12 Flow Over Weirs 1 Introduction. 2. Types of Weirs: 3. Dischansewver a Rectangular Weir 4. Francis’ Formula “for Discharge over a Rectangular Weir (Effect of End Comiactions). 3. Bazin's Formula for Dischorge over ‘a Rectangular Weir. 6. Discharge over a Cippolett Wei 7 Velocity of Approach. 4. Determination of Velocity of Approach. 9. Types of Weir. 10, Discharge over a Narrow-cresied Hin. 71, Discharge over @ Broad-crested Weir 12. Discharge over @ Weir. 13. Discharge over an Ogee Weir’ 14, Discharge over a Submerged or Veruilasion of Reccangular Weirs. 16, Free Nappe. 17. Depressed Nappe. 8.Clinging Nappe. 19 PractlealApplications of Weirs, 20.Anicut (ie., Raised WeirlandBarrages. 21. Bridge Openings, 22 Syphon Spiway. 23. Advantages of Syphon Spillnay. 12-1 Introduetion ‘A structure, used to dam up a stream or river, Over which the water flows, is called a weit. conditions of flow, in the case of a weir, are practically the same as those of a rectangular ‘That is why, a notch is, sometimes, called as a weir and Wide versa. ‘The only difference between a notch and a weir is that the notch is of a small size and weir is of a bigger one. Moreover, a notch is usually made ina plate, whereas a weir is usually ‘of masonry or concrete. 12-2 Types of Weirs There are many types of weirs depending upon their shape, nature of discharge, width’ crest and nature of crest. But the following are important from the subject point of view : 1. Acconding to the shape (a) Rectangular weir, and (8) Cippoletti weir. 2. According to the nature of discharge : (a) Ordinary weir, and () Submerged or drowned weir. 3. According to the width of crest : (@) Narrow-crested weir, and (6) Broad-crested weir. 4. According to the nature of crest : (q) Sharp-crested weir, and (8) Ogee weir. All the above mentioned weirs will be discussed, in details, at the appropriate places in the: book. (210)2n Fig. 12-1. Rectangular weir. Consider a rectangular weir over which the water is flowing as shown in Fig. 12-1. Let H = Height of the water above the crest of the weir, L = Length of the weir, and C, ~ Coefficient of discharge. Letus consider a horizontal strip of water of thickness dh at a depth h from the water surface shown in Fig. 12-1. Area of strip = L.dh weal) ‘We know thatthe theoretical velocity of water through the strip = y2gh 2128) «+ Discharge through the strip, dq = C,* Arca of strip * Theoretical velocity =C,.1 dh J2gh - iti) “fhe total discharge, over the weir, may be found out by integrating the above equation within limits 0 and H. 4 Ei O= JcetanJagk © 0 4 Cab fia |? ae 2 ee = 2c, [07], ~ 5c, 1g a Note : Sometimes, hermetic aia in the above equation, are from HH, to H| | is at a height of #7, above the top of the weir and H, above the bottom of the weir) ins ee a= 2 x C,-L ie (He? Hi").2i2 Flow Over Example 12-1.4 rectangular weir of 45 metres long has a 300mm head of water. Dete the discharge over the weir, if coefficient of discharge is 0-6. Solution. Given; L = 4.5 m; H=300 mm = 03 mand C,= 06. We know that the discharge over the weir, = FxCut Ag x HP = Fx0-6x4 5 (29-81 x (0-3)? mis = 7-972 x 0-164 =1-31m%s = 1310 litres /s Ans. Example 12:2. A weir of & m long is to be built across « rectangular channel to dischan flow of 9 ms. if the maximum depth of water on the upstream side of the weir is to be 2m, should be the height of the weir ? Adopt C, = 0-62. Solution. Given : L = 8 m; Q= 9 mi/s; Depth of water =2 m and C, = 0-62 Let HT = Height of water above the sill of the weir. ‘We know that the discharge over the weir (Q), = 9-5 x Coly2e aa = 5 0:62 8 2x98 =14-65 1%? 72 = 9N14-65=0-614 or H- 072m Therefore height of weir should be 2.0—0-72= 128m Ans Example 12-2. The daily record of rainfall over @eatehment area is 0.2 miltion cubic metres It hars been found that 80% of the rain water reaches the storage reservoir and then passes over @ rectangular weir What should be the length of the weir, ifthe water is not to rise more than 400 mm above the crest ? Assume the value of coefficient of discharge jor the weir as 0.61 Solution. Given : Rainfall = 0-2 x 10°mv/day; Discharge into the reservoir = 80% of rai water H = 400 mm = 0-4 mand C,-0-61 Let L = Length of the water im metres. We know that the volume of water which reaches the reservoir from the catchment arta, 0 = 80% of rain water = 0-8 = (0-2 x 10°) mi/day 0-16 x 10° 24x 60 x 60 ‘We also know that the discharge into the reservoir over the rectangular weir (0), = 0.16 x 10' mi/day = -85 m/s 2 185 = 5x Cy LyPe mH = Zo 6lx L f2gx9-81 x (0-4)? =0- 456E E=1-85/0-456= 406m Ams.Flow Over Weirs 213 12-4 Francis's Formula for Discharge over a Rectangular Weir (Effect of End Contractions) Francis, after carrying out a seriés of experiments, Proposed an empirical formula for the discharge over a rectangular weir. He found that the length of the stream of liquid, while lowing | Over a weir, gets contracted at the ends of the sill as shown in Fig. 