Couple DTL

ECE451
CoupledLines
Jose E. Schutt-Aine
Electrical & Computer Engineering
University of Illinois
jose@emlab.uiuc.edu
ECE451 JoseSchuttAine
Crosstalk Noise
Signal Integrity
Crosstalk
Dispersion
Attenuation
Reflection
Distortion
Loss
Delta I Noise
Ground Bounce
Radiation
Drive Line
Sense Line
Drive Line
TEMPROPAGATION
L
I
+
V
z
z
Z1
Zo
Z2
Vs
Telegraphers Equations
L
I
+
V
V
I
L
z
t
I
V
C
z
t
L: Inductance per unit length.

C: Capacitance per unit length.
Crosstalk noise depends on termination
50
50
line 1
line 1
line 2
50
line 2
line 1
line 1
line 2
line 2
Crosstalk depends on signal rise time

50
line 1
line 2
50
tr = 1 ns
tr = 7 ns
line 1
line 2
line 1
line 2

50
line 1
line 2
50
tr = 1 ns
tr = 7 ns
line 1
line 2
line 1
line 2

50
line 1
line 2
tr = 1 ns
tr = 7 ns
line 1
line 1
line 2
line 2
Coupled Transmission Lines

w
V1
I1
Cm
I2
Cs
Lm
V2
Cs
Telegraphers Equations for Coupled Transmission Lines
Maxwellian Form
V1
I1
I2
L11
L12
z
t
t
V2
I1
I2
L21
L22
z
t
t
I1
V1
V2
C11
C12
z
t
t
I2
V
V
C21 1 C22 2
z
t
t
10
Telegraphers Equations for Coupled Transmission Lines
Physical form
V1
I1
I2
Ls
Lm
z
t
t
V2
I
I
Lm 1 Ls 2
z
t
t
I1
V1
V1
V2
Cs
Cm
Cm
z
t
t
t
I2
V1
V2
V2
Cm
Cm
Cs
z
t
t
t
11
Relations Between Physical

and Maxwellian Parameters
(symmetric lines)
L11 = L22 = Ls
L12 = L21 = Lm
C11 = C22 = Cs+Cm
C12 = C21 = - Cm
12
Even Mode
Ve
I e
L11 L12
z
t
I e
I e
C11 C12
z
t
Add voltage
and current
equations
1
Ve : Even mode voltage Ve = (V1 + V2 )
2
1
Ie : Even mode current Ie = (I1 + I2 )
2
Ze =
L11 + L12
=
C11 + C12
Ls + Lm
Cs
ve =
1
=
(L11 + L12 )(C11 + C12 )
Impedance
1
(Ls + Lm )Cs
velocity
13
Odd Mode
Vd
I d
L11 L12
z
t
I d
I d
C11 C12
z
t
Subtract voltage
and current
equations
Vd : Odd mode voltage

Id : Odd mode current
Zd =
vd =
L11 L12
Ls Lm
=
C11 C12
Cs 2Cm
1
=
( L11 L12 )(C11 C12 )
1
Vd V1 V2
2
1
Id I1 I 2
2
Impedance
1
( Ls Lm )(Cs 2Cm )
velocity
14
ModeExcitation
+1
+1
EVEN
-1
+1
ODD
15
PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EVEN- AND

ODD-MODE IMPEDANCES
* Ze and Zd are the wave resistance seen by the even
and odd mode travelling signals respectively.
* The impedance of each line is no longer described
by a single characteristic impedance; instead, we have
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I 2
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2
16
Definitions
Even-Mode Impedance: Ze
Impedance seen by wave propagating through the coupledline system when excitation is symmetric (1, 1).
Odd-Mode Impedance: Zd
Impedance seen by wave propagating through the coupledline system when excitation is anti-symmetric (1, -1).
Common-Mode Impedance: Zc = 0.5Ze
Impedance seen by a pair of line and a common return by a
common signal.
Differential Impedance: Zdiff = 2Zd
Impedance seen across a pair of lines by differential mode
signal.
17
EVEN AND ODD-MODE IMPEDANCES

