Mineral Resource of Orissa PDF

ISSN 0579-4706
PGSI. 337
700-2011 (DSK-II)
Govt. of India
Controller of Publication
GEOLOGY
AND
MINERAL RESOURCES
OF
THE STATES OF INDIA
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Miscellaneous Publication
No. 30, Part III ODISHA
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Published by order of the Government of India

2011
INDIA, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (2011)

1st Published 1974
2nd edition 2012
Compiled by
the officers of Operation: Odisha
Manuscript processed for printing by

Ibha Chowdhury, Basudev Ray and Amjad Ali
Senior Geologists
under the supervision of

S Ramamurthy, D. K.Choudhury, K. Sanyal, B.C. Roy and Pradip De
Directors
Publication Division,
Price:
Rs. 463.00 9 $
Published by the Director General, GSI, 27 J. L. Nehru Rd. Kolkata 700016 and printed at
M/s Arunima Printing Works, 81 Simla Street, Kolkata 700006, Phone: 91-33-22411006, E-mail: apw@vsnl.net
Foreword
countrys economy depends on its natural resources, like the minerals and fuels for industry, soil for
agriculture and water for irrigation and power. The Geological Survey of India, the national agency, has
been carrying out Systematic Geological Mapping since 1851, to assess the potentiality of minerals
and fuels. It brings out the Geological Maps and Publications as the outcome of the geological work done. The
first edition of the, Geology and Mineral Resources of the states of India, part-III, Orissa was printed in 1974.
This series of publication gives an up to date account of the geology and mineral resources of the state.
A lot of data has been accrued to the Specialized Thematic Mapping, Quaternary / Geological Mapping,
Exploration of the minerals and research oriented projects. This immense data is synthesized in the present
volume. Odisha is bestowed with rich resources of Iron, Bauxite and Chromite. The minerals of the state, viz.,
nickel, manganese, cassiterite and vanadiferous magnetite are promising. Most of the mineral deposits of the
state are of the proven category. Owing to the discovery of Late Quaternary Volcanic Ash in river basins, the
Quaternary Geology of Odisha is defined for the first time, as will be seen in this volume.
The state of Odisha is swayed by the Precambrian rocks, over an area of 89,000 sq. km. The Dimension
Stones, having a wide variety, about twenty in number, and lineated all over the compass of the state, owe their
origin to the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt, Singhbhum-Bastar Cratonic intrusives like anorthosite, granophyre,
alkali syenites and gabbro-dolerite dykes, etc. The chapter on Dimension Stone is included in this volume to
provide information on its occurrence, mining feasibility and district wise locations.
The information furnished in this publication will be of immense help to district level administrators dealing
with the planning; geoscientists, academicians, entrepreneurs, students, and to them aspiring for the welfare
and development of the state which, in turn, will step up the commitments of Geological Survey of India to
contribute/ disseminate geoscientific information.
Kolkata
Dated
(A. Sundaramoorthy)
Director General
Geological Survey of India
Rocks are records of events that took place at the time they formed.
They are books. They have a different vocabulary,
a different alphabet, but you learn how to read them.
JOHN MCPHEE
iv
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GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF ODISHA
Contents
Page
FORWORD
iii
INTRODUCTION
PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE
GENERAL GEOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY
GEOLOGY OF THE PRECAMBRIAN TECTONIC DOMAINS

Eastern Indian Craton (ELC) and Singbhum-Gangpur Mobile Belt
Archaean
Archaean-Proterozoic
Proterozoic (Undifferentiated)
Palaeo Proterozoic
Bastar Craton
Archaean
Archaean- Proterozoic
Proterozoic
Meso-Neoproterozoic
Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt
Archaean-proterozoic
Gondwana Supergroup
Palaeozoic-Mesozoic
Late Cretaceous Volcanics and Sediments
Cainozoic Formations
Tertiary Formations
Quaternary Formations
MINERAL RESOURCES
Asbestos
Kalahandi District:
Sundargarh District
Mayurbhanj District
Basemetals
Lead & Zinc
Sundargarh district
Mayurbhanj District
Bolangir District
Kalahandi District
Deogarh District
Copper
Mayurbhanj District
Sambalpur district
3
3
5
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10
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Bauxite
Kendujhar District
Phulbani District
Sundargarh District
Mayurbhanj District
Nuapada District
Rayagada District
Beach Sand Minerals
Cassiterite (TIN ORE)
Malkangiri District
Sonepur District
Boudh district
Malkangiri District
CLAY
China Clay
Koraput District
Cuttack District
Dhenkanal District
Sundergarh District
Ganjam District
Phulbani District
Kendujhar District
Balasore District
Mayurbhanj District
Bolangir District:
Fire Clay
Sundergarh district
Cuttack District
Puri District
Dhenkanal District
Sambalpur District
COAL
Talchir Coal Field
Ib River Coal field
Chromite
Jajpur District
Dhenkanal District
Kendujhar District
Balasore District
Koraput District
Sundargarh District
Gemstones
Kalahandi District
Bolangir District
Sonepur District
Sambalpur District
Nuapada District
Rayagada District
Boudh District
Angul District
Deogarh District
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viii
Page
Jharsuguda District
Phulbani District
Glass Sand
Cuttack District
Dhenkanal District
Kendujhar District
Koraput district
Mayurbhanj district
Gold
Angul District
Kendujhar District
Koraput district
Mayurbhanj District
Sundargarh district
Sambalpur district
Graphite
1. Sargipalli Belt
2. Titlagarh Belt
3. Tumudibandh belt
4. Nishikal Kinchikhal Belt
5. Muniguda belt
6. Dhandatapa Belt
Iron Ore
Sundargarh district
Kendujhar district
Kyanite
Angul district
Sundergarh district
Mayurbhanj district
Limestone and Dolomite
Sundergarhgarh district
Biramitrapur
Lanjiberna
Purnapani
Hatibari
Pahartoli
Dublabera
Gotitanger
Khatukurbahal
Purkapali
Koraput district
Malkangiri district
Nawarangpur district
Baragarh district
Kedunjhar district
Nuapada district
Manganese
Bolangir district:
Sundergarh district
Sambalpur district
Mica
Kalahandi district
44
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Page
Koraput district
Phulbani district
Bolangir district
Sundergarh distric
Nickel
Jajpur district
Kendujhar distric
Mayurbhanj district
Platinum
Jajpur district
Kendujhar district
Mayurbhanj district
Pyrophyllite
Quartz / Quartzite
Sundergarh district
Bolangir district
Sillimanite
Sundergarh district:
Sambalpur district
Soapstone
Cuttack district
Kendujhar district
Koraput district
Mayurbhanj district
Sundergarh district
Vanadiferous Magnetite
Mayurbhanj District
Kendujhar and Balasore Districts
Dimension Stone-Granite
Ganjam-Nayagarh-Khurda-Cuttack-Phulbani-Baudh Segment
Koraput-Rayagada Segment
Kalahandi-Bolangir-Nuapada Segment
Sambalpur-Deogarh-Sundergarh segment
Sambalpur-Angul-Dhenkanal Segment:
Kendujhar-Mayurbhanja-Balasore Segment
Resources
Districtwise Occurrence of different Commercial varieties of Dimension Stone-Granite
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REFERENCES
62
LOCALITY INDEX
70
APPENDIX
74
PLATE : Geological and Mineral map of Odisha (1:2,000,000 scale)
MISC. PUB. NO. 30(III)
Introduction
The State of Odisha lying along the east coast of India
within latitudes 17o48 22o34 North and longitude
81o24 87o29 East, has an area of about 1,55,842 Sq.km
and a sprawling 480 km of coastline against Bay of Bengal
to the east. It is bounded by the states of Jharkhand, Andhra
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal to the north,
south, west, and northeast respectively. The state
comprises dominantly of Pre-cambrian rocks (73%)
ranging in age from Mesoarchaean to Neoproterozoic.
Phanerozoic rocks, represented by the Gondwana
Supergroup (Late Palaeozoic Middle/Late Mesozoic)
and minor Tertiary patches, constituting about 8% of the
state. The remaining 19% of the state is covered by
Quaternary formations.
discovery of major iron ore deposits at Gorumahisani

Badampahar area of Mayurbhanj (Bose, 1907) (v)
discovery of Tertiary beds near Baripada (Bose, 1904)
(v) classification of manganese ores (Fermor, 1909), (vii)
studies on charnockite rocks (Fermor, 1911; Crookshank,
1938; Ghosh, 1941), (viii) delineation of major iron-ore
deposits of Bonai-Keonjhar region (Jones, 1934), (ix)
studies on Gangpur Group of Metasediments
(Krishnan,1937) and(x) identification of Late
Quaternary volcanic ash in major river basins of Odisha
(Devdas & Meshram, 1991)
Geological mapping and mineral exploration
programmes in the state gathered appreciable momentum
in post-independent India. Presently, the entire state has
been geologically mapped on 1:50,000/1:63,360 scale
by GSI. In addition, several crucial segments have also
been mapped on 1:25,000 scale. Besides GSI, other
Government agencies (State Directorate of Mines and
Geology, Atomic Minerals Division, NGRI, Odisha
Mining Corporation and CMPDI etc.), many universities
and research institutions have also contributed
significantly to enrich our knowledge on the geology
and mineral resources of the state. An up-to-date synopsis
of available information on the geological framework
and mineral resources of Odisha is presented in this
compilation. The text is accompanied by a 1:2,000,000
compiled Geological and Mineral map of the state.
During compilation, unpublished/ published information
of the department and published literature have been
consulted.
In view of its vast mineral resources and excellently

preserved rock record ranging in age from Early
Precambrian to Recent, the state represents a veritable
paradise for earth scientists and justifiably remained the
hunting ground for geologists ever since the beginning
of geological studies in India in 1850s. Since then for
over a century, several scientific studies were made.
These include : (i) recognition of the Talchir boulder
bed, postulation of early Gondwana glaciation
hypothesis and discovery of the coal measures of Talchir
and Ib river basins (Oldham, 1856; Blanford, 1872 and
Ball, 1877) (ii) studies on aluminous laterites and
bauxites (Ball, 1877; Fox, 1934, 1942 and Krishnan,
1935) (iii) coining of the term khondalite for the high
grade metasupracrustals of the Eastern Ghats belt after
the Khond inhabitants of Kalahandi (Walker, 1902), (iv)
Physiography and Drainage
Odisha is divisible into four major physiographic

regions: the Northern Plateau, the Central River Basin,
the Eastern Ghats hill ranges and the Coastal Plains.
and Bolangir districts. Most of this segment has a general

elevation of ~ 900 m above M.S.L. and form the
watershed of some rivers. Major hill ranges in the Eastern
Ghats rise above 1500 m; the notable peaks being
Deomali (1673 m) and Turiakonda (1599 m) in Koraput
district and Mahendragiri (1531 m) in Ganjam district.
The Northern plateau, covering the districts of

Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Deogarh, Sundargarh and parts
of Dhenkanal, Balasore and Sambalpur, is an undulating
country having a general slope from north to south. The
average elevation of the plateau in the central area,
forming the watershed of the Brahmani and Baitarani
rivers, is about 1000 m above M.S.L. Hill ranges mark
the northeastern part of the plateau with elevations above
1000 m. Notable peaks are represented by Malaygiri
(1188 m) in Dhenkanal district, Mankadanacha (1117
m) in Kendujhar district and Meghasani (1166 m) in
Mayurbhanj district.
The Coastal Plains form an extensive alluvial tract

lying between the Eastern Ghat hill ranges and the coast.
It stretches for about 480 km and include parts of
Balasore, Cuttack, Puri and Ganjam districts. The Chilka
Lake, the widest lagoon in India, is a prominent coastal
feature of Odisha.
The major rivers in Odisha are represented by
Mahanadi, Brahmani and Baitarani, others are
Subarnarekha, Burhabalang, Indravati, Vansadhara,
Nagavalli, Kolab, Rushikulya and Machkund. The
Northern Plateau is drained by the Baitarani,
Subarnarekha and Burhabalang river systems, all flowing
eastward through the coastal plains to the Bay of Bengal.
The Central River Basin, consisting of the Gondwana
graben, is drained by the Ib-Mahanadi and Brahmani river
systems. These rivers also flow eastward into the Bay of
Bengal. The Eastern Ghats hill ranges are drained by
north and north-easterly flowing Tel River, southerly
flowing Vanshadhara and Nagavalli rivers and westerly
and south-westerly flowing Machhkund, Indravati and
Kolab rivers. The tributaries of the Rushikulya River in
the Eastern Ghats hill ranges flow in the N-S direction
and the Rushikulya River flows eastwards in the coastal
plains into the Bay of Bengal.
The Central River Basin occurs between the

Northern Plateau and the Eastern Ghat hill ranges and
covers parts of Bolangir, Sambalpur, Dhenkanal and
Cuttack districts. It comprises the catchment areas of
the major rivers of the state, viz., Mahanadi, Brahmani,
Tel and Baitarani rivers and their tributaries. Though
largely a peneplain, the Central River Basin is
occasionally marked by isolated hills, which rise abruptly
from the plains.
In the south and southwestern parts of the state, the
Eastern Ghats hill ranges stretch for about 400 km in a
NNE-SSW direction covering the districts of Koraput,
Navrangpur, Malkanagiri, Ganjam, Kalahandi, Boudh,
Phulbani and parts of Puri, Khurda, Cuttack, Dhenkanal
General Geology and Stratigraphy
The State of Odisha exposes rocks ranging in age

from Meso archaean to Recent. The generalized
geological succession of rocks, is given in Table-I.
The Phanerozoic rocks in the state are represented

by the non-marine continental facies rocks of Gondwana
Supergroup (Upper PalaeozoicUpper Mesozoic) and
the marine Baripada Beds (Lower Tertiary). The
Quaternary formations are represented by laterite,
bauxite, sandstone and Quaternary sediments (including
volcanic ash beds).
The Precambrian terrain in the state represents the

northeastern extension of the Indian Precambrian Shield
and exposes parts of two major cratonic domains (the
Eastern Indian Craton and Bastar Craton) as well as
bordering mobile belts (parts of the Eastern Ghat Mobile
Belt and the Singhbhum - Gangpur segment of the
Satpura Mobile Belt). The cratonic domains preserve
appreciable volumes of medium to low-grade
supracrustal rocks as disconnected belts within
granitoids. The mosaic of granitoids and supracrustal
rocks is overlain, at places, by platformal sedimentary/
volcano sedimentary successions and intruded by several
generations of mafic/ultramafic rocks, dyke swarms,
younger granitoids and acid volcanics. The Eastern Ghat
Mobile Belt (EGMB) borders the Eastern Indian Craton
(EIC) to the south and part of the Bastar Craton (BC) to
the east. EGMB exposes mainly high-grade granulites
derived from both sedimentary and igneous protoliths,
granitoids and a varied assemblage of intrusive plutonic
rocks. The Singhbhum Gangpur segment of the Satpura
Mobile Belt borders the EIC to the north and exposes
medium-grade supracrustal assemblages, maficultramafic rocks and granite intrusives. The geographic
distributions of the major Precambrian lithotectonic
domains are :
Eastern Indian Craton

(North Odisha Craton)
and Singhbhum-Gangpur
Mobile Belt
Part of Bastar Craton
Part of Eastern Ghats
Mobile Belt(EGMB)
GEOLOGY OF THE PRECAMBRIAN

TECTONIC DOMAINS
Eastern Indian Craton (EIC) and SingbhumGangpur Mobile Belt
EIC represents an Archaean Palaeoproterozoic
granite-greenstone terrain. It is bounded by two crustalscale shear/thrust zones, viz., the Singhbhum (copper
belt) shear zone in the north (exposed in the state of
Jharkhand) and the Gohira Sukinda shear/thrust zone
in the south. These two shear/thrust zones isolate the
EIC from the Singhbhum Gangpur segment of the
Satpura Mobile Belt occurring in the north & northeast
and the EGMB occurring in the south respectively.
Despite several years of studies by a large number
of workers, the lithostratigraphic classification and
correlation of the low-grade supracrustal rocks of the
EIC and their time relation with the spatially associated
granitoid components continue to remain debated. Major
lithostratigraphic components of the EIC, as envisaged
and designated by a large number of workers through
several years of work are enlisted below:
: Northern and
Northwestern
Odisha
Supracrustal sequences : Older Metamorphic

Group (OMG), Iron Ore Supergroup, Garumahisani
Badampahar Group, Bonai Group (Lower and Upper),
Dhanjori Group, Simlipal Group, Kolhan Group etc.
: Western Odisha
: Central and
southern
Odisha
3
AGE
Gondwana Supergroup
Granophyre (Mayurbhanj Granite(Ptg)

Newer Dolerite (Ptn)
Gabbro, norite, anorthosite (Pt)
Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex (A?Ptc)

Ultramafics of Sukinda-Nuasahi (Apt) Granitic
A/Pt
Complex of NW Odisha (Apt1p)
Bonai Granitic Complex (Granitoids of
Pallahara, Deogarh, Bhuban) (Apt1b)
Lower Bonai Group (Apt1b)
IRON ORE
SUPER
Gorumahisani-Badampahar Gr.
GROUP
Proterozoic
Undifferentiated
ARCHAEAN/
PROTEROZOIC
(Apt 1b)
ARCHAEAN
(Ag)
(As) SB Granite/Nilgiri Granite

(Aot) OMTG
(Ao) OMG
Upper Bonai Group (pt1b)/

Simlipal Group (Pt1si)/
Singhbhum Group (Pt1s) /
Gangpur Group (Pt1g)/
Group
Dhanjori Group (Pt1dh)/
Bonailava (Pt1b)/
Dangoaposi Lava (Pt1dp)/
Dhanjori Lava (Pt1dh)
Palaeo
Proterozoic
Pt 1
(Palaeo)
(Meso)
Pt 3
(Neo)
Lr. Carb. To Permain

BASTAR CRATON
Atgarh Formation
Kamthi Formation
Raniganj Formation
Barren Measure
Barakar Formation
Karharbari Formation
Talchir Formation
EGMB
Mahadeva Formation
Bengpal Group (Ab)
Granite gneisses and Granites

(Pt1/A?Pt1)
Alkaline & Ultramafic rocks (Pts)
Khondalite
Group (Ak)
Eastern
Charnockite Ghats
Group
Super
Group
Migmatite
(Proterozoic
Indravati(Pt 23ij)
Granitoids,
Meso Neo Chhattisgarh Chandarpur(Pt 23cc)
anorthosites
Proterozoic Supergroup Sabari Group(Pt23sb) Alkaline Complexes
Pt 2
Pairi Group(Pt2Pr)
Up. Permian to Lr. Triassic

Early Permian
Jurassic Cretaceous
Up. Permian to Triassic
Bhuasani (Pt1b)/ Tamparkola (Pt1t)/

Romapahari (Pt1r)
Kolhan Group (Pt12Kh)
Palaeo Neo
Proterozoic
Granitoid
Gangpur Granitic
(Pt3g)
Neo Proterozoic
A
undifferentiated)
SUPER GROUP/GROUP/FORMATION
Present day formation; Bankigarh Formation; Kaimundi Formation; Bolgarh/Naira Formation
Baripada Formation
Minor Inter Trappeans
EAST INDIA CRATON & SINGHBHUM-GANGPUR MOBILE BELT
Permo-carboniferous to lower
Cretaceous
Lt. Pleistocene to Early Holocene

Miocene
Lower Cretaceous to Palaeocene
Table -I
Generalised stratigraphic succession of the rocks of different domains in Odisha
4
GEOL. SURV. IND
Granitoids : Older Metamorphic Tonalitic Gneiss

(OMTG), Singhbhum granitic complex, Bonai granitic
complex, Nilgiri granitic complex, Mayurbhanj granite,
Gneisses and granitoids of the Deogarh Pallahara
Bhuban belt, Tamparkola granite acid volcanics etc.
Mafic ultramafic complexes : Baula Nuasahi
and Sukinda ultramafic complex.
Gabbroanorthosite complexes : Mayurbhanj
Gabbro- Anorthosite complex.
Mafic Dyke swarms: Newer Dolerite suite.
Singbhum-Gangpur Mobile Belt is represented by
an arcuate segment stretching from north of Mayurbhanj
district in Odisha through Singhbhum district in
Jharkhand and further west to the Gangpur region of
Odisha.It comprises an agglomeration of metasediments
of multiple depositional troughs with volcanics and
various types of granitoids and igneous intrusives. The
metasediments and metavolcano sedimentaries along this
medium-grade (amphibolite-facies) mobile zone belong
to two groups, viz. the Gangpur Group and the
Singhbhum Group. Structural and geochronological
studies over the last three decades established that the
Gangpur-Singhbhum Groups of rocks form a curvilinear
medium-grade Proterozoic mobile zone skirting the
Archean Eastern Indian Craton (EIC). The generalized
stratigraphic succession of EIC and SingbhumGangpur Mobile Belt is as follows:
Age wise (starting from Archaean) synoptic
geological accounts of the major litho-stratigraphic
components of the EIC and Singbhum-Gangpur
Mobile Belt are presented below.
Archaean
Older Metamorphic Group (OMG) : OMG,
comprising a suite of amphibolite facies
metasupracrustal rocks is considered to be the oldest
recognisable lithologic component of the EIC. Originally
named as Older Metamorphics by Jones, (1934) and
designated as Older Metamorphic Series by Dunn,
(1940), the suite was subsequently renamed as Older
Metamorphic Group (Sarkar and Saha, 1977). These
typically occur as enclaves ranging in size from a few
square meters to about 200 sq.km within younger
granitoids and gneisses. In terms of lithology, the OMG
comprises pelitic schists with several thick bands of para
amphibolite, relatively thin bands of quartzite, quartz-
sericite schist, local bands of quartz-magnetite

cummingtonite schists and talc-tremolite schists. The
type area of the OMG is located west of Champua
(22 o 04E: 85 o 40N) (Saha et al., 1988). The
metasediments of the OMG are intruded by sill-like
masses of ortho amphibolite and biotite -hornblende
bearing tonalitic granodioritic rocks, the latter
belonging to the OMTG suite. The mineral assemblage
in the OMG supracrustals indicates metamorphism in
the temperature range 620 C 650C at pressures
ranging from 5-5.5 kb (Saha et al., 1984).
The OMG metasediments gave Ar-Ar (hornblende)
ages of ca. 3.3 Ga and K-Ar (hornblende and biotite)
ages of ca. 3.2 Ga (Sarkar et al., 1969; Baksi et al., 1987).
On the basis of the above data, it is concluded that the
closing stage of metamorphism of the OMG
supracrustals as well as the associated OMTG suite of
granitoids occurred at ca. 3.2 Ga (Saha et al., 1988).
207
Pb/ 206Pb dating of detrital zircons from OMG
supracrustals gave ages in the range 3.5 3.6 Ga and
implied an older limit of ca. 3.5 Ga for OMG
sedimentation (Goswami et al., 1995; Mishra et al.,
1999). U-Pb (zircon) dating studies by Basu et al., (1996)
indicated a Pb-loss event at ca. 3.35 Ga.
Older Metamorphic Tonalitic Gneisses (OMTG) :
OMTG comprises a suite of biotite hornblende
bearing tonalitic granodioritic gneisses. Believed by
most workers to be the oldest granitoid component in
EIC, these intrude and partially granitise the OMG
supracrustals. These also occur as numerous rafts and
enclaves of varying sizes in the younger granitoids. The
largest patch of the OMTG rocks covers about 900 sq.km
extending from Champua in the west to Khiching in the
east and from Juldiha in the north to Palasponga in the
south. Relatively smaller mappable enclaves of the
OMTG rocks are also recorded near Rairangpur,
Onlajhari and Asana Manda areas (Saha et al., 1984).
The OMTG suite is considered to have been
generated by moderate degrees of partial melting of
OMG ortho-amphibolitic rocks (Saha, 1994; Sharma et
al., 1994). Moorbath et al., (1986) reported a wholerock Pb-Pb isochron age of 3.38 Ga for the OMTG suite.
The suite yielded Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron, K-Ar and
Ar-Ar ages in the range 3.0 3.2 Ga (Saha, 1994).
Dey (1991) reported dark-coloured tonalitic rafts as
enclaves within Singhbhum Granite around Rairangpur.
GEOL. SURV. IND
Designated as Older Raft Tonalite or ORT, these rocks

are considered by Dey (op. cit) to be the oldest granitoid
component in the EIC on which the supracrustals of
Gorumahisani Badampahar Group were deposited. He
considered the OMTG to be an earlier phase of
Singhbhum Granite and not related to ORT.
According to Saha et al., (1984), the granite batholith is

composite in nature and comprises four units. The
Kaptipada tonalite granodiorite and a granite suite
from this complex have been dated at ca. 3.27 Ga and
ca. 2.37 Ga respectively by Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron
method (Vohra et al., 1991).
Singhbhum Granitic Complex: A major part of the

granite batholith, commonly referred to as the
Singhbhum Granitic Complex, occupies large tracts in
Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj and Dhenkanal districts of
Odisha. The granitic complex, with numerous enclaves
of granitised metasupracrustal rocks, cover an area of
approximately 8,000 km2 of the EIC. This composite
batholithic complex comprises at least 12 magmatic
bodies of biotite-granodiorite-adamellite-granite
emplaced in three distinct phases (Phase I - III) (Saha,
1972). Of the 12 magmatic bodies, 7 occur in the State
of Odisha. Sarkar and Saha (1983), distinguished three
phases of granitic activity in the batholith on the basis
of increasing K 2O/Na 2O ratios. Phase-I rocks are
relatively K-poor granodiorite trondhjemite whereas
Phases II & III comprise gradational suites of
granodiorite adamellite granite. Subsequently, based
on REE patterns and Eu anomaly, Saha et al., (1988)
grouped Phases I & II into type-A (Singhbhum Granite/
SBG-A) and Phase III into type-B (Singhbhum Granite/
SBG-B). From geochemical and geochronological
studies (Moorbath and Taylor, 1988; Ghosh et al., 1996;
Saha, 1994; Mishra et al., 1999), it was inferred that the
SBG-A (Phases I & II) was emplaced ca. 3.3 Ga go by
partial melting of freshly accreted amphibolite at the
base of the crust and SBG-B (Phase III) was generated
at ca. 3.1 Ga ago by partial melting of a crustal protolith,
probably a siliceous garnet-granulite (Saha et al., 1988;
Saha, 1994). Saha et al. (1988) observed that only SBGB (Phase-III) rocks show abundant enclaves of OMG
supracrustals, OMTG granitoids and Iron Ore
Supergroup supracrustals, whereas SBG-A (Phases I
& II) do not show such enclaves. The bulk chemical
composition of the composite batholith is estimated to
be granodioritic (Saha et al., 1984).
Iron Ore Supergroup (IOG): The BIF-bearing lowgrade supracrustal sequences of IOG of the EIC are :
Gorumahisani Badampahar, Bonai Kendujhar (also
known as Noamundi Koira), Tomka Daitari
(Mahagiri), Malayagiri and Deogarh. The mutual
correlation of the above BIF-bearing sequences and their
stratigraphic relation with the granitoids are
controversial. Three contrasting views exist in this
regard.
The Nilgiri Granite batholithic Complex covering

an area of approximately 1200 sq km occurs as an arm
of the eastern part of the Singhbhum Granitic Complex
south of Simlipal and is separated from the main
Singhbhum granitic complex by a 5-8 km wide screen
of metasupracrustal rocks. The massif is composed of
tonalite granodiorite granite and migmatitic rocks.
(i) All the isolated BIF-bearing supracrustal

sequences of the EIC belong to a single
stratigraphic unit (Jones, 1934; Dunn, 1940; Dunn
and Dey, 1942; Sarkar and Saha, 1962, 1977;
Acharya, 1993; Sengupta et al., 1997. Sarkar and
Saha (1962) redesignated all the BIF-bearing
supracrustals of the EIC as belonging to the Iron
Ore Group which were described earlier as Iron
Ore Stage by previous workers. Dunn and Dey
(1942) and Sarkar and Saha (1962) opined that
the Singhbhum Granite is intrusive into the IOG.
However, subsequently Saha et al., (1988)
considered that only part of the Singhbhum
Granite (SBG-B) is intrusive into the IOG and the
older component (SBG-A) along with the OMG
and OMTG suites formed the basement. However,
several authors considered the Singhbhum
Granitic complex as the basement for the IOG
supracrustals (Iyengar and Anand Alwar, 1965;
Banerji, 1974; Mukhopadhyay, 1976; Banerjee,
1982b).
(ii) According to Iyengar and Anand Alwar (1965),
Iyengar and Banerjee (1964), Banerjee (1974),
Iyengar and Murthy (1982) and Chakraborty and
Majumdar (1986), the BIF-bearing supracrustal
sequences belong to two stratigraphic units, the
older one typified by the GorumahisaniBadampahar Group and the younger one typified
by the Bonai Kendujhar sequence (Noamundi
Group of Banerji, 1974). Iyengar and Banerjee
(1964) correlated the Gorumahisani Badampahar
sequence with the Tomka Daitari sequence.
(iii) According to Prasad Rao et al., (1964) and Acharya,

(1976, 1984), the BIF-bearing supracrustal
sequences belong to at least three stratigraphic
units. In order of younging, these are:
Gorumahisani, Tomka - Daitari and Bonai
Kendujhar sequences. It may be noted that Prasad
Rao et al., (1964) envisaged at least six discrete
sequences of supracrustal rocks in parts of EIC in
Odisha [including equivalents of Dhanjori and
Kolhan sequences for the fifth and sixth sequences
of Prasad Rao et al., (op.cit), Mazumder, 1978].
In general, rock types recorded in the various BIFbearing metasupracrustal sequences are siliciclastic
sediment, conglomerate, quartzite, quartz-schist, metaargillite, ferruginous mica-schist, talc-tremolite,
actinolite-chlorite and hornblende schist, amphibolite,
ferruginous shale and phyllites, banded haematite/
magnetite quartzite (BHQ/BMQ), banded haematite
jasper (BHJ), banded chert, mafic/ultramafic rocks and
volcanics (both mafic and felsic) etc. Mineable iron and/
or manganese ore deposits characterize many of the
sequences, viz., Gorumahisani Badampahar, Bonai
Kendujhar, Gandhamardan, Tomka Daitari (iron ore)
and Bonai Kendujhar (manganese ore). In detail, there
exists a subtle difference in the order, nature and package
of supracrustal assemblages in the various isolated
basins.
The possibility of the existence of more than one
generation of BIF-bearing sequences gained ground in
GSI with the extension of mapping in different parts of
the EIC. Iyengar and Murthy (1982) proposed the name
Iron Ore Supergroup to include two sequences of BIFbearing horizons, viz. older Badampahar Group
(Gorumahisani Group of Banerji, 1974) and younger
Koira Group (includes BIF-bearing supracrustals of
Bonai Kendujhar area which is correlatable with the
Noamundi Group of Banerji, 1974). The classification
and nomenclature of BIF-bearing formations, as
presently adopted in GSI are :
Iron Ore Supergroup
Lower Bonai Group (Archaean-Proterozoic)
GorumahisaniBadampahar Group (Archaean)
Archaean
Gorumahisani Badampahar Group : In the typearea, Gorumahisani Badampahar Group of rocks form
an approx. 100 km long N-S trending easterly convex
arcuate belt extending from Rajnagar in Singhbhum

District to Jashipur in Mayurbhanj District. The
metasupracrustals in this belt comprises pillowed
metabasalts with interbedded chert, quartzite, BIF (BMQ
dominant), hornblende schists, epidiorite, and phyllite
with interlayers of acid volcanics and tuff. The mafic
volcanics in the sequence are represented by frequently
pillowed and spinifex-textured peridotitic to basaltic
komatiites, Sukinda high magnesia basalt (SHMB) and
high-Mg tholeiites (Acharya, 1993). OMTG is reported
to intrude the Gorumahisani Badampahar Group of
rocks (Behera et al.1994; Jena and Behera, 1998).
The Tomka Daitari, Malaygiri and Deogarh BIFbearing sequences are considered to be equivalents of
Gorumahisani Badampahar Group (Prasad Rao et al.,
1964; Iyengar and Murty, 1982; Banerjee et al., 1987).
The Tomka Daitari sequence comprises metavolcanics,
banded black chert, banded cherty quartzite and
arenaceous to argillaceous phyllites in the basal part and
BIF and quartzite in the upper part. The metalavas are
represented by Sukinda high Mg-basalts (SHMB) and
acid volcanics (Saha, 1994). The Malayagiri sequence,
as depicted by Ray and Acharyya, 1997, comprises
schistose to pebbly quartzite/conglomerate and quartzschists with interlayers of meta ultramafites in the basal
part followed successively by BIF, metapelites and metaultramafites.
The BIF-bearing supracrustal sequence of Deogarh
area is exposed in the southwestern part of the EIC and
has been studied by GSI extensively for several years
(Mazumder, 1996). The sequence overlies a migmatitic
granite-gneiss basement (with enclaves of tonalitic
gneisses) with a basal polymictic conglomerate and
comprises quartzite, cherty quartzite with mica schist,
phyllite, metapelite, psammopelite, metavolcanics and
BIF. The supracrustal sequence is traversed by linear
masses of metapyroxenite and metagabbro. Microgranitic
rocks, showing frequent gradations to sub-volcanic
variants intrude the sequence. The volcanic package in
the sequence is represented by high magnesia basalt
(HMB), tholeiite, andesite, rhyodacite and rhyolite.
Stratigraphic relation between OMG and
Gorumahisani Badampahar Group: OMG rocks,
considered to be the oldest supracrustals in the EIC, are
exposed mainly in the Champua Onlajhari areas of
Kendujhar and Mayurbhanj districts. The continuous
exposures of the Gorumahisani Badampahar Group
starts to appear near Jashipur and Raipada. The