12-2. Fig. 12.2, Effect of end contractions. This end contraction of ‘the stream of liquid is known as lateral contraction or side contraction. is also found that the amount of the end contractions depend upon the conditions of sides of channel and top of the sill as well as velocity of liquid. But an approximate value of end ion at each end is 1/10 of the height of the liguid above the sill of the weir. Thus, if there etwo end contractions only (as in the case of simple rectangular weir) the effective length of the ir is (L— 0-2 H). Substituting this value of length im equation for discharge, o=Sxc, (L-0-288) Bg x 1? Sometimes, the total length of a weir is divided into a number of bays or spans by vertical as shown in Fig. 122, In such a case, the mumber of end contractions will be twice the of bays or spans, into which the weir is divided. Thus, in general, we may write the formula proposed by Francis as : = $C, 0 Ea Pg x 11°? where n = No. of end contractions. Now substituting C, = 0-623 and g = 9.81 misin the general equation for discharge, Q = 1.84(L- 01 np? Note : When the end contractions are suppressed, the-yalue f'n in the above equation is taken as zero, Example 12-4. 4 30 metres long weir divided into 10 equal bays by vertical posts each of ‘meire width. Using Francis' formula, calculate the: ‘over the weir under an effective ‘of | metre i Solution. Given : Total length of weir =30:m: No. of bays = 10; Width of each post = 0-6 m = 1m. ‘We know that the no. of end contractions, n= 10X2=20 the effective length of the wei L =30-(9x06)=266m 4 Discharge over the weir (by Francis' formula), Q = 184 [2-041 nat] Re = 184 [246 — (01 20% 1)) x 1)" = 41-6 m/s Ans ++ (Each bay has two end contractions)214 Flow Over Weirs Example 12:5. 4 reservoir has a catchment area of 25 square kilometres. The maximum rainfall over the area is 25 mm per hour, 40% of which flows to the reservoir over a weir. Using Francis' formula, find the length of the weir. The head of water over the weir should not exceed 08 m. ‘Solution. Given : Catchment area = 25 sq km = 25 x 10° mf ; Maximum rainfall = 25 mm 0-025 ml/h; Discharge into the reservoir = 40% of the total rainfall and H = 0-8 m. Let L = Total length of the weir. ‘We know that the no. of end contractions = n=2 (ex of simple weir) and the volume of water, which reaches the reservoir from the catchment area, Q = 40% of rainfall = 0-4 * Arca Rainfall = 0-4 x (25 % 10°) = 0025 = 0-25 x 10 m'shr _ 0-25 x 10° 60 x 60 We also know that the discharge into the teservois ever the weir (by Francis' formula), 69-4 = 1-84 [L — Ol ml] BP = 184 [L — (0-1 x 2 0-8)} x (0-8) = 132 (= 016) o (L-0-16) = 69-4/132 é or L = 52:58+016=5274m Ans. 125 Bazin’s Formula for Discharge over a Rectangular Weir Bazin, after carrying out a series of experimeniis, propesed an empirical formula for the discharge over a rectangular weir. He found that the vale of coefficient of discharge varies with the height of water over the sill of a weir. Thus, the propased an amendment for the formula for discharge over a rectangular notch as given below: ‘We have seen in Art. 12-3 that the discharge overs rectangular weir, = SxGL 2g XH = 69-4 m'/s Bazin proposed that the discharge over a weit, 2 Q = mLy2g xH™ Where m= 56, ‘He found that the value of m varies with the head @f water, whose value may be obtained from the relation : 0-003 m= 0:405+ where H = Height of water in-metes He found the above relation by experiments in which he avoided the effect of end contractions, Example 126. Find the discharge over a rectangular weir 45 metre long under a head of 600 mm by using Bazin's formula. Solution, Given : L = 4-5 m and H = 600 mm = 06m ‘We know from Bazin's relation that 0-003 _ 9.45 -+ 2-93 — 0.41 0-6 m = 0-405 +“Flow Over Weirs and discharge over the weir (by Bazin's formula), Q = mL 2g x H?? = 0-41x 4-5 J2x9-B1 x (0-6)? mis =8-172x0-465=3-8m4s Ans. Example 12-7. A rectangular weir 6 m long is discharging water under a head of 300 mm. Calculate the discharge over the weir by using (i) Francis' formula and (ti) Bazin's formula. Solution. Given : = 6 mand H = 300 mm = 03 m. (W) Discharge over the weir by using Francis’ formula We know that the no. of end contractions, 2 215 | of simple weir) discharge ove the weir, = 1-84 [L— 0-1 nH] >?" = 1-84[6-(0-1 x 2 x 0-3)] x (0-3) = 1-796 m/s Ans. fi) Discharge over the weir by using Bazin's formula ‘We know from Bazin's relation that 0-003 0-003 = 0-405 + = 0-405 + 2008 _ 9.41 m re aes 5 discharge over the weir Q = mL. 2g x H*™” =0-415x 6x 29-81 x 0-3)? mis = 11-03 0-164=1-81m7/s Ans. +6 Discharge over a Cippoletti weir (cea Fig. 12:3. Cippoletti weir. The Cippoletti’ weir is a trapezoidal weir, having | hotizontal to 4 vertical side slopes, as in Fig. 123. " The purpose of slope, on the sides, is to obtain an increased discharge through the triangular ions of the weir, which, otherwise, would have been decreased due to end contractions