5) E = 0(1) D
v
()
(7)
E = 0 r =
5-14
( ) = +
S
2
2 1

T
(8)
= T (T ) (7) T
= L L (6)
( L ) 0 (8) LST
( L ) = +
S
L 2
2
=0
L 2 S
=
T 2
L T LST
(a)( S > )
v
v
P
L > T E =
v
E = 0
(b) LST T 0 S
v
P T 0
119
Sunway Lin
v
P
k
T 0 k 0
m
T 0
5-19
( ) = + 2
2 1

L 2 S
=
T 2
T L ( T < < L )
n( ) = ( )
()
120
Sunway Lin
5-4
()
v
P ( BaTiO 3 )
5-20
v
v
P E
O a
a
b
b
c
c d
d ef a
5-21
v
E
v
v
E () E
v
E
TC ()
TC
121
Sunway Lin
TC
C
+
T
()
C ( TC )
(A)( BaTiO 3 )( LiNbO 3 )( T > TC )

( T < TC )( BaTiO 3 )
Ba +2 Ti +4 O 2
(B)
( KH 2 PO4 )( KaKC 4 H 4 O6 4 H 2 O )
( KH 2 PO4 ) H +
5-16---
=
T
T
P
P
=
=
T
T
P
P
2
2
2
2

T 2
T 2
P 2
P 2
122
Sunway Lin
d = sdT + vdP
s=
v=
2
S
CP = T
= T
T 2
T P
KT =
1 V
1 2
=
V T P V TP
1 V
1 2
V P T
V P 2
S S L = T (S S )
S = S L = T (S S ) = 0 C P
KT 2
5-17---
F T
P F (T , P )
P F (T , P ) P
F P
F = F0 +
1
1
1
a1 P 2 + a 2 P 4 + a3 P 6 + L
2
4
6
F0 a1 a 2 a 3 T
F

= 0
P T
F = F0 +
1
1
a1 P 2 + a 2 P 4
2
4
(1)
= 0
P T
a1 P + a 2 P 3 = 0 P a1 + a 2 P 2 = 0
123
P = 0,
a1
a2
(2)
Sunway Lin
P = 0 T > TC
2F
2 > 0 P = 0 ( T > TC )
P T
2F
2
= a1 + 3a 2 P 2
P P =0
P =
P=0
= a1 > 0 a1 > 0
a1
T < TC
a2
T < TC P = 0 P = 0
( P =
a1
) P = 0
a2
2F
2 < 0 a1 < 0
P T
( T > TC )( T < TC ) a1
( P = 0 )( P =
a1 = 0 P =
a1
) T = TC
a2
a1
a2
a2 > 0 a1 a 2
T TC
a1 = a0
TC
a 0
a 2 =
T TC
T = TC a1 = a0
TC
P=
a1
=0
a2
124
= 0
Sunway Lin
S C (2)
(1)
P=0
T > TC
F = F0
T < TC
a1
P=
a2
a0
a
F = F0 1 = F0
(T TC ) 2
2
4a 2
4a 2TC
F
S =

T P
T > TC
F
S = 0 = S 0
T P
T < TC
a0
a0
F
S = 0
(T TC ) = S 0
(T TC )
2
2
2a 2TC
T P 2a 2TC
T = TC S = S = S 0
2F
U
F
2
C =
C
=
U
=
F
+
TS
=
F
T V
T P
T
2 F0
= C0
T 2
T > TC
C = T
T < TC
2 F0
a0
a0
C = T
+
T = C0 +
T
2
2
2
T
2a 2TC
2a 2TC
T = TC C C =
a0
0
2a 2TC
LiTaO 3
1
F a3 P 6
6
F = F0 +
1
1
1
a1 P 2 + a 2 P 4 + a 3 P 6
2
4
6
F

= 0
P T
a1 P + a 2 P 3 + a3 P 5 = 0 P(a1 + a2 P 2 + a3 P 4 ) = 0
125
Sunway Lin
P=0P =
2
a2 a2 4a1a3
2a3
P = 0 T > TC
a1 > 0 P 0 a1 < 0
T < TC
T = TC P = 0
2
P =
2
a2 a2 4a1a3
2a3
a1 (
) a1 a1 > 0 (
) a1 = (T ) < TC
> 0 T < a1 a1 < 0 T < TC

T = TC a1
P 0
T = TC
F0 (TC , P = 0) F (TC , P )
F0 (TC , P = 0) = F (TC , P )
F0 = F0 +
1
1
1
a1 P 2 + a 2 P 4 + a3 P 6
2
4
6
0=
1
1
1
a1 P 2 + a 2 P 4 + a 3 P 6
2
4
6
a1 +
1
1
a 2 P 2 + a3 P 4 = 0
2
3
(3)
=0
P T
(3)(4)
a1 + a2 P 2 + a3 P 4 = 0
(4)
T = TC P 2 =
a
3 a2
3 a2
P 4 = 3 1 a1 =
4 a3
a3
16 a 3
(5)
P 2
a1 = (T ) > 0
a2 < 0
a3 > 0
a2 < 0 T = TC P
126
Sunway Lin
P 2 > 0
S
P=0
T > TC
F = F0
2
T < TC
a2 a2 4a1a3
P =
2a3
F
S =
T P
1
1
F = F0 + a1 P 2 + a 2 P 4
3
12
T > TC
P=0
F
S = 0 = S 0
T P
T < TC
P0
1 a
1 a
S = S0 1 P 2 2 P 4
3 T
12 T
[ T < TC T = TC (5) S
]
1 a
S S0 1 P 2
3 T
1 a
S S 1 P 2
3 T
T TC a1 = (T ) > 0
1 a
S S 1 P 2 = P 2
3 T
3
P 2 =
3 a2
> 0 ( P = 0 )
4 a3
S S =
P 2 0
3
BaTiO 3
127
Sunway Lin

( )
n R
6-1
( ) ( )
5-13 5-14
( ) ( )
ne 2

m
mV
V

mV

v
6-1 E
v
v
v
J C J C = E
v
v
v
v
J 0 J f = J C + J 0
x
v v
v v
E = E0 e i ( kxt ) [ E = E0 e i ( kxt ) ]
v
v v v
D
H = J f +
t
128
Sunway Lin
v v v
v
v v
v
v
H = J 0 + J C i r 0 E = J 0 + E i r 0 E
v
v
= J 0 + i 0 ( r + i
)E
(1)
C = r + i
= 1 + i 2
0
[ 1 = r 2 =
]
0
v v
v
2 E + 2 0 C E = 0
k 2 = 2 0 C = 2 0 r + i
v k =
= 0 r = 1
2
v
= 2 0 0 r + i 0
[ C =
0 0
1
1
= r2 + i 2
2
v
C
C 0
(2)
v =
C
n C
nC
nC = n + i
n
2
1 nC
1
= 2 = 2 (n 2 2 + i 2n )
2
v
C
C
(2)(3)
n2 2 = r
2 n =
(5)
(6)
129
(3)
Sunway Lin
n 2 2 = 1
(1)
2n = 2
n C = n 2 2 + i 2 n = 1 + i 2 = C
(5)(6)
1
n = r
2

1 +
r 0

+ 1

1
= r
2
2
1
1 +
r 0
k = nC = ( n + i )
C
C
2
v v
v i x ( n +i ) t v i n Cx t C x
E = E 0 e i ( kx t ) = E 0 e C
= E0 e
e
I~ E
I = I 0e
[ I 0 ~ E0 ]
]
C
()(6)
2 n =
0
I = I 0 e x
[ = 2
=
C 0C

1
C
=
= 0
2
= 2
d=
<< 1
1
n = r
2
1
= r
2
2
2 1
1
+ 1 = r 2 +
+ L r
1 +
2 r 0
r 0 2
n = r
2 1 1
1 = r
1 +
r 0 2 2 r 0
130
1

8 r 0
4
1
+ L
r
2 0
Sunway Lin
=
2 0 r
d =
C
2
C 0 r
>> 1
= 0 ()n = r = 0 = 0d =
I = I 0 e x = I 0
1
d=
2 0
2 0
>> 1 n = =
d 0
v
r&
6-2 5-13 Zm
5-13
v
v
r&
v
v
( Zm)r&& = kr Zm ZeE
v
v
v
v
r = Re r0 e it E = Re E 0 e it
k v
v e v
v
r0 + i r0 E 0
2 r0 =
Zm
m
v
eE 0
k
v
]
[ e 2 =
r0 =
2
Zm
m( 2 e + i )
v
v
0 = Zer0 =
v
Ze 2 E 0
m( e i )
v
0
e ( ) = v =
E0
Ze 2
m( e i )
131
Sunway Lin
N
Ze 2
( ) 1 N e
=
=
( ) + 2 3 0 3 0 m( 2 2 i )
e
3 NZe 2
( ) = 1 +
NZe 2 3 0 m( e 2 i
2
6-3 R =
(n 1) 2 + 2
(n + 1) 2 + 2
6-1
v
E i = yE 0 e ikz
v
v v
v
B
1 v v
[ E =
E i ]
Hi =
i 0
t
v
E0 k ikz
e
H i = x
0
( k -k )
v
E r = yE 0 e ikz
v
E k
H r = x 0 e ikz
0
v
Et = yTE 0 e ikt z
v
E0 kt
H t = xT
0
ikt z
e
T
z = 0
(a) z = 0
132
Sunway Lin
E 0 + E 0 = TE 0
(b) z = 0
E0 k t
E k
E k
0 + 0 =T
0
0
0
kt
1
k
(1)(2) =
kt
1 +
k
k t =
T=
1+ = T
1 =
2
kt
1 +
k
kt
T
k
(1)
(2)
n C
nC
k
k = t = nC = n + i
C
C
k
(1 nC ) (1 n) i
=
(1 + nC ) (1 + n) + i
T=
2
2
=
(1 + nC ) (1 + n) + i
R I R I
2
E0
I
(n 1) 2 + 2
2
R= R =
=
=
2
I
(n + 1) 2 + 2
E0
= 0R =
(n 1) 2
(n + 1) 2
(1 n)
< 0 [ n > 1] 6-1
(1 + n)
v
E r
=
(nC 1) (n 1) i R
=
(nC + 1) (n + 1) + i
133
Sunway Lin
6-4
---
() = 1 () + i 2 ()
1 ( ) = 1 +
2 ( ) =
2 s 2 ( s )
p
ds
0 s 2 2
2 1 ( s )
p 2
ds
2
0

s
p
0
( ) ( )
p
0
6-2
F ( z)
dz
za
z = a C
I =
I = 0 C C = C1 + C 2 + C 3 + C 4 C4
C1
C2
C3
=0
F ( z)
p z a dz C1 + C3 = C2 = i Re s(a )
[ C2 [ i Re s(a)] Re s ( a )
[i Re s(a)]]
134
Sunway Lin
C1 C 3
6-5 R ( )
nC = n + i
R
( ) = ( )e i ( ) =
R ( ) e i ( )
[ 2 = 2 = R ]
1
(1)
ln R + i
2
(1) R
ln =
ln R ( s )
p
ds
0 s 2 2
R ( ) ( ) (1)