Singhbhum Granitic Complex occupies the intervening
zone between these two supracrustal belts, Recent
detailed mapping studies by GSI established the
continuation of OMG-rocks across Singhbhum Granite
to Gorumahisani Badampahar area through a chain of
mappable xenoliths (Behera et al., 1994; Jena and
Behera, 1998). Based on the above finding, Jena and
Behera (op.cit) concluded that the supracrustal rocks of
Champua (OMG) and Badampahar area (Gorumahisani
Badampahar Group) are temporally correlatable, thus
reiterating the earlier opinion of Iyengar and Murty
(1982). The OMTG suite shows distinct intrusive
relation with OMG supracrustals in the Champua
Onlajhari area.
Archaean-Proterozoic
Lower Bonai Group: The Lower Bonai Group, in
its type area in the Bonai Kendujhar region, exposes
BIF-bearing horizons underlain by shale and volcanics
(dominantly mafic with relatively minor acid and
intermediate types), local dolomitic limestone,
siliciclastic sediments and conglomerate. Shale and
volcanics overlie the BIF-bearing horizons in this
sequence. Recent studies revealed that the BIF-bearing
supracrustals of the Bonai Kendujhar area overlie both
Singhbhum and Bonai Granitic Complex with a basal
quartz pebble conglomerate (QPC) horizon (Sinha et.al.,
1997) disposed in an asymmetric synclinal structure,
described as Horse Shoe Syncline. A thick and
extensive mafic volcanic quartzite sequence flanks the
BIF horizon of IOG rocks of Kendujhar Bonai area
(Lower Bonai Group) along its western, southern and
eastern parts, is variously designated as Danguaposi Lava
(Dunn, 1940; Banerjee, 1982b), Nuakot Volcanics
(Iyengar and Murthy, 1982), Malangtoli Lava (Saha,
1994), Nuakot Volcanic Province (Sahu et al., 1998).
The basaltic flows of this sequence are in general quartznormative and encompass the compositional range of
tholeiitic basalt basaltic andesite andesite (Sahu et
al.,op. cit.). The stratigraphic relation of this
volcanosedimentary sequence with the IOG sediments
of Bonai Kendujhar area is highly debatable.
Bonai Granitic Complex : The Bonai Granitic
Complex occurs to the west of the Singhbhum Granite
Complex. These two batholithic complexes are separated
by a wide belt (50-70 km) of supracrustal and volcanic
rocks of the Iron Ore Supergroup. In areal extent, the
GEOL. SURV. IND
Bonai Granitic Complex is approximately one fifth of

the size of the Singhbhum Granitic Complex (Sen, 2001).
Essentially a composite granite batholith like the
Singhbhum Granitic Complex, the Bonai Granitic
Complex comprises mainly trondhjemite granodiorite
granite with zenolithic enclaves of older trondhjemitic
rocks, banded gneisses, metasupracrustals, mafic/
ultramafic rocks, amphibolites and metalavas (Sengupta
et al., 1991; Saha, 1994). The Pb-Pb and U-Pb (zircon)
age of the xenolithic enclaves of older high Al2O3
trondhjemitic rocks range between 3.38 3.34 Ga
whereas the younger host trondhjemites gave Pb-Pb age
of ca. 3.16 Ga (Sengupta et al., 1991, 1996).
The Granitoids of Deogarh Pallahara Bhuban
Belt occurring in the south-central and south-western
parts of EIC, are variously designated as Pallahara
gneisses (Sarkar et al., 1990), Palkam Gneisses
(Mahalik, 1994) etc. The granitic gneisses and granitoids
of this belt have several features, which distinguish them
from the Singhbhum Granitic Complex and its temporal
equivalents (Bonai, Nilgiri etc.). These include (i)
syenomonzonitic affinity, (ii) presence of amphibole
(hornblende, riebeckite) as mafic mineral with/without
biotite, (ii) presence of magnetite, allanite, zircon and
primary sphene as important accessories (Saha, 1994).
The granitoids are often granophyric to microgranitic.
Recent mapping by GSI has revealed the presence
of mappable enclaves of biotite-tonalitic gneisses within
younger granitoids in the Asanali area of the Deogarh
supracrustal belt. The younger granitoids (often
microgranitic) in the Deogarh belt are emplaced along
major fractures/ductile shear zones and migmatise earlier
tonalitic granodioritic gneisses. Several suites of these
younger granitoids, showing distinct intrusive relation
to the supracrustal sequences as well as older granitic
gneisses, have yielded Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron ages
in the range 2.32.4 Ga (GSI, unpublished data).?
From a 207Pb/206Pb (zircon) Ion Microprobe study,
Mishra et al., (2000) infer a minimum age of 2.8 Ga for
some of the granitic gneisses of Bhuban area. The dated
granitic gneisses are reported to contain xenocrystal
zircons of ca. 3.5 Ga age and show evidence of zircon
overgrowth at ca. 2.48 Ga due to later metasomatic/
metamorphic effects (Mishra et al., op. cit).
Granitic Complex of Northwestern Odisha: In the
Keshaibahal Kuchinda belt of northwestern Odisha,
Panda and Dash (1997) reported the presence of four

generations of granitoids. The oldest among these are
compositionally tonalitic to granodioritic. The
Sambalpur Granite in this belt has been dated by Rb-Sr
wholerock isochron method at ca. 2.4 Ga (Choudhury
et al., 1996).
MaficUltramafic Complex of Sukinda, Nuasahi:
Major mafic-ultramafic complexes of the EIC are located
in the Baula Nuasahi and Sukinda areas. In addition,
several small masses of mafic-ultramafic rocks are
intermittently exposed along an arcuate belt in the
southeastern marginal zones of the craton. In Baula
Nuasahi area of Kendujhar District, an ultramafic
mafic suite, comprising dunite peridotite pyroxenite
and gabbro/anorthosite, intrude meta-supracrustals
(quartzite quartz schist) equivalent to the Gorumahisani
Badampahar Group. Granite and dolerite dyke swarm,
in turn, intrude the ultramafic mafic suite. The linear
steeply dipping intrusive mass extends for about 3 km
in N-S direction with a maximum width of 1 km. The
complex comprises an early suite represented by
enstatitite/bronzitite, serpentinised dunite, hurzburgite
and chromitite and a younger suite of pyroxenite,
metagabbro leucogabbro (with Ti-V magnetite) (Nanda
and Patra, 1994). The eastern marginal zones of the
complex are brecciated. The complex hosts chromite,
vanadium-bearing titaniferous magnetite and noble metal
mineralization (Mukherjee, 1958, 1969; Auge et al.,
1999). The noble metal (PGE) mineralization in the
complex is confined to the brecciated zones; the
brecciation of the ultramafic rocks has been induced by
gabbro intrusion (Auge et al., op. cit). The gabbroic rocks
of the complex (Bangur Gabbro) have yielded zircon
(SHRIMP) age of 3122 5 Ma making the Baula PGE
mineralization as one of the oldest in the world (Auge
et al., 2003). Auge et al., (op.cit) correlated the gabbroanorthosites of this area with the Mayurbhanj GabbroAnorthosites.
Located in the Jajpur Dhenkanal districts, the
Sukinda Complex occurs as a ~ 20 km long and 2-5 km
wide body trending ENE-WSW from Kansa to Maruabil.
The complex is emplaced as a concordant mass within
metasupracrustals of Tomka Daitari Mahagiri belt
and is stated to form synformal structure in the host rocks
(Banerjee, 1972; Chakrabarti et al., 1980). Basu et al.,
(1997) considered the complex to be an integral part of
the metasupracrustal, volcano-sedimentary sequence of
Iron Ore Group. The intrusion comprises magnesite-
bearing serpentinised ultramafics (dunite-peridotite)

with chromitite and pyroxenite and a major source of
chromitite ore and the complex hosts six fairly thick
(10-40m) chromite seams. High degree of lateritisation
of the ultramafic rocks of the complex has given rise to
a nickeliferous laterite cover. The complex is intruded
by granitoids of ca. 2.3 Ga age (GSI, unpub. data) and
dolerite dykes.
Page et al., (1985) opined that the Baula Nuasahi
and Sukinda complexes have ophiolitic affinity. Bose
(2002) envisaged arc-type magmatism to explain the
lithotectonic milieu of the mafic-ultramafic complexes.
Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex : Chhotanagpur
Gneissic Complex is a composite mass of Archaean (?)
to undifferentiated Proterozoic age and comprises mainly
granite gneiss, migmatites and composite gneiss with
enclaves of para and ortho metamorphites, dolerite dykes
and veins of pegmatite, aplite and quartz. A vast stretch
of adjacent Jharkhand state is occupied by this gneissic
complex and a small part of it extends southward and
occupies the northwestern part of Odisha in contact with
Gangpur Group of rocks.The para metamorphites
include crystalline limestone, calc-granulite,calc-silicate
rocks and mica schist whereas the orthometamorphites
are represented by hornblende schist, metagabbro,
anorthosite, metapyroxenite, metanorite, pyroxene
granulite, etc. The rocks of this complex generally trend
in NE-SW to ENE-WSW with moderate (40 -50) dips
towards north.
Proterozoic (Undifferentiated)
Gabbro - anorthosite Complex : In Gorumahisani
area of Mayurbhanj district, flanking the Simlipal
Complex, gabbro-anorthositic rocks are reported. These
are reported to intrude the meta supracrustal rocks of
the Gorumahisani Badampahar Group as well as the
Singhbhum Granitic Complex (Saha et al., 1977;
Chakrabarty et al., 1981). Auge et al., (2003) correlated
the gabbro-anorthosites of this belt to the 3.122 Ma old
Bangur Gabbro of Baula area.
Newer Dolerite Suite of Dyke Swarms: Mafic dyke
swarms constitute an important lithologic component
in the EIC and occur extensively in Singhbhum,
Kendujhar and Mayurbhanj districts of Jharkhand and
Odisha. Dunn and Dey (1942) coined the term Newer
Dolerite to collectively denote these dyke swarms,
10
GEOL. SURV. IND
which according to them represented the youngest

stratigraphic unit in the terrain. The dykes are represented
mainly by dolerites and gabbros, though minor
ultramafic, noritic and granophyric dykes are also
reported. The dykes show broadly four orientations, viz.,
NE-SW, NW-SE, N-S and E-W of which the first two
are more common (Guha, 1963). Saha et al., (1973)
distinguished three petrogenetic types in the Newer
Dolerite suite viz., (i) accumulates (ultramafic and
noritic dykes), (ii) products of direct crystallization
(dolerite gabbro) and (iii) products of partial melting
(leucogranophyric dykes). Reported K-Ar ages of the
dykes range from 923-2144 Ma (Sarkar et al., 1969;
Sarkar and Saha, 1977; Mallick and Sarkar, 1994).
Mallick and Sarkar (1994) inferred three periods of mafic
dyke activity at 2100 100 Ma, 1500 10 Ma and 1100
200 Ma. Verma and Prasad (1974) inferred the presence
of at least three generations of mafic dykes from
palaeomagnetic studies. Available data thus suggest
multiple generations of mafic dyke activity in the EIC.
It may be noted that different generations of dykes have
distinct geochemical signatures (Mallick and Sarkar,
1994).
Palaeo Proterozoic
Upper Bonai Group : The supracrustal sequences,
lying west of the Bonai Granitic Complex, was mapped
and described by Prasad Rao et al., (1964) and
Ramachandran and Raju (1982). Though subsequently
studied by many workers, the basic stratigraphic

framework provided by the earlier workers has remained
unchanged. The lithostratigraphy of the various units in
this belt is given in Table 2.
Three groups of supracrustals occur in the area
intervened by unconformities and intrusive and/or
extrusive granitic activity. The rocks belonging to the
oldest sequence (Group I) are intruded by components
of Bonai Granitic Complex and are correlated with the
Gorumahisani Badampahar Group. Enclaves of these
rocks abound in the Bonai Granitic Complex. The
Group-II supracrustals rest over the Bonai granitoids as
well as the Gorumahisani Badampahar Group with a
pronounced polymictic basal conglomerate with pebbles
of fuchsite quartzite, banded chert, heamatite jasper and
basic rocks (Ramachandran and Raju, 1982). This
sequence lacks BIF and is designated as the Upper Bonai
Group. The Group II or the Upper Bonai Group
defines a northerly plunging synformal structure
(Ramachandran and Raju, op. cit). They observed that
the synformal fold is a syncline as it contains youngest
bed at the core. The Upper Bonai Group of supracrustals
are intruded by granite (Tamparkola) acid volcanic
association (ca.2.8 Ga old).
The Group III sequence overlies the Group II rocks
with a faulted contact for the most part and is reported to
show progressive Barrovian metamorphic zones from
south to north and finally merges with the Gangpur Group
Table 2: Lithostratigraphy of rocks occurring west of Bonai Granitic Complex

(Modified after Ramachandran and Raju, 1982)
Group III
Garnet staurolite bearing argillaceous schists with calc-silicate/calc-gneiss rocks; carbon

phyllites quartzites
Unconformity
Granite acid volcanics (Tamparkola)
Group II
Ultrabasic/basic sills and dykes

Lava flows and tuffs
Ferruginous shale
Intraformational conglomerate
Meta lavaIntercalated argillaceous and arenaceous
sedimentsBasal conglomerate
Unconformity
Granitoids of the Bonai Complex
Group I
Sheared quartz reefs

Metabasic/ultrabasic intrusives
Metavolcanics (metalava, chlorite-schist, amphibolite etc.)
Fuchsite quartzite, quartz-schist, mica-schists
Base not seen
of rocks and post-dates intrusion of Tamparkola granitoids

(Ramachandran and Raju, op.cit). The Group III rocks,
representing transition between the cratonic Upper Bonai
Group (correlated with Dhanjori sequence) and the
Gangpur Group of mobile zone are correlated with the
lower horizons (Chaibasa Formation) of the Singhbhum
Group. Mahalik (1987) combined all the lithologies lying
above Bonai Granite (including Group III supracrustals)
under Darjing Group.
Dhanjori Group : The Dhanjori volcanosedimentary
sequence (Dunn and Dey, 1942) is located in the NNE
edge of the EIC. The sequence comprises a lower
formation (Lower Dhanjori Formation) dominated by
metapelites with volcanogenic components followed
upwards by quartzite and conglomerate. The Lower
Dhanjori Formation is intruded by mafic-ultramafic
intrusives and interlayered with acid volcanics and
intermittent Au-W-U bearing quartz pebble
conglomerate (QPC) bands (Gupta et al., 1985). The
predominantly volcanic Upper Dhanjori formation
comprises high-Mg volcaniclastic, basaltic komatiite,
alkali olivine basalt overlain by low-K tholeiitic
metabasalt (Gupta et al., op.cit). The type sequence of
Dhanjori Group is confined within the geographical
limits of the State of Jharkhand. Iyengar and Anand
Alwar, (1965) opined that the Dhanjori Group of rocks
overlie the Iron Ore Supergroup of rocks and are
correlatable with the Simlipal Group.
Simlipal Group: Volcano-sedimentary rocks of the
Simlipal basin has spectacular circular map pattern. This
large basin overlies the Gorumahisani Badampahar
Group in its type area and is isolated from the Dhanjori
basin by the Mayurbhanj Granite batholith. The sequence
starts with a basal conglomerate and a dark phyllite
succeeded by a zone of volcanic breccia, spilitic lava
and tuff intercalated with quartzite. In this basin,
volcanism was interspersed with sedimentation. The
volcanic rocks in the basin are represented mainly by
spilitic lava of ocean-floor affinity and extensive acid
volcanics. The volcanics alternating with siliciclastic
sediments are intruded by mafic-ultramafic intrusives.
A highly differentiated ~ 800 m thick sill (Amjhori Sill)
(dunite peridotite picrite gabbro quartz diorite)
occurs at the centre of the basin (Iyengar and Banerjee,
1964; Iyengar et al., 1964; Iyengar and Anand Alwar,
1965; Iyengar et al., 1981a).
Singhbhum Group : The Singhbhum Group,
11
represented by a lower arenaceous and an upper