in the ‘of rectangular weirs. Thus the advantage of a Cippoletti weir is that the factor of end contractions required, while using the Francis' formula, Strictly speaking, a Cippoletti weir is a theoretical it, whose side slope (:e,, | horizontal to 4 vertical) has been obtained mathemetically as follows : Let us split up the trapezoidal weir into a rectangular weir and a triangular notch. We have in Art, 12-4 that the discharge over a rectangular weir, considering end contraction, a8, O, = 5x Cs Ve C-0-2H) H? an the discharge over the triangular notch (as per Art. 104) : 8 Ds = p52 Ce 88 tan Sx 00” Mi) *Cippoletti was an Italian engineer who did a lot of work on the discharge over weirs.216 Flow Over Weirs =. Total discharge, Q=9,+2 2 2 x C, {2g (L-0-24)*? += x C, fg tan SxH ip ‘Since the main idea of Cippoletti was to avoid the factor of end contractions, and as such he gave the formula for the discharge, = FxCyh og x H2? 2) Equating the equations (iif) and (iv), 2xc,L28% Hs x C,N2g (L-0-2H) +H?” hx Cy fa tan 5 xH? e 2 Dividing both sides by 2 xy 28 * we #9 = L-0-2H+>tan—x H 4 ie 4 or Sean $ x4 = 02H 8 5 6.285 tan axe = It is, thus, obvious that if a trapezoidal weir is haying 1 horizontal to 4 vertical side slopes 0 = (as is clear from the above equation ie, tan =) ‘the factor of end contraction is not required for the discharge, while using Francis’ formula. The Cippoletti weir has been designed on the above derivation as shown in Fig, 12°3. Note : The Francis’ formula for Cippoletti weir becomes: Q = 184LxH? Example 128. Water is flowing over a Cippoletti weir of 4 metres long under a head of. I metre. Compute the discharge, if the coefficient of discharge for the weir is 0-62. Solution. Given: L= 4m; H= 1 mand C,= 062. We know that the discharge over the Cippoletti weir = SxCyt Xe x He 3 $x 0-02 x 4x f2OBI x (1)? mss = 7-32x1=7-32m%s Ams. Example 12-9. Find the length of a Cippoletti weir required for a flow of 425 litres per second, if the head of water is not to exceed 1/10th of its lengt. Use Francis's formula for the weir: Solution. Given : Q = 425 litres/s = 0-425 m'/s and head of water (H) = 0-1 L (where L is the length of Cippoletti weir). Let L = Length of the cippoletti weir. ‘We know that-the discharge over the Cippoletti weir (as per Francis’ formula), 0-425 = 1-84Lx H™? = 1-84 10H x H*? x 18-44? HP? = 0-425/18-4 = 0-023 or H=0-221m L =10x0-221=2:21m Ams. andFlow Over Weirs 217 EXERCISE 12-4 1, A weir 12 m long has 0-5 m head of water. Find the discharge over the weir, if the coefficient of discharge is 0-61. [Ans. 7-64 m'/s] 2. A weir of 10 m long has a constant head of water as 300 mm. Taking coefficient of discharge as 0-62, determine the discharge over the weir in litres/s. [Ans. 3000 litres/s] 3. Ina laboratory, a weir of 1-25 m length was discharging water at the rate of 200 litres/s under a head of 250 mm, What is the value of coefficient of discharge for the weir? [Ans. 0-61] 4. The daily rainfall over a catchment area was found to be 250 million litres. It was observed that 30% of the rain water is lost and the remaining reaches the reservoir, which passes over a weir. Find the length of the weir, if water over the weir shall never rise more than 350 mm. Take C=06. [Ans. 5:53 m] 5. A 15m long weir has 6 equal bays with 500 mm wide vertical posts. With the help of Francis’ formula, find the discharge over the weir under a head of 0°8 1. [Ans. 10-1 m/s) 6. A rectangular weir 8-5 m long is discharging water under a head of 500 mm. Find the discharge ‘over the weir in m’/s with the help of Bazin’s formula. [Ans. 1-235 m/s] 7. Water is flowing over a rectangular weir 10 m long under a constant head of 200 mm. Find the discharge over the weir by using Bazin's formula and Francis’ formula. [Ans. 1-664 ms ; 1-639 m/s] 8. Find the quantity of water flowing over a Cippoletti weir of 8:5 m length under a constant head of 250 mm. Take coefficient of discharge for the weir as 06. (Ans. 1-88 m‘is] 2-7 Velocity of Approach Sometimes, a weir is provided in a stream or a river to measure the flow of water. In such a e, the water, approaching the weir, has got some velocity, known as velocity of approach. It is sumed to be uniform over the whole weit. In the previous articles, we have altogether neglected the velocity of approach, and all the mulae have been derived on the assumption that the water on the upstream side of the weir is in motion. A little consideration will show that this velocity of approach of the water is sure to ase the discharge over the weir. Let A = Cross-sectional area of the channel on the upstream side of E the weir, and Q = Discharge over the weir. ©. Velocity of approach, ve 2 @ Since the formulae for discharge, over the weir, involve the height of water above the crest of therefore this velocity of approach should also Be converted into an additional head of water \g over the whole weir. +. Additional height of water due to velocity of approach, 2 y A, a 2g Thus, if the velocity of approach is considered for the discharge over the weir, then the tional height of water should also be taken into account. Let H = Height of water, overthe crest of the weir, and H, = Height of water, due to velocity of approach. 