6-3
(n 1) i
1+
= n + i
(n + 1) + i
1
( ) =
= Re i = R cos + i R sin
1 + R cos + i R sin
1 R cos i R sin
= n + i
1 R + i 2 R sin
n + i =
1 R
n = 1 + R 2 R cos
2 R sin
=
1 + R 2 R cos
1 + R 2 R cos
R n
6-2
135
Sunway Lin
p 2
H 0 n =
+ V (r ) n = E n n
2m
v
p p (e) A
A B B = A A = 0
A B = A
v
v
v
v
A
( )
E =
t
v
v
v
A
E = A
t
v
v
p p qA
v
1 2 q v
1 v
q2 v2
1 2 q v
H =
( P qA) 2 =
p A p +
A
p A p
2m
m
2m 2m
m
2m
[ ]
q v
H 1 = A p
m
v2
p 2
e v
1
e 2
H =
(
p + eA) + V (r ) =
+ V (r ) + A p +
A
2m
2m
2m
m
p 2
e v
+ V (r ) + A p
2m
m
e 2
A ]
2m
i he v v
= H 0
A
m
v v
v v
v
i he v v
H 1 =
A A(r , t ) A( r , t ) = A(r )e it
m
() h
v
ihe v
H 1 =
A(r ) e it
m
3-7
136
Sunway Lin
n = C n (t ) n e
En
t
h
v
v
ihe
H mn =< m H 1 n >=
< m A(r ) n > e it
m
v
v
k k
E En
i t
[ mn = m
]
C m = C n H mn e imnt dt
0
h n
h
v
v
t
i
i he
[ H k k =
C k = H k k e i (k k )t dt
< k A(r ) k > ]
0
h
m
Ck
Wk k =
2t
2
H k k (E k E k h )
h
d
2
2
2
C k (t ) =
H k k (E k E k h )
dt
h
v
2
2e 2 h v
=
A < k k > (E k E k h )
2
m
()
v
f k k
f k (1 f k ) h
v v
k k
v
v
v
J = E E
Qkk = (h ) f k (1 f k )Wkk
k ,k
v
v
2
2e 2 h 2
A < k k > f k (1 f k ) (E k E k h )
2
m
k ,k
v
v v
v v
v
v
B
v v
v
E =
E = ( A ) E = A
t
t
t
v
( )
v
v
v
v
1 v
E = A = iA A = i E
t
v
1 v
A = i E Qkk
v v
J E = E 2
v v
J E Qkk
( ) = 2 = 2
E
E
137
Sunway Lin
2e 2 h 2
( ) =
m 2
e <
v
2
k > f k (1 f k ) (E k E k h )
k ,k
[ e E ]
6-1 =
0C
( ) =
v
2
2e 2 h 2
=
e < k k > f k (1 f k ) (E k E k h )
2
0 C 0 Cm k ,k
6-6--- 6-3
( )
h 2k 2
2m v
E v (k ) =
E C (k ) = E g +
h 2k 2
2 mC
E g mv mC (
)
1 1 v 2
= 2 k E v

m
h
v
v
k
v 2
v
v
( ) = g vc ( k ) f v (1 f C ) E C ( k ) E v (k ) h
v 2
v
2
2e 2 h 2
g vC (k ) =
e < C v >
2
0 Cm
138
Sunway Lin
f v = 1 f C = 0
k
1
2
( ) =
y=
v 1
k = 2 k 2 dk
v 2 h2k 2
g vc (k )
+ E g h k 2 dk
2m
h 2k 2
+ E g h
2m
dy =
h2k
dk
m
1
1
1
]
=
+
m mv mC
m 2m
(y + h E g )dy
h2 h2
k 2 dk =
m
( ) = 2 2
h
v 2
v 2
2m 2
2m
g vc (k ) ( y ) 2 ( y + h E g )dy = 2 2 g vc (k 0 )
h
h
v
v
g vc (k 0 ) k 0
(h E )
g
h 2 k0
0= y=
+ E g h
2m
( ) ~
(h E )
g
h E g
(a)
()

= A1.5 + B2.5 + C3.5

1.5
2.5 3.5
(b) 6-6
139
Sunway Lin
v
k = 0
v
v
h = E C ( k ) E v ( k ) E g
v
v
v
hk C = hk hk 0
v
[ hk C 0 ]
v v
k = k
( ) ~ (h E g )
v
k = 0
( ) ~ (h E g )2
3
v
(c) 6-4 k = 0 [100]
h = E f Ei h = E g h
v
v
v
v
hk C = hk hk hq 0
v v v
k = k m q
[ h ]
v
[ hq ]
()
A = A
(h E
+ h )
e k BT 1
()
E = A
(h E
1 e
140
h )
h
k BT
Sunway Lin
(d)
v v
v
q = k C 0 q = 0
2
v
v
v
v
v
hk C = hq1 + hq 2 0 q1 = q2
2
(e) 6-5
n p
n
(Ge) 5
( As )
E d
E d p
(Si) 3 ( B )
E a
(f)
141
Sunway Lin
6-3
h
6-6
v
v
h = E C (k ) E v (k )
v
v
v
hk C = hk hk 0
v v
k = k
142
Sunway Lin
() = () + ()
6-4
6-2
2 6-7
E = E 0 cos t
u (t ) = u 0 cos t u
= 0 + 1u + 2 u 2 + L
0 1u
143
Sunway Lin
2 u 2
p = E ~ ( 1u )E = 1u 0 E 0 cos t cos t =
1
1u 0 E 0 [cos( + )t + cos( )t ]
2
p
( + ) ( )
6-8
( )
( + )

7-1
()
144
Sunway Lin
7-1
d2x
= eE
dt 2
eE0
m 2
E = Re E 0 e it
2 mx0 = eE0
x0 =
x = Re x0 e it
p = n ( e ) x 0 =
ne 2 E 0
m 2
[ n ]
r =
E +p
D0
D
p
ne 2
=
= 0 0
= 1+
= 1
0 E 0 E0
0 E0
0 E0
0 m 2
p
ne 2
=
r ( ) = 1 2
0m
p2
r ( ) = () + () = b + 1 2

= b + 1 (
)
r ( ) =
p 2
p2
p2
=
1
1
2
2
2

[ p =
= p r ( p ) = 0 5-15
L r ( L ) = 0 p = L
145
Sunway Lin
v
v
v
v v
v
p
D = r 0 E = 0 E + p = 0 E =
0
v
v
p
E =
0
7-2--- q
q
v
n(r )
v
v
q v (e)n(r )
2 = (r )
0
0
(1)
q
v
(e)n( r ) q 3-2
EF =
h2
3 2 n0
2m
2
3
n0 q
v
(r ) [(e) ] [(e) ]
E F (EF + e )
(E F
+ e ) =
h2
3 2 n
2m
2
3
1 2mE F
3 2 h 2
1 2m
1 2mE F 2
e 2
v
2
n(r ) =
(
E
+
e
)
=
1
+
E F
3 2 h 2
3 2 h 2
3 e
3 e
2
v
= n 0 1 +
= n 0 + n( r )
1 +
2 EF
2 EF

3 e
v
n(r ) = n0
2 EF
v
3n e 2
(1) 2 0
2 0 E F
v
q v
(r ) = (r )
0
146
(2)
Sunway Lin
vv
v
v
(r ) (r ) = k e ik r
k
v 1
(r ) =
k =
vv
i k r
vv
v
d 3 k = e ik r (2)
0 k 2 + ks 2
[ k s
vv
v
(r ) = k e ik r =
k
v 1
(r ) =
2
v
d
k
1 q
=
2 ir 0
0 k 2 + ks 2
vv
e ik r
k
v
k
1 q
=
2 ir 0
3n0 e 2
=
]
2 0 E F
0 k + ks
e ikr e ikr
(k
0
+ ks
vv
ik r
1 q
=
2 0
2
1 q
kdk =
2 ir 0
2k 2 dk
2
k 2 + ks
e ikr
(k
+ ks
e ikr cos d (cos )
)kdk
e ikr
1 q
(k + ik s )(k ik s )kdk = 2 ir 0 [2i Re s(k = ik s )]
k r
1 q ks r
1 q e s
=
e
2i
=
2 4 0 r
2 ir 0
v
(r ) e k s r
7-2
147
Sunway Lin
(LO)(TO) 7-1
(LO)(TO)
7-2
LO
7-2
[(LO)]
[(TO)]
[(TO)] + []
148
Sunway Lin
7-3
[] + []
(LO)
149
Sunway Lin
7-4
h E g
E g
[] + []
(EHD
(EHD)
10 3
( He 1s 2 )
[ ms
]
v
v
v
v
H M M = m H
150
Sunway Lin
v
v
M
B0 = 0 H
H
v v
v
v
v
v
v
B = B0 + 0 M = 0 H + 0 M = 0 (1 + m ) H = H
m =
= 0 (1 + m ) r
r =
= 1 + m
0
8-1
r
r r
B
=
t
r
r r r D
H = J +
t
r v
B = 0
v r
D =
v r
r
r r
(
E
)
d
a
=
B da
s
t s
r r
r r r r
v
s( H ) da = s J da + t D da
v v
(
B)dv = 0
151
r r
E
c dl = t
v v
H dl =I t
c
v v
B
da = 0
s
Sunway Lin
( D)dV = dV
v
D da = Q
s
8-1 8-1 a b i
n
---
n
B z n