arenaceous to argillaceous and carbonaceous
metasedimentary sequence unconformably overlying the
Dhanjori and Gorumahisani Groups, occupy a very small
portion at the northeastern border of Odisha. This group
of metasediments of Singhbhum Mobile Belt is actually
best developed in the north, covering a large area of
adjoining Singhbhum district of Jharkhand State. The
basal conglomerate contains pebbles of fuchsite
quartzite, banded grey white chert, haematite-jasper and
basic rocks. In addition, there are four intraformational
conglomerate beds at different stratigraphic levels of this
sequence. A crustal-scale ductile shear zone(Singhbhum
shear zone) with polymetallic mineralization (specially
copper) has affected the Singhbhum, Dhanjori and
Gorumahisani Group of rocks and running in an arcuate
E-W to NW-SE direction entered into the Mayurbhanj
district of Odisha with a southeasterly swing and died
down into the alluvium to the south of Kesharpur(2207:
8541) . In Odisha, this group of rocks is represented by
conglomerate, quartzite, mica schist, phyllite,
garnetiferous phyllite, hornblende schist and epidiorite
with repeated cycle of sedimentation forming several
bands of same rock formation in different stratigraphic
horizons. These rocks are disposed in a NNW - SSE to
N-S trends with moderate to high angle (45 - 65) dip
towards east and form a major northerly plunging
synform around the syntectonic Romapahari Granite as
its core at Kesharpur- Dudhiasol Madansahi copper
prospect. Both the rocks of core and limbs bear the
imprints of shearing and faulting. Intrusive and extrusive
igneous activities, represented by meta ultramafic and
mafic sills and dykes (now amphibolite) are also
recorded in this sequence. Proterozoic Singhbhum Group
stratigraphically correlatable with the Gangpur Group,
have signatures of polyphase deformation,
metamorphism and crustal reworking.
Gangpur Group : In the northwestern part of Odisha,
a Group of psammopelite and calcareous metasediments
with a basal sheared conglomerate is found to
unconformably overlie the Lower Bonai Group forming
a conspicuous hill range all along its southern boundery
and was described as Gangpur Series by
Krishnan(1937). This group of metaspracrustals
belonging to Singhbhum-Gangpur Mobile Belt of
Lower Proterozoic age include a sequence of arenaceous,
carbonaceous, calcareous,and argillaceous rocks. The
basal conglomerate which marks an erosional
unconformity is designated as Raghunathpally
12
GEOL. SURV. IND
conglomerate and contains pebbles of vein quartz,grey

quartzite, and carbonaceous quartzite. Earlier, the
Gangpur Group of rocks were believed to be folded into
a sigmoidal anticlinorium plunging eastward (Krishnan,
1937) and were overlain by the Iron Ore Series of rocks
of Jones(1934). Subsequent studies (Banerjee, 1968;
Kanungo and Mahalik, 1967, 1975) revealed that the
Gangpur Group of rocks are disposed in a synclinorium
and is younger than the Iron Ore Group.However recently
published geological quadrangle map (GQM) of 73 B
confirms the fold to be synclinal synclinorium. The basal
conglomerate band is succeeded upward by mica schists
and phyllites containing thin bands and lenses of Gondite.
The carbonaceous and calcareous beds occurring more
or less continuously in definite horizon form the
lithostratigraphic marker horizons. The carbonaceous
rocks with small lenses of banded magnetite quartzite
are invaded by basic sills at several places, represented
by epidiorite, amphibolite, and talc chlorite schist. The
revised lithostratigraphic succession of the Gangpur
Group as established by GSI in the Sundargarh District
of Odisha (Banerjee, 1968) is given below:
Dublabera Dolomite
Jharbera carbonaceous phyllite and quartzite
Mica schist and Gondites
Kumarmunda banded carbonaceous quartzite
Grey and purple phyllite and quartzite
Birmitrapur Lanjiberna Limestone and dolomite
Laingar carbon-quartz phyllite
Katang Limestone and dolomite
Mica-schist and quartzite
Raghunathpalli Conglomerate
Based on the palaeocurrent data of the Gangpur

rocks,Kanungo and Mahalik (1975) suggested that the
sediments are transported from the southern cratonic
domain. The palaeoslope directions reported for both
the Gangpur and Singhbhum Groups indicate northerly
sediment transport from south (see Mazumder, 1978 and
the references therein). The Gangpur Group is correlated
with the Singhbhum Group (Annon, 1974). Structural
studies by Chaudhuri et al., (1980) indicated that the
tectonic history of the Gangpur Group is similar to that
of the Chaibasa Formation (lower stratigraphic horizon
of the Singhbhum Group). This justifies the correlation
of the Gangpur Group with the Singhbhum Group rather
than considering it to be homotaxial with the Kolhans
as postulated by Iyenger and Murthy (1982).
Mafic sills and dykes and several small stocks of Stype Neoproterozoic granitoids (Etma, Ekma, Timna
etc.) intrude the Gangpur Group of rocks. The rocks bear
evidence of multiple deformation and metamorphism
resulting in disruption of earlier fold geometry and
thermal metamorphism of surrounding sediments .
Banerjee (1968) envisaged at least two episodes of
prograde metamorphism: the first one leading to the
development of garnet-bearing assemblages.
Development of staurolite is attributed to contact
metamorphism induced by later intrusion of granitoids.
The S-type granitoids intruding the Gangpur Group have
yielded (Rb-Sr isochron )ages within the range 1000800 Ma (Pandey et al., 1998).
Dhanjori Lava : In Odisha small exposures of
Dhanjori lava are occurring in the north eastern part of
EIC, south of Rakha (Jharkhand), adjacent to eastern
part of Singhbhum Granite and northern part of
Mayurbhanj Granite. They are underlain by quartzites
and metapelites of Dhanjori Group. At places the lavas
are interbedded with grey sericite phyllite .The Dhanjori
lavas are fine grained epidiorite,which is a fine grained
hornblende rock with little quartz, occasional
feldspar,and abundant epidote, and chlorite. Leucoxene
are also noticed in some cases.Sometimes the hornblende
is tremolitic. The rocks are vesicular-amygdaloidal, the
amygdules are formed by epidote, chlorite,calcite and
chalcedony. The Dhanjori lavas and interbedded tuffs
are sheared and metamorphosed to hornblende schist
and biotite schist along the shear zone. From petrological
point of view the Dhanjori lava shows a close similarity
with Dalma volcanics and they are thought to be nearly
contemporaneous (Saha,1994). The Dhanjori
metavolcanics are essentially tholeiitic in composition
(Dunn and Dey,1942),while Gupta et al(1985) grouped
the Dhanjori metavolcanics into two units i.e a) Maficultramafic high Mg vitric tuff and b)Low K tholeiite
with locally alkali rich olivine basalt.
Bonai Lava (Malangtoli Lava): The thick and
extensive mafic volcanic rocks flanking the Iron ore
Group of rocks of the Horse Shoe Synclinorium of
Bonai-Keonjhar region, along its western and southern
parts are designated as Bonai lava (Malongtoli lava).
The volcanics/lavas are exposed over 800 sq. Km. area
(Saha, 1994) to the west of Kendujhargarh and the north
of Palalahara (21 28 : 85 15). The lavas are in general
quartz-normative tholeiitic basalts basaltic andesite
anderite in composition. The lavas are vesicular and the
vesicles are filled up by quartz, chlorite zeolite and

chert. The lavas are, at places, intercalated with shale
and is associated with ash beds and agglomeratic rocks.
Close interbedded / intercalated relationship of lava
and shale probably indicates a sub aqueous origin for
the lava.
Dangoaposi / Jagannathpur Lava : An area of about
200 sq. Km. lying south of Jagannathpur at the Jharkhand
Odisha border and at the NE corner of Horse Shoe is
occupied by Synclinorium composed of extensive flat
lying lava flows designated as Jagannathpur /
Dangoaposi Lava, which are very weakly
metamorphosed, locally basaltic rocks of having
tholeiitic, andesitic in composition. The bulk
composition of the basaltic rock is andesite tholeiite with
differentiates of oligoclase andesites.
Saha (1994) on the basis of major element chemistry
and disposition opined that they represent continental
setting of eruption. The K-Ar whole rock date (1629 +
39 Ma) of Jagannathpur lava is probably suggestive of
contemporaneity of the metamorphism of Dalma and
Jagannathpur lava suites (Saha, 1994).
Mayurbhanj Granite : Mayurbhanj Granite
represents a composite granite batholith occurring along
the eastern fringe of the EIC, flanking the Simlipal
complex . The batholith comprises three phases. In order
of emplacement, these are:
a) a fine-grained, homophanous, biotite-hornblende
bearing granite with granophyric texture,
representing the main Mayurbhanj Granite body
occurring along the northwestern and southeastern
margin of the Simlipal basin, A suite of Mayurbhanj
Granite has yielded a Rb-Sr whole rock isochron
age of ca. 2.08 0.7 Ga (Iyengar et al., 1981 b).
The 207Pb/206Pb zircon ages (Ion Microprobe) of
the granite are reported to be much higher, viz., :
Phase I : 3092 5 Ma and Phase II : 3080 8
Ma (Mishra et al., 1999). According to them this
age may be considered as the time of broad
stabilization of Singhbhum Craton.
b) a coarse grained, occasionally foliated and
gneissose ferrohastingsite-biotite granite
designated as Bhuasani Granite occurring as an
elliptical body of an area around 15 sq. km at the
northeastern corner of the Simlipal complex in the
13
Chakdar pahar area( 2200;86 30).It is a solitary

composite mass of sodagranite, considered to be
an offshoot of Mayurbhanj Granite,composed of
very fine grained matrix of quartz and
feldspar,(Iyengar,1956). Subsequent study revealed
that the body is a composite one with a core of
moderately coarse ferrohastingsite-biotite granite
with granophyric textures enveloped by aplitic
leucogranite (Saha,1994).
c) a N-S elongated granite body designated as
Romapahari Granite occurring at the northeastern
extremity of Odisha state and at the Odisha-West
Bengal border and west of Baharagora. It is fine
grained, composed mostly of microcline
perthite,quartz and oligoclase. Biotite is mostly
altered and marginally granulated . Saha, (1994)
defined it as biotite aplogranite.The Rb-Sr whole
rock isochron age of the Romapahari Granite is
found to be 189546 Ma (Saha,Op cit). These
granitic rocks, having A type geochemical affinity,
are reported to show intrusive relations with
Singhbhum Granite, Iron Ore Supergroup, Dhanjori
Group, Singhbhum Group and the gabbro-noriteanorthosite suite of rocks (Saha et al., 1984).
Tamparkola Granite Acid Volcanics : The granite
acid volcanics suite of Tamparkola crop out as a
roughly ovoid body just west of the Upper Bonai
sequence in western Odisha. The suite comprises
amphibole-bearing microgranite-granophyre medium
grained granite along with rhyolitic volcanics. This
silicic volcano-plutonic assemblage intrudes the older
Gorumahisani Badampahar Group of supracrustals as
well as the younger Upper Bonai sequence. The
microgranitic suite from this association has yielded a
Rb-Sr whole rock isochron age of ca. 2.78 Ga (GSI,
unpub. data). In situ Pb-Pb (zircon) dating by Ion
Microprobe revealed the following ages : granite : 2809
8 Ma, rhyolite : 2836 67 (Bandopadhyay et al., 2001).
Kolhan Group : The Kolhan Group is represented
by an undeformed platformal sequence comprising basal
polymictic conglomerate, fine to medium grained purple
quartzite-sandstone, gritty quartzite with some shaleslate and minor limestone. The type area of this group
lies in Jharkhand state, north of Koira area. Only a few
patchy exposures of this group, occurring as outliers,
have been mapped in the Koira area of Odisha. The
polymictic conglomerate at the base contains pebbles
of banded iron formation, quartzite, vein quartz and at
14
GEOL. SURV. IND
places iron ore. The pebbles in the Kolhan basal

conglomerates indicate that the sequence was deposited
as a platformal cover sediment over a basement
comprising the Singhbhum Granite and the Iron Ore
Supergroup of rocks. The outlier, occurring to the east
of Roida on Durgaparbat (toposheet 73 F/8), is the largest
exposure of Kolhan sequence (~1sq. km) so far mapped
in the Odisha state.
Bastar Craton
Part of the eastern marginal zone of the Bastar
Craton is exposed in western Odisha. This cratonic
crustal strip is bounded by the Mahanadi graben in the
northeast and the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt in the east
and southeast. The major lithostratigraphic components
of the Bastar Craton, exposed in parts of western Odisha
are : Archean supracrustals of the Bengpal and Bailadila
Groups, granite gneisses and granitoids ranging in
age from Neo archaean to Palaeoproterozoic, a wide
variety of post-tectonic silicic intrusives with alkaline
affinity, mafic/ultramafic rocks and several MesoNeoproterozoic sequences of platformal sediments.
Agewise (starting from Archaean) synoptic geological
accounts of the major litho-stratigraphic components of
the Bastar Craton are presented below.
Archaean
Archaean Supracrustals : The Archean supracrustal
assemblages of the Bastar Craton are divisible into three
major lithostratigraphic units. In order of younging, these
are represented by Sukma, Bengpal and Bailadila
Groups (Crookshank, 1963; Ramakrishnan, 1990).
Mappable exposures of supracrustal rocks belonging to
the Sukma and Bailadila Groups are not reported from
western Odisha. However, a small outcrop of
interbanded quartzite and banded heamatite quartzite
(BHQ), possibly belonging to the Bailadila Group, is
recorded in the Hirapur hills.
A group of low grade volcano-sedimentary rocks
exposed as small lenses and bands and also as long linear
bands within the granite gneiss-migmatite country at the

southwestern part of Odisha near the border with
Chhattisgarh are called Bengpal Group after the name
of a small village Bengpal (18 08; 81 11 ) in
Chhattisgarh from where they were first described. A
major outcrop of Bengpal Group of rocks is noted in
the Tulsi Dongar Hill Range area. The Bengpal Group
of rocks are represented by phyllite, quartz-sericite
schist, feldspathic quartzite,mica schist, andalusite
schists and gneiss,grunerite gneiss,BMQ,BHQ,
amphibolites, ultrabasic rocks, talc-tremolite-chlorite
schist . These are considered to be equivalents of the
rocks of Iron Ore Super Group (Gorumahisani Group)
because of their similarity in lithological assemblage by
iron bearing sediments with metavolcanic sequence and
their age has been considered to be Archaean. The
Bengpal group of rocks are exposed mostly in
Chhattisgarh and a small part has been extended to
Odisha.
Archaean- Proterozoic
Granite-gneisses and Granites : The cratonic
crustal strip in western Odisha represent the immediate
cratonic foreland to the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt.
Granite gneisses and granitoids constitute a significant
lithologic component in this zone. The granitic gneisses
are represented by epidote-hornblende-bearing fissile
gneisses, hornblende-biotite gneisses, biotite-gneisses,
feldspathised pink porphyroblastic granite gneisses and
banded migmatitic gneisses. The granitic rocks are
generally massive and contain amphibole and/or biotite
as mafic minerals. In contrast to the largely peraluminous EGMB granitoids, these granitoids are largely
metaluminous and lack garnet. Granitoids of
Neoarchean(?) and Palaeoproterozoic ages are reported
from this zone (Table-3).
Proterozoic
Alkaline and Ultramafic Rocks : In the Khariar
Paikmal Padampur segment of western Odisha, several
post-tectonic dykes of granophyre, microgranite,
Table 3. Isotopic ages of granitoids in the cratonic zone of western Odisha

Granitoids
1.
2.
3.
Granitic gneisses, west of Kolab

Pujariguda granite
Cholanguda granite
Age/method
2.67 Ga (Rb-Sr WRI)
2.11 Ga (Rb-Sr WRI)
2.30 Ga
References
Sarkar et al., (1994 a,b.c,d)
Pandey et al., (1989)
Pandey et al., (1989)
analcime-bearing syenite, syenite, monzo syenite grading

to garnet hornblende biotite albite syenite are
recorded within granitic gneisses of Bastar Craton close
to the EGMB. The rocks are unmetamorphosed and
locally display chilled margins and flow structures. In
the same belt, ultramafic rocks (harzburgite, Iherzolite)
intruding granitic gneisses are also reported (Nanda et
al., 2000). In the Bhela Rajna area of Nuapara District,
Pattanaik (1996) reported an epizonal to sub-volcanic
igneous complex comprising silica-oversaturated
alkaline rocks of A type magmatic lineage, the
emplacement of which was controlled by N-S trending
crustal fractures. Pattanaik and Mishra (2000) envisaged
linkage between developments of crustal fracture,
emplacement of the alkaline complex and graben
formation related to deposition of the sediments in
Khariar basin.
Meso-Neoproterozoic
Chhattisgarh Supergroup : Five disconnected
exposures of Meso-Neoproterozoic platformal/cover
sediments belonging to Chhattisgarh Supergroup are
exposed in western Odisha . Some of these represent
the eastern and southeastern edges of larger basins,
which lie to the west in the Chhattisgarh State. Ball
(1877) considered these to be parts of a single continuous
basin.
The lithounits of Chhattisgarh Supergroup occurring
within Chhattisgarh Basin represents multiple cycles
of sedimentation (Das et al., 1992; Das et al., 2001)and
covers extensive areas in southern Chhattisgarh and also
extend into the adjoining Odisha State. The southeastern
and easternmost margins of the main basin, comprising
respectively, the lithocomponents of the oldest Singhora
and Barapahar protobasins, are exposed in Odisha. In
the Barapahar area of Odisha, nearly 1000 m thick
sedimentary pile is exposed (Pascoe, 1973) and the
sediments are intensely folded and faulted. The eastern
margin of the basin shows faulted contact with the
Gondwana sediments along Mahanadi lineament and the
EGMB. The sequence in the Singhora protobasin has
been subdivided into four formations, which essentially
represent alternations of arenaceous and argillaceous
horizons. The arenaceous formations mainly consist of
feldspathic sandstone, quartzite, siltstone, shale and
limestone whereas the argillaceous formations are
represented by calcareous shale of purple to reddishbrown colour. The evidence of syndepositional volcanic
15
activity is noted in the Singhora protobasin (Chakraborti,

1997; Das et al., 2001).
The elongated oval-shaped Khariar Basin covers
a total area of more than 1500 sq.km in parts of
Chhattisgarh and Odisha states. The eastern margin of
the basin, bordered by the EGMB in Odisha, is
structurally disturbed. In Odisha, the sedimentaries lie
over the granitoids of Bengpal Group with a pronounced
unconformity. The sedimentary sequence of the Khariar
Nawagarh Plateau, comprising dominantly arenites
with argillites and calcareous intercalations (with
stromatolites), is formally designated as Pairi Group
and is divided into six formations (Das et al., 2001). In
Odisha, the sedimentary sequence attain a maximum
thickness of 700 m and comprises a lower sequence of
gravel-sandstone-subarkose with thin shale intercalations
and disseminations of glauconite pellets, a middle
sequence of rhythmic pebble-gravel beds and sandstone
and an upper sequence of alternate bands of cross-bedded
subarkose and wave-ripple marked sandstone
(Srivastava, 1997). Srivastava (op. cit) designated the
sequence in Odisha as Khariar Group and correlated
it with the Chandarpur Group of Chhattisgarh
Supergroup of Murti, (1996) and Singhora Group
Chandrapur Group of Das et al., (1992). The kimberlite
diatremes, occurring beyond the western margin of the
basin in Chhattisgarh state, are reported to contain
xenoliths of Khariar sediments implying their postKhariar emplacement.
A sedimentary basin located just south of the Khariar
basin and west of Ampani (Ampani Basin) is occurring
as an outlier of approximately 220 sq.km area. The
eastern margin of the basin is marked by a NNE-SSW
trending boundary fault along which the basement
gneisses as well as the overlying sedimentaries display
effects of shearing. The sequence comprises gritty
conglomerate at the base followed upwards by
sandstone, siltstone and purple-coloured shale with
calcareous bands (Balakrishnan and Babu, 1987). Dutt
(1963,1964) considered the Ampani sequence to be a
part of Chhattisgarh Indravati master basin and
correlated with Upper Kurnool. Balkrishnan and Babu
(op. cit) opined that the Ampani sediments are equivalent
to Chandrapur Group of Chhattisgarh Supergroup. Dutt
(1963) proposed the name Indravati Series for a
sequence of sedimentaries of Bastar and adjoining parts
of Odisha after the name of the river draining the largest
exposure where the entire sequence is exposed. The
16
sequence was later redesignated as Indravati Group

(Sharma, 1975). Bulk of the roughly quadrangle-shaped
Indravati basin (~ 900 sq.km) fall in the Bastar district
of Chhattisgarh State; only the eastern part of the basin
is exposed in Odisha. The southeastern margin of this
craton-marginal basin displays a pronounced tectonic
contact with the EGMB.
The Indravati sequence comprises conglomerate,
sandstone, shale, limestone and stromatolitic dolomite.
Ramakrishnan (1987) divided the sequence into four
formations, viz., the lowermost Tirathgarh Formation
followed upwards by Chitrakut Formation, Kanger
Limestone and Jagdalpur Formation. The basinal
rocks are nearly flat-lying with low dips towards the
centre of the basin. The sequence is intruded by
kimberlite pipes in Bastar area of Chhattisgarh State.
The eastern margin of the triangular-shaped Sabari
Basin (~ 700 sq.km) (Ghosh, 1934) is exposed in
extreme southwestern part of Odisha. The sedimentary
sequence, correlatable with the Indravati Group,
comprises a basal conglomerate and quartzite followed
upwards by purple shale, limestone and interbands of
shale and phyllite.
Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt
The Eastern Ghats constitute a major Precambrian
Mobile Belt of the Peninsular India designated as
Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt (EGMB). It extends for over
1000 km from Odisha to southeastern parts of Andhra
Pradesh along the east coast of the Indian Peninsula,
representing one of the most highly deformed and
metamorphosed crustal segment of the Indian Shield.
The belt is widest in Odisha (~ 300 km) and covers the
major part of southern Odisha. The Gohira Sukinda
shear/thrust belt, separates it from the Eastern Indian
Craton lying to the north. The eastern margin of the belt
is truncated by Bay of Bengal. The western margin of
the belt has a thrusted contact with the Bastar Craton. It
is characterized by a distinctive association of
garnetiferous graphite bearing sillimanite schist and
gneiss (khondalite) and large masses of charnockite
within a garnetiferous granite gneiss - migmatite country.
The name khondalite was first coined by T.L. Walkers
(1902) after the name of a group of hill tribe Khonds
who inhabit the area in Kalahandi district. The rocks
are dominantly gneissose though schistose variety is also
recorded to occur with graphite and mostly they form
GEOL. SURV. IND
lofty linear hill ranges extending roughly NE-SW.

Though 20% of the total hard rock area of the State of
Odisha is covered by the rocks of the Eastern Ghat, a
typical section exposing all the lithounits of both
Khondalite and Charnockite groups is rare.
The rock types in the EGMB are thus represented
by the following major rock associations, viz.,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Khondalite Group of rocks

Charnockite Group of rocks
Mafic granulites
Meta-ultramafic rocks
Migmatitic granitic gneisses/leptynites/granitoids
Plutonic alkaline complexes
Massif-type anorthosite complexes
A broad lithological zonation is noted in the belt

(Narayanaswamy, 1975; Ramakrishnan et al., 1998). In
the Odisha sector, from east to west, these zones are the
Eastern Khondalite Zone, Central Migmatite Zone,
Western Khondalite Zone, Western Charnockite Zone
and the Westernmost Transition Zone (Ramakrishnan
et al., op. cit).
The Mahanadi and Godavari rifts divide the EGMB
into three segments across its length, viz. (i) northern
segment (ii) central segment and (iii) southern segment
(Sarkar and Nanda, 1998). Of the above three segments,
the northern and part of the central segment lie within
the State of Odisha. These segments subtly differ in terms
of lithotectonic assemblages and tectonothermal history
(Sarkar and Nanda, op. cit., Mezger and Cosca, 1999).
The northern segment of EGMB, exposed north of the
Mahanadi graben, is bounded by two major WNW-ESE
trending shear and/or thrust belts, viz., the Gohira
Sukinda shear-thrust belts in the north and Tikra shear
belt in the south. In this segment, the NE-SW regional
trend of the central EGMB segment veers to WNW-ESE.
The characteristic features of this segment are dominance of arenaceous facies in the high-grade
supracrustal package and presence of charnockite rocks
of Late-Archean age (Sarkar et al., 2000). The central
segment lies between the Mahanadi and Godavari
grabens and a substantial part of this segment lies in
southern Odisha. All the massif-type anorthosite
complexes of the EGMB are confined within this
segment. The Khondalitic Group of metasupracrustals
in this segment are locally manganiferous and graphitic.
Meso-Neoproterozoic tectonomagmatic activity and
Pan-African (0.6 0.1 Ga) thermal rejuvenations are

other notable features of this segment (Sarkar et al., 1981;
Sarkar and Nanda, 1998; Sarkar and Paul, 1998; Mezger
and Cosca, 1999). The various lithological assemblages
noted in the Odisha sector of the EGMB are broadly
divided into three groups viz. Khondalite Group,
Charnockite Group and Migmatite Group which are
described below.
Archaean-proterozoic
Khondalite Group : The term Khondalite was first
coined by Walker (1902) to collectively denote a rock
suite comprising sillimanite- and garnet-bearing siliceous
schists/gneisses ( graphite), associated with
garnetiferous quartzite and calc-silicate rocks. The name
was given after the Khond tribe of the BaudhKhandmal area of Odisha. Banerjee (1982a) suggested
that the term should be used to denote a group rather
than a singular rock-type. A useful term for regional
mapping purposes, the term Khondalite Group is now
used to collectively denote the high-grade
metasupracrustal assemblages in the EGMB. These
constitute the most abundant lithology in the EGMB. In
Odisha, the relative proportion of argillaceous,
arenaceous and calcareous components in the Khondalite
Group is roughly in the proportion 60:30:10. In addition,
Mg-Al rich granulites (with sapphirine) constitute a
minor but significant lithologic component of the group.
The argillaceous component is essentially a quartzsillimanite-graphite schist/gneiss. Graphite sometimes
occurring in mineable quantities. These schists and
gneisses imperceptibly grade into leptynitic gneiss/
granulite with increasing k-feldspar contents suggesting
major role of partial melting of metapelitic rocks in their
genesis. The arenaceous component in the suite is
represented by a variety of narrow, often impersistent,
quartzite bands. These include coarse crystalline
quartzite, manganiferous quartzite, garnetiferous
quartzite, sillimanite-graphite-bearing quartzite,
sillimanite-garnet-bearing quartzite etc. The calcareous
components in the suite comprise linear masses of calcsilicate rocks and calc-granulites composed mainly of
diopside-garnet-scapolite-wollastonite-bearing
assemblages.
Traditionally, the khondalitic suite of rocks is
considered to be paragneisses (Narayanswami, 1975).
Based on a detailed geochemical study of khondalitic
suite of Odisha, Dash et al. (1987) concluded that
17
khondalites are high-grade equivalents of a deeply

weathered soil profile. The intimately associated
quartzites and calc-silicate granulites were interpreted
to be originally silcretes and calcretes respectively.
However, Nanda and Pati (1991) refuted the hypotheses
of Dash et al., (op. cit) and reiterated the essentially
metasedimentary character of the suite.
Charnockite Group : Several compositional types
represent the orthopyroxene-bearing siliceous rocks
(quartz orthopyroxene plagioclase K-feldspar
garnet) of EGMB, viz., tonalitic (enderbite),
granodioritic (charno-enderbite), adamellitic-granitic
(charnockite), monzonitic - quartz-monzonitic
(mangerite) and even syenite-quartz-syenitic. The
charnockitic rocks represent the second most abundant
rock type in the EGMB. Field and geochronological
studies suggest the presence of more than one generation
of charnockitic rocks in the belt (Sarkar and Paul, 1998;
Sarkar et al., 2000). The mode of occurrence is also
varied. These rocks form large linear massif as in the
Western Charnockite Zone of the belt. Smaller masses
such as the Tikri hypersthene syenites (Sarkar and
Nanda, 1994) are also noted. From the northern segment
of the belt, Archean charnockite massifs (Riamal
Rengali massif), originating from C-type magma
(Kilpatrick and Ellis, 1992) are reported (Sarkar et al.,
2000). Nanda and Pati (1998) envisaged C type
magmatism for the genesis of the charnockites of the
Western Charnockite Zone. In some parts of EGMB in
Odisha, minor occurrences of patchy charnockites are
noted on granite-gneiss-migmatitic rocks. The mode of
genesis of the patchy charnockites, is, however, highly
controversial; opposing views range from remnant origin
to nascent growth (Halden et al., 1982; Park and Dash,
1984; Nanda, 1994; Bhattacharya et al., 1993; Dobmeier,
2000; Dobmeier and Raith, 2000).
The charnockitic rocks forming large massif, as in
the Western Charnockite Zone, are distinctly
metaluminous and show distinct calc-alkaline affinity
(Nanda and Pati, 1998; Subba Rao et al., 1998).
Relatively rare syenitic monzosyenitic variants even
show alkaline affinity (Sarkar and Nanda, 1994).
Available data strongly indicate magmatic protoliths for
bulk of the charnockitic rocks of the Eastern Ghat belt.
The belt is also characterized by the presence of several
generations of charnockitic rocks (Sarkar and Paul, 1998;
Sarkar et al., 2000) (Table-4), which originated through
varied petrological processes.
18
GEOL. SURV. IND
Table 4. Episodic generation of charnockitic rocks in Odisha sector of EGMB

(modified after Sarkar et al., 2000)
Occurrences
Age (Ma)
Method
Reference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Angul
Phulbani
Tikri
Rayagada
Riamal
Rengali
Jenapore
ca.1000
ca. 1000
970 30
ca. 1000
2743 103
2735 44
2814 3044
Aftalion et al., (1989)

Paul et al., (1990)
Sarkar and Nanda (1994)
Shaw et al., (1997)
Sarkar et al., (2000)
Bhattacharya et al., (2001)
8.
Chilka Lake
Ca. 1000
U/Th-Pb (zircon)
-doRb-Sr WRI
Rb-Sr WRI
-do-do207
Pb-206Pb (Zircon)
(Ion Microprobe)
-do-
Two-pyroxene bearing mafic granulites ( garnet)

are ubiquitous in the EGMB. These generally occur as
linear concordant masses within the khondalitic and
charnockitic suite of rocks and are regarded by most
workers as mafic sills/dykes and flows (Sarkar and Paul,
1998 and references therein). Generally tholeiitic in
composition, the mafic granulites from Odisha show
geochemical affinity with island arc or MORB tholeiites
(Bowes and Dash, 1992; Nanda and Pati, 1994; Sarkar
et al., 1994 a). Granulites having intermediate silica
contents and andesitic chemistry represent a relatively
minor but significant component in the belt (Crookshank,
1938; Sarkar, 1994). Mafic granulites of Rayagada area
have been dated by Sm-Nd whole-rock isochron method
at ca. 1.46 Ga (Shaw et al., 1997). Meta-ultramafic
rocks generally occur as highly deformed, boudinaged,
concordant masses within khondalite and charnockite
suite of rocks and are generally more abundantly
distributed in the Western Charnockite Zone of the belt
(Nanda and Pati, 1994; Sarkar et al., 1994 b).
Unmetamorphosed spinel-Iherzolite and olivine-bearing
websterite bodies are reported to intrude mafic granulites
close to the interface between the EGMB and the
Gondwana Supergroup of rocks near Kiakata in Angul
district (Patra et al., 1996).
Migmatite Group : Migmatite Group consisting of
migmatitic garnetiferous granitic gneisses and siliceous
granulites (leptynites), next to khondalitic and
charnockitic rocks, occupy large tracts of the Eastern
Ghats in Odisha. These are the most dominant lithology
in the Central Migmatite Zone of the belt. Two major
types of gneisses are noted, hornblende-biotite bearing
granitic gneisses with garnet and hypersthene (resulting
from the migmatisation of earlier orthogneisses and
charnockitic rocks) and garnetiferous quartzofeldspathic
gneisses with biotite and sillimanite (leptynitic paragneiss). The second type of gneisses are strongly
peraluminous and has strong S-type affinity. Field

relations and structural studies suggest several
generations of granitic leucosomes in the belt are
generated by partial melting of pelitic rocks during major
thermal events (Halden et al., 1982; Sarkar et al., 1989).
S-type granite plutons, developed in response to major
partial melting events, are noted in several parts of
EGMB in Odisha. Several occurrences of migmatitic
granitic rocks and granitoids have been dated and belong
to Neoproterozoic (Angul: 956-1159 Ma, Aftalion et al.,
1989; Sankarda granite: 1000 Ma, Ludu Ludi migmatitic
granites: ca. 800 Ma, Harbhangi migmatitic gneiss: ca.
880 Ma, Sarkar et al., 1994 a; Chilka lake: 913 Ma,
Bhattacharya et al., 2002). Shaw et al., (1997) reported
Mesoproterozoic Sm-Nd whole-rock isochron age (ca.
1.4 Ga) for some leptynitic rocks of Rayagada area.
Several Alkaline Plutonic rocks / complexes are
reported to occur as intrusives in the EGMB of Odisha
sector. These intrusives are characteristically confined
along the western and northern peripheral zones, viz.,
Koraput (Walker, 1908, Bose, 1970); Khariar
(Srinivasachari and Balakrishnan, 1973; Madhavan and
Khurram, 1989); Baradangua (Bhattacharya, 1964; Sahu,
1976; Das and Acharya, 1997); Rairakhol (Panda et al.,
1993); Kankarakhol Lodhajhari (Rath et al., 1998). In
the 32 km-long arcuate Kankarakhol Lodhajhari belt,
located along the northern marginal zone of the EGMB
in Deogarh District, 19 small isolated masses of alkaline
rocks have been reported (Rath et al., op. cit). The rock
assemblages in the alkaline complexes are given in
Table-5. In all the occurrences, undersaturated nephelinebearing syenites constitute the most dominant rock
member.
The alkali syenite rocks are miaskitic (with agpaitic
index consistently <1). The emplacements of the
intrusions are tectonically controlled and follow the
19
Table 5. Alkaline complexes in the Odisha sector of the EGMB

Alkaline complexes
Rock assemblages
References
1.
Kankrakhol Lodhajhari
Hornblende syenite, biotite syenite, hornblende

-biotite syenite and nepheline syenite
(hornblende and/or biotite)
Rath et al., (1998)
2.
Baradangua
Nepheline syenite (Biotite)
Bhattacharya (1964), Sahu