2. Total height of water above the weir, H, =H+H tis, thus, obvious that the limits of integration for the discharge over a rectangular weir in 12:3 will be rf, and H, instead of 0 and H. awFlow Over Weirs “Discharge over the weir with the velocity of approach; Q= x Cy L 2a [Hi - He” Notes : 1, Francis’ formula for discharge with the velocity of approach, = ve4e—o1mAy [Ae? - #27] 2, Similarly, Bazin's formula for discharge with the velocity of approach, Q = mL ag x He? Example 12-10. Find the discharge in nb/min over a rectangular weir of 30 metres in length with a head of 1 metre. Take the velocity of approach as 1 metre/s and C, = 0-58. Solution. Given : L = 30 m; H= 1 m; v= 1 mls and C,= 0-58. ‘We know that the head due to velocity of approach, a 2 pe a Dg 29-81 and total head, H, =H+H,=1+005=105 m ‘=, Discharge over the rectangular weir, : 2 32 37 = $x Cat Ae [Ri -#3"| = 2 0.58% 30 y>x958I[(1-05" = 0-05)"?] mis = 51-38 x 1-065 =54-72mY/s =3283mYmin Ans. Example 12-11. A weir, 36 m long, is divided into 12 equal bays by vertical posts each of 600 mm width, Determine the discharge over the weir, ifthe ead over the crest is 1-2 m and the velocity approach is 2 m/s. Solution. Total length of the weir = 36 m; No. of bays = 12; Width of each post ~ 600 mm =0-6m; H= 12 mand v=2 m/s, ‘We know that the no. of end contractions, n=12%2=24 _. { ~ Each bay has two end contractions) and the effective length of the weir, L = 36—(11 « 0-6) = 294m We also know that the head due to velocity of approsci 2 2 qe “72g 2<9°m and the total head, H=H+H,=12+02=14m ‘», Discharge over the weir, Q=1-84(L-0-1 nly) * (He? - B.”) ean 8429 4— (0-1x24x1-4))x[(0 4y8? — (0-2)?] m'/s = 47-91%1-568= 75-1 mis Ans. 12/8 Determination of Velocity of Approach Sometimes, in a problem, the value of velocity of approach is not given. In euch a case, the discharge over the weir is found out first by ignoring the velocity of approach. Then the velocity of approach is obtained by dividing the discharge by the cross-sestional arca of the channel on the upstream side of the weir. This velocity of approach, so obtained. is then used for finding the disaharge over the weir considering the velocity of approach.Flow Over Weirs 219 If more accurate discharge is required, the above process can be repeated. But it has been, generally, seen that the discharge, obtained by substituting the first obtained value of the velocity of approach, does not differ appreciably from the further values. Thus, in actual practice, the repetition is not necessary. Example 1212. In a laboratory experiment, a Cippoletti weir having a crest length of 400 mm is used to measure the flow of water in a rectangular channel 600 mm wide and 75 mm deep. If the water level in the channel is 50 mm above the weir crest, estimate the discharge in the channel in litres/minute by considering velocity of approach. Take coefficient of discharge as 0-63. Solution. Given : Length of Cappoletti weir (L) = 400 mm = 0-4 m; Width of channel = 600 mm = 0:6 m; Depth of channel = 75 mm = 0-075 m; H = 50 mm = 0-05 mand C, = 0°63. First of all, let us find out the discharge in the rectangular channel ignoring the velocity of approach. We know that the discharge in the channel, = 2xcy.t 2g x HA? = 3x0 63x 0-4x 2x 9-81 x (0-05)*? mis = 0-744 x 0-011 = 0-0082 m/s and the cross-sectional area of the water flowing in the channel, A = 06 * 005 = 0-03 m* <. Velocity of approach, y = and head due to velocity of approach v _ O23 =~ => =0-004m 0 (29 23s . Total head, H, =H + H_=005 + 0-004 = 0-054 m We also know that the discharge in the channel by considering the velocity of approach, Q- 2x C, Lx ag (H43” - 13) = $x 0-63x0-4x 2x 9-81 [(0-054)" - (0-004)°"] mvs = 0-744x0-012 =0-009m*/s 54 m/min = $40 litres/min Ans. Example 12-13. A weir 2:0 metres long has 0-6 m head of water over its crest. Using Francis' ula, find the discharge over the weir, if the channel approaching the weir is 6 metres wide and 2 metres deep. a Also determine the new discharge, considering the velocity of approach. Solution. Given : L = 2-0 m; H= 0-6 m; Width of the channel = 6 m and depth of the channel 12m. J jischarge over the weir without considering the velocity of approach ‘We know that the discharge over the weir (by Francis’ formula), Q = 1-84 (L - 0-1 nH) HO = 1-84(2-4—-(0-1x2x0-6)]x (0-6)? mYs = 4-195 x 0-465=1:05 m¥s Ans.220 Flow Over Weirs Discharge over the weir considering the velocity of approach We know that the cross-sectional area of the water flowing in the channel, A= 6X06 =36 mi Q 195 A ‘an and head due to velocity of approach, ++ Velocity of approach, =0-54 mls = 2-52" 20-015 He 3g 2x 9-81 + Total head H, = H+H,= 06+0015=0-615 m We also know that the discharge over the weir (by Francis’ formula), Q = 1:84(L-O04 mH) x (2° =H?) = 1-84 [2:4 = @-1 x2 x 0-615)] x ((0-615)"* = (0-015)? = 4:19x0-48=2-01mYs Ans. EXERCISE 122 1. Water flowing in a channel with a velocity of 0% mis approaches a weir of 6 m long. If the head of water over the weir is 300 mm, find the discharge over the weir. Take coefficient of discharge as 06. [Ans, 1:89 ms] 2. A weir 2-3 m long is discharging water under a head of 270 mm. Using Bazin's formula, find the discharge over the weir, when the water ap} ‘weir with a velocity of 0-75 m/s, " (Ans, 0-67 m/s] 3. Ina laboratory, a Cippoletti weir with a crest width @f 400 mm is used to find the discharge under a head of 250 mm. If the channel is 600 mm wide and 450 mm deep, determine the discharge in {itres/s over the weir (i) without considering the veloetty of approach and (ii) with considering velocity of approach. Take C, = 0-62. Z [Ans. 91-5 litres/s; 94:5 litres/s] 4, A rectangular channel 3:2 m wide has at the end @ weir 25 m long with a sill 240 mm from the bottom. Find the discharge over the weir considering t= velocity of approach with the help of Francis’ formula [Ans. 0-61 m’/s] 12:9 Types of Weirs ‘Though there are numerous types of weirs, yet the following are important from the subject point of view : 1, Narrow-crested weirs, 2. Broad-crested weirs, 3. Sharp-crested weirs, 4, Ogee weirs, and 5. Submerged or drowned weirs. In the following pages, we shall discuss the discharge over all these types of weirs one-by- one, 12-10 Discharge over a Narrow-crested Weir The weirs are generally classified according to the widti Of their crests into two types. i... narrow-crested weirs and broad crested weirs. Let b = Width of the crest of the weir, and H = Height of water above the weir crest If, 2b is less than H, the weir is called a narrow-crested weir But if 2h is more than H, it is called a broad-crested weir. Unless mentioned otherwise, the given weir is taken to be a narrow- crested weir.Flow Over Weirs 221 A narrow-crested weir is hydraulically similar to an ordinary weir or to a rectangular weir. mus, the same formula for discharge over a narrow-crested weir holds good, which we derived ym an ordinary weir (as in Art. 123). ie. ee Fx Cy.b Pg x He? where © = Discharge over the weit, Coefficient of discharge, ength of the weir, and H = Height of water level above the crest of the weir. Example 1214. narrow-crested weir of 10 metres long is discharging water under a constant of 400 mm. Find discharge over the weir in litres/s. Assume coefficient of discharge as 0-623, Solution. Given : L = 10 m; H = 400 mm = 0-4 mand C,= 0-623 We know that the discharge over the weir, O=SxCu4 Dg x HA = 3% 0-623 x 10 Y2RB-BI x (0-4)? m/s = 18-4 x 2-53 = 46-55 m/s = 4655 litres/s Ans. 11 Discharge over a Broad-crested Weir Fig. 124. Bi _ Consider a broatherested weir as shown in Fig 124. Let A and 2 be the upstream and im ends of the weir. DLet H = Head of water on the upstream side of the weir (ie, at 4), ht = Head of water on am side of the weir (i.e, at B), v = Velocity of the water on the downstream side of the weir (ie, at B), : C, = Coefficient of dise and L = Length of the weir Applying Bernoulli's equation at 4 and B, in 2 0+0+H=04h+ ¥ 2g a v2g(H-h) 1222 Flow Over +t, Discharge over the weir, Q= C, x Area of flow * Velocity = C, deb ev = C,.Lh \2eH-1) = Cy.Ly2g xy He =P Al From the above equation, we see that the discharge will be maximum, when (Hi? ~ i’) maximum, Therefore differentiating the equation (Hf? — 1") and equating the same to zero, 2 (ry? =H) = moe P)=0 2Hh- 3h or 2H-3h or h Substituting this value of 4 in equation (iii), = 5 Que = Cy Ly2B*) 21) -(22) ae = 0-384 Cy . LJ2eOBE He = 171.6, 2 6ne Example 12-15. A broad-crested weir 20 m long is discharging water from a reservoir into channel. What will be the discharge over the weir, if the head of water on the upstream anc downstream sides is 1 m and 0-5 m respectively? Take eaefficient of discharge for the flow as 06, Solution. Given : L = 20m; H=1 m; h= 05 mand C= 0. ‘We know that the discharge over the weir, Q=C, .L.h2g(H= B®) = 0-6 x 20x 0-5x f2x 9-81 1-0-5) m/s = 6x3-13=18-8m7s Ans. Example 1216. A broad-crested weir 10 metres long has a maximum discharge of 10 000 litres of water per second. Determine the head of water onthe upstream side of the weir for this discharge, if coefficient of discharge is 0-62.Over Weirs 223 Solution. Given : Z = 10 m; Q.., = 10 000 litres/s = 10 m’/s and C, = 0-62, Let H = Head of water on the upstream side of the weir for maximum discharge. We know that the maximum discharge over the weir (Q...) 10 = 1-71 C,. L x HY? = 171% 062 x 10 x HP? = 10-6 2 HP? = 10/106 = 0-943 or H=092m=920mm Ans. Example 12-17. Determine the maximum discharge over a broad-crested weir 60 metres having 0°6 m height of water above its crest. Take coefficient of discharge as 0°595.Also ‘mine the new