(1)
v v
v
F1 = il1 B = i ( ya cos za sin ) Bz
x
= i 0 a cos
z
a sin
B
= xiaB cos
(2)
v v
v
F2 = il 2 B = i (bx ) ( Bz) = ibBy
(3)
v v
v
F3 = il 3 B = i[ y ( a cos ) + za sin ] Bz
= x (iaB cos )
(4)
v v
v
F4 = il 4 B = i (bx ) ( Bz ) = ibBy
v v v
v
v
F = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = 0
8-2 (1)(3)(2)(4)
(2)
152
Sunway Lin
= r F = [ y ( a cos ) + za sin ] F4
x
= 0 a cos
0
ibB
a sin = xiabB sin

0
ab
v
v
[ ]
v
= ().() = iabn
v v v
= B
v v v
= E
v v
U e = E
v v
U m = B
8-2
8-3 (-e) X-Y
r f
i = (e) f
v
= ().()
= (ef )(r 2 z ) = efr 2 z
v v v v
v
L = r P = r me v = me r 2 z = 2me r 2 fz
v e v
=
L
2m e
[ me ]
v
v v v
v dL
B = B =
dt
L B
153
Sunway Lin
v
v
v v v
B = B = 0
v v
U m = B
8-3 a i r (r>>a)
A B
8-4 P Y-Z
v
r dl
v
dl = dl = ad
1
v v
r r = (r 2 + a 2 2ar cos ) 2
P Y-Z
r cos = r sin cos(
= r sin sin
r>>a
1
1
2
2
v v = (r + a 2ar sin sin ) 2
r r
a
a
1
= [1 2 sin sin + ( ) 2 ] 2
r
r
r
a
1
(1 + sin sin )
r
r
A
v
v 0i
0 i 2 1
dl
a
A=
(1 + sin sin )(ad )
v v =
r
r
4 r r
4

= x( sin ) + y cos
v ia 2
a
A = 0 (1 + sin sin )[ x ( sin ) + y cos ]d
0
4 .r
r
sin 2 ( sin cos
154
Sunway Lin
) A
v ia 2
2
A = 0 2 sin sin 2 d ( x )
0
4 .r
I = sin 2 d = sin (d cos ) = sin cos

=
2
0
+ cos (d sin ) = cos 2 d
1 2
1 2
(sin 2 + cos 2 ) d = d =
0
2
2 0
A
v a 2 i sin
A= 0
( x )
4 .r 2
P Y-Z ( x )
v
v
= a 2 iz P (r>>a) A
v
v a 2 i sin
0 r
A= 0
=
4 r 2
4 .r 2
v
1 r
=
4 0 r 2
v v v
B = A =
r
1
r 2 sin r
Ar
rA
r sin
r
= 2
r sin r
r sin A
0
2
1
0 sin 2
[ ( 0 sin )]}
{
r
[
(
)]
4 .r
r
4 .r
r 2 sin
2
0 (2 sin cos )
1
[ 0 sin ]}
{
r
[
]
+
r
4 .r
r 2 sin
4 .r 2
0
(r2 cos + sin )
4 .r 3
v
qd 1
E=
[r 2 cos + sin ]
4 0 r 3
155
r sin
0 sin 2
4 .r
Sunway Lin
8-4 z B
8-5 r>>a = 0
v
v
0a 2 i
0a 2 i
0
z =
B(r >> a, = 0) =
r =
2 .r 3
2 .r 3
2 .z 3
r a
v
v v
dl = ad r r = zz ar
v v v
dl (r r ) = (ad ) ( zz ar)
= azd ( z ) a 2 d ( r)
= razd + za 2 d
v v
r r = a 2 + z 2
v
v 0 i dl (rv rv)
B=
4 rv rv 3
=
0 i 2 r azd + za 2 d
3
4 0
2
2 2
(a + z )
r
r = x cos + y sin
sin cos ( r
)
v
B = z
0 ia 2
4 ( a + z )
2
3
2
d =
0 ia 2 ( 2 )
4 ( a + z )
2
3
2
z =
2 ( a + z )
2
3
2
v
v

z>>a B = 0 3
2 .z
v
v
0
i
= 0 z
z=0 B =
3
2a
2 .a
8-5 8-6
156
Sunway Lin
v v
E
C dl = t
0
t
E dl 0
C
8-7
()
( )=
8-8
---()
8-6 8-9 B l
x v
v v
= B da =B.()
=B( l x)=B l x
( )=
=
t
d
dx
( Blx ) = Bl
= Blv
dt
dt
157
Sunway Lin
( Blv )
v
v
8-7 s l
v
s = g s
v v
e v v
e v
S l = g l
L S L
2me
2me
g s = 2 g l = 1 g
v v v
e v
v
J = L + S J = g
J g g
2me
g = 1+
j ( j + 1) + s ( s + 1) l (l + 1)
2 j ( j + 1)
v v v
v
v
J = Li + S i = L + S
J = ( l ) + ( s ) =
i
e
2m e
(L
v
e
+ 2S i ) =
2me
(J
v
e v v
+ Si ) =
(J + S )
2 me
v
e v
v
J = g
J J
2m e
e
v v
J J = g
J2
2 me
v v
v v
v v v
v v
J J
(J + S ) J
S J
S L + S2
g=
=
= 1+ 2 = 1+
e
J2
J
J2
2
J
2me
v v
v v v v
v v v
J = L + S J J = (L + S ) (L + S )
v v
v v 1
J 2 = L2 + S 2 + 2 S L S L = J 2 L2 S 2
2
v v
S L+ S2
1
g = 1+
(J 2 + S 2 L2 )
=1+
J2
2J 2
L2 = l (l + 1)h 2 S 2 = s ( s + 1)h 2
158
Sunway Lin
J 2 = j ( j + 1)h 2
g g = 1 +
j = l s , l s + 1, L , l + s
j ( j + 1) + s ( s + 1) l (l + 1)
2 j ( j + 1)
v
l = 0 j = s g = 2 J
s = 0 j = l g = 1
v
8-8
s l
j
(a) s s
(b) l s l
(c) j j
j j = l s
j j
j= l+s
(d) l = m l = 0
j = s j s
24Cr 1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 4s 1 3d 5 1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6
l = m l = 0 s = m s = 0 4 s 1 3d 5
4 s1 ml = 0 m s =
1
3d 5 m l
2
210-1-2 ms 4s 3d
2
m 0 2
l
m l ms
159
3d
1
3d
0
3d 3d
1 2
Sunway Lin
l = m l = 0 + 2 + 1 + 0 + ( 1) + ( 2) = 0
s = ms =
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + =3
2 2 2 2 2 2
8-9(a) Nd +3 (b) Tb +3
(a) Nd +3 57 L 4s 2 4 p 6 4d 10 4 f 3 5s 2 5 p 6 3
4f
s = 3
1 3
=
2 2
f ml = 3,2,1,0,1,2,3 3 ml = 1,2,3
= 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 l = 6
f 14 3
j = ls =6
3 9
= g g = 1 +
2 2
99
+ 1 +
22
33
+ 1 6(6 + 1)
8
22
=
9 9
11
2 + 1
2 2
J = g
eh
e v
J = g j ( j + 1)
2me
2 me
= 3.62 B
8 9 9 eh
=
+ 1
11 2 2 2me
[ B =
eh
= 9.3 10 24 / ]
2 me
(b) Tb +3 62 L 4s 2 4 p 6 4d 10 4 f 8 5s 2 5 p 6 8
4f
7 1
1 1
s = 7 = 3
2 2
f ml = 3,2,1,0,1,2,3 8
m = [(3) + (2) + (1) + 0 + 1 + 2 + 3] + 3 = 3 l = 3

l
f 14 8
160
Sunway Lin
j = l + s = 3 + 3 = 6 g g =
eh
v
J = g j ( j + 1)
2m e
= 9.7 B
8-2
( 8-10 8-11
)
(a) m 1.0 10 5
(HeNeArKr)(Ge
AsIn)(LiNaK)
(b) m T
m =
(c)
TC ()
m =
T TC
(d)
8-10
TN ()
161
Sunway Lin
m =
C

T +
8-10
8-3
v
v
e v
v
8-10 L l l =
L
2m
v
B
v
8-11 z

v v v
= l B
v
dL e v v
=
L B
dt 2m
v
dL dL
e
=
=
LB sin
dt
dt 2m
(1)
dL = (L sin )dt
dL
= L sin
dt
(2)
(1)(2) =
eB
2m
()
e2B
=
2
4m
x-y
i = ef = e
162
Sunway Lin
e 2 B 2
4m
= () () = i( 2 ) =
v
< r 2 >=< x 2 + y 2 + z 2 >= 3 < x 2 >= 3 < y 2 >= 3 < z 2 >

< 2 >=< x 2 + y 2 >=
2
< r2 >
3
v e2 B
=
< r2 >
6m
8-11 N Z
m
j j =
e2B
2
< rj >
6m
M
Z
M = N j
j =1
Ne 2 ZB
Ne 2 B Z
< rj 2 > =
< r2 >
6m j =1
6m
[ < r 2 >=
1
Z
< r
2
j
> ]
j =1
Ne 2 Z
M 0 M
=
= 0
< r 2 >
H
B
6m
< r 2 > N 1
m =
m Z 10 5
8-4
m T
C
()
T
m =
v
e v
v
8-12--- J = g
J = g B J
2m
163
Sunway Lin
v v
U = J B
m =
z
v v
U = J B = g B BJ z = g B Bm j
m j = j, j + 1, L, j
(2j+1)
z = g B m j
j
( g
< z >=
( g B Bm j )
k BT
m j )e
m j = j
j
= g B
( g B Bm j )
k BT
d j m j x
ln e
dx m j = j
[ x =
g B B
]
k BT
m j = j
[ S = A + Ar + Ar 2 + L + Ar n =
( )
d e jx 1 e x
= g B
ln
dx
1 ex
2 j +1
] = g
1
( j + ) x
( j+1 ) x
d e 2 e 2
ln
x
x
dx
2
2
e e
sinh( j + ) x
d
2 = jg B ( y )
= g B
ln
B
j
x
dx
sinh
B j ( y ) =
m =
A(1 r n +1 )
]
1 r
2 j + 1 1
y
jg B B
2 j +1
y coth y =
coth
2j
k BT
2j
2 j 2 j
M 0 M 0 N < z > 0 Ng B j B j ( y )
=
=
=
H
B
B
B
k BT >> jg B B y << 1
coth y =
m =
1 y
j +1
+ + O( y 3 ) B j ( y ) =
y + O( y 3 )
y 3
3j
0 Nj ( j + 1) g 2 B 2
3k B T
0 Nj ( j + 1) g 2 B
C
=
[ C =
]
T
3k B
2
P = g j ( j + 1) C =
164
0 NP 2 B 2
3k B
Sunway Lin
( Ce +3 Pr +3 Nd +3 )
( Fe +3 Mn +3 )
P = 2 s ( s + 1) j s l = 0 g = 2
4f 5s
5p 4f
3d
Lz j s
8-13---
U p = s B U a = s B 8-12
N p
N a m T
E F E F
0
f ( E E F ) = 1 f ( E > E F ) = 0 3-1
E E+dE dN
3
V 2m 2
dN = f ( E E F ) D( E )dE = D( E )dE =
E dE
2 2 h 2
0
165
Sunway Lin
dN p = dN a =
3
2
V
m
2
2
E 0
EF
N=
F
2
2
3 2 h
( )
h2 2 N 3
=
3
2m
V
1 V 2m 2
dN p =
E + s B dE
2 2 2 h 2
1 V 2m 2
dN a =
E s B dE
2 2 2 h 2
1
dN 3-2
2
3
2
(1)
E F E F
0
E F
1 V
N = dN p + dN a = 2
s B
s B
2 2
EF
EF
EF
2m 2 E F
2 B E + s B dE + B E s B dE
s
h s
3
3
1 V 2mE F 2
2 + (E B ) 2
=
(
E
+
B
)
F
s
F
s
2
2
3 2 h
3
3
3
1 V 2mE F 2 s B 2 s B 2
=
1+
+ 1
3 2 2 h 2
E F
E F
2 V
= 2
3 2
2mE F 2 3 s B
+ L
2 1 +
h 8 E F
2 V 2mEF 2
3 2 2 h 2
(2)
(1)(2) E F E F
s (N p N a ) s EF 0
EF 0
M =
=
dN
dN a
p
B
s
s
V
V
166
Sunway Lin

s 1 V
=
V 3 2 2

2mE F 0
h2
3
3
3

2 s B 2 s B 2
1 +
1
0
0

E F

EF

s 1 V
V 3 2 2

2mE F 0
h2
2 s B
3 0
E
F
s N s B
3
V 2 E F 0
2
3 N s B
=
2 V E 0
m =
2
M 0 M 3 0 N s
=
=
0
H
B
2 V E F
m T
1
[]
3
8-5
v
v v v
v
v
(a) p + eA p B = A
v 1v v
v v
z A = r B A = 0
2
167
Sunway Lin
Ax =
1
yB
2
Ay =
1
xB
2
Az = 0
[ q=(-e)]
v
v 2 pv 2 e( pv A) e 2 v 2
1 v
+
+
T=
( p + eA) =
A
2m
2m
m
2m
v
p 2 Be
B 2e 2 2
=
+
( xp y yp x ) +
(x + y 2 )
2m 2m
8m
v
v
p 2 Be
B 2e2 2
p 2 v v B 2e 2 2
=
+
Lz +
(x + y 2 ) =
B l +
(x + y 2 )
2m 2m
8m
2m
8m
(b) U i (r ) = V (ri ) + [ s B ] V ( ri )
[ s B ]
Z
Z
v v
pv i 2
B 2e2
v
H = (Ti + U i ) =
+ V (ri ) B ( l + s )i +
8m
i =1
i
i
2m
v v
pv 2
B 2e 2
= i + V (ri ) B ( J )i +
8m
i
i
2m
pv 2
B 2e2
v
= i + V (ri ) B( J ) z +
8m
i
2m
= H 0 + BH 1 + B 2 H 2
(x
2
i
(x
i
+ yi )
(x
2
i
+ yi )
pv 2
H 0 = i + V (ri )
i
2m
v
B H 1 = B ( J )z
B 2e2
2
2
B 2 H 2 =
( xi + yi )
8m i
B2
( 0)
BH 1
(1) =< n BH 1 n >

n n
168
< n BH 1 n >
n ( 0 ) n ( 0 )
2
i
+ yi )
Sunway Lin
( 2) =< n B 2 H 2 n >
B 2 H 2
B E = E (0) + BE (1) + B 2 E ( 2) [ E
] (1)
n n
< n BH 1 n >
( 0)
( 0)
B 2
( 2)
E (0 ) = ( 0)
( 2)
=
n n
v
E (1) =< n H 1 n >= < n ( J )z n >
2
v
< n ( J ) z n >
n ( 0 ) n ( 0 )
e2
< n ( xi 2 + y i 2 ) n >
+
8
m
i
E z
v v
E
E
E = B = z B z =
= E (1) 2BE ( 2 )
z =
B
B
v
z =< n ( J ) z n > +2 B
n n
2
v
< n ( J ) z n >
n ( 0) n ( 0)
e2
< n ( x i 2 + y i 2 ) n >
B
i
4m
e2
< n ( xi 2 + y i 2 ) n >
( z ) = B
i
4m
e 2 2
Z < r 2
= B
4
m
BZe 2
> =
< r2 >
6
m
8-10
8-14 V N B
m
E = E (0) + BE (1) + B 2 E ( 2)
z =
169
E
= E (1) 2BE ( 2 )
B
Sunway Lin
m =
0 N z e
M 0 M 0 N < z >
=
=
=
H
B
VB
VB
E
k BT
E
k BT
E = E (0) + BE (1)
E E (0)
E (0)
BE (1)
0 N
1
k BT
(1)
( 2)
m =
E 2 BE e
e k BT
( 0 )
E
VB
e k BT
VB
E (0)
k BT
B E (1)
k BT
e
k B T
( )
(0)
0 N
B E (1)
(1)
E
+
k BT
( )
(0)
0 N
VB
E(0)
k BT
k T
e
B
VB
E (0)
k BT

BE (1)
k T
(1)
(2)
+ L
e B E 2 BE 1
k BT
(0)
0 N

2 BE ( 2 )

2 BE ( 2 )

E (0)
k BT
[E ] = [< n (
(1)
v
J
)z n >]e
E ( 0)
k BT
= 0 ]
E (1) E (2)
E ( 0)
E ( 0)
(1) )2
0 N
1
k BT (E
k T
( 2)
m =
e
+ e B 2E
( 0 )
E
V
k B T
e k BT
0 N
V
E(0)
k BT
< n (v ) n > 2 E ( 0 )
< n (v ) n > 2 E ( 0 )
J z
J z

k
T
e B + 2
e k BT
(0 )
(0)
k BT
n
n n n

E
e 2

< n ( xi 2 + y i 2 ) n > e k BT

4m
i
(0)
1 ~

{ 1 + 2 + 3 }
1
2
T
T 3
170
Sunway Lin
8-6
(Fe)(Co)(Ni)
8-13
[
v v
U m = B ]
8-14 O
H
()
8-14 C D

TC
C
( T > TC )
m =
T TC
8-15---
B
v
v
B in M
171
Sunway Lin
v
v
Bin = M
v
v
v
Beff = B + M
8-12
M = N < z >= Ng B j B j ( y )
B j ( y ) =
2 j + 1 1
y
jg B B
2 j +1
y coth y =
coth
2j
k BT
2j
2 j 2 j
v
y B B eff = B + M
jg B (B + M )
M ( B) = Ng B j B j
k BT
(1)
(1) B = 0 M s
jg B (M s )
M s = M (0) = Ng B j B j
k BT
(2)
M s
M s = Ng B j{B j [x]} (3)
x = jg B (M s )
(4)
k BT
(3)(4) x
M s 8-15 (4) T T
( T < TC ) M s 0 T ( T > TC ) M s = 0
172
Sunway Lin
T = TC x = 0
B j ( x)
( j + 1)
x
3j
(3)(4)(5)
(5)
j ( j + 1)N 2 g 2 B
TC =
3k B
T > TC
jg B (B + M )
<< 1
k BT
jg B (B + M ) ( j + 1) g B (B + M )
Bj
k BT
3k B T
(1)
Nj ( j + 1) g 2 B 2 (B + M ) Nj ( j + 1) g 2 B 2
T
M
B + C M
=
3k B T
3k B T
T
Nj ( j + 1) g 2 B
M=
B
TC
3k B T 1
T
C=
m =
0M
B
0 Nj ( j + 1) g 2 B 2
3k B (T TC )
0 Nj ( j + 1) g 2 B 2
3k B
C
T TC
()
173
Sunway Lin
8-7
8-16
1
H ex = Q 1 2 1 2
2
Q Q > 0
Q
Q
8-16
8-16 ab 12
H = H 0 + H 12
p1 2 e 2 p 2 2 e 2
H0 =
+
= ()
2m1 ra1 2m2 rb 2
e2 e2 e2 e2
H 12 =
+
= (4)
r12 rab ra 2 rb1
v v
1 = u s ( r1 , r2 ) a (1,2) ( )( )
1
= {C s [ a (1)b (2) + a (2)b (1)]}
[ (1) (2) (1) (2)]
2
v v
3 = u a ( r1 , r2 ) s (1,2) ( )( )
174
Sunway Lin
(1) (2)
1
[ (1) (2) + (1) (2)]
= {C a [ a (1)b (2) a (2)b (1)]}
2
(1) (2)
u s = C s [ a (1) b ( 2) + a ( 2) b (1) ]
u a = C a [ a (1) b ( 2) a ( 2) b (1) ]
a =
1
2
[ (1) (2) (1) (2)]
(1) (2)
1
s = [ (1) (2) + (1) (2)]
2
(1) (2)
a (1) 1 a a ( 2) 2 a
b (1) 1 b b ( 2) 2 b
(1) 1 (1) 1
(2) 2 (2) 2
H
Es =
Ea =
< 1 H 1 >
<1 1 >