(1976); Das and Acharya
(1997)
3.
Rairakhol
Nepheline syenite (hornblende and/or biotite),

syenite, quartz-syenite)
Panda et al., (1993, 1998)
4.
Koraput
Alkali gabbro, calc-alkali syenite, perthite syenite,

nepheline syenite (amphibole and/or biotite),
alkali granite
Walker (1908), Bose (1970)
5.
Khariar
Gabbro, essexite, shonkinite, malignite,

nepheline syenite (pyroxene, pyroxene+
amphibole, amphibole, biotite)
Srinivaschari and Balakrishnan

(1973), Sahu (1980), Madhavan
and Khurram (1989)
major lineament zones. Available isotopic age data on

the alkaline complexes in the Odisha sector of the EGMB
are given in Table-6.
Recent U-Pb dating studies indicate Neoproterozoic

ages for the Chilka Lake (ca. 780 Ma) and Bolangir
complexes (ca. 870 Ma) (Krause et al., 1998).
The low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the alkaline rock

suites (ISr) ranging from 0.70286 0.70347 imply their
derivation from mantle-derived melts. Available age data
suggest episodic generation of alkaline rocks in the belt
(Sarkar and Paul, 1998).
Structure and Metamorphism of Precambrian

Domains : In the EIC, the supracrustal rocks of the Iron
Ore Supergroup show evidences of at least three phases
of deformation (F1-F3). The first folds are preserved only
as rootless intrafolial folds. The first and secondgeneration folds, in most of the areas, are coaxial. The
F2 folds are reported to vary in geometry from upright
to inclined; reclined F2 folds are also reported. The F3
cross folds are generally represented by open warps. In
the Gorumahisani Badampahar belt, the first two
generations of folds are highly appressed. The Tomka
Daitari as well as Malaygiri sequences also show
superposed folding (Banerjee, 1972;Mitra and Basu
Mallick, 1990). Mazumder (1978) studied the satellite
imageries and aerial photographs and suggested the
Deogarh belt to be a highly deformed segment. In the
Deogarh sequence, the interference of first two phases
of folding, whose axial traces run WNW-ESE to E-W,
have generated hook-shaped interference patterns. The
superposition of F3 cross folds (with NNE-SSW to N-S
trending axis) on earlier folds have given rise to doubly
plunging structures in the belt.
Various occurrences of massif-type anorthosite

complexes of the EGMB, reported from Odisha sector,.
are represented by the Chilka Lake complex (Perraju,
1960, 1973; De, 1969; Sarkar et al., 1981), Bolangir
Complex (Tak, 1972; Mukherjee et al., 1986;
Bhattacharya et al., 1998), Turkel (Chatterjee, 1965;
Maji et al., 1997), Jugsaipatna (Sinha Roy and
Bandopadhyay, 1966; Nanda and Panda, 1999), Angul
(Bhattacharya and De, 1964), Koraput (Bose, 1970),
Bandpari (Sinha Roy and Bandopadhyay, 1967) and
Kundru (Sinha Roy and Bandopadhyay, 1967). Of the
above, the Chilka Lake and Bolangir complexes
represent major intrusions and cover more than 1000
sq. km. The rock assemblages in the anorthositic suites
are given in Table-7.
Table 6. Isotopic age data on the alkaline rock complexes, Odisha sector, EGMB.
Alkaline complexes
Age (Ma) and method
References
1.
Koraput
856 18 (Rb-Sr WRI *), ISr:0.70286
2.
Khariar
1436 58 (Rb-Sr WRI *), ISr:0.70347

1500 3-4 (U-Pb zircon)
Sarkar et al., (1994 d)

Aftalion et al., (1998)
3.
Rairakhol
1413 23 (Rb-Sr WRI), ISr:0.70330
Sarkar et al., (1994 c)
20
GEOL. SURV. IND
Table 7 Massif-type anorthosite occurrences in the Odisha sector of the EGMB

Alkaline complexes
Rock assemblages
References
1.
Chilka Lake Complex

(>1200 sq. km)
Anorthosite leuconorite-norite minor jotunite

and quartz mangerite
2.
Bolangir (~ 1000 sq. km)
Anorthosite leuconorite ferrodiorite
3.
Turkel (81sq. km)
Anorthosite leuconorite ferrodiorite
Maji et al., (1997)
4.
Jugsaipatna (30 sq. km)
Norite leuconorite noritic anorthosite anorthosite;

late dykes of websterite
Nanda and Panda (1999)
5.
Angul (~ 10 sq. km)
Anorthosite leuconorite
De (1969)
6.
Koraput (1.5 km x 0.2 km)
Anorthosite leuconorite gabbro(diorite) and late

ultramafic rocks
Bose (1970)
7.
Bandpari
Anorthosite leuconorite norite
Sinha Roy and

Bandopadhyay (1967)
8.
Kundru (~ 1sq. km)
Olivine norite leuconorite anorthosite
Sinha Roy and

Bandopadhyay (1967)
The regional structure of the Bonai Kendujhar

basin is a low-plunging synclinorium overturned towards
southeast. Chatterjee and Mukherjee (1981) recognized
three phases of folding in the sequence (F1-F3). F1 folds
are isoclinal with low plunge trending in NNE and
westerly dipping axial planes. F2 folds, nearly coaxial
with F1, are upright to inclined open folds. F3 open folds,
with easterly or westerly plunging axis are superposed
on F1/F2. The interference of F2 and F3 produced dome
and basin structures.
In the area to the west of Bonai Granite batholith,
Ramachandran and Raju (1982) recorded superposed
folding both in the older supracrustal Gorumahisani
Badampahar Group and overlying younger Upper Bonai
sequences. The younger Upper Bonai sequence in the area
defines a northerly plunging open F3 synformal structure.
The supracrustal rocks of the EIC show
metamorphic mineral assemblages symptomatic of
green-schist to amphibolite-facies metamorphism.
The grade of metamorphism appears to be marginally
higher along the southern parts of the craton.The
contact zone between EIC and EGMB, disposed
broadly along Gohira Sukinda shear/thrust belt, is
marked by linear belt of pink granitic rocks and
migmatites with several zones of dislocation and
ductile shearing and rotation of structural trends in
both the domains (Banerjee et al., 1987; Bhattacharya
et al., 1994; Rath et al., 1998; Mahalik, 1994; Moitra,
1996; Sarkar et al., 2000).
The Singhbhum Gangpur mobile belt, which
borders the EIC to the north, has polyphase

deformational and metamorphic history (Banerjee,
1968; Chaudhuri and Pal, 1977). Three phases of
penetrative folding characterize this mobile belt. The
southern margin of this mobile belt in Singhbhum
district, Jharkhand, is marked by the high-strain
Singhbhum Shear Zone or Copper Belt Thrust zone.
This shear probably extends into Mayurbhanj District
of Odisha with lesser intensity where it is seen as several
parallel N-S trending faults/shears. Mapping in western
Gangpur has delineated a major shear zone, which might
represent the western or southwestern extension of the
Singhbhum Shear Zone.
EGMB bears signatures of polyphase deformation
and high-grade metamorphism. The first phase of folding
(F1) is observed mainly as tightly appressed isoclinal
rootless intrafolial folds on bedding (So) in metapelitic
rocks with the development of a strong and pervasive
secondary metamorphic foliation (S1) axial planar to the
first folds (Sarkar et al., 1981; Halden et al., 1982;
Bhattacharya et al., 1994; Biswal et al., 1998). The
regional structural trend of the EGMB is defined by the
gneissosity/schistosity (S1) axial planar to the first folds.
The regional trend in the EGMB is dominantly NE-SW
in the southwestern part (Koraput District), which
gradually changes to N-S in the western part (Kalahandi
District) and then to ENE-WSW through NE-SW in the
northern part.
The second-generation (F2) folds are developed on
a regional scale. In most of the areas, F2 folds have
developed due to near coaxial refolding of early F1 folds
so that the axial planes of F2 folds (S2) are parallel to

the axial planes of F1 folds (S1) (S1//S2). Pervasive
transposition of S1 foliation planes by axial planar S2
fabric is a common feature in the belt (Sarkar et al.,
1981; Bhattacharya et al., 1994). The mutual
interference of F1 and F2 folds resulted in the formation
of hook-shaped fold interference patterns and are
reported from many parts of the belt (Sarkar et al., 1981;
Bhattacharya et al., 1994). Along the marginal zones,
the style and geometry of the F2 folds are different and
shows angular in relations with F 1 folds. In the
northwestern marginal zones of the belt, Biswal et al.,
(1998) described mesoscopic F2 folds with extreme
non-cylindrical shape suggestive of sheath-type folds.
In the northern marginal zones, Kar (1995) reported
high angular relation between F1 and F2 axes leading
to the development of arrowhead interference patterns.
Axial plane shears, mylonitic fabric, cataclasites and
pseudotachylites parallel to S2 have been noted by
several workers (Sarkar et al., 1981; Bhattacharya et
al., 1994; Biswal et al., 1998). Close to such shear
zones, F 2 fold axes show steep plunges implying
rotation of F2 folds by progressive simple shear. .
Biswal et al., (1998) attributed development of F2
sheath fold in the Lathore area of western Odisha to
progressive heterogenous simple shear along axial
planes of F2 folds.
The third generation folds (F3) show varying attitude
and geometry. The axial planar structure related to F3
folds is developed only locally as fracture / shear
cleavage (Sarkar et al., 1981; Bhattacharya et al., 1994;
Biswal et al., 1998). However, at some places along the
marginal zones, S3 represents the dominant structural
fabric along which ductile shearing has taken place
(Gupta et al., 2000). Dome and basin interference
patterns have resulted due to interference of F2 and F3
folds.
Several major brittle to brittle-ductile shear belts
dissect the EGMB in the Odisha segment (Moharana,
1982; Chetty and Murthy, 1998; Ramakrishnan et al.,
1998; Mahalik, 1994; Sarkar et al., 2000). Prominent
among these are: (1) NE-SW trending: Sonepur
Koraput Kolab Machkund (Sileru), Chilka Lake,
Digapahandi and Rairakhol Pentabahal
Kankarakhol,(2) E-W trending: Mahanadi, Angul
Dhenkanal,(3) ENE-WSW trending Aska Taptapani,
Bhanjanagar, Gohira, Tikra,(4) N-S trending Tel,
Nagavali and (5) NNW-SSE trending Vamsadhara.
21
Several major fault/shear zones dissect the cratonic

domain in western Odisha. Major shear zones include
the E-W trending Ong Shear Zone and the ENE-WSW
trending Ib-Mahanadi Shear Zone. Several faults are
noted in the segment, which define the eastern
boundaries of Meso-Neoproterozoic platformal
sediments.The boundary between EGMB and Bastar
Craton is marked by shear zones, alkaline igneous
activity and abrupt changes in bouger anomaly. The
contrasting structural styles and intensity in the grade
of metamorphism across the Bastar craton-EGMB
contact zone are well documented (Rath et al., 1998;
Biswal and Jena, 1999; Gupta et al., 2000; Bhattacharya,
2002). Biswal and Jena (1999) delineated a 2 km-wide,
southeasterly dipping, ductile shear zone (Lakhna Shear
Zone) between the EGMB and the Bastar craton in
Bolangir and Kalahandi districts of Odisha. Well
developed quartzo-feldspathic mylonites with S-C fabric,
asymmetric porphyroclasts, quartz ribbons and
intergranular faults are noted along this shear zone. Rath
et al., (1994) and Biswal and Jena (1999) envisaged a
thrusted contact between the EGMB and the Bastar
cratonic domain in the Khariar-Paikmal-Padampur area
of Western Odisha, where the khondalites of EGMB
form nappe-like sheets over-ridding the cratonic
gneisses.
EGMB, in general, records ultra-high temperature
(UHT) metamorphism (~ 950oC) at appreciably high
pressure (8-9 kbar) for peak metamorphic conditions (see
Dasgupta, 1995 for a summary). Available field and PT-t data suggest two periods of high-grade
metamorphism in the central segment of the EGMB
(Sengupta et al., 1990; Dasgupta, 1995; Sarkar and Paul,
1998).
From Chilka Lake area of Odisha, Sen et al., (1995)
reported UHT metamorphism (1100oC, ~ 10.5 kbar).
From Rayagada area, Shaw and Arima (1998) reported
corundum-quartz assemblages in iron-rich metapelites
suggesting extreme high P-T conditions (~ 1100oC, ~
13 kbar) of possible first-phase metamorphism. In the
spinel bearing metapelites, the peak metamorphism
condition of second phase of metamorphism (950oC, 8.7
9.0 kbar) is reported to be followed by near isobaric
cooling to 800oC and subsequent decompression from
~8 to 6.5 kbar (Shaw and Arima, 1997). The overall P-T
path of Rayagada area is inferred to be characterized by
two decompression segments connected by an
intermediate cooling segment (Shaw and Arima, 1996,
22
1997 and 1998). UHT metamorphism (900-950oC) at

ca. 10 kbar, subsequent decompression down to 6.5-7.5
kbar at ca. 750oC followed by near isobaric cooling is
reported from western marginal zones of EGMB in
Odisha (Neogi et al., 1999; Gupta et al., 2000).
Precambrian Crustal Evolution : The Precambrian
crustal mosaic of Odisha comprises Mesoarchaean to
Neo Archaean cratonic nuclei (Eastern Indian Craton
and eastern marginal part of Bastar Craton), parts of a
high-grade Neo Archaean Pan-African Mobile Belt
(EGMB) and a medium-grade Palaeoproterozoic
Neoproterozoic mobile belt (the Singhbhum Gangpur
belt).
The Bastar and Eastern Indian Cratons presumably
constituted a continuous cratonic domain, now isolated
by the Mahanadi rift. The oldest metasupracrustal rocks
of the cratonic domains are represented by OMG in the
Eastern Indian Craton and the Sukma Supracrustals of
the Bastar Craton. The nature of rock assemblages in
these Mesoarchaean supracrustal sequences indicates
derivation from a mixed provenance comprising some
sialic components. The basement on which these
sequences were deposited remains unknown. These
earliest metasupracrustals in the EIC were
metamorphosed and synkinematically intruded by Older
Metamorphic tonalitic-granodioritic gneisses followed
by several phases of granitic intrusions (at least three)
represented by components of the Singhbhum Bonai
Kaptipada granite batholiths.
Available evidences strongly suggest the existence
of two generations of BIF-bearing metasupracrustal
sequences (Iron Ore Supergroup) in the EIC. The
relatively older sequence, represented by Gorumahisani
Badampahar Group of supracrustals, predate intrusion
of extensive Late-Mesoarchaean granitic activity and can
be considered to have a minimum age of ca. 3.3 Ga. The
initial cratonisation of the Archean nucleus at ca. 3.1
Ga appears to have been accompanied by ultramafic
mafic intrusions (with gabbro-anorthositic components)
and further granitic activity along peripheral parts of
the craton. The supracrustal evolution of the relatively
younger BIF-bearing sequence (Lower Bonai Group)
was accompanied with or followed by crustal
downsagging and rifting causing extensive mafic
volcanism. This sequence appears to post-date
voluminous granitic activity of Late-Mesoarchaean. The
volcanosedimentary successions belonging to Upper
GEOL. SURV. IND
Bonai Group, Dhanjori Group and Simlipal Group

appear to have developed immediately after the
supracrustal evolution of the Lower Bonai Group. The
Neoarchaean Palaeoproterozoic evolutionary history
of the EIC is marked by development of silicic volcanoplutonic and plutonic assemblages specially along
western and southern margins. Several phases of mafic
dyke activity, with distinct geochemical signatures,
affected the cratonic domain between Palaeoproterozoic
and Early Neoproterozoic.
The lithotectonic and metamorphic evolution of the
Singhbhum Gangpur Mobile Belt, spanning
Palaeoproterozoic Neoproterozoic, have been modeled
variously involving Wilson cycle processes in part or
full, viz., intraplate subduction of EIC along southern
margin of the mobile belt (Sarkar and Saha, 1977),
microcontinental collision between Singhbhum
microplate and the Chhotonagpur microplate (Sarkar,
1982), back-arc marginal basin tectonics accompanied
by southerly-directed subduction (Bose and Chakrabarti,
1981) and intracratonic extension, rifting and ensialic
orogenesis (Gupta et al., 1980). Available isotopic age
data of Singhbhum Gangpur Mobile Belt suggest basin
initiation at craton-margin in the Early
Palaeoproterozoic. The volcanosedimentary supracrustal
assemblages of the mobile zone underwent a major
tectonothermal event in the Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.6
Ga) followed by rejuvenation at 1.0 0.1 Ga.
The EGMB, with its prolonged tectonomagmatic
and metamorphic history spanning Neoarchaean to PanAfrican, is considered to be a product of Wilson-cycle
processes culminating in continent continent collision
involving EIC, Bastar craton and the mobile zone crust
(Banerjee et al., 1987; Sarkar, 1994; Moitra, 1996;
Banerjee, 1997; Biswal et al., 1998; Biswal and Jena,
1999; Bhattacharya, 2002).
Multiple episodes of tectonothermal activity,
granitisation and crustal reworking and episodic
igeneous activity in the EGMB have caused obliteration
of stratigraphic relations in the granulite assemblages.
From the available isotopic age data, five major events
in the Precambrian crustal evolution history of the
EGMB can be envisaged, viz. Neoarchaean (2.6 0.2),
Palaeoproterozoic (2.1 0.2 Ga), Mesoproterozoic (1.45
0.2 Ga), Neoproterozoic (0.95 0.15 Ga) and PanAfrican (0.6 0.1 Ga) (Sarkar and Paul, 1998).
It must be stressed that our understanding of the