discharge over the weir, considering the velocity of approach, The channel at the sam side of the weir has a cross-sectional area of 45 sq metres. Solution. Given : L = 60 m; H'=0:6 m; C,= 0-595 and 4=45 m2. imum discharge over the weir without considering the velocity of approach We know that the maximum discharge over the weir, Qux = V1 C,, L x He = = 28-4 mis im discharge over the weir considering the velocity of approach We know that velocity of approach, “71 x 0-595 x 60 = (0-6)*? m/s =. Total head, H, = H+ H,=0:6 +002 =0-62m ‘We also know that the maximum discharge over the weir, O10 C,. LPH, = 1-71 x 0-595 x 60 (0-62) — (0-02) = 29.6 mi/s Ans. Discharge over a Sharp-crested Weir Itis a special type of weir, having a sharp-crest as shown in Fig. 12-5. The water flowing over est comes in contact with the crest line and then springs up from the crest and falls as a ry as shown in Fig. 12-5. In a sharp-crested weir, the thickness of the weir is less than half of the height of water on the weir. ie, H Bias where b = Thickness of the weir, and H = Height of water, above the crest of the weir. The discharge equation, for a sharp crested weir, the same as that of a rectangular weir. ic, Fig. 12-5, Sharp-crested weit, a= FG Rg x He? a C, = Coefficient of discharge, and ZL = Length of sharp-crested weir.224 Flow Over Example 12-18, In a laboratory experiment, water flows over a sharp-cresied weir 200 long under a constant head of 75 mm. Find the discharge over the weir in litres/s, if C, = 0°. Solution. Given : L= 200 mm = 0:2 m; H= 75 mm=0-075 m and C, = 06. We know that the discharge over the weir, = FxCu ag x He? = $x 0:6% 0-25 Y29-B1 x(0-075)"7 mis = 0-354 x 0-0205 = 0-0073 m/s =7-3 litres/s Ans. Example 12-19. 4 rectangular sharp-crested weir is to be constructed in a testing with small stream in which the discharge varies from 50 litres/s and 1250 litres/s. Find the sui Jength of the weir if the minimum head to be measured is 50 mm and the maximum head on tt not exceed one-third of its length. Solution. Q,.,, = 50 litres/s = 0-05 mvs; Q_= 1250 litres/s = 1-25 mis and H,,, = 50 = 0-05 m. Let H = Length of weir in metres. .:. Maximum head of water, H,,, = LB We know that the minimum discharge over the weir (O_.). Cybex Lf 2g x @-0557 and maximum discharge over the weir (Q,,..) ee 1:25 = 2x cu Lex(z) Dividing equation (ii) by (@, 2c, Lftex z),- = heaps = ee 05 z xC, Lg O05? (3* 0-08)" pe = 0-058 L= 128m Ans. ° or B? =25 x 0-058 = 1-45 12-13 Discharge over an Ogee Weir It is a special type of weir, generally, used as spillway of a dam as shown in Fig. 126. : ‘The crest of an ogee weir slightly rises up from the point A (i.e, orest of the sharp-crested weir) and after reaching the maximum rise of 0-115 H (where H is the height of a water above the point A) falls in a parabolic form as shown in Fig. 12-6. The discharge equation for an ogee weir remains the same as that of a rectangular weir. ie., Fig. 126. Ogee weir. a iO=5xCyL ex HA? where C,= Coefficient of discharge, and L’ = Length of an ogee weir. Example 12-20. An ogee weir 4 metres long has 500 mm head of water. Find the discharge the weir, if C, = 0-62. Solution. Given : L = 4 m; H = 500 mm = 05 m and C,= 0-62. ‘We know that the discharge over the weir, = 2xcy.1 2g x He? = 20-62% 4 2x x (0-5) ms = 7-323 x 0-354 = 2.59 m/s= 2590 litres/s Ans. Example 12-21. An ogee weir 8 metres long, with suppressed end contractions, is discharging rr under a head of 0:25 m. Using Francis’ and Bazin's formula, determine the discharge over ir in litres/s. Solution. Given : Z = 8 mand H=0-25 m. jarge over the weir by Francis' formula We know that the discharge over the weir (by Francis’ formula), Q = 1-84(L-0- Ink) H? = 1.84 [8 - (0-1x 2 0-25)] x (0-25)*? mis = 14-63 x 0-125 =1-83 mis sharge over the weir by Bazin's formula We know from Bazin's relation that m=0- «05 + 28 ne = 0-405+ 293-0. 417 discharge over the weir (by Bazin’s formula), = mb 2g x? 0-417 x 8 x J2RGBI x (0-25)°? mis = 14-78 0-125=1-85m%s Ans. 14 Discharge over a Submerged or Drowned Welr When the water level on the downstréiim side of a weir is above the top surface of weir, it is a submerged or drowned weir as shown in Fig. 127. “The total discharge, over such a weir, is found out by ing up the height of water, above the sill of the weir, into ‘portions as discussed below : Let #H, = Height of water on the upstream side of the weir, and H, = Height of water on the downstream side of the weir. Fig. 12-7, Submerged weir226 Flow Over ‘The discharge over the upper portion may be considered as a free discharge under a head water equal to (H, —H,). And the discharge over the lower portion may be considered asa sul discharge under a head of H,, ‘Thus discharge over the free portion (i.e, upper portion), 9, = $e, 1 Ye (Ht -,)" and the discharge over the submerged (i.2., lower portion), Q = Cy. LH; 2g (H; - 12) +. Total discharge, 9=2,+2 Example 12-22. A submerged sharp crested weir 0'8 metre high stands clear across a chant having vertical sides and a width of 3 metres. The depth of water in the channel of approach is 13 metre. And 10 metres downstream from the weir, the depth of water is 1 metre. Determine discharge over the weir in litres per second. Take C, as 0-6. Solution. Given : L = 3 m and C,= 06. From the geometry of the weir, we find that the depth of water on the upstream side, H, =1-25-08=045 m and depth of water on the downstream side, H, =1-08=02m “We know that the discharge over the free portion of the weir, 2 2, = 5 xc LPH)” - 2x06. 3 229-81 (0-45—0-20)”” = 5-315 x 0-125 = 0-664 m°/s = 664 litres/s and discharge over the submerged portion of the Weir, = Cyt. ts Pat) =0-6x 3x 0-2 J2x9-81 (0-45 - 0-2) m¥s = 0-36 x 2-215 = 0-797 m’/s = 797 litres/s ., Total discharge = Q=Q, +0, = 664+797=1461 litres/s Ans. 1215 Ventilation of Rectangular Weirs It has been observed that whenever water is flowing over a rectangular weir, having no contractions, the nape (i.e., the sheet of water flowing over the weir) touches the side walls of | channel. After flowing over the weir, the nappe falls away from the weir, thus creating a space beneath the water as shown in Fig. 12-9. In such a case, some air is trapped beneath the weir. This air is carried away by the flowing water, which results in ereating a negative pressure beneath the nape. This negative pressure drags the lower side of the nape towards the surface of the weir wall. This Fig. 129. Ventilation of weirs.Flow Over Weirs 227 ‘results in more arge than the normal discharge* obtained in Art. 12-3. In order to keep the jospheric pressure in the space below the nappe, holes are made through the channel walls ich are connected through the pipes to the atmosphere as shown in Fig. 12-10. Such holes are led ventilation of a weir. Though there are many types of the nappes, yet the following are ;portant from the subject point of view : 1. Free nappe, 2. Depressed nappe, and 3. Clinging nappe. Fig, 12.10. Free nappe. Fig. 12.11. Depressed mappe. Fig. 12.12. Clingingnappe. If the atmospheric pressure exists beneath the nappe, itis known as a free nappe as shown in , 12:10. The discharge of a free nappe is the same as given in Art, 12:3. A free nape is obtained ventilating a weir (i.e., by providing holes through the channel wall and connecting the same wh pipes with the atmosphere) as shown in Fig. 1210. “17 Depressed Nappe : Sometimes, a weir is not fully ventilated, but is partially ventilated as shown in Fig. 12-11. If pressure below the nappe is negative, it is called a depressed nape. The discharge of the nappe, in this case, depends upon the amount of ventilation and the ive pressure. Generally, the discharge of a depressed nappe is 6% to 7% more than that of a nappe. '8 Clinging Nappe ‘Sometimes, no air is left below the water, and the nappe adheres or clings to the downstream ‘of the weir as shown in Fig. 12:12. Such a nappe is called clinging nape or an adhering The discharge of a clinging nappe is 25% to 30% more than that of a free nappe. Practical Applications of Weirs Though there are numerous practical applications of weirs in different forms, yet the following jportant from the subject point of view : 1. Anicut, raised weir or barrage, 2, Bridge openings, and 3. Siphon spillway. Anicut (i.e., Raised Weir) and Barrage ‘An anicut is a small masonry dam type structure, built across a river for raising the water ‘on the upstream side. It is, generally, constructed to regulate the supply of water to the canals.228 Flow Over ‘As a matter of fact, anicut is nothing but a weir over which the water flows. During floods, 4 anicut behaves like a drowned weir (as the downstream water level is higher than the crest I A barrage is an improved form of weir in which gates are provided on the top of the crest, In a barrage, the weir crest is kept at a low level and ponding up of the river water | accomplished primarily by means of gates. These gates can be raised or lowered to clear off high flood level. A barrage provides a perfect control of the river water on the upstream. The difference between a barrage and a weir is only qualitative. In the former, the gates shutters provide larger part of the ponding, while in the latter, the solid erest carties out most of ponding, Example 12-23. 4 river 30 m wide and 3 m deep has a mean velocity of water as 1-2 Find the necessary height of the anicut to raise the water level on the upstream side by 1 m. Solution. Given : Width of the river = 30m; Depth of the river =3 m; Mean velocity of = 1-2 m/s and rise of water level on the upstream side = 1 m. Let H = Height of water above the anicut. ‘We know that the discharge in the river, Q = Width ofriver * Depth of river » Mean velocity of water = 30x 3x 12= 108 ms and the depth of water after the construction of aniewt =3+1=4m :. Area af flow, 4=30%4=120m Now velocity of approach after the construction of amcut, 108 —-=0-9m/ oe -omis and head due to velocity of approach, 2 ~ H, = = @3pon 2g 2x9:B1 , Total head, H,- H+H, -H>0@im We also know that the discharge in the river (@), 108 = ix C, Lote He? 3x0-6x 30x 2x SBT (H +0:041)°* — (0:081)"* = 53:1 [(H + 0-041)" = 0-008] or 108 é ~ 0008 = = 2-03 (H+ 0-041)" ~ 0-008 = By trial and error, == H = 1565 m .. Height of anicut = 4-1-565 =2-435 m Ams 12-21 Bridge Openings § A bridge consists of piers and abutments, which offer obstruction to the flow of river water, Ata bridge site, the river water flows through the piers. As aesult of this, the depth of water on the upstream side rises. Such a rise of water is known as afflux. This phenomenon will be discussed in detail in chapter non-uniform flow through open channels.‘Over Weirs 229 A syphon spillway is a part of a dam through which the water flows. It consists of one or conduits, usually, of rectangular section. These conduits communicate at the upper end with upstream water level of the dam_and at the lower end with the downstream as shown in Fig. 13. As soon as the upstream water level rises above the inner of the spillway, the water begins to flow through the siphon. the water flows down, it sucks the air from the crown of the which causes partial vacuum and increases the rate of *. The increased rate of flow, over the crest, sweeps the air a greater speed. As’a result of this, the siphon runs full, ie discharging water. The head of water, under which the ‘takes place will be increased from / to HA. As the head of H is more than A, therefore the discharge ean be asiderably increased with the help of a syphon spillway. Fig: 12:13: Syphon spillway. 23 Advantages of Syphon Spillway A syphon spillway has the following two advantages, which are important from the subject of view : 1. The head of water, under which the flow takes place, can be increased as a result of which the discharge through the siphon can be inereased. 2, The crest of a siphon spillway can be raised as the head of water above the crest (h), required for the commencement of flow, is only a few em. As a result of raising the crest of siphon, a greater amount of water can be stored in the reservoir. EXERCISE 123 1. A narrow crested weir of 6-5 m long is discharging water under a head of 300 mm. If the coefficient ‘of discharge for the weir is 0.6, find the discharge im litres/s. {Ans. 1892 litres/s] 2, Abroad crested weir 15 m long is discharging water with 500 mm and 300 mm heads of water on the upstream and downstream sides respectively, Determine the discharge over the weir, if the ‘coefficient of discharge is 0-6. What will be the maximum discharge over the weir? [Ans. 5-35 m/s; 5-44 m/s] 3. Find the discharge over a sharp-crested weir of Sm long under a head of 150 mm, Take C, for the weir as 0-625, [Ans. 0-536 m’/s} 4. Anogce weir of 5-5 m long is discharging water under a constant head of 350 mm. Ifthe coefficient of discharge is 0-6, calculate the discharge over the weir. Ans. 2-02 m'/s] 5. A submerged weir 3-5 m long has upstream and downstream water levels of 800mm and $00 mm respectively above its crest, Find the discharge over the weir, if the coefficients of discharge for the free portion is 0-61 and that for the drowned portion as 0-6. [Ans. 4-84 mss} QUESTIONS ‘What is a weir? Explain the difference between a weir and a notch. ‘Obtain an expression for the discharge over a rectangular weir. ‘What is Francis’ formula for discharge over rectangular weirs? ‘What is a Cippoletti weir ? How does it differ from a rectangular weir ? Define velocity of approach. How does it affect the discharge over a weir ? Derive an expression for the theoretical discharge of a rectangular weir with velocity of approach. SAS eh230 7 we Flow Over We What is nappe ofa weir? Describe the free, depressed and clinging nappes with the help of sketches. State how do they effect the discharge measurement in case of weit. Explain clearly the difference between a narrow and a broad-crested weir, What is a drowned weir? Derive an equation for discharge over such a weir. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS The discharge over a rectangular weir is (a) directly proportional to (®) indirectly proportional to 1 (0) directly proportional to L (@) both ‘a? and ‘c’ ‘The effect of end contractions Over a rectangular weir is to (a) increase the discharge (®) decrease the discharge (c) keep the discharge constant (@) keep the head constant ‘According to Francis’ formula, the discharge over & rectangular weir is (@) 1-84 (L-0-1H) 2px? (BILAL 01 WY (o) 184(L-02 H) 2g #7 Aap 84 (L028)? where H = Height of water above the crest of the weir, A weir is said to be narrow-crested, if its exest width is less than (@) height of water (6) half the height of water (© length of the weir ‘half the length of weir ‘The maximum discharge over a broad | weir is @1NG, L.2gH APUMNC,.L.V2g*H @ tric, .t. fig xa? Maric, 1 He ANSE 1@ 2) 3@ 40 5@ ai sah