Z11, Z22 : Self Impedances
Z12, Z21 : Mutual Impedances
For symmetrical lines,
Z11 = Z22 and Z12 = Z21
18
EXAMPLE
(Microstrip)
r = 4.3
Zs = 56.4
Single Line
Dielectric height = 6 mils
Width = 8 mils
Coupled Lines
Height = 6 mils
Width = 8 mils
Spacing = 12 mils
r = 4.3
Ze = 68.1 Zd = 40.8
Z11 = 54.4 Z12 = 13.6
19
Even Mode
Zg
Vf
IT
I1
Zg
+
Vb VT
step
- I2
generator
coaxial line
I tdr
line 1
line 2
reference plane tied to ground
ae (t ,0) ad (t ,0) ae (t ,0) ad (t ,0)
Z
Z
Z
Z
e
d
e
d
Vtdr ae (t ,0) ad (t ,0)

Vtdr Z e
=
I tdr
2
1 e
Ze = 2(
) Zg
1 e
a d (t ,0) 0
ve =
2l
20
Odd Mode
Zg
Vf
Zg
step
generator
Vb
IT
+
V
-T
I1
line 1
line 2
I2
reference plane floating
coaxial line
Vtdr = a e (t,0)+a d (t,0)- a e (t,0)-a d (t,0) V f Vb
I tdr
ae (t ,0) ad (t ,0)
=
Z
Z
e
d
ae (t,0) = 0,
1 1 d
Zd
2 1 d
I tdr
ae (t ,0) ad (t ,0)
=-
Z
Z
e
d
Vtdr
= 2Zd
Itdr
Zg ,
vd =
2l
d
21
EXTRACT INDUCTANCE AND

CAPACITANCE COEFFICIENTS
1 Ze Zd
Ls = +
2 ve
vd
1
Cs
Z e ve
1 Ze Zd
Lm = 2 ve vd
1 1
1
Cm =
2 Z e ve Z d vd
Z d < Zs < Z e
22
Measured even-mode impedance
Even-Mode Impedance
h=3 mils
120
h=5 mils
h=7 mils
100
h=10 mils
h=14 mils
Z ( )
e
80
h=21 mils
60
40
20
4
10
12
14
16
18
Spacing (mils)
23
Measured odd-mode impedance
h=3 mils
Odd-Mode Impedance
h=5 mils
50
h=7 mils
45
h=10 mils
h=14 mils
Z ( )
d
40
h=21 mils
35
30
25
20
4
10
12
14
16
18
Spacing (mils)
24
Measured even-mode velocity
Even-Mode velocity
0.17
h=3 mils
h=5 mils
0.168
h=7 mils
h=10 mils
0.166
h=14 mils
v e(m/ns)
0.164
h=21 mils
0.162
0.16
0.158
4
10
12
14
16
18
Spacing (mils)
25
Measured odd-mode velocity
h=3 mils
h=5 mils
Odd-Mode Velocity
h=7 mils
0.21
h=10 mils
0.205
h=14 mils
0.2
h=21 mils
v (m/ns)
d
0.195
0.19
0.185
0.18
0.175
4
10
12
14
16
18
Spacing (mils)
26
Measured mutual inductance
Mutual Inductance
h=3 mils
h=5 mils
250
h=7 mils
h=10 mils
200
h=14 mils
h=21 mils
100
(nH/m)
150
50
0
4
10
12
14
16
18
Spacing (mils)
27
Measured mutual capacitance
h=3 mils
Mutual Capacitance
h=5 mils
40
h=7 mils
35
h=10 mils
h=14 mils
C (pF/m)
30
h=21 mils
25
20
15
10
4
10
12
14
16
18
Spacing (mils)
28
Even&OddModeImpedances
Typical Even & Odd Mode Impedances
110
Zeven
Zodd
Zeven, Zodd (Ohms)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
10
20
30
40
50
Distance (mils)
29
Modal Velocities in Stripline and Microstrip
Microstrip : Inhomogeneous
structure, odd and even-mode velocities
must have different values.
Stripline : Homogeneous configuration,