< us u s >
< 3 H 3 >
< 3 3 >

< ua u a >
< 1 H 0 1 >
< 1 1 >

< us u s >
< 3 H 0 3 >
< 3 3 >

< ua ua >
< 1 H 12 1 >
<1 1 >
A+Q
= (2 E H ) +
2
1+
< 3 H 12 3 >
< 3 3 >
AQ
= (2 E H ) +
2
1+
E H
v
v
= a * (1) b (1) d 3 r1 = a * ( 2) b (2) d 3 r2
v v
A = a * (1)b * ( 2) H 12 a (1) b ( 2)d 3 r1 d 3 r2
v v
= a * ( 2) b * (1) H 12 a ( 2)b (1) d 3 r1 d 3 r2
v v
Q = a * (1) b * ( 2) H 12 a ( 2)b (1)d 3 r1 d 3 r2
175
(1)
(2)
Sunway Lin
v v
= a * ( 2) b * (1) H 12 a (1) b ( 2) d 3 r1 d 3 r2
0 (1)(2)
(3)
E s = (2 E H ) + ( A + Q )
E a = (2 E H ) + ( A Q )
(4)
s = 0 S 2 = s(s + 1)h 2 0
s = 1 S 2 = s( s + 1)h 2 2h 2
(3)(4) E = 2 E H + A + (1
S 2 = S1 + S 2
E = 2E H + A
S 2
)Q
h2
(5)
3
2
2
= S1 + S 2 + 2 S1 S 2 = h 2 + 2 S1 S 2 (5)
2
1
Q
Q 2 2 S1 S 2
2
h
Q
Q
H ex = 2 2 S1 S 2 = 2 2
h
h
h2
1
1 2 = Q 1 2
2
4
[ S =
h
]
2
i = +1 i = 1
Q
Q < 0 [
1
H ex = Q 1 2 ]
2
Q > 0
2
Q
8-17---
TC
TC
176
Sunway Lin
--- 8-17
1
E ex = ij i j
2 ij
ij ij =
ij = 0 i i = +1
i = 1
E P = B i
N { 1 , 2 ,... N }
E = E P + E ex = B i
i
1
ij i j
2 ij
(1)
---(1) i
Yi =
E
= B + ij j
i
j
Yi
ij j Bi
Bi Bi Bi =
= B+
1
J
B =< Bi >= = B +
j
(2)
J J = 2 J = 4
(1)(2) E = B i
i
Z = Ke
1 2
B i
i
i =1 i
i =1
] [
= e B i = eB + eB = e B + eB
Y =
B (-m)
177
1
ln Z yY
y
Sunway Lin
e B e B
B
1
N
B
B
m=
ln Z =
ln e + e
= N B
= N tanh
B
k
T
B
B
e
+
e
B
(3)
m m = N
(4)
B

(3)=(4) = tanh
k BT
B=
= tanh
k BT
(5)
(5) (5)(5)
y =
J

y = tanh
k BT
8-18
J
J
> 1
< 1

k BT
k BT
J
> 1 = 0 m = 0
k BT
J
< 1 0 m 0

k
T
B
J
= 1

k BT
TC
k B TC
= 1
TC =
J
kB
T < TC T > TC
178
Sunway Lin
8-8
TN ()
m =
C

T +
(MnO)
8-19
Mn-O-Mn ( O 2 )
( Mn +2 )[111]
Mn +2
[111]
Mn +2
AB 8-20
A Mn +2
B
8-16 Q
AB Q AAQAB
QBB
QAB
A-B B-A
A-A B-B
8-18 m
AB
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
(B A )eff = B 0 (M A + M B ) (BB )eff = B 0 (M B + M A )
()
8-12
179
Sunway Lin
v
jg B (B A )eff
M A = Ng B j B j
k BT

v
jg B (B B )eff
M B = Ng B j B j
k BT

AB N
(a) T > T N
v
jg B (B )eff
( j + 1)
AB y =
<< 1 B j ( y )
y
k BT
3j
Nj ( j + 1) g 2 B
[2 B 0 ( + )M ]
M = MA + MB =
3k B T
2
m =
0M
B
2 0 Nj ( j + 1) g 2 B
Nj ( j + 1) g 2 B ( + )
3k B T + 0
3k B
2 0 Nj ( j + 1) g 2 B
C =
3k B
C
T +
0 Nj ( j + 1) g 2 B ( + )
2
3k B
C ( + )
(b) T = T N
[ TN
v
v
v
v
v
v
(B A )eff = 0 (M A + M B ) (BB )eff = 0 (M B + M A )
T = T N y =
v
jg B (B )eff
k BT
M A = 2T (M A + M B )
N
C
M B =
(M B + M A )
2TN
<< 1 B j ( y )
( j + 1)
y
3j
C
C
(1 + 2T ) M A + 2T M B = 0
N
N
C
C
M A + (1 +
)M B = 0
2TN
2TN
M A M B
C
C
2TN
2TN
=0
C
C
1+
2TN
2TN
1+
TN =
180
C ( )
Sunway Lin
TN () >

TN TN =
(c) T < T N
M A M B
v
B
v
v
8-21 M AO M BO
v
v
M A M B
v
v
v
2 B M AOM BO
v
v
v
v
(B A )in = 0 M B (BB )in = 0 M A
v v
v
v
v
v
1 v
U = ( ) + ( ) = B ( M A + M B ) (B A )in M A + (B B )in M B
2
= ( M A + M B ) B sin + 0 M A M B cos( 2 )
[ M A = M B = M << 1 sin cos 1 2 2 ]
U 2MB 2 0 M 2 + 2 0 M 2 2
dU
=0
d
2MB + 4 0 M 2 = 0
B
2 0 M
v
v
v
M = MA + MB
B
M = M A sin + M B sin = 2M sin 2M = 2M
2 0 M
0 M
T = 0 T = TN 8-22
v
v
v
T = 0 M A M B B
B
181
B
=
0
Sunway Lin
v
v
v
M = M A + M B = 0 // (T = 0) = 0
// (T = TN ) = (TN ) = m 0 < T < T N //

8-23
m ~
1
MnO
T
TN 116 0 k
182
Sunway Lin
8-9
8-24(a) 8-24(b)
8-16
1 N
Q
H ex = Q n n+1 2 2
2 n =1
h
S n +1
n =1
[ S n , S n +1 ]
S n S n +1 = S 2 U 0 = 2 N
U = U 0 + 8
Q 2
S 8-24(b)
h2
Q 2
S
h2
1
Q
H ex = Q R R + L 2 2
2 R
h
S R + L
R S R R L
S R H ex
Q
1
S S R + L Q R R + L S
2 R
2 R
h R

2
S R S R + L
183
Sunway Lin
8-25
S R S R + L
8-19
dS R
Q
i
H ex = 2 2 S R S R + L
= S R , H ex
dt
h
h R
dS R
i
x
x
= S R H ex H ex S R
dt
h
x
[ S R S R x ]
S x S y S y S x = i hS z
y z
z y
x
S S S S = ihS
S z S x S x S z = ihS y
dS R
i
2Q y
x
x
z
z
y
= S R H ex H ex S R = 2 S R S R + L S R S R + L
dt
h
h
R
R
z x-y S z S
S x << S S y << S
x
dS R
2Q
y
y
= 2 S S R S R + L
dt
h
R
(1)
dS R
2Q
x
x
= 2 S S R S R + L
dt
h
R
(2)
184
Sunway Lin
dS R
=0
dt
(3)
(3) S R S R S R
[(
)]
(4)
[(
)]
(5)
v v
x
S R = A exp i k R t
v v
y
S R = B exp i k R t
(4)(5)(1)(2)
v v
2Q
iA = 2 S exp ik L B
h
L
v v
Q
2
iB =
S exp ik L A
h 2
L
AB
v v
2Q
S exp ik L
2
h
L
v v
2Q
S exp ik L
2
h
L
=0
i
v v
2Q
S exp ik L
2
h
L
(6)
a
+ a ,+ a ,+ a + a ,+ a , a a , a , a 8 (6)
2
kxa k ya kza
k a k y a kza
k a k ya kza
i x +
i x +
+
k a
k a
k a
2Q i 2 + 2 + 2
16 Q
2
2
2
2
2
2
= 2 S 1 cos x cos y cos z

S
8
e
+
e
+
L
+
e
2
h
h
2
2
2
ka << 1 cos ka 1
k =
1
(ka )2
2
kya
kxa
k a
16Q
S
1
cos
cos
cos z
2
2
2
2
h
2
2
2
16Q 1 k x a 1 k y a 1 k z a
S
1

h 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
185
Sunway Lin
2Q
2
2Q
2
2
2 Sa 2 k x + k y + k z = 2 Sa 2 k 2
h
1
E k = ( n k + )h k h k
2
nk Ek
8-20 k = Ck 2 C
CV
T h n k =
U = (h k )n k =
k
1
e
h k / k B T
k
h k / k B T
1

2
3
v 1 3
1 1
1
2
2 dk
d k = 2 4k dk = 2 4k d d = 4 2 3
C2
3
U =
4 C
2
3
2
Max
e h k / k B T
5
(k BT ) 2 x 2 dx
2
=
U
T
0
1 4 2 (hC ) 32 0 e x 1
2 d
U
~T2
T
M (0)
U ~ T 2 CV =
T M (T )
M = M (0) M (T ) M (0) nk
k
3
n = e
k
1
k
/ k BT
k T 2
= 0.0587 B
hC
3
M
~ nk ~ T 2
M (0)
k
(k BT ) 2 x 2 dx
=
1 4 2 (hC ) 32 0 e x 1
186
( )
x 2 dx
= 0.0587 4 2 ]
x
e 1
Sunway Lin
3
2
8-10
3D
8-26
v
B1 = B1 z
v
J
e
v v
U = J B1 = g
B1 J z
2m
eh
= g
B1m j = g B B1m j
2m
m j = j, L j
(2j+1)( g B B1 )
v
B 2 = xB 2 cos t
h ( g B B1 )
g B
B1 = B1
h
g B
e
= g
]
h
2m
h = g B B1
[ =
B1
g B
e
= g

h
2m

(
v
v v
v
B = B1 + B 2 ) J
v
M
v
v
v
v
dJ v
v
[ M = N J = NJ ]
= J B
dt
v
v v
dM
= (M B )
dt
v
M
v
B = Bz T1 M 0
187
Sunway Lin
M Mz
dM z
= 0
T1
dt relax
dM z
dt
=
M 0 M z T1
t
M z (t ) = M 0 1 e T1
Mz
t dt
dM z
=
0
M0 Mz
T1
log
M0
t
=
M 0 M z T1
T1 t
M z (t ) M 0
z
v v
M Mz
dM z
= (M B )z + 0
dt
T1
xy M x M y
[z M 0 ]
v v
dM x
M
= (M B )x x
dt
T2
v v
My
= (M B )y
dt
T2
dM y
T2 T1
v
8-21--- B1 = B1 z
v
v
v
B 2 = xB 2 cos t + y B 2 sin t B1 >> B2
v v
v
B = B1 + B 2 = xB 2 cos t + y B2 sin t + zB1
M
dM x
= (M y B z M z B y ) x
dt
T2
My
dM y
= (M z B x M x B z )
dt
T2
M0 M z
dM z
dt = (M x B y M y B x ) +
T1
v
v
M z M 0 B1 >> B2
B2 M x B2 M y 1 = B1 2 = B2
188
Sunway Lin
Mx
dM x
dt = 1 M y + 2 M z sin t T
2
My
dM y
= 2 M z cos t + 1 M x
T2
dt
dM
z
0
dt
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
M z (t ) = M 0 =
M x = m cos( t + ) M y = m sin(t + ) (1)(2)

t = 0
(1) t = 0 m sin = 1 m sin
tan =
sin =
cos =
m
cos
T2
( 1 )T2
1
1 + ( 1 ) T2
2
( 1 )T2
2
2
1 + ( 1 ) T2
(2) t = 0 m cos = 2 M z + 1 m cos
m=
(4)
(5)
m
sin
T2
2 M z T2
( 1 )T2 cos + sin
B2 M z T2
1 + ( 1 ) T2
2
(6)
v
v dM
v
P = B
= B [ m sin(t + ) x + m cos(t + ) y ]
dt
= mB2 [cos t sin(t + ) sin t cos(t + )]
M z T2 B2 2
= mB2 sin =
2
2
1 + ( 1 ) T2
= 1 = B1 8-27
1
1
2
2
P = 1 + ( 1 ) T2 = 2 ( 1 ) =
( ) 1 =
2
T2
T2
189
Sunway Lin
8-11

v
A
v
q v
p p A A
c
v
A
8-28
B > 0
B = 0
v
A B
v
A
8-22
p 2 0 v
v
(1)
( r ) = E 0 ( r )
2m
v
v
0 (r ) 0 ( r ) F
C0 ( F ) = C01 ( F ) + C0 2 ( F )
q v
p A
C
v
v

(r ) = E (r )
2m
190
(2)
Sunway Lin
hiqC C ( r ) Av ( rv )d rv 0 v
v
(r ) = e
( r )
(3)
[(3)(2)(3)(2)
v
v v
iq
v qA 0
q v v hC C ( r ) A( rv)drv
iq v
+ 0 (ih)
p A (r ) = e
A
ih
C
C
h
C
v v
v 0 v
hiqC C ( r ) A( rv)drv
= e
(ih) (r )
v v v
v v
2
iq
v
v
hiqC C ( r ) A( rv)drv 2 0 v
q v
v hC C ( r ) A( r )dr
2 2
0 v
p A (r ) = e
(h ) (r ) = e
( p ) (r )
C
v
0 ( r ) (1) ]
8-28
C1 C2 F
iq
C ( F ) = e hC
v v v
C 1 A( r )dr
0
hiqC C 2 A( rv)drv 0
(
F
)
+
C1
e
C 2 ( F )
hiqC C 1 Av ( rv)drv 0
hiqC C 2 C 1 Av ( rv)drv 0
= e
C1 ( F ) + e
C 2 ( F )
C01 ( F ) C0 2 ( F )
v v
iq
v
A ( r ) d r
hC C 2 C 1
=e
=e
iq v v
Adl
hC
v v
iq
hC
BdS
iq
= e hC
=e
iq
hC
v v
( A )dS
[]
v
v
[ B = A ]
v v
[ = B dS ]
0 C01 ( F ) C0 2 ( F )
191
Sunway Lin

1908 (Hg) 4.2 0 k
TC
v
B
v
9-1 BC
()
( Hg 0.8Tl 0.2 Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O8.33 ) TC = 1380 k

BCS
192
Sunway Lin
()
9-1
v
B T
T < TC
BC (T ) 9-1
BC (T ) BC (T )
T2
BC = BC 0 1 2
TC
[ BC 0 T = 0 0 k ]
v
v
= 0 E = j
v
v
j E = 0
v
v
v
v
v
B
B
E =
= 0 ( E = 0 ) B
t
t
v
v
Ba BC
v
B
v
v v
v
v
Ba
B = Ba + M = 0 M =
M
m =
= 1
Ba
193
Sunway Lin
9-2
T > TC
T < TC
BCS
( e s ) ms n s
v
v
v
j s = n s e s v E
ms
v
v
dv
= e s E
dt
v
v
dj s
ne
dv
= ns es
= s s
dt
dt
ms
v
v
ns es
dv
m
=
e
E
s
s
dt
ms
v
v ms dj s
E =
2
dt
n
e
s s
v
v v
B
v v
E =
= ( A)
t
t
v
2
v ms dj s v v
v v ns es v

A = 0
A = 0
+
j s +
2
t
ms
ns es dt t
194
Sunway Lin
v n s es 2 v
js +
A=0
ms
2
v
n s es v
js =
A
ms
()
9-1
v v
v v v
v v
v
B = j s ( B ) = j s
v v v v v
v v
( B ) 2 B = j s
v v
[ B = 0 ]
v v
v v
2 B = j s
v2v
v v
v ns es 2 v ns es 2
B = j s =
A =
ms
ms
v v 1 v
2B = 2 B
[ =
ns es 2
ms
v v n s es 2 v
A =
m B
s
9-2 y x
x
d 2 B y ( x)
dx
B y ( x)
x
e
B y ( x) = B0 e
ns es 2
195
ms
10 8
Sunway Lin
x
v v
v
d
j s = B =
dx
0
( j s )z
y
d
dy
By
z
d
d
d
= B y x + B y z = B y z
dz dz dx
dx
0
B0 x
1d
= B y ( x) =
e
dx
z y y
9-3
v
Ba BC
9-3(a)
BC 1 BC 2 9-3(b) Ba BC 1
BC 1 BC 2 BC1 < B a < BC 2

9-4
BC 2
196
Sunway Lin
BC 1 BC 2 BC
( BC1 < BC < BC 2 ) 9-3(b)(
2
BC 2
B
) C = W = MdBa
0
2 0
TC
9-4
g()
BC T 9-5
T 2
B
(
T
)
=
B
1
C
BC 0
C0
2
TC
T = 0 0 k
v
v
M Ba
v
v
Ba
M =
0 < T < TC
197
Sunway Lin
T = TC
T = 0 0 k
9-2 T
du = dQ + dW du
dQ dW
Ba M
P dV dW = PdV Ba
(-P) M V:
(1)
du = dQ Ba dM
g = u Ts + pv = u Ts Ba M
dg = du (Tds + sdT ) ( Ba dM + MdB a ) = MdB a sdT + [du Tds Ba dM ]
[(1)]
= MdB a sdT + [du dQ B a dM ]
= MdB a sdT
dT = 0 dg = MdB a
M
(2)
dg n = MdB a 0 g n (T , B a ) = g n (T ,0)
g n (T , B a ) T , B a . , .
g n (T ,0) T , Ba = 0 , .
9-6
M =
dg s = MdB a = +
Ba
dg s =
Ba
Ba
Ba
Ba
dBa
2
dBa
B
g s (T , Ba ) = g s (T ,0) + a
2
Ba BC g s (T , BC ) = g s (T ,0) +
198
BC
2
(3)
Sunway Lin
B
T = 0 k g s (0, BC 0 ) = g s (0,0) + C 0
2
0
T 2
[BC (T ) = BC 0 1 2 ]
TC
9-6
g n (T , BC ) = g s (T , BC )
T = 0 0 k B a = 0
g n (0,0) = g n (0, Ba ) = g n (0, BC ) = g s (0, BC 0 ) = g s (0,0) +
g n (0,0) g s (0,0) =
BC 0
2
BC 0
2
()
T = 0 0 k B a = 0
T < TC Ba < BC
9-6
g n (T , B a ) > g s (T , Ba )
Ba > BC
g n (T , B a ) < g s (T , B a )
Ba = BC g n (T , BC ) = g s (T , BC )
9-3
2
g n (T ,0) = g n (T , BC ) = g s (T , BC ) = g s (T ,0) +
BC
g
s =

T p
g n g s BC BC
=
+
T
T
T
s n (T ,0) = s s (T ,0)
B C B C
T
(1)
B
T2
T
0 < T < TC BC (T ) = BC 0 1 2 C = 2 BC 0 2 < 0
T
TC
TC
(1) s n (T ,0) > s s (T ,0)
199
Sunway Lin
TC 2
T = TC BC (TC ) = BC 0 1 2 = 0 (1)
TC
s n (T ,0) = s s (T ,0) T = 0 0 k
BC
T
= 2 BC 0 2 = 0 (1) s n (T ,0) = s s (T ,0)
T
TC
TBC BC
T
0 < T < TC L > 0
L = Ts = T [s n (T ,0) s s (T ,0) ] =
T = TC T = 0 0 k L = 0
T = TC T = 0 0 k
9-4
C =
Cs Cn = T
dQ
ds
=T
dT
dT
d
[s s (T ,0) s n (T ,0)] = T d BC dBC
dT
dT dT
2
d 2 BC
T dBC
=
+ BC
2
dT
dT
T2
[ BC (T ) = BC 0 1 2 ]
TC
2
2 BC 0 T T 2
1
3
TC 2 TC 2
T = 0 0 k C s = C n 0 < T <
TC
C s < C n
TC
< T < TC C s > C n
4B
T = TC C s C n = C 0 > 0
TC
9-7
200
Sunway Lin
T = TC
( E g ~ 10 4 eV ) k BTC (TC ~ 50 k )
TC
9-5
T = TC TC
n s
g s (T ) n s
b(T ) 2
ns + L
2
( n s = 0 ) g n (T )
g s (T ) = g n (T ) + a (T ) n s +
n s = * =
g s = 0
(BCS )
201
Sunway Lin
g s = g n + a
+L
v
v v
Ba = A
v
( 0 ) p
v
v
[ p (e) A]
g s [ ] + [ ] + [ ]
v
2
b 4 p 2 Ba
2
= g n + a + +
+
2ms 2
v
v
1 v v v v
b 4 1
2
= g n + a + +
(
ih + es A) 2 + ( A) ( A)
2
2m s
g s = g n + a
b 4

