CHAPTER 13 Geometry of Transformations

Get Ready
Get Ready

Page 426

Question 1

a) These figures are not congruent.

They are not the same shape or size, and they have no
corresponding sides or angles.

b) These figures are congruent.

All corresponding sides and angles are equal.

c)

These figures are not congruent.

They have equal corresponding angles, but their
corresponding sides are not of equal length.

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Question 2

b) angles: A = W, B = X, C = Y, D = Z
sides: AB = WX, BC = XY, CD = YZ, AD = WZ
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Question 3

a) All five sides of this polygon are equal, but all of its angles are not equal.
So, it is an irregular pentagon.

b) All four sides of this polygon are equal and all of its angles are equal.
So, it is a regular polygon, a square.

c)

All four sides of this polygon are equal but all of its angles are not equal.
So, it is an irregular polygon, a rhombus.

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d) All four sides of this polygon are not equal.

So, it is an irregular polygon, a rectangle.

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Question 4

a) A translation will move the shape to the new location. The red
triangle must be translated 2 units up and 2 units right to match
the blue triangle.

b) A reflection in the black line shown will move the

red figure onto the blue figure.

c)

Add another row of dots below the rectangles. Use the 5th dot
from the left in this row as a turn centre. A rotation with a turn
angle of 90 will move the red figure onto the blue figure.

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Question 5

Since the red figure is exactly the same shape and size as the blue figure in question 4, the figures are
congruent.
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Question 6

Write down each point as an ordered pair of the form, (x, y).
A(4, 3), B(1, 4), C(0, 2), D(2, 2), E(3, 0)

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Get Ready

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Question 7

After joining these points together, the letter 'W' is formed.

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13.1 Explore Transformations

Section 13.1

Page 430

Question 1

a) The skier is translating down the slope.

b) The spokes show a rotation about a turn centre.
Section 13.1

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Question 2

Answers will vary. Some examples are:

Translation: walking, writing
Rotation: turning on the spot, movement of the hands on a clock.
Reflection: a mirror
Section 13.1

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Question 3

The translation is 4 units right and 2 units up.

Section 13.1

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Question 4

a) These two figures are related by a reflection in the line shown.

b) These two figures are related by a rotation about a

point 1 unit from each of the quadrilaterals.

c)

These two figures are related by a translation 5 units right

and 1 unit up

Section 13.1

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Question 5

Answers will vary. To make your pattern more interesting, try to use rotation, translation, and reflection in
your design.

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Section 13.1

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Question 6

a) You can see from the direction of the arrow that the translation is
in the direction up and left. To find the amount of each draw a
right triangle and use the translation arrow as the hypotenuse.
Then, you can see that the bottom of the triangle is 4 units long and
the other side is 2 units long. The triangle has been translated 4
units to the left and 2 units up.

b) The translation is in the direction right and down. To find the

amount of each, draw a right triangle, and use the translation arrow
as the hypotenuse. Notice that the bottom of the triangle is 5 units
long and the other side is 3 units long. The figure has been
translated 5 units to the right and 3 units down.

Section 13.1

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Question 7

a) The mirror line must be halfway between the two figures. Since they
are being reflected vertically, the mirror line must be horizontal.

b) The mirror line must be halfway between the two

figures. Since they are being reflected horizontally,
the mirror line must be vertical.

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Section 13.1

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Question 8

a) Pick a vertex on the blue figure, and connect this with its
corresponding vertex on the red figure. Then, repeat for another
pair of vertices. These two lines will cross at the turn centre. Now,
draw a curving arrow around this point from the red figure to the
blue figure.

b) Notice that the triangle is rotating about its bottom right corner, so
this is the turn centre. Now, draw an arrow curving about the turn
centre from the red figure to the blue.

Section 13.1

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Question 9

In translations, rotations, and reflections the size and shape of the figures being transformed is not changed.
Since the size and shape of the image is the same as the original, it must be congruent to the original. This
is why it makes sense to call these types of transformations "congruency transformations."
Section 13.1

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Question 10

Answers will vary.

Section 13.1

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Question 11

First, rotate the dial around the face of the lock to point to different numbers.
Then, translate the bars apart to open the lock.

Section 13.1

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Question 12

When riding a bicycle you and the bicycle are translating about the world. The wheels of your bicycle are
rotating about their axles, and the gears and pedals are also rotating. All of this comes from the rotation of
your feet while sitting on the pedals. If you have a mirror on your bike, you will see reflections of the world
behind you.
Section 13.1

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Question 13

a) A square frame window is opened by translations. It consists of two panes of glass, each held in a
wood frame, one covering the top half of the window, and the other covering the bottom half. To open
the window, the bottom pane is pushed up behind the other, opening by translation.
b) Consider a window that has one pane of glass. When you turn a handle, the glass rotates outwards,
opening the window.