odd and even-mode velocities have
approximately the same values.
30
Microstrip vs Stripline
50
50
Microstrip (h =8 mils)
w = 8 mils
r = 4.32
Ls = 377 nH/m
Cs = 82 pF/m
Lm = 131 nH/m
Cm = 23 pF/m
ve = 0.155 m/ns
vd = 0.178 m/ns
Stripline (h =16 mils)

w = 8 mils
r = 4.32
Ls = 466 nH/m
Cs = 86 pF/m
Lm = 109 nH/m
Cm = 26 pF/m
ve = 0.142 m/ns
vd = 0.142 m/ns
31
Microstrip vs Stripline
50
50
Probe
Sense line response at near end

C
stripline
microstrip
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
-0.1
0.1
Volts
Volts
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.2
-0.3
32
General Solution for Voltages
ZL1
Zs1
line 1
line 2
Zs2
ZL2
j z
ve
j z
ve
j z
vd
j z
vd
j z
vd
V1 ( z ) Ae e
Be e
Ad e
Bd e

even
j z
ve
odd
j z
ve
j z
vd
V2 ( z ) Ae e
Be e
Ad e
Bd e

even
odd
33
General Solution for Currents
ZL1
Zs1
line 1
line 2
Zs2
ZL2
j z
j z
j z
j z
1
1
ve
ve
vd
vd
I1 ( z ) Ae e
Be e
Bd e
Ad e
Z e
Z d
even
odd
j z
j z
j z
j z
1
1
ve
ve
vd
vd
I 2 ( z ) Ae e
Be e
Bd e
Ad e
Z e
Z d
even
odd
34
Coupling of Modes
(asymmetric load)
ZL1
Zs1
line 1
line 2
Zs2
ZL2
even
odd
even
odd
even
even
odd
even
odd
even
odd
even
odd
odd
First reflection
Second reflection
35
Coupling of Modes
(symmetric load)
ZL
Zs
line 1
line 2
Zs
ZL
even
even
even
odd
odd
odd
First reflection
Second reflection
36
Sense Line at Near End

Drive Line at Near End
0.2
1
0.15
0.8
0.1
Volts
Volts
0.6
0.4
0.05
-0.05
0.2
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
40
Time (ns)
Time (ns)
37
ThreeLineMicrostrip
1
I
V1
I
I
L11 1 L12 2 L13 3
z
t
t
t
I1
V
V
V
C11 1 C12 2 C13 3
z
t
t
t
I
V2
I
I
L21 1 L22 2 L23 3
z
t
t
t
V
I2
V
V
C21 1 C22 2 C23 3
z
t
t
t
V
I
I
I
3 L31 1 L32 2 L33 3
z
t
t
t
I3
V
V
V
C31 1 C32 2 C33 3
z
t
t
t
38
ThreeLine AlphaMode
Subtract (1c) from (1a) and (2c) from (2a), we get

V
I
( L11 L13 )
z
t
I
V
(C11 C13 )
z
t
This defines the Alpha mode with:

V V1 V3
and
I I1 I 3
The wave impedance of that mode is:

Z
and the velocity is
L11 L13
C11 C13
L11 L13 C11 C13
39
ThreeLine ModalDecomposition
In order to determine the next mode, assume that

V V1 V2 V3
I I1 I 2 I 3
V
I
I
I
L11 L21 L31 1 L12 L22 L32 2 L13 L23 L33 3
z
t
t
t
I
V
V
V
C11 C21 C31 1 C12 C22 C32 2 C13 C23 C33 3
z
t
t
t
By reciprocity L32 = L23, L21 = L12, L13 = L31

By symmetry, L12 = L23
Also by approximation, L22 L11, L11+L13 L11
40
ThreeLine ModalDecomposition
V
I
I I
L11 L12 L13 1 3 2 L12 L11 2
z
t
t
t
In order to balance the right-hand side into I, we need to have

2L12 L11 I 2 L11 L12 L13 I 2 L11 L12 I 2
2L12 2 L12
or
Therefore the other two modes are defined as

The Beta mode with
41
ThreeLine BetaMode
The Beta mode with

V V1 2V2 V3
I I1 2 I 2 I 3
The characteristic impedance of the Beta mode is:

L11 2 L12 L13
C11 2C12 C13
and propagation velocity of the Beta mode is

u
11
2 L12 L13 C11 2C12 C13
42
ThreeLine DeltaMode
The Delta mode is defined such that

V V1 2V2 V3
I I1 2 I 2 I 3
The characteristic impedance of the Delta mode is

Z
L11 2 L12 L13

C11 2C12 C13
The propagation velocity of the Delta mode is:

u
11
2 L12 L13 C11 2C12 C13
43
Symmetric3LineMicrostrip
1
In summary: we have 3 modes for the 3-line system

0
1
2
E 1
1 2
1
1
Alpha mode
Beta mode*
Delta mode*
*neglecting coupling between nonadjacent lines
44
CoplanarWaveguide
2
r = 4.3
346 162 67
L(nH / m) 152 683 152
67 162 346
0.45 0.12 0.45

0.5
E 0.5
0
0.45 0.87 0.45
113 17 5
C ( pF / m) 16 53 16
5 17 113
0.44 0.49 0.44

H 0.5
0
0.5
0.10 0.88 0.10
45
CoplanarWaveguide
1
r = 4.3
73 0 0
Z m () 0 48 0
0 0 94
56 23 8
Z c () 22 119 22
8 23 56
0
0
0.15
0.17
0
v p (m / ns ) 0
0
0.18
46
CoplanarWaveguide
S'
S'
K (k ) : Complete Elliptic Integral of the first kind

S
30 K '(k )
k
Z ocp
(ohm)
S 2W
r 1 K (k )
2
K '(k ) K (k ')
1/ 2
k ' (1 k )
2 1/ 2
2
vcp
47
CoplanarStrips
Z ocs
120 K '(k )
(ohm)
r 1 K (k )
2
48
QualitativeComparison
Characteristic
Microstrip
Coplanar Wguide
Coplanar strips
eff*
~6.5
~5
Power handling
High
Medium
Medium
Radiation loss
Low
Medium
Medium
Unloaded Q
High
Medium
Low or High
Dispersion
Small
Medium
Medium
Mounting (shunt)
Hard
Easy
Easy
Mounting (series)
Easy
Easy
Easy
~5
* Assuming r=10 and h=0.025 inch
49
VTransmissionLine
signal strip
dielectric
h
ground
2p
50
VLineCharacteristicImpedance
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE
250
30
37.5
200
45
52.5
60
Zo (ohms)
150
Microstrip
100
50
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
w/h
Calculated values of the characteristic impedance for a single-line v-strip structure as a

function of width-to-height ratio w/h. The relative dielectric constant is r = 2.55.
51
VLine EffectivePermittivity
EFFECTIVE PERMITTIVITY
2.2
30
2.15
37.5
45
2.1
Effective Relative Dielectric Constant
52.5
60
2.05
Microstrip
2
1.95
1.9
1.85
1.8
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
w/h
Calculated values of the effective relative dielectric constant for a single-line

v-strip structure as a function of width-to-height ratio w/h.
The relative dielectric constant is r = 2.55
52
ThreeLine VTransmissionLine
y
signal strip
2p
h
dielectric
ground surface
x
Region
1
Region
2
Region
3
Region
4
Region
5
Region
6
53
VLineandMicrostrip
Microstrip
C (pF/m) =
L (nH/m)
52.49
-5.90
-0.57
-5.90
53.27
-5.90
609.74
= 113.54
41.79
113.46
607.67
113.46
V-line
-0.57
-5.90
52.49
41.79
113.54
609.74
74.00
-0.97
-0.23
-0.97
74.07
-0.97
-0.23
-0.97
74.00
425.84
=
20.36
7.00
20.35
422.85
20.35
7.00
20.36
425.84
C (pF/m) =
L (nH/m)
signal strip
2p
h
dielectric
ground surface
x
Region
1
Region
2
Region
3
Region
4
Region
5
Region
6
Comparison of the inductance and capacitance matrices

between a three-line v-line and microstrip structures.
The parameters are p/h = 0.8 mils, w/h = 0.6 and r = 4.0.
54
VLine:CouplingCoefficients
Mutual Inductance
Mutual Capacitance
40
350
300
35
microstrip
30
V-line
25
C (pF/m)
200
150
(nH/m)
250
V-line
microstrip
20
15
100
10
50
5
0
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
s/h
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
s/h
Plot of mutual inductance (top) and mutual capacitance (bottom) versus spacing-to-height ratio
for v-line and microstrip configurations. The parameters are w/h = 0.24, r = 4.0.
55
VLinevsMicrostrip:CouplingCoefficients
Coupling Coefficient
0.6
0.5
V-line
microstrip
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
s/h
Plot of the coupling coefficient versus spacing-to-height ratio for v-line and microstrip configurations.
The parameters are w/h = 0.24, r = 4.0.
56
AdvantagesofVLine
ground reference
signal strip
tric
lec e
die strat
sub
signal strip
dielectric
h
ground
2p
ground reference
Propagation Function
1
Advantages of V Line
microstrip
V-60
0.9
V-30
* Lower crosstalk
* Better transition
Linear Attenuation
* Higher bandwidth
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
7
9
11
Frequency (GHz)
13
15
17
57
VLinevsMicrostrip:InsertionLoss
Insertion Loss
0
-1
20*log10*|S21|
-2
-3
-4
Vline
Microstrip
-5
-6
-7
-8
0
10
15
20
25
Frequency (GHz)
58

Couple DTL

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ECE451

L: Inductance per unit length.

Crosstalk noise depends on termination

Crosstalk depends on signal rise time

Crosstalk depends on signal rise time

Crosstalk depends on signal rise time

Coupled Transmission Lines

Telegraphers Equations for Coupled Transmission Lines

Telegraphers Equations for Coupled Transmission Lines

Relations Between Physical

Vd : Odd mode voltage

PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EVEN- AND

EVEN AND ODD-MODE IMPEDANCES

ae (t ,0) ad (t ,0) ae (t ,0) ad (t ,0)

Vtdr ae (t ,0) ad (t ,0)

reference plane floating

Vtdr = a e (t,0)+a d (t,0)- a e (t,0)-a d (t,0) V f Vb

EXTRACT INDUCTANCE AND

Measured even-mode impedance

Measured odd-mode impedance

Measured even-mode velocity

Measured odd-mode velocity

Measured mutual inductance

Measured mutual capacitance

Zeven, Zodd (Ohms)

Modal Velocities in Stripline and Microstrip

Stripline : Homogeneous configuration,

Stripline (h =16 mils)

Sense line response at near end

General Solution for Voltages

General Solution for Currents

Sense Line at Near End

Subtract (1c) from (1a) and (2c) from (2a), we get

This defines the Alpha mode with:

The wave impedance of that mode is:

and the velocity is

L11 L13 C11 C13

In order to determine the next mode, assume that

By reciprocity L32 = L23, L21 = L12, L13 = L31

In order to balance the right-hand side into I, we need to have

Therefore the other two modes are defined as

The Beta mode with

The characteristic impedance of the Beta mode is:

and propagation velocity of the Beta mode is

2 L12 L13 C11 2C12 C13

The Delta mode is defined such that

The characteristic impedance of the Delta mode is

L11 2 L12 L13

The propagation velocity of the Delta mode is:

2 L12 L13 C11 2C12 C13

In summary: we have 3 modes for the 3-line system

*neglecting coupling between nonadjacent lines

0.45 0.12 0.45

0.45 0.87 0.45

0.44 0.49 0.44

0.10 0.88 0.10

K (k ) : Complete Elliptic Integral of the first kind

* Assuming r=10 and h=0.025 inch

Calculated values of the characteristic impedance for a single-line v-strip structure as a

Calculated values of the effective relative dielectric constant for a single-line

Comparison of the inductance and capacitance matrices

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