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PCB (Personally designed circuit board)

PCBs consist of approximately 26% metal, made up mainly of copper, lead,


aluminum, iron and tin, as well as other heavy metals such as cadmium and nickel.
Comparison with the results of other studies indicated that the concentration of
precious metals (gold and silver) has declined over time. Analysis of the leachate
revealed high concentrations of cadmium and lead, giving the residue the
characteristics of hazardous waste.
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Toys

Recognition of the adverse effects of human exposure to toxic elements


leached from painted surfaces has increased significantly over the last two
decades. These elements are used commonly in paint pigments and as paint
additives to increase the speed with which paint dries after application and
to improve its durability and resistance to mildew corrosion. Lead(II)
chromate (PbCrO4), lead(II) carbonate (PbCO3), and lead oxide (Pb3O4) are
responsible for paint colors referred to as "chrome yellow," "white lead," and
"red lead," respectively.
Lead and other toxic elements also are used in the toy manufacturing
process and can be concentrated particularly in those toys made out of
plastic. Painted toys sometimes contain lead-based paint that gives them a
durable, brightly colored outer surface, as illustrated in Figure 1. Plastic toys
contain additional amounts of lead to increase the flexibility of the material
and to make it more resistant to warping from heat and sunlight.
When the paint is in good condition, homes and toys pose little or no health
risk. The concern arises when these paints peel or crack as they age and
deteriorate or when a painted surface is scraped, sanded, or heated.
Exposure to high concentrations of these toxic elements could be a risk if the
paint chips are ingested or if dust from the paint is inhaled.

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