2
g
s2
= 0
=
0
a + b 0
=0
b
2
g s g n = a 0 + 0
2
a
b
[ 0 ]
2
a2
a b a
9-2
= a + =
2b
b 2 b
B
gs gn = C
2
B
a2
= C
2b
2
a
0
2
BC
2
B
a= C 2 <0
2
b = a = BC > 0
2
4
0
0
T ~ TC TC ab
a
a(T ) =
(T TC )
(TC T ) =
TC
T TC
202
1
TC
>0
T TC
Sunway Lin
b (T ) b(TC ) = > 0
ab
gs gn =
[ T ~ TC
2 (T TC ) 2
a2
=
2
2b
2TC
(1)
T2
T 2 T 2
(T + T )(TC T ) 2BC 0
BC = BC 0 1 2 = BC 0 C 2 = BC 0 C
(TC T ) ]
2
TC
TC
TC
TC
9-2
2
B
2 B (T T ) 2
gs gn = C C0 C2
2
TC
(2)
(1)(2) ab
(1)(2) T = TC [
]
v
v
b 4 1
2
g s = g n + a + +
ih + es A)
(
2
2m s
1 v v v v
2 + ( A) ( A)
g s
g
g
g
= 0 s = 0 vs = 0 s = 0
g s
= 0 *
*
n s n s
g s
= 0
*
v
v
v
A B B
v
B
g s
v = 0
A
g s
= 0
*
v
v
1
()
a + (b * ) +
( ih + e s A) 2 = 0
2m s
203
Sunway Lin
g s
v = 0
A
d
d
d
d
[ v i
+ j
+ k
dAx
dAy
dAz
dA
v v v
d v v v v
v v d v v
v ( A) ( A) = 2 ( A) v ( A) = 2( A)
dA
dA
v
v
v
v
v
v v
1
* ih + es A + (ih + e s A) * + A = 0
[ (
es
2m s
v v v v v
v
[ A = B = j s ]
2
v
v
v
ihe s
e
2 v
js =
* * s A
2m s
ms
()
9-5

( )
2
a + b = 0
a
= 0
b
(1)
2
v
e
2 v
js = s 0 A
ms
(2)
(1)
B
a2
gs gn = C =
2
2b
BC =
a 2
b
(2) 9-1
ms
2
0 es 2
( )
h 2 d 2
2
+ a + b = 0
2ms dx 2
204
Sunway Lin
b =
= 0 + f ( f )
d 2 f 4m s a
f =0
dx 2
h2
[ f 2 f 3 a < 0 ]
h2
f e
2m s a
f = 0 = Ce
2x
2x

10 6 0
ms
K = =
K <
1
2
0 es 2
2
h
2m s a
K >
m
= s
he s
2b
9-6 K =
ms 2b
hes
BC =
a 2
b
BC 1 BC 2 BC 2 BC =
a 2
b
Ba BC 2
( )
2
b
v
1 v
( p + e s A) 2 = a
2m s
[ a < 0 ]
q = e s
205
Sunway Lin
4-3 E a
2
a =
pz
1
+ (n + )h
2m s
2
[ =
qB
ms
e s Ba
]
ms
Ba Ba
n = 0 p z = 0
a =
1
h
2
Bmax =
ms 2ms a
=
es
he s
Bmax BC 2 BC BC 2 = Bmax
m
K = s
b
he s
a 2
BC =
BC 2 = Bmax =
2ms a
hes
2b
= 2 KBC
1
BC 2 > BC K = <
BC 2 < BC
>
2
2
K =
9-6
2
v
e
2 v
9-5 j s = s 0 A 0
ms
v v
r r
v v
v v
v v
v v
(r r ) ~ e
j s (r ) = (r r ) A(r )dr
v v
v v
( r r ) js ( r )
v v
v v
v
v
r A( r ) js ( r ) r
v
~ 10 6 A
BCS P
P
206
Sunway Lin
9-7
9-8 x > 0
x < 0
0 < x <
Ba 2

2

n s 9-8 0 < x <
2
x > n s = 0
BC 2

BC 2
Ba 2
=
2
2
< 0
> 0
> Ba < BC > 0

< Ba < BC1 > 0
BC1 < B a < BC 2
< 0
207
Sunway Lin
9-7 BCS
1957
BCS
BCS
BCS
9-9
2
v
v
( k , k ) 9-8
= 2h D e
2
g ( EF )V
~ 10 4 eV D
g ( E F ) V
9-7
9-10 ( 1)
( 2)( 1)( 2)
9-11
( e s ) (-2e) ms 2m
()
TC
208
Sunway Lin
4
4 He ( 4 )
3 3 He ( 3
)
2
g ( EF )V
9-8 = 2h D e
v
v
k1 k 2
1 ikv1 rv1 ikv2 rv2
v v
[ V C ]
( r1 , r2 ) =
e e
VC
v
v v
(r +r )
( k k )
1 i ( k1 + k2 ) 1 2 2 i 1 2 2 ( rv1 rv2 )
=
e
e
VC

v v
(r + r )
1 2
2
v v
v v
( k1 k 2 ) v v
(
k
k )
v v v
v
i
(
r
r
)
1
1
2
1
v v
k (r1 , r2 ) =
e ik ( r1 r2 )
[ k = 1 2 ]
e 2
=
VC
2
VC
v
v v
k (r1 , r2 )
v
v v
v v
(r1 , r2 ) = f (k ) k (r1 , r2 )
(1)
v v
k (r1 , r2 )
h2 v 2 v 2
v v
v v
v v
v v
1 + 2 (r1 , r2 ) + V (r1 r2 ) (r1 , r2 ) = ( E + 2 E F ) (r1 , r2 )
2m
v v v
r = r1 r2
h2 v 2
v v
v
+ V (r ) (r ) = ( E + 2 E F ) (r )
m
(2)
E F E
(1)(2)
v
v
v
h2k 2
f (k ) + f (k )Vkk = ( E + 2 E F ) f (k )
m
k
1
v
v i ( kv kv)rv 3 v
Vkk =< k V (r ) k >=
V
(
r
)e
d r
VC
( 1)[
209
Sunway Lin
v v
v (k1 k 2 ) v
v
v
k 2 = k1 k =
= k1 ( 1)]
2
Vkk
V
=
0
v
v
(k ) (k ) << h D
v
v
(k ) (k ) << h D( 1)
v
(-V) V ( 1) ( k )
v
h 2k 2
E F (k ) =
EF
2m
h 2k 2 v
E
+
2
E
f (k ) = V f (k )
m
k
v
f (k )
V
v = 2 2
k f (k ) h k E 2 E F
m
1=V
k
1
v
2 (k ) E
f (k )
V

v = 2 2
f ( k )
h k
k

k
E 2EF
k
m
(3)
g ( )
k
3
v 1 3
1
dk
3
2
d
k
=
4
k
dk
=
4k 2 d g ( )d
2
2
d
k 2 dk
(4)
2 2 d
(4) g ( ) g ( E F )
g ( ) =
h D 0 h D (3)
1=V
h D
g(EF )
Vg ( E F ) E 2h D
d =
ln
2 E
2
E
2h D
E=
e
2
g ( E F )V
g ( E F )V << 1
E = 2h D e
2
g ( EF )V
210
Sunway Lin
= E = 2h D e
2
g ( E F )V
v
v
9-9 2 ( k , k )
v
v
9-12 k1 k 2
v
v
k1 k 2
v v
v v
v
k1 + k 2 = k1 + k 2 = K
v v
v
v
h D k1 k 2 k1 k 2
k F k =
h D = E =
m D
[
hk F
h2kF
m D
]
k k =
hk F
m
v
v
k1 k 2 k F k
v
v v
9-13 k1 k 2 K
v
9-13 K = 0
v
v
v
K = 0 k1 = k 2
v
v
( k , k )
(-2e)
211
Sunway Lin
9-8
(
)
)
()
* = = n > 0
[ n ]
= ne i
v
[ n r t ]
ih
v2
v
1
=
(
ih qA) + q
t 2ms
v
v
v
ms v = h qA
[ q = 2e m s = 2m e ]
v
1 v
v
v=
h qA
ms
n v v
+ nv = 0
t

m
h2 1 2
h
= s v 2 q +
n
t
2
2m s n
()
()
v
v
1 v
v
j = qnv = qn (h qA)
ms
()
v
v
j A
v
j
v
p qA
v
v
v

j = qnv = q [ * v ] = q *
m
s

212
Sunway Lin
v
[ n = 0 ]
v
v
v
v
1 v
i ih qA
ne i = qn
h qA
j = q ne
ms
ms
v ih
v
v
v
v
J =
( * *) = 1 ( * P + P * *)
2m s
2m s
v
q v
p p A q
C
2
v
v
v
v
v
iqh
( * *) q A *
j = qJ =
2m s
Cms
v
v
1 v
j = qn (h qA)
ms
[]
9-10 9-14
v
v v D v
H =
+ j
t
v v v
v v
v v
B = ( E ) + j (1)
t
[
v v
v v v v v v
v v
v v
B = ( B ) 2 B = 2 B (Q B = 0 )
v
v v
B
E =
t
v v qn v v
v v
nq 2 v
j =
h q A =
B [ m s = 2m e ]
ms
ms
v v
(Q = 0 )
(1)
v
v 2 v 1 2 B nq 2 v
B=
+
B
C t 2
ms
v
2B
2 = 0
t
213
Sunway Lin
v 2 v nq 2 v
B=
B
ms
v
2 v
2
B
=
B
x 2
nq 2
ms
v v
v
B = A0 e + x + B0 e x x x e + x
e + x
v v
B = B0 e x
()
ms
nq 2
n ~ 1.5 10 22 (cm 3 )
~ 3 10 6 cm
9-11 9-15
v v
h
= B da 0 =
~ 2 10 15 ( 2 )
s
e
v
j = 0
214
Sunway Lin
v
v qn v
j=
(
h qA ) = 0
ms
v
v
h = q A
v
v v
v
h dl = q A dl [ ]
v
v
v v
h dl = q B da
[]
v
v
h dl = q
= ne i ( ( ) = ( + 2m ) m )
2
v h
h v
= dl = (2m) = m 0 m = 0,1, 2, L
q
q
0 =
2h h
=
~ 2 10 15 ( 2 ) = m 0
q
e
1961 q
9-12--- 9-16
V =
2eV
10 6
ih
= E
t
ih
1
= E1 1 + T 2
t
2
= E 2 2 + T 1
t
T T = 0
V E1 E 2 = e sV es
ih
e s = 2e
ih
1 e s V
=
1 + T 2
t
2
215
Sunway Lin
ih
eV
2
= s 2 + T 1
t
2
1 = n1 e i1 2 = n 2 e i2
n1 2T
t = h n1 n2 sin
n
2T
2 =
n1 n2 sin
h
t
1
T
=
h
t
2 = T
t
h
[ = 2 1 ]
eV
n2
cos s
n1
2h
n1
eV
cos + s
n2
2h
n1
n
= 2
t
t
n1 = n2 = n
n 2e T
j = es 1 = s
h
t
n1n2 sin =
2es nT
2e nT
sin = j0 sin [ j 0 = s
]
h
h
2 1 e sV
=
=
t
t
t
h
e sV
t = 0 + t
h
= 0 +
[ =
e sV 2eV
]
=
h
h

j = j 0 sin = j 0 sin ( 0 + t )
e sV 2eV
=
h
h
1V f = 2 = 483 .6 MHz
h = 2eV ()
2 ( e s ) = ( 2e)
216
Sunway Lin

