Q\/\ : ‘Thermodynamics (CENG1002) 2008/2009 Model Solutions ‘Question 1: The Phase Rule a) For a more complex system, the “Phase Rule” allows the determination of the number of independent variables that must be arbitrarily fixed thus enabling us to establish the intensive state of the system. This number is “The Degree of Freedom, F". F=2-5 +N (at equilibrium) x : The Number of Phases S KS N:: The Number of Chemical Species Smear b) For liquid methanol in equilibrium with methanol vapour and oxygen, using F=2- +N From above = 2 and N=2 and F =2. So you can vary T and P and always have the above ‘two component, 2 phase setup. iS e) + Fark Law BA= AW ; Wethn Q=b »-. Bustl—rrny GQ) We UA Aen APoo , Ana Awad BRe BRA AP SV CA)y Gach) = Le SA car Law exagorn hy <5 L= Wy- iW , Kiwche (bs Equshun Wy=FOT) MMs = (Cts Avan) av Son Poe Lay ~ » Atiy = Cateye Qiu jon Sy)Qvya aoe 290% Assan du = is a ee Crave "e Ss 3 ) ak sino lial, As — Ati Clie ad :y) dad - kW — AWG AW wr de GAT sy kT CY 2 PAN 2 Cyd a SEN or A ak AV a) Ni ae ST Vv oe re ee Yay, & sy GQ = : cy mer (0G .6 Y= 2S LQ) WN if Waco ~~ N WS \AN aX) a Qs) ee =2-&) -=-@ Nay sae We RN = fe wey &)- GI — we “ ak Gay ay ~Ce ye yr whan® = cash €) Ce\ YQrv/s wb) Con / RAT OO RKARR WL _PY-BNe aN /. QA T =T2 T1-T2 re Wiost = Q =12Q a T TyT2 og W lost = T2 4S Total __ And by taking 7, as a standard temperature T°, we have 4 £ z $ a change fo for the process”For entire mass of a Closed System => @ dU =TdS - PdV or av H =U+PV = dH =TdS +VdP [F =H;T=M;S=x;N=V &y=P] w Q3/£ 7 g vk o) jv) G=H-TS “Gibbs Free Energy]” dG =VdP -SdT hence Equations (a—> d) are known as “Maxwell Equations” LiaN Pack ») Maxwell equation allow the expression of complex thermodynamic variables in terms of 3 measurable parameters such PVT data.2 Pork ©) We have co as as G ¢ 7 —| |= Hence P v (#), (3), S=f(7,P)> as=(¥) ars(S) a (1) or oP OS) (85) (8S) (OP) 0 ar), \ar), \aP),\ar)y Sub (2) into (1) => crenr(S),188), (89,89 aT )> aT)» ap ),\ar ), But Maxwell gives; ( as } ( av - or O.3/0 6\V ar / tf Pac &) of Wp he fA Superheated Steam Rankine CycleAD Qt / NA Rok C) Fee queg Woe hich 5 S25, oe = (var yrcem@rstQe Ligation qaag => Wea VORB) coasted (2ato-0) = 2.0 5/85, Wre WiaWee WS 42.0 SVAS.8 O/B ver Bar Y= Wg -he Van Meche SAAS -195.8 = 2605-4 BS/ By Rr Woh SE hy) Spe Sy SpaSg = Ge SAOV HOGF413 4 KF SOCY C4 = 0. BR Vg VAS 48.4588 (2372 <) 20095 RS/ BR) 2. Wyn TANS -WOHS = FIV. RIZRS Wer Gradina Le hy hy oy, shack, 2045 WWE AIST RI/RK hen a Wk We We a2 -2.0 “te ‘ba 16 BF~ Pork a) Second law states that: “It is impossible to construct a system which will operate in a cycle, extracts heat from a reservoir and do an equivalent amount of work on the surroundings. Some heat must be rejected.” Hot Reservoir 2, Cycle efficiency, WwW “Heat Engine” Ww 2 n=— Q Cold Reservoir Itis impossible in practice to convert all the heat supplied into work for a cyclic process. OS/3 Some heat must always be rejected at some stage during the process, hence 1 <1. cio\\+ 5, Part b): Corollaries of the 2nd Law (i) It is impossible to design an engine which operates irreversibly having the same efficiency as that for a reversible engine operating at the same conditions, ie: Trev 7 Nirrev (ii) The efficiency of a reversible engine is only a function of the 1e: n= A(T y.To) Qs/\e temperature levels, Ty (hot reservoir) and To (cold reservoir) only “sy\S Q , Part c) For | mol Ideal Gas; PV = RT dU =TdS — Pav 0U os _ = 7T| — -P (7), (or), But using Maxwell; (sr), -(ar), oU oP —| =T| —| -P (a), - 13), QS/\5\G Using — PY =RT; (+) | Re e ar), VT (24) -%-p- OV), T : 6U 7—>For ideal gas: nin S xz @l Z . au oS and since V=f(T,P)> oP =O T WY Similarly; on é H=U+PY, dH = dU + PdV + VaP “lav J, av J, T\t But PV=RT pall (80) af VW), V? _ (0H) _ RT -RT (2) =0 “ah ope Jeo kev, T BS and since V= f(, #)-o{%4) =O For Ideal Gas Only T Lied QS/It Gk c/ Corbina\e QL/NE Q6, Part a) Coefficient of Performance, ‘COP’ => CoP = Sel. ft wit 7-1 For Carnot Cycle | The above is the amount of refrigeration obtained per given amount of work Part b) — Q, =H, -Hy & Q, =H, —He 2. W =(y-H,)-H, -Hp) H,-H, cop =——_24 4p (H, -H,)-(A, Hp) rah