complex tectonostratigraphic relationships between
cratonic and mobile belt domains on one hand and intracratonic entities on the other, is far from complete and
has only started to crystallize.
In the pre-drift continental assembly (Lawver and
Scotese, 1987), the Indian land mass was joined with (i)
East Antartica along its present-day east coast and (ii)
southern Southwestern Australia in the northeast. The
Mahanadi Graben has been inferred to be the
continuation of the Phanerozoic Lambert rift of East
Antartica (Fedorov et al., 1982). In the above pre-drift
continental configuration, the EGMB was juxtaposed
against the Rayner Complex of East Antarctica (Grew
and Manton, 1986; Yoshida, 1995). The Satpura Mobile
Belt (in which the Singhbhum Gangpur mobile zone
defines the southern part) is inferred to have been a
continuation of the Albani mobile belt of southwestern
Australia through the reworked granite-gneiss terrain of
Meghalaya plateau (Harris, 1994). The Eastern Indian
Craton, sandwitched between the EGMB in the south
and Singhbhum Gangpur segment of the Satpura
mobile belt in the north, can be correlated with the
cratonic terrains of southern Southwestern Australia.
Gondwana Supergroup
Palaeozoic-Mesozoic
A profound hiatus in the stratigraphic record of
Odisha since the deposition of the Vindhyan rocks and
their uplift was broken towards the end of the Palaeozoic
Era (Upper Carboniferous Early Permian). Glaciolacustrine and fluvial sediments were deposited in linear
basins along faulted troughs over the Precambrian
basement. These sediments, characterized by fluvial
assemblages of interbedded sandstone-shale sequence,
plant remains of Glossopteris Gangamopteris and vast
coal deposits, were designated as Gondwanas by
Medlicott (1872) and Fiestmantel (1876). In Odisha,
Gondwana rocks are exposed over an area of 12,415 sq.
km along a NW SE trending linear belt in the Mahanadi
valley. Three major basins (Talchir, Ib river and Athgarh)
and a number of small patches (outliers) at Katiringia,
Gaisilat, Athmalik, Chhatarpur in the districts of Angul,
Dhenkanal, Sambalpur, Sundargarh, Phulbani, Baudh,
Bolangir, Cuttack, Khurda, Puri and Ganjam, expose
Gondwana rocks in the state.
23
While the Lower Gondwana rocks are a vast

repository of coal, the Upper Gondwana sandstones have
been used in the construction of Lord Jagannath temple
at Puri, Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar and partly the
Sun Temple at Konark. The Jain caves at Khandagiri
and Udaigiri, located near Bhubaneswar, have also been
carved out of these sandstones.
The generalized lithostratigraphic succession of the
Gondwana rocks in the State is presented in Table 8
Talchir Basin : It constitutes the southernmost
segment of the Lower Gondwana basin within the
Mahanadi graben. Bounded by latitude 20o53 21o12
N and longitude 84o24 85o23 E, it occupies an area
of over 1800 km sq.km.
The Lower Gondwana rocks of the Talchir Basin
rest unconformably on the Precambrian basement
comprising granitoids, hornblende gneiss, leptynite,
granulites, mica schist, phyllite and amphibolite. The
base of the Gondwana sequence,exposed along the
southern margin of the basin, is defined by the Talchir
Formation, which comprises more than 325 m thick pile
of glacial and periglacial deposits. The Talchir boulder
bed, the basal most unit of this formation constitutes a
conspicuous and characteristic datum line in the geology
of India. The boulders frequently show facets and striae
of glacial origin. The lithounits comprise tillite,
conglomerate, fine to medium grained greenish
sandstone, shale, rythmite and turbidite.
The Talchir Formation is conformably overlain by
2-270m thick Karharbari Formation that comprises
massive, pale brownish yellow, medium to coarse
grained sandstone, shale and some superior quality coal.
The Barakar Formation, which conformably
overlies the Karharbari, comprises more than 325 m thick
pile of medium to fine grained feldspathic sandstone
and thick coal seams with a oligomictic conglomerate
at the base. The Barakar rocks are conformably overlain
by a sequence of fine to medium grained light grey to
greenish grey bioturbated standstone, greenish shale and
coal at the base and a succession of pale greenish
sandstone with rare shale and coal bands, purple clay
bands and ferruginous coarse-grained pebbly sandstone
at the top. These rocks, having a thickness of more than
250 m, were previously classified as Raniganj, Panchet
24
GEOL. SURV. IND
Table 8. Lithostratigraphic succession of Gondwana sequences in Odisha

Age
Formation
Talchir Basin
Ib river Basin
Athgarh Basin
Early
Cretaceous
Athgarh
Sandstone,
shale, basalt
and intertrappeans
Early Triassic
Kamthi
Medium grained light

grey ferruginous
sandstone, pink clay
and pebbly sandstone
Very coarse to coarse

grained pebbly crossbedded sandstone,
red shale
Late Permian
Raniganj
Cross laminated sandstone,

interbedded sandstone-shale
with minor coal and
phosphatic claystone bands
in the lower part
Late Permian
Barren Measures
Very coarse to coarse and

medium grained greenish
grey feldspathic sandstone
with intercalations of grey
shale, lenses and shreds
of chocolate and reddish
brown clay and clayironstone nodules
Dark, grey shale, fine

grained sandstone, clay
iron stone bands,
phosphatic bands and
nodules in the upper part
Early Permian
Barakar
Conglomerate, arkose,
carbonaceous shale and
thick coal seams
Sandstone, shale, fireclay

and thick coal seams
Early Permian
Karharbari
Conglomerate, arkose,
thick coal seams
Greycarbonaceous
sandstone, multistoried
sandstone, coal seams
Early Permian
Talchir
Tilites, conglomerates,
Conglomerate, greenish
Shale with dropstone
to Late
greenish sandstones,
shales, sandstones and
Carboniferous
shales and varves
rhythmites
Unconformity Precambrian
basement
and Mahadeva Formations and are now redesignated as

Kamthi Formation.
Ib River Basin : Lying between latitude 21o30
22 14 N and longitude 83o32 84o10 E, the Ib River
Basin, covering an area of nearly 1460 sq.km, constitutes
that part of the Upper Mahanadi valley basin which is
included in Odisha. In this basin, the Gondwana
sediments unconformably overlie the Precambrian
basement; the latter comprising migmatitic granitic
gneiss, amphibolite, schist and quartzite traversed by
pegmatite and quartz veins.
o
The Talchir Formation (~ 130 m thick) crops out

as a continuous strip in the southwestern part and as
isolated small patches in the northern part of the Ib
River Basin. The sequence comprises conglomerate,
diamictites, medium to coarse grained greenish
sandstone with dispersed clasts, laminated greenish and
chocolate shale and rhythmite. The Karharbari
Formation (30-125 m thick) conformably overlies the
Talchir Formation and comprises medium to coarsegrained sandstone, greyish carbonaceous sandstone and
thin coal layers. There is only one coal seam (the Ib
Seam) as such. The Karharbari Formation grades
upwards into 350-500 m thick Barakar Formation. It
comprises white coloured fine to coarse-grained
feldspathic sandstone with bands and lenses of
conglomerate, shale, fine clay, carbonaceous shale and
relatively thick coal seams. These sediments are rich
in plant fossils, viz., Glossopteris Indica, Schizoneura
Gondwanensis, Vertebraria Indica and Sphenopteris
etc.
The 250-300 m thick Barren Measures sequence
conformably overlying the Barakar Formation are
characterized by grey to dark grey shale, carbonaceous
shale, fine to coarse grained sandstone, minor coal bands,
clay, ironstone bands and thin impersistent bands of
phosphatic rocks towards the top.
The Barren Measures grade into the overlying 180-
200 m thick Raniganj Formation which is characterized

by an interbedded sequence of medium to fine grained
cross laminated sandstone, shale and three to five coal
seams of 1.0 7.40 m thicknesses. The brownish shale
towards the top of this formation has yielded excellent
plant fossil assemblage comprising Vertebraria,
Schizoneura, Glossopteris, Raniganjensis etc. Some
phosphatic claystone bands are seen in the lower part of
the Raniganj Formation, at places.
Resting disconformably on the Raniganj Formation
are the rocks of the Kamthi Formation, varying in
thickness from 50-150 m. These include conglomerate,
profusely cross bedded coarse grained sandstone with
clasts of clay and pinkish to reddish shale. Recently, a
typical Triasic plant fossil, Dicrodium, has been recorded
in the lower part of the Kamthi Formation.
The Ib River Basin is conspicuously free from
igneous activity. Small patches of laterite, 3-4 m thick,
are locally seen within the Ib Basin, mostly over Barakar
Formation and Barren Measures.
Athgarh Basin : The Athgarh Basin covers about
800 sq.km and exposes mainly the Upper Gondwana
rocks. The Early Cretaceous Athgarh Sandstone is
exposed in the eastern margin of the Mahanadi valley.
The basal unit, comprising a thick sequence of sandstone
with minor shale, unconformably overlies the
Precambrian khondalite and gneiss, or locally, shale with
dropstone of Talchir Formation. On the right bank of
the Mahanadi River near Naraj, the sandstone is
succeeded by a thick sequence of carbonaceous and dark
grey shale over which the Sidheswar temple is situated.
The carbonaceous shale also overlies a basaltic flow at
the river level below the temple. Further upstream along
the right bank, basaltic flows with thin intertrappean
sediments are exposed near the weir at Naraj at the head
of the Puri canal. North of Cuttack, mafic dykes traverse
the carbonaceous rocks. The mafic intrusions at Naraj
have been dated at 109 26 Ma by K-Ar method
(Agrawal and Rama, 1976).
The Athgarh Sandstone contains an assemblage of
megaflora of Upper Gondwana affinity and also includes
Onychiopsis and palynofloral elements, viz.,
Imperdecispora and Podosporites from Sidheswar and
other areas (Maheswari, 1975; Singh and Venkatachala,
1988). The assemblage corresponds to Early Cretaceous
25
age. Fossils of filicales and coniferales have been found

in the red clay. Some of the filicales fossils have been
definitely identified as Rajmahal Species.
Structure : On a regional scale, Talchir Basin defines
a northwesterly plunging synclinal structure with a
closure to the east (Raja Rao, 1982). The GondwanaPrecambrian boundary in the north is marked by a series
of WNW-ESE trending faults that closely follow the
alignment of the Mahanadi valley rift. The general strike
of the Gondwana sediments is mainly E-W with uniform
low-angle northerly dips with local reversals in isolated
patches in the northeastern part of the basin. Three sets
of intrabasinal faults trending E-W, NE-SW and WNWESE are recorded in the Talchir Basin.
The southern boundary of the Ib River Basin is
defined by a major NW-SE trending lineament.
Structurally, the Ib River Basin can be subdivided into
the Rampur sub-basin in the south and the Himgir
(Himagiri) sub-basin in the northwest. The Rampur subbasin defines a synclinal structure on a NW-SE axis
with a broad closure in the southeastern part. The strike
of the bed veers from NW-SE in the Himgir sub-basin
and northern part of the Rampur sub-basin to N-S near
the fold closure to WNW-ESE in the south of the
synclinal axis. The beds dip at very low angle towards
southwest and west. The rocks are affected by two sets
of intrabasinal faults trending NW-SE and NE-SW.
Late Cretaceous Volcanics and Sediments
In the onshore and offshore parts of the Mahanadi
basin, basaltic flows and intertrappen sediments are
reported. The flows from the Mahanadi onshore
appears to be contemporaneous with the Rajmahal
Traps and have been tentatively assigned Aptian age
(Acharya and Lahiri, 1998). These flows are thus
equivalents of the basaltic rocks at Naraj, which
intrude the Athgarh Sandstone and have been dated
at ca. 109 Ma (Agarwal and Rama, 1976). In the
offshore area, the basaltic flows non-conformably
underlies marine Palaeocene or Eocene sediments and
reach a thickness of about 800 m (Jagannathan et al.,
1983; Baishya et al., 1986). It is believed that the thick
basaltic section from offshore Mahanadi basin
possibly includes an older Aptian and a younger
Palaeocene component. The suggested stratigraphic
succession is given in Table 9.
26
GEOL. SURV. IND
Table 9. Generalised stratigraphy of Mahanadi basin (Coastal belt and offshore)

Age
Formation/lithology
Thickness (m)
Palaeocene to
Maestrichtian
Basalt with clay-stone interbeds (coastal belt and offshore)
240 (800 in offshore)
Aptian to Neocomian
Basalt and intertrappean beds Black and carbonaceous shale,

basalt flow near base in outcrop
10050-650
Athgarh Sandstone and shale

Unconformity-
400-1300
Early Permian (?)
Shale with dropstones

Unconformity-
Precambrian
Khondalites, granite gneisses
Cainozoic Formations
The Cainozoic Era comprises the last 65 Ma of
earths history and is divisible into two periods, viz.,
Tertiary (65 2 Ma) and Quaternary (2 Ma Recent).
Cainozoic rocks, overwhelmingly dominated by
Quaternary formations, cover an area of 30, 381sq. km
in the State and are recorded largely along the coastal
tracts and river basins. A considerable thickness of
Tertiary and Quaternary formations also occurs as
subsurface deposits in the offshore areas.
Tertiary Formations
Baripada Beds : Surface outcrops of Tertiary
formations are restricted around Baripada town (21o56
N : 86o44 E), over a radius of 8 km. It was first reported
by Bose in 1904 from Molia, 3.2 km south of Baripada
town on the bed of the Burhabalang River. The Baripada
sediments are horizontal to subhorizontal and comprises
alternate sets of stratified clay and sand with
semiconsolidated clay, ferruginous grit, soil and
occasional marly clay or limestone interbands (Pattnaik
and Gupta, 1971). The lithostratigraphy of the exposed
section of the sequence in the Burhabalang River near
Usurdihi and Mukunmatia is given in Table 10.
Significant fossils reported from the Baripada Beds
include Ostrea sp. (Crassostrea Gajensis, Vredenburg
index fossil of Lower Miocene), fragmentary remains of

Palmoxylon, Shoreoxylon, elasmobranch microvertebrate
fauna, foraminifera, ostracode etc. (Sharma, 1956; Bhalla
and Dev, 1974; Sahni and Mehrotra, 1981).
The elasmobranch fauna, particularly the presence
of Carcharodon carcharia in the limestone, indicate an
age not older than Upper Burdigalian (Sahni and
Mehrotra, 1981) and presence of forminifera Orbulina
suturalis indicates Upper Burdigallian to Helvetian age.
Recently one pit of about 7 m depth was excavated
near Batakata village (21o51 N : 86o43 E) on the
Burhabalang River bed. In the pit section below the
exposed argillaceous limestone, loose calcareous and
brownish yellow Coquini beds are found to occur in
descending order. These sediments contain rich
microfaunal assemblages suggesting Early to Middle
Miocene age and coastal facies deposited in open sea
conditions (Bandopadhyay and Datta, 1990). The
Baripada Beds thus appear to be deposited in course of
a deep landward Early Miocene transgression.
Subsurface Tertiary Formations: In the onshore area,
the Baripada Beds continue below the extensive Quaternary
cover. Extension of the Baripada Beds below the
Quaternary cover southward upto south of Balasore with a
dip of 4-5o has been inferred by Bharali et al., (1991) from
Table 10. Lithostratigraphy of exposed section of Baripada Beds
Baripada
Beds
Alluvium
Unconformity
Quaternary Laterite and Gravel beds
Unconformity
Greyish and bluish white shale
Yellowish brown fossiliferous limestone
Greyish-green shale (carbonaceous in the upper part)
Base not exposed
4.5 5.5 m
6.0 10.5m
0.3 1.5 m
27
subsurface drilling data. Onshore and offshore exploration

by Oil India Ltd. indicate that Palaeogene shelf sediments
were deposited close to the present coastline and offshore.
In the drilled wells of Oil India Ltd. in Odisha offshore, a
thick sequence of Tertiary sediments are recorded,
sandwiched between Cretaceous and Recent sediments.The

generalized stratigraphic succession in the Tertiary
formations of Odisha offshore is given by Bharali et al.,
(1998) (Table-11).
Table-11. Generalised Stratigraphy of Odisha Offshore Basin