(Si)(Ge) III-V
(GaAs)(InSb)II-VI (ZnS)(CdS)
()
()n
p
E F
10-1(a)
217
Sunway Lin
n
n (negative )(Si)(As)
(Si)(As)(5 )
n (As)
n
E d
E F
10-1(b)
p
p (positive )(Si)(B)
(Si)(B)( 3 )
() p (B) p
E a
E F
10-1(c)
1010-1
E F
n p
E F
10-2
218
Sunway Lin
v
h2k 2
E ( k ) = EC +
2me
v
h2k 2
E (k ) = EV
2m h
me m h E C EV
3-1
3
1 2m e 2
2m 2
De ( E ) =
2 E E C = 2 2 e E E C
2
2 h
h
1 2mh 2
2m 2
Dh ( E ) =
2 EV E = 2 2 h EV E
2
2 h
h
T E
f e (E) =
E EF
k BT
+1
1
f h (E) = 1 f e (E) = 1
E EF
k BT
=
+1
EF E
k BT
+1
10-1 T n = ?
E F = ?
n = 2 De ( E ) f e ( E )dE
EC
[2 ]
(E E F ) >> k BT f e ( E ) e
E EF
k BT
EF
2m 2
2m k T 2
n = 4 2 e e k BT
E E C e k BT dE = 4 e 2 B e
EC
h
h
x e x dx =
219
( EC E F )
k BT
x e x dx
0
Sunway Lin
2me kBT 2
n = 2
e
2
h
( EC E F )
k BT
= NC e
( EC E F )
k BT
(1)
2me k B T 2
N C = 2

h2
p = NV e
( E F EV )
k BT
(2)
3
2m h k B T 2
N V = 2

h2
n = p (1)(2)
NCe
( EC E F )
k BT
EF =
= NV e
( E F EV )
k BT
ln N C
( EC E F )
( E EV )
= ln N V F
k BT
k BT
N
EC + EV 1
+ k B T ln V
2
2
NC
m
3
= Ei + k B T ln h
4
me
[ Ei =
EC + EV
]
2
me m h E F
T E F me = m h
E F T
n i n i n p
2
ni = np
ni = np = N C N V e
ni =
N C NV e
( EC EV )
k BT
= N C NV e
Eg
k BT
[ E g = EC EV ]
Eg
2 k BT
()
n = p = ni n p n p ni 2 = np
220
Sunway Lin
ni = N C N V e
Eg
2 k BT
10-2 E F = ?
N D N A
n N A f ( E a )
E a p
() N D f ( E d ) E d
N D [1 f ( E d ) ]
(1)
n + N A f ( E a ) = p + N D [1 f ( E d ) ]
f ( Ea ) =
e
Ea E F
k BT
f ( Ed ) =
+1
Ed E F
k BT
+1
n N D >> N A
N D ( N A )
( N D N A ) f ( E d ) 0
f ( E a ) 1 (1)
n = p + (N D N A )
(2)
2
ni 2 = np p =
ni
n
(2)
n
n = i + (N D N A )
n
n=
n 2 ( N D N A ) n ni = 0
( N D N A ) ( N D N A ) 2 + 4ni
[]
1
2
( N D N A ) + ( N D N A ) 2 + 4 ni
2
ni << ( N D N A )
n=
n (N D N A )
n = N C e
ND N A = NCe
( EC E F )
k BT
( EC E F )
k BT
E F = EC k B T ln
NC
ND NA
[ EC = Ei +
221
Eg
2
Sunway Lin
= Ei +
Eg
k BT ln
NC
ND NA
p
E F = Ei
Eg
+ k B T ln
NV
NA ND
E F T 10-3
1010-2 pn
n
222
Sunway Lin
p
p
10-4(a)
pn pn
n p
10-4(b)n p
10-4(c) pn
( n p )
10-5(a)
( 2 10 7 V
pn ( n p
) 10-5(b)(
0.7V )
10-5(c) I-V
n
p
pn pn
10-6(a)
n p p
n
10-6(b)
10-6(c)
pn
223
Sunway Lin
1010-3
10-7(a) npn n
p 10-7(b)
(e )(b )(c )
pnp p n
npn
224
Sunway Lin
e c
2 pn b
ec 10-8 npn
ebc
10-9 npn
e-c b-e
N e >> N b b-e
I e p
I b
b-c c-e
I c = I e I b I b << I e I c I e
b-e e-c
b-e e-c
b I b I c

I c
I b
~ 10 2
225
Sunway Lin
e = 1.602 10 19
h = 6.626 10 34
m = 9.109 10 31
h=
= 1.054 10 34
a0 = 0.529 10 10
B = 9.273 10 24 /
226
Sunway Lin
C = 2.998 108 /
R = 8.314 / 0k
0 = 8.854 10 12 /
0 = 1.257 10 6 /() 2
k B = 1.38 10 23 / 0k
N A = 6.022 10 23 /
1 A = 10 10
1m = 10 6
1 = 4.186
1eV ( ) = 1.602 10 19
1 = 1 / 2 = 10 4
227
Sunway Lin
228
Sunway Lin
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.Introduction to Solid State Physics
kittel
6.Solid State Physics N.W.Ashcroft & N.D.Mermin
7.Elementary Solid State PhysicsPrinciples and Applications M.A.Omar
8.Principles of The Theory of Solids
J.M.Ziman
9.Solid State Theory
W.A.Harrison
10.Intermediate Quantum Theory of Crystalline Solids
11.Statistical Mechanics
R.K.Pathria
229
Alexander. O.E. Animalu

固態物理導論

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固態物理導論

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Sunway Lin

= 360o ,180o ,120o ,90o ,60o

1-3(a) 4a1 , a2 , a3 (b) 2 a 1 , 4 a 2 , (c)

(a) av 1 av 2 a3 4,1,1 1 ,1,1

(b) av 1 av 2a3 2,4, 1 , 1 ,0

1 ,1, 1 2,6,-3 263

G G = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3

R = la1 + ma2 + na3 G = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3

G R = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3 (la1 + ma2 + na3 )

1-9 1-9 ABC (LMN )

G = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3 (LMN )

(LMN ) G = Lb1 + Mb2 + Nb3

= f1e iGr1 + f 2 e iGr2

= f1e iGr1 + f 2 e iGr2 + f 3 e iGr3 + f 4 e iGr4

n j (r )e iGr cos 2r 2 sin drd = 2 drr 2 n j (r ) e iGr cos d (cos )

(G ) sin (Gr )dG

(G ) sin (Gr )dG

(7 .9 5 .14 + 3 .61 ) = 6 .37 eV

(C) III LiNaKBeMg

xn = Aei (qnat ) n n (n n )qa

= Aei (qat ) eiqNa

(1) k ( x ) eikx (1)

k ( x ) = C n f n ( x ) = C n e i ( k + nG ) x = e ikx C n e inGx = e ikx u ( x )

3-3 N(a) T = 0 0 k (0 ) (b)

11-2 0 < x < C

< k ( 0 ) V ( 0 ) >= AV n = AVn *

t = eEv k 0 0 (1 cos ) 0 kk k dk sin dd

k = k 3-9 q = 2k sin sin = x

( k )Ck + UCk + g + UCk g

( k )Ck + UCk + g + UCk g

)Ck g + UCk + UCk 2 g = 0

)Ck + g + UCk + 2 g + UCk = 0

( k )Ck + UCk + g + UCk g

= < 100 H 100 > = E1 = 1( Ry )

l ( 2) (k ) = a n (1) < u l (0, r ) H 1 u n (0, r ) > + < u l (0, r ) H 2 u l (0, r ) >

5-3 5-1 r (1)

(2) r < R E=0 r=R (R) =

U = (q) (h) = qV + qEh

< cos >=

5-16 a>>1 E >> k BT

< cos >=

(A)( BaTiO 3 )( LiNbO 3 )( T > TC )

> 0 T < a1 a1 < 0 T < TC

= A1.5 + B2.5 + C3.5

e ikr cos d (cos )

a sin = xiabB sin

I = sin 2 d = sin (d cos ) = sin cos

+ cos (d sin ) = cos 2 d

m = [(3) + (2) + (1) + 0 + 1 + 2 + 3] + 3 = 3 l = 3

< r 2 >=< x 2 + y 2 + z 2 >= 3 < x 2 >= 3 < y 2 >= 3 < z 2 >

(1) =< n BH 1 n >

M s = Ng B j{B j [x]} (3)

[ (1) (2) (1) (2)]

[ M A = M B = M << 1 sin cos 1 2 2 ]

// (T = TN ) = (TN ) = m 0 < T < T N //

= 2 S 1 cos x cos y cos z

M x = m cos( t + ) M y = m sin(t + ) (1)(2)

(1) t = 0 m sin = 1 m sin

(2) t = 0 m cos = 2 M z + 1 m cos

( Hg 0.8Tl 0.2 Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O8.33 ) TC = 1380 k

BC 1 BC 2 BC1 < B a < BC 2

g n (0,0) = g n (0, Ba ) = g n (0, BC ) = g s (0, BC 0 ) = g s (0,0) +

< T < TC C s > C n

> Ba < BC > 0