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B. Kolias
Basic Requirements
Non-Collapse
Retain structural strength + residual resistance
for emergency traffic.
z Limit damage to areas of energy dissipation.
z
Damage Minimization
z
Analysis Methods
Analysis Methods
|
Secant stiffness
Analysis Methods
|
Ductile Behaviour:
1.50 < q 3.50
Compliance Criteria
for Elastic Analysis
|
Compliance Criteria
for Elastic Analysis
|
Ductile Behaviour:
Flexural resistance of plastic hinge regions with
design seismic effects AEd.
z All other regions and non-ductile failure modes
(shear of elements & joints and soil) with
capacity design effects AC.
z Local ductility ensured by special detailing
rules (mainly confinement).
z
Compliance Criteria
for Elastic Analysis
|
Control of Displacements:
z
Compliance Criteria
for Elastic Analysis
|
Compliance Criteria
for Non-linear Analysis
Chord rotation: = y + p
L
M
Lp
Plastic
hinge
Compliance Criteria
for Non-linear Analysis
|
Ductile Members:
| Plastic
Compliance Criteria
for Non-linear Analysis
|
Non-ductile members:
Force verification as in elastic analysis for
regions outside plastic hinges and non-ductile
failure modes, with capacity design effects
replaced by:
R,Bd1 AEd with R,Bd1 = 1.25
z Design resistances:
Rd = Rk / M
z
Seismic Action
|
5 types of soil:
z
A, B, C, D, E.
4 period ranges:
z
Type 1 and 2.
Seismic Action
Elastic Spectrum Type 1 ( = 0.05)
Se/Ag
3
2
C
B
A
1
0 TB TC 1
TD
(s)
Seismic Action:
Spatial Variability
Spatial variability model should
account for:
Propagation of seismic waves
z Loss of correlation due to
reflections/refractions
z Modification of frequency content due
to diff mechanical properties of
foundation soil
z
Seismic Action:
Spatial Variability
Rigorous model in Inf. Annex D:
| Simplified method:
|
Seismic Action:
Spatial Variability
Displacement sets defined from:
z
Ground
Type
Lg(m)
600
500
400
300
500
Seismic Action:
Spatial Variability
Displacement set A
uniform expansion/contraction
z
displacement of
support i relative
to support 0
d ri = r Li d g 2
r =
dg
Lg
Seismic Action:
Spatial Variability
Displacement set B
with opposite directions at adjacent piers
d i = d i / 2
d i = r r Lav ,i
0.5 same
r =
ground type
1.0 different
Detailing Rules
Confinement reinforcement
|
Increasing with:
Normalised axial force: k = NEd / (Acfck).
z Axial reinforcement ratio (for > 0.01).
z
Detailing Rules
Restraining of axial reinforcement
against buckling
max support spacing:
sL L
5 = 2,5 (ft / fy) + 2,25 6
| minimum amount of transverse ties:
At /sT = Asfys /1,6fyt (mm2/m)
|
Detailing Rules
Hollow piers
z
b / t or D / t 8
Pile foundations
z
Detailing Rules
Bearings and seismic links.
| Holding down devices.
| Shock transmission units (STU).
| Min. overlap lengths at movable supports.
| Abutments and retaining walls.
| Culverts with large overburden.
|
Bridges with
Seismic Isolation
|
Bridges with
Seismic Isolation
Design properties of the isolating system
| Nominal design properties (NDP) assessed by
prototype tests, confirming the range accepted
by the Designer.
| Design is required for:
Upper Bound design properties (UBDP).
z Lower Bound design properties (LBDP).
z
Bridges with
Seismic Isolation
Analysis methods
Fundamental or multi mode spectrum analysis
(subject to specific conditions).
| Non-linear time-history analysis.
|
Bridges with
Seismic Isolation
Compliance criteria
| Isolating system
z Displacements
increased by factor:
IS = 1.50
z Restoring capability is required for the
system.
z Sufficient lateral rigidity under service
conditions is required.
Bridges with
Seismic Isolation
Substructure
|
Seismic Deformation
Capacity of Piers
Ultimate Displacement
Monotonic Loading
FRd
<
-0.2FRd
5th cycle
dy
du
Deformation Capacity
of Piers
Chord rotation u = y + p
Plastic chord rotation p derived
| Directly from appropriate tests
| From the curvature, by integration
Deformation Capacity
of Piers
|
Ultimate curvature:
su cu
u =
d
1.4s f ym su
cu,c = 0.004
f cm,c
Deformation Capacity
of Piers
|
diagram of concrete
Deformation Capacity
of Piers
Confined concrete - Mander model
Confined concrete
fcm,c
Unconfined
concrete
fcm
Ecm
Esec
c1 cu1 c1,c
cu,c
Deformation Capacity
of Piers
Chord rotation: u = y + p,u
Lp
p,u = (u y )L p (1
)
2L
FRd
L
Lp
u
Lp
Plastic hinge
Deformation Capacity
of Piers
100000
First yield of confined concrete
Confined concrete reaches peak stress
Confined concrete fails
First yield of longitudinal steel
Longitudinal steel fails
90000
80000
Moment X (kNm)
70000
M
u
60000
50000
M
Rd
y = 2.1
40000
30000
20000
X
10000
0
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
Curvature (1/m)
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
sy
d
Deformation Capacity
of Piers
Calibration with test results
| Database:
z
Lp = 0.10L + 0.015fykds
12
p,exp / p,prd
No of exp. : 64
Average : 1.09
St. Dev. : 0.18
10
p,exp=1.09 p,prd
Predicted p
5% fract. (S.F.=1.25)
S.F.=1.40
0
0
Experimental p (%)
10
12
x: Longitudinal
y: Transverse
Horizontal
load
increased
until
the
displacement at the reference point reaches the
design seismic displacement of elastic
response spectrum analysis (q = 1), for
Ex + 0.3Ey and Ey + 0.3Ex
Load distribution
Load increment at point i at step j
Fi,j = jGii
distribution
distribution