INTRODUCTION

ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

1. PRODUCED BY A PROCESS THAT INVOLVES MATTER & ATOMS
a. ALL MATTER CONSISTS OF ATOMS
b. EACH ATOM HAS A NUCLEUS WITH PROTONS & NEUTRONS
i. ELECTRONS ORBIT THE NUCLEUS
ii. ELECTRONS HAVE NEGATIVE CHARGE
iii. PROTONS HAVE POSITIVE CHARGE THAT ATTRACTS ELECTRONS
c. ELECTRIC CURRENT PRODUCED WHEN ELECTRONS MOVE FROM ORBIT OF ONE ATOM
TO ORBIT OF ANOTHER ATOM
i. MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCED WHEN ELECTRIC CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH A WIRE
2. PRODUCED BY SAME PROCESS, A FLOW OF ELECTRONS
3. TWO ASPECTS OF A FORCE CALLED ELECTROMAGNETISM

ELECTROMAGNETISM

HOW ELECTROMAGNETISM WAS DISCOVERED

HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED

1.

2.

3.

MADE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

a. COMPASS AFFECTED WHEN ELECTRIC CURRENT WAS SWITCHED ON & OFF
i. ON = COMPASS NEEDLE MOVES
ii. OFF = COMPASS NEEDLE RETURNS TO ORIGINAL POSITION
ELECTRIC CURRENT PRODUCES:
a. THERMAL ENERGY
b. A MAGNETIC FORCE
COULD NOT EXPLAIN PHENOMENON

ANDR-MARIE AMPERE
1.
2.

STUDIED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

ONE OF MOST IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES - ELECTRON
a. DISCOVERED THAT COMMON PARTICLE WAS PRODUCING ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
i. AMPERE CALLED PARTICLE - ELECTRODYNAMIC MOLECULE
ii. LATER BECAME KNOWN AS ELECTRON

MICHAEL FARADAY

1.
2.

3.

EXPERIMENTED WITH ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

ONE OF MOST IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES - BY MOVING LOOP OF WIRE OVER OVER MAGNET
PRODUCED ELECTRIC CURRENT IN WIRE
a. DEMONSTRATED THAT CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD PRODUCES ELECTRIC FIELD
i. CALLED IT ELECTROMAGNETIC ROTARY DEVICE
WAS BASIS FOR FIRST ELECTRIC MOTOR / DYNAMO
a. ELECTRIC GENERATORS BASED ON THIS PRINCIPLE

USING MAGNETS TO SEPARATE MIXTURES

ELECTROMAGNET
1. A WIRE COILED / WRAPPED AROUND AN IRON ROD CONNECTED TO POWER SOURCE
a. WHEN CIRCUIT IS COMPLETE / ON:
i. ELECTRIC CURRENT FLOWS ALONG WIRE
ii. MAGNETIC FIELD IS GENERATED
b. WHEN CIRCUIT IS INCOMPLETE / OFF:
i. ELECTRIC CURRENT DOES NOT FLOW ALONG WIRE
ii. MAGNETIC FIELD DISAPPEARS
2. USED IN RECYCLING PLANTS:
a. SEPARATE IRON & STEEL FROM PLASTIC, GLASS OR OTHER METALS

WHATS A BAR MAGNET

BAR MAGNET
1.

IT IS A PERMANENT MAGNET
a. CANT BE TURNED ON OR OFF
b. ALWAYS HAVE A MAGNETIC FIELD
c. HAVE TWO POLES
i. NORTH - POSITIVELY CHARGED
ii. SOUTH - NEGATIVELY CHARGED
d. ATTRACT METALS
i. STEEL
ii. COBALT
iii. NICKEL
e. REPEL OTHER MAGNETS

WHAT A MAGNETIC FIELD LOOKS LIKE

1.

SPRINKLE IRON FILLINGS OVER AND AROUND MAGNET

a. IRON FILLINGS FORM LINES
b. LINES INDICATE LOCATION & DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD

IRON FILLINGS

LINES
INDICATING
DIRECTION OF
MAGNETIC FIELD

MAGNET

REPRESENTING MAGNETIC FIELDS

1.
2.
3.

DRAW LINES WITH ARROWS

ARROWS POINT FROM NORTH POLE OF MAGNET TO SOUTH POLE OF MAGNET
NEAR POLES (NORTH / SOUTH) MAGNETIC FIELDS ARE STRONGER, AS RESULT:
a. THERE ARE MORE LINES
b. LINES ARE CLOSER TOGETHER
ARROWS POINT
FROM NORTH
POLE TO SOUTH
POLE

MORE LINES,
CLOSER
TOGETHER AT
POLES

WHEN MAGNETS ATTRACT

LINES REPRESENT
LOCATION AND
DIRECTION OF
MAGNETIC FIELD

WHEN MAGNETS REPEL

LINES REPRESENT
LOCATION AND
DIRECTION OF
MAGNETIC FIELD

IDENTIFYING A MAGNET

A MAGNET CAN...
...ATTRACT...
1.
2.

OTHER MAGNETS
OTHER SUBSTANCES

...REPEL...
1.

OTHER MAGNETS

...NOT REPEL...
1.

OTHER SUBSTANCES

THE EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD

MAGNETOSPHERE:
1. THE EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD
a. EXTENDS FROM SOUTH POLE TO NORTH POLE
b. EXTENDS COMPLETELY
c. AROUND EARTH
d. EXTENDS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE
2. EARTHS NORTH POLE
a. ACTUALLY SOUTH POLE OF EARTH'S MAGNETOSPHERE
3. EARTHS SOUTH POLE
a. ACTUALLY NORTH POLE OF EARTHS MAGNETOSPHERE

WHAT CAUSES MAGNETOSPHERE?

EARTH: CRUST - MANTLE - CORE

CENTER OF EARTH IS LIQUID IRON (AND NICKEL):

EARTH ROTATES ON ITS AXIS.
LIQUID IRON MOVES SLOWLY.
MOVEMENT CREATES MAGNETIC FIELD
AROUND WHOLE PLANET.

THE MAGNETOSPHERE IS IMPORTANT:

1. IT IS ESSENTIAL TO LIFE ON EARTH
2. DEFLECTS SUNS SOLAR RADIATION INTO SPACE
3. PROTECTS OUTER LAYERS OF EARTHS ATMOSPHERE
4. HELPS US NAVIGATE:
a. COMPASS ALWAYS INDICATES NORTH

USING A COMPASS
MAGNETISED STEEL NEEDLE BALANCED IN A
CONTAINER

NORTH POLE OF NEEDLE PAINTED RED

HOW A COMPASS WORKS

NEEDLE MOVES HORIZONTALLY AROUND

FIXED POINT INSIDE CONTAINER

NORTH POLE OF NEEDLE

ATTRACTED TO
MAGNETIC NORTH POLE
OF EARTH (SOUTH POLE
OF MAGNETOSPHERE)

RED END OF NEEDLE

ALWAYS POINTS NORTH

THE EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY

WHEN ELECTRIC CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH WIRE, IT PRODUCES MAGNETIC FIELD.

CONCEPT / EFFECT USED TO MAKE ELECTROMAGNETS.

ELECTRICITY HAS OTHER EFFECTS ON MATTER (ATOMS = PROTONS, NEUTRONS, ELECTRONS):

1. PRODUCE THERMAL ENERGY
2. PRODUCE CHEMICAL REACTIONS

THERMAL ENERGY (HEAT)

THE AMOUNT OF THERMAL ENERGY A CURRENT PRODUCES DEPENDS ON SUBSTANCES:
ELECTRIC CURRENT PASSES THROUGH A SUBSTANCE.
A SUBSTANCE CAN PRODUCE:
A LOT OF THERMAL ENERGY
VERY LITTLE THERMAL ENERGY

MOLECULE: AN ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL GROUP OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS.

IT HAS NO ELECTRICAL CHARGE

CHEMICAL REACTION
ELECTROLYSIS: USING ELECTRICITY TO BREAK DOWN A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE
1. ELECTRIC CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH LIQUID SUBSTANCE
2. LIQUID SUBSTANCE HAS CHARGED PARTICLES
3. POSITIVELY CHARGED ATOMS ATTRACTED TO NEGATIVE ELECTRODE
4. NEGATIVELY CHARGED ATOMS ATTRACTED TO POSITIVE ELECTRODE
RESULT

PARTICLE:
EXTREMELY SMALL FRAGMENT
OR QUANTITY OF MATTER.

LIQUID SOLUTION TRANSFORMED INTO

TWO SEPARATE SUBSTANCES
ELECTRIC
CURRENT
ELECTRODE

CHARGED
PARTICLES

ELECTRODE:
AN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR

ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER

ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER -1
ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER - 2