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Section 13.1

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Question 14

Any figure that is reflected, rotated, or translated will be congruent with the original.
When you are translating, rotating, or reflecting, you are moving each point of a figure by the same
amount. The only way a figure could be distorted in any way is if one part of it was moved differently from
other parts.
See the diagrams in questions 6 to 8.
Section 13.1

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Question 15

a) A square has four lines of symmetry, across both diagonals and connecting the midpoints.
When two congruent squares are placed beside each other as in the domino, there will be
three places where these lines of symmetry meet. If you place a turn centre at any of these
points, you can rotate the square onto the other square. These points are all along the line
joining the two squares, at both ends of it and at its midpoint.
b) If you place the turn centre at either end of the line joining the two squares, a rotation of 90 in one
direction or 270 in the other would place one square on top of the other. If you place the turn centre at
the midpoint of the line, then a rotation of 180 will place one square on top of the other. These angles
come from the angles in between their lines of symmetry. At either end of the line, the diagonal lines
of symmetry of the two squares are joined together at an angle of 90, and at the midpoint the two lines
are joined by an angle of 180.
Section 13.1

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Question 16

Start with three congruent squares. They can either be joined in a line or in an L shape. From these two
possible combinations, add the fourth square to every possible different position. There are five different
shapes possible.

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Section 13.1

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Question 17

a) Design A:
In design A there are congruent squares,
triangles, and trapezoids. Notice that this
design has two lines of symmetry, horizontally
through the middle and vertically through the
middle. This means that all the parts can be
related through reflection, and since it is
symmetrical horizontally and vertically, this
reflection could also be replaced by a rotation of 180. The trapezoids in diagonal corners from each
other are related by a rotation of 180. The two congruent squares can also be related by two more
transformations, a rotation of 90 or 270 if you place the turn centre at either of the places where their
diagonal lines of symmetry meet. This is either 2 units up or 2 units down from the centre of the
design. These squares can also be related by a translation.
Design B:
In design B there are parallelograms that can be related to each other through transformations. The
opposing parallelograms can be related through a rotation of 180 or via a translation. The
parallelograms that are not opposing each other are related only through a rotation of 90.
b) Design A:
Notice that this design has two lines of symmetry, horizontally through the middle and vertically
through the middle. This means that the whole block can be related through reflection, and since it is
symmetrical horizontally and vertically, this reflection could be replaced by a rotation of 180.
Design B:
If you place a turn centre at the centre of this design, notice that any rotation of 90, 180, 270, and
360 will rotate the whole design back on top of itself. However, it has no lines of symmetry, and so it
cannot be reflected onto itself.
Section 13.1

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Question 18

Answers will vary.

Section 13.1

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Question 19

a) The resulting figure will have equal opposing sides and four
right angles, so it will be a rectangle.
b) Since the triangle was only moved and not changed in any
way, the area remains the same. The parallelogram and the
rectangle have exactly the same area.
c)

The perimeter of the rectangle will be less than that of the original parallelogram. In the parallelogram,
the hypotenuse of the right triangle is being added to calculate the perimeter, but in the rectangle its
shorter side is being added into the perimeter. Since the hypotenuse is always the longest side of a right
triangle, the perimeter of the parallelogram must be larger.

d) The entire parallelogram was not translated, just a part of it. Therefore, the resulting figure is not
congruent to the parallelogram.

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Section 13.1

Page 433

Question 20

a) The double-length side

figure is shown.
b) The triple-length side
figure is shown.
c)

An enlargement is a copy
of a figure that is similar
to the original but each
part of it is magnified by a
certain amount.

d) The half-length side figure

is shown.
e)

A reduction is a copy of a
figure that is similar to the
original but each part is
reduced by an equal
amount

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Section 13.1

Page 433

Question 21

The original figure and the final image

will be in exactly the same place. The
original figure was rotated through a total
of 180 + 180 = 360. This makes one
complete turn, and results in the original
figure being placed back on itself.

Section 13.1

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Question 22

Consider the diagram shown. After being reflected in Mirror 1, the red figure becomes the green figure.
After the green figure is reflected in Mirror 2, it becomes the blue figure.

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13.3 Translations on a Coordinate Grid

Section 13.3

Page 439

Question 1

The translation that moves the red figure onto the blue figure is
2 units down, 3 units right.

Section 13.3

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Question 2

Since the first coordinate stays the same, the x-coordinate does not change. The y-coordinate does change.
The shape will be moving vertically, but not horizontally. The translation will be straight up or down.
Section 13.3

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Question 3

The original point is (4, 1) and the translation is 2 units left and 4 units up. A translation 2 units left means
that the x-coordinate will be getting smaller by 2. The new x-coordinate will be 4 2 = 2. A translation 4
units up means that the y-coordinate will be getting bigger by 4. The new y-coordinate will 1 + 4 = 5. The
image will have coordinates (2, 5).
Section 13.3

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Question 4

Since the distance and direction of a translation is the same for all points, only one translation arrow is
needed.
Section 13.3

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Question 5

a) This is a translation 4 units right.

b) This is a translation 5 units up.

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Section 13.3

Page 440

Question 6

a) This is a translation 3 units left and 1 unit down.

b) This is a translation 4 units right and 1 unit up.

Section 13.3

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Question 7

a) The new point is (3, 6).

b) The new point is (1, 1).

Section 13.3

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Question 8

a) The translated image is (0, 0).

b) The translated image is (3, 4).

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Section 13.3

Page 440

Question 9

Under the translation 2 units left and 3 units up:

W(4, 4) W'(4 2, 4 + 3) = W'(2, 7)
X(2, 3) X'(2 2, 3 + 3) = X'(0, 6)
Y(3, 1) Y'(3 2, 1 + 3) = Y'(1, 4)
Z(5, 2) Z'(5 2, 2 + 3) = Z'(3, 5)
The new image is formed by connecting these four points.
Section 13.3

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Question 10

Under the translation 2 units left and 3 units up:

A(3, 6) A'(3 + 1, 6 2) = A'(4, 4)
B(1, 2) B'(1 + 1, 2 2) = B'(2, 0)
C(4, 3) C'(4 + 1, 3 2) = C'(5, 1)
D(6, 7) D'(6 + 1, 7 2) = D'(7, 5)
The new image is formed by connecting these four points.

Section 13.3

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Question 11

a) Michel said, "To translate the image back onto the original, you must translate the image 2 units right
and 1 unit up."
b) Michel knew because Fareeha told him the original translation. All you must do to translate back to the
original is to do the opposite translation.
Section 13.3

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Question 12

a) First, perform the first translation of 4 units right and 1 unit down.
X(1, 1) X'(1 + 4, 1 1) = X'(5, 0)
Y(3, 5) Y'(3 + 4, 5 1) = Y'(7, 4)
Z(4, 3) Z'(4 + 4, 3 1) = Z'(8, 2)
Now, perform the second translation of 5 units left and 3 units up.
X'(5, 0) X"(5 5, 0 + 3) = X"(0, 3)
Y'(7, 4) Y"(7 5, 4 + 3) = Y"(2, 7)
Z'(8, 2) Z"(8 5, 2 + 3) = Z"(3, 5)
The coordinates of the final image are (0, 3), (2, 7), (3, 5).
b) A single translation that would move from the original figure straight to the final image can be made
by adding the two translations together.
Translation #1 = (4, 1)
Translation #2 = (5, 3)
New Translation = (4, 1) + (5, 3) = (4 5, 1 + 3) = (1, 2).
The new translation is 1 unit left and 2 units up.

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Section 13.3

Page 441

Question 13

a) Triangles ABC and DEF are shown.

b) The triangles are not congruent.One cannot be a translation of
the other.

Section 13.3

Page 441

Question 14

Maya is correct. Translations do not change the sense of a

triangle because the triangle does not change its shape or rotate.
Rotations and reflections can both change the sense of a triangle,
but translations cannot.

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13.4 Identify Tiling Patterns and Tessellations

Section 13.4

Page 443

Question 1

The three types of regular figures that tile the plane are equilateral triangles, squares, and regular hexagons.

Section 13.4

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Question 2

Answers will vary. Two examples are parallelograms and trapezoids.

Section 13.4

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Question 3

Anna should not choose a regular octagon to pave her driveway. Regular octagons do not tile the plane.
The only regular shapes that tile the plane are triangle, square, and hexagon.
Section 13.4

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Question 4

Answers will vary.

Section 13.4

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Question 5

Answers will vary.

Section 13.4

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Question 6

Answers will vary.

Section 13.4

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Question 7

Answers will vary.

Section 13.4

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Question 8

Answers will vary.

Section 13.4

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Question 9

Answers will vary.

Section 13.4

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Question 10

Answers will vary.

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Section 13.4

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Question 11

Answers will vary.

Section 13.4

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Question 12

Answers will vary.

a) The dual is a tessellation of squares.
b) The dual forms a tesselation of equilateral triangles.

c)

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The dual forms a tesselation of regular hexagons.

MHR Chapter 13

Chapter 13 Review
Review

Page 456

Question 1

An image is the figure that results from a transformation.

Review

Page 456

Question 2

A translation arrow shows the distance and direction of a translation.

Review

Page 456

Question 3

The angle of rotation is the angle through which a figure turns.

Review

Page 456

Question 4

A transformation moves one geometric figure onto another.

Review

Page 456

Question 5

A tessellation is a tiling pattern that covers a plane without overlapping.

Review

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Question 6

A translation is a slide along a straight line.

Review

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Question 7

A reflection is a flip over a mirror line.

Review

Page 456

Question 8

A rotation is a turn about a fixed point called the turn centre.

Review

Page 456

Question 9

Answers will vary.

Review

Page 456

Question 10

Review

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Question 11

Johan could have placed the mirror on any of the four axes of
symmetry; this means along the diagonals of the square, or
perpendicular to and halfway along any side of the square.
Review

Page 456

Question 12

Since the figures image is horizontally beside it, the mirror line must be vertical and midway between the
figure and its image.

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Review

Page 456

Question 13

a) Rectangles: can be described as translation, reflection, or

rotation.
Trapezoids: can be described as reflection or rotation.
Triangles: can be described as reflection or rotation.
b) Method 1: A rotation of 180 or some multiple of 180 about its
centre.
Method 2: A reflection by placing a mirror vertically through the centre.
Method 3: A reflection by placing a mirror horizontally though the centre.
Review

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Question 14

Answers will vary.

Review

Page 457

Question 15

The translation that moves ABC onto A'B'C' is 1 unit left and 3 units up.

Review

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Question 16

Review

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Question 17

Since the 2nd coordinate is the same as the y-coordinate, the y-coordinate stays the same, and only the xcoordinate changes. The x-axis is the horizontal axis so the translation must be horizontal, either left or
right.
Review

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Question 18

The coordinates of A'B'C' are A'(6, 3), B'(4, 2), C'(7, 1).
Since the original translation was 3 units right and 1 unit down, do the
opposite to get back to the original image. This means that the
translation to get back to the original image will be 3 units left and 1
unit up.
Applying this translation:
A'(6, 3) A(6 3, 3 + 1) = A(3, 4)
B'(4, 2) B(4 3, 2 + 1) = B(1, 3)
C'(7, 1) C(7 3, 1 + 1) = C(4, 2)

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Review

Page 457

Question 19

Subtract 2 from the first coordinate of every point means move to the left 2 units.
Add 3 to the second coordinate of every point means move up 3 units.
This is a translation of 2 units left and 3 units up.
Review

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Question 20

Yes, a regular hexagon tiles the plane.

Review

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Question 21

Yes, a parallelogram does tile the plane.

Review

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Question 22

a) There are two different types of triominos. One is a straight line of 3

squares, the other is an L-shaped block of 3 squares.
b) Yes, each triomino does tile the plane. One easy way to visualize this is that you can form a square
using multiple triominos of the first type so it is able to tile the plane. You can also form a rectangle
using two L-shaped triominos, so these too will tile the plane.
Review
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

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Question 23

Each 12-sided brick is three hexagons. Hexagons can be used to tile the plane.
Answers will vary.
Answers will vary.
Answers will vary.
Answers will vary.

Review

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Question 24

Answers will vary.

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Chapter 13 Practice Test

Practice Test
C

Question 2

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Question 3

P(3, 4) P'(3 1, 4 2) = P'(2, 2).

Practice Test
D

Page 458

The transformation that relates these 2 figures is a

reflection.

Practice Test
A

Question 1

The transformation that relates these 2 figures is a rotation.

Practice Test
B

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Question 4

You can tile the plane using some figures, but not others.

Practice Test

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Question 5

Answers will vary.

Practice Test

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Question 6

Translation: No effect on side lengths or angle measures because shape and size do not change.
Reflection: No effect on side lengths or angle measures because shape and size do not change.
Rotation: No effect on side lengths or angle measures because shape and size do not change.
Practice Test

Page 458

Question 7

The translation that moves ABCD to A'B'C'D' is 2 units left and 3 units down.

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Practice Test

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Question 8

Practice Test

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Question 9

No, a regular pentagon does not tile the plane.

The only three regular shapes that tile the plane are triangle, square, and hexagon.
Practice Test

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Question 10

Yes, a scalene triangle does tile the plane.

Explanations will vary.
Example: Consider the diagram for question 21
from the Chapter Review. Each parallelogram can
be divided into two scalene triangles by drawing a
diagonal.

Practice Test

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Question 11

Answers will vary.

Practice Test

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Question 12

Yes, this shape will tile the plane.

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Practice Test

Page 459

Question 13

In order to be related by a translation, rotation, or reflection, pieces must be congruent.

The only congruent pieces are triangles C and E, and triangles F and G.
a) There is no translation relating the triangle pairs C and E, or F and G.
b) For the triangles F and G, the turn centre is in the middle of the tangram puzzle. Rotate F
counterclockwise 90 or rotate G clockwise 90.
For the triangles C and E, the turn centre is 1 unit right of the middle. Rotate C clockwise 90 or rotate
E counterclockwise 90.
c)

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The triangles F and G reflect along the line between them.

The triangles C and E reflect through a mirror line in the centre of the square parallel with the two
triangles.

MHR Chapter 13