Age
Lithology
Environment
Maximum thickness
encountered in wells (m)
Recent to
Pliocene
Clay, claystone with few

interbeds of sands
Marine and progressional

deltaic
4200
Miocene
Claystone, siltstone, shale

Progressional deltaic to deep
1903
with interbedded sandstone
inner shelf.
and limestone.
Unconformity
Oligocene
Claystone, siltstone, shale
Progressional deltaic to deep inner
576
with interbedded sandstone
shelf to bathyal
and limestone
Unconformity
Eocene
Dark grey to buff massive
Inner to deep marine shelf.
772
limestone
Late Paleocene
Fine grained argillaceous

limestone with interbeds of
shale/sandstone.
Shallow supratidal to deltaic to

middle shelf.
Early Paleocene
Grey, calcareous shale with

Deltaic/shallow marine
198
interbeds of glauconitic
sandstone
Unconformity
Upper
Fine grained sandstone, shale.
Marginal marine to middle shelf.
293
Cretaceous
Early Cretaceous
Tuffs and volcanics with minor

Continental
interbeds of coal and
siltstone.
Unconformity
Pre-Cambrian
Metamorphic Basement
Quaternary Formations
Quaternary formations in the state include laterites
and Quaternary sediments (including volcanic ash beds).
Quaternary sediments are confined along river valleys,
deltas and coastal plain and attain maximum width of
about 100 km in the Mahanadi delta. Maximum thickness
of Quaternary sediments is recorded from Chandbali area
in Balasore District (~ 300 m). A wide array of sediment
types, viz., fluvial, deltaic, lagoonal, aeolian etc.
comprise the Quaternary deposits of the state.
Laterites : Both high- and low-level laterite cappings,
formed over a wide variety of rock types (khondalites,
charnockites, BIF-bearing low grade supracrustals,
metabasic rocks, Gondwana sediments and Quaternary
858
residual soils etc.) are widespread in Odisha and constitute

about 5% of the total area of the state. The high-level
laterites, which are often aluminous, occur on the plateau
situated between 900-1300m altitudes in Koraput,
Kalahandi and Bolangir districts. Some of the largest and
richest bauxite deposits of the country are associated with
these laterite cappings in the Eastern Ghats belt. In
Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar and Sundargarh districts, the high
level laterites occur on dissected plateaus above 1000m
altitude over low grade supracrustal rocks of the Simlipal
and Noamundi-Koira greenstone belts. Manganese
deposits of northern Odisha are generally associated with
these. Nickel ore is found in laterites formed over the
Amjhori sill in the Simlipal plateau.
The low level laterite occurs in the coastal tract over
28
GEOL. SURV. IND
the valleys. This laterite has been designated as the

Bolgarh formation and considered to be of Pleistocene
age since it overlies fossiliferous Baripada Beds of MioPliocene age in some areas. In the Sukinda valley,
laterites formed over chromiferous ultramafic rocks carry
nickel ores.
The age of the high-level laterite is controversial.
These are underlain by Proterozoic rocks and may
represent differentially uplifted and dissected planation
surfaces. While some workers consider both high- and
low-level laterites as coeval and of post Mio-Pliocene
age, others are of the opinion that the high-level laterites
are older (Valeton, 1972; Ramana Rao and
Vaidyanadhan, 1970; Ramam and Vaidyanadhan, 1981).
Quaternary sediments : Studies on the Quaternary
sediments of the state for nearly two decades have led
their classification into five formations. These, arranged
in order of decreasing antiquity, are, i)Naira, (ii) Bolgarh,
(iii) Kaimundi, (iv) Bankigarh and (v) Recent formations
(Table-12). Of these, the Naira formation is recorded in
river basins away from the coast while the others are
confined along the coastal belt. The various criteria used
for the above classification are character and genetic
type of the deposits, disposition of the different facies,
pedogenic development and type and degree of
landforms observed. In addition to the above field
features, archaeological and radiometric age data have
also been considered to erect the Quaternary stratigraphic
column Roy et al., 1988; Chakrabarty and
Chattopadhyay, 1989; Goswami, 1993; Debdas and
Meshram, 1990, 1991).
Naira Formation : The type locality for this
formation is near Naira village (19o1305"N : 83o4620"
E), Koraput district, along the Vanshadhara river valley.
It is represented by 8 m thick coarse to medium grained,

frequently cross-bedded, semi compacted, ferruginous
sandstone of reddish to yellowish brown colour with
lensoidal pebbly horizon towards the bottom and mottled
sandy-clay/clayey sand horizon towards the top.
Occurrences of Naira formation in the various river
basins are (after Devdas and Meshram, 1991).
Vanshadhara : Kharling, Gurhari, Kinjunagarh,
Bisam Cuttack.
Nagavalli : Hathi Pathar Khal, Jagannathpur,
J.K. Pur.
Indravati
: S SW of Demkeler.
Mahanadi : South of Boud extending continuously
up to Sonepur.
Brahmani : Bijigol, Samal barrage, Tumugola.
Rushikulya : Sorada.
Baitarani
: Between south of Anandpur and
north of Similia.
Recent studies in the upper reaches of the Nagavalli,
Vansadhara, Indravati, Brahmani and Mahanadi river
basins have led to the recognition of a chalky white,
unconsolidated volcanogenic ash bed, closely associated/
interbedded with the Quaternary sediments of the Naira
formation (Debdas and Meshram, 1990, 1991; Acharya
and Basu, 1993). At places, the ash bed rests directly on
the Precambrian bedrock and marks the base of the
Quaternary sequence. SEM study of tephra from Kareni
(191235N : 834727E) and Gopuparhu
(190938N : 834000E) reveals that the ash bed
comprises angular to very angular shards and pumice
fragments suggesting its dry transport. The highly silicic,
non-plastic, well-sorted and light ash comprises glass
shards, pumice and identifiable mineral phases like
quartz, biotite and feldspars (Basu and Biswas, 1991).
Acharya and Basu (1993) relate this ash bed to the Toba
Table-12. Lithostratigraphy of Quaternary sequence in Odisha

(after Mishra, et al, 2003)
Morpho Units
Litho Units
Tentative age
Present day Surface
Present day channel fill (Fine to medium

sand with little clay and silt).
Present day to Late Holocene
Bankigarh Surface
Bankigarh Formation (Brownish sandy clay)
Late to Middle Holocene
Kaimundi Surface
Kaimundi Formation (Caliche bearing sandy clay).
Late Pleistocene to early Holocene
Bolagarh surface/Naira surface
Bolgarh Formation (Secondary laterite formation).
Naira Formation (Semiconsolidated
Pebbly sandstone with ash bed).
Middle to Early Pleistocene
-- Unconformity --
Basement
Precambrian to Tertiary rocks.
Volcanic Caldera of Indonesia of age 74,000 years B.P.(

Rose and Chesner, 1987) and consider it as Youngest
Toba Ash (YTA).
Bolgarh Formation : The formation comprises
varyingly lateritised coarse sand, pebble, gravels and
boulders derived from bedrocks,is best developed in and
around Bolgarh, west of Bhubaneswar and around
Gopalpur. Ferruginous residual soil, latsol and hard
duricrust are typical of the deposits. In areas adjacent to
the Pre-Quaternary rocks, a marked increase in the
degree of lateritisation is noted. The coastal equivalents
of this formation (oldest coastal facies) occur as stranded
beach ridges of highly oxidized reddish brown sands.
Kaimundi Formation : The Kaimundi Formation (3.5
8.5 m thick) overlies Bolgarh Formation unconformably
and comprises greenish grey to Khaki-coloured hard silt
and clay with profuse calcareous concretions (caliche/
kankar) and occasional iron nodules. Presence of caliche
is a distinctive feature of these sediments. Commonly
referred to as the Older Alluvium, the alluvial facies of
this formation forms the oldest valley-fill deposits and
represents the earliest flood plain of the Quaternary Era. It
is best developed around Kaimundi and Fathegarh.
Stablised dunes, forming linear stranded beach ridges of
yellowish brown well-sorted medium to fine sand
represents the coastal facies of this formation.
Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene age has been
inferred for Kaimundi formation from the fossil remains
(Carvus danvancellis). Human artifacts recovered from
cultural mounds indicate a Neolithic age (6000 years B.P.).
In addition, radiocarbon dating has indicated a maxiumun
age of 5880 12 years B.P. (Roy et al., 1988; Chakrabarty
and Chattopadhyay, 1989).
Bankigarh Formation : This overlies the Kaimundi
Formation with an overlap and is subdivided into four
synchronous facies, viz., (i) alluvial valley facies, (ii)
upper delta facies, (iii) lower delta facies and (iv)
younger coastal facies. The alluvial valley facies include
the flood plain deposit which occur parallel to the present
river courses. The sediments are represented by alternate
bands of silt, fine white sand and mottled clay. The upper
and lower delta facies are best developed in the
compound delta of Mahanadi. The sediments display
nominal oxidation implying immature pedogenic
alteration. The lower delta facies passes seaward into
their coastal equivalents (Younger Coastal Facies),
29
represented by yellow, medium to fine sands of the

stranded beach-ridge segments. Evidences from
vertebrate remains and radiocarbon dating (1220 18
to 1590 150 Years B.P.) indicate Mid-Late Holocene
age for this formation (Goswami, 1993).
Recent Formations : Three distinct facies are
included in this formation, viz., (i) fluvial, (ii) fluviotidal (coastal) and (iii) lagoonal. These are best
developed around Barkul, Cuttack and Paradip areas.
The lagoonal facies is represented by the sediments
of the Chilka area. The coastal equivalents consists
of the present day beach ridges, spits etc.
Microforaminiferal assemblages and vertebrate
remains in the dune sediments indicate Late Holocene
age (Goswami, 1993)
Evolutionary Aspects: Five geomorphic surfaces are
recognisable in the Quaternary formations in the state,
viz., (i) the oldest surface developed over the PreQuaternary rocks. Essentially an erosional surface, this
is represented by high to medium altitude hills with flat
or domal top, (ii) the Bolgarh surface, represented by
coalescing pediments and pediplains, (iii) Kaimundi
surface comprising the oldest flood plain terrace and
the older beach ridges subsequently severely dissected
by the 3rd and 4th order streams ; (iv) Bankigarh surface
comprising the second oldest flood plain terrace, the
upper and lower delta plains and sequences of younger
coastal beach ridges and (v) the recent surface which
includes the present day alluvial fills, beach ridges, lake
(Chilka) front dunes, sandy flats and mud flats. While
the first two surfaces represent denudational landforms,
the last three are aggradational surfaces.
The Quaternary sequence of events in Odisha
commenced during the Early Pleistocene with a
widespread denudation leading to the developement of
the first and second order drainage systems. Further, the
presence of laterites at the base of the Bolgarh Formation
implies that the climate was rather humid with welldefined wet and dry seasons. The presence of volcanic
ash bed with very angular shards and pumice fragments
at the base of the Naira Formation (defining the base of
the Quaternary sequence) imply dry aeolian transport
during Pleistocene Toba eruption of Indonesia.
A major depositional episode started with the
development of the flood plains during the Late
Pleistocene to Early Holocene period. Alluvial deposits
30
GEOL. SURV. IND
(Older Alluvium) of the Kaimundi together with its

equivalent facies were deposited during this time. The
presence of caliche indicates some degree of aridity
associated with interfluvial climatic regime.
The beginning of the Kaimundi sedimentation
probably corresponds to a sea-level rise during one of
the interstadials in the last glaciation of the Late
Pleistocene (warm ?). It was followed by a lowering of
the sea level and thus a change in the base level of erosion.
As a consequence, the Kaimundi suffered severe erosion
by the third and fourth order streams.
The last glaciation ended at the close of the
Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene, this
period is marked by a marine transgression (Flandarian
or Holocene transgression). The rise in the sea level was
responsible for widespread deposition, which has
continued since then.
Deposition of the Kaimundi sediments continued

till the Early Holocene. Archaeological remains prove
the presence of flourishing Neolithic settlements during
the period. This was followed by the deposition of
Bankigargh and Recent formations successively
throughout Holocene until the present day. The
prograding compound delta of the Mahanadi formed due
to prodigious sedimentation during Middle to Late
Holocene time to the present day.
At present, the coastline is advancing through a
landward accretion of barrier beach ridges, perhaps
through spasmodic leaps punctuated by slow but uniform
parallel seaward upgradation of beach-berm dune
complex giving rise to a wide sandy Coastal Zone
(Chakrabarty and Chattopadhyay, 1986). With the
advance of the beach front, the lower delta facies is
overlapping the shoreline facies and is being overlapped
by the upper delta facies. This progradation had been
and is still a major and continuous event.
Civilization exists by geological consent, subject to change without notice

WILL DURANT
Mineral Resources
Odisha is endowed with vast reserves of mineral
resources, the prominent ones being bauxite, iron ore, coal,
chromite, manganese, nickel, limestone and dolomite.
Besides, the state has also large reserves of fire clay, china
clay, graphite and also some reserves of basemetal ore.
Kalahandi District. The bands vary in length from 1to 16

m and in width from 20 to 30cm. A tentative reserve of
0.4 million tonnes of asbestos is estimated for four such
bands. The asbestos bands show sharp concordant as well
as discordant contact with the enclosing schists.
Viewed against the all India resource potential,

Odisha has 59% of the bauxite, 96% of chromite, 95%
of nickel ore, 26% of iron ore, 29% of manganese ore,
67% of graphite, 25% of coal, 21% of fire clay, 16% of
dolomite, 15% of limestone and 56% of vanadiferous
and titaniferous magnetite. The graphite resources of
Odisha have not yet been fully explored and it is the
largest producer of graphite in India.
Sundargarh District
In Bonai region of Sundargarh District, tremolite
type asbestos occurs in the ultrabasic rocks near Rangra
(2202: 8509).
Mayurbhanj District
Small occurrences of asbestos confined to metaultramafics are found near Balidihi (2227:8613) and
Jashipur (2226: 8613).
The distribution pattern of different mineral deposits

in the state is controlled by the geological environment
in which they occur. The southern and western districts
namely Koraput, Rayagada, Kalahandi, Bolangir, Boudh
and Phulbani, covering large parts of the granulite belt
of Eastern Ghats, are large repositories of high-grade
bauxite, graphite and manganese ore, besides the wide
variety of gemstones, including diamond (recently
reported). On the other hand, the Precambrian
supracrustals and the Gondwana SuperGroup lying in
the northern districts, namely Kendujhar, Mayurbhanj,
Sundargarh, Sambalpur, Dhenkanal and Cuttack, contain
rich and large deposits of iron ore, chromite, manganese,
coal, limestone, dolomite and a host of other minerals.
Basemetals
Odisha is relatively less endowed with basemetal
ores. The deposits are associated with the Precambrian
schists occurring in parts of north Odisha. Detailed
exploration in recent past established a few promising
sectors, especially for copper and lead ores, at Kesarpur
in Mayurbhanj District, Adash in Sambalpur District and
Sargipalli in Sundargarh District respectively. The total
reserves of lead and copper for Odisha have been
estimated at 6.54 million tonnes and 6.42 million tonnes
respectively.
The reserve positions of different minerals occurring

in the State are shown in Table-1. (Appendix)
Lead & Zinc

Sundargarh district
Asbestos
Sargipalli (2203:8335) lead deposit is located

between Lokdega (2203: 8350) and Bharatpur
(2203: 8356) covering a stretch of 1600 m. The
lithounits comprising dolomite, garnetiferous mica schist
and quartzite belong to Gangpur Group and are intruded
Kalahandi District:
Tremolite-asbestos bands have been reported from
talc-tremolite-actinolite-chlorite schists of Bengpal Group
occurring near Sanibahal village (1926: 8251) in
31
32
by granite, pegmatite and basic rock. The rocks are

thoroughly metamorphosed and the host rock for
mineralisation is the garnetiferous mica schist. The strike
of the rock formation is WNW-ESE with dip varying
between 30-45 towards SSW. Mineralisation is
confined to the southern limb of an easterly plunging
syncline.
The mineralisation is confined to a 20m to 40 m
wide zone in garnet-biotite mica schist extending over
1.5km strike length. The four major lodes are disposed
in an en-echelon pattern with characteristic pinch and
swell structure. The major ore mineral, galena occurs
as disseminations, bands, veins, stringers and fine
laminae containing some sphalerite and chalcopyrite.
The other mineral associates, though in minor
proportion, are pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite,
cubanite, bornite and tetrahedrite. Surface indications
are provided by presence of malachite, azurite and
cerrrusite. The ore analyses on an average 6.73% Pb,
0.33% Cu and 0.4% Zn. A total reserve of 6.54 million
tonnes with reserve grade 5.75% Pb has been
established for the Sargipalli deposit. Hindusthan Zinc
Limited has carried out extensive development and
exploratory mining since November, 1974.
Concentration of pyrrhotite with 0.2% Pb, 0.86% Zn
and Cu with Ni and Co in traces has been observed in
Siphripara (20o07: 83o48) and Giringkela Surgura
(22o10: 83o49) areas.
Galena with minor chalcopyrite and sphalerite occur
near Kiringera (22 05: 84 25). Traces of galena are
also recorded in a silicified zone within a dolomitiic
marble band at Beligocha (22o00: 84o45) and Kanchera
(22o00: 81o49). Sporadic disseminations of chalcopyrite
with sