PROBABILITY

DEFINITION:
A probability is a measure of the likelihood that an event
in the future will happen. It can only assume a value
between 0 and 1.
It can be calculate by using the following formula:

Probability
If the probability of an event occurring is 0, then
it is an impossible event means it will never
happen.
If the probability of an event occurring is 1, then
it is a certain event, means it will definitely
happen.

Probability
EXAMPLE:
six faced cubical dice is thrown once, what is the
probability of getting an even number?

SOLUTION:
Number of possible outcomes= 6 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Number of targeted outcomes (even numbers)= 3 {2, 4,
6}

COUNTING RULE
(1)
MULTIPLICATION

Counting RuleMultiplication
If an operation can

be performed in n1 ways, if for

each of these a second operation can be performed
in n2 ways, third operation can be performed in n3
ways and so on, then the sequence of k operations
can be performed in n 1 .n 2 . n 3 ..n k ways.

Note:

P = n1 n2
n3. nk

Every event should be different or independent with

each other.

Counting Rule- Multiplication

EXAMPLE:
There are three boys in a class. In how many
ways they can sit if there is no restrictions?

SOLUTION:
P= n1 n2 n3
P= (3) (2) (1)
P= 6 ways.

COUNTING RULE
(2) PERMUTATION

Counting Rule- Permutation

A permutation is any arrangement of r objects
selected from n possible objects. The order of
arrangement is important in permutations.
The formula for calculating permutation is:

Counting Rule- Permutation

EXAMPLE:
2 markers are drawn from 3 markers. Find the number
of permutations that can be possible?

SOLUTION:
n=3
r= 2
The total number of sample points is

COUNTING RULE
(3) COMBINATION

ounting Rule- Combination

A combination is the number of ways to choose r
objects from a group of n objects without regard to
order.
Because the order of the subgroup doesnt matter, the
combination solutions will be fewer than the
permutation solutions and will be expressed by the
following formula:

ounting Rule- Combination

EXAMPLE:
From 4 Republicans and 3 Democrats find the number of
committees of 3 that can be formed with 2 Republican
and 1 Democrat.

SOLUTION:
The number of ways of selecting 2 Republicans from 4 is

PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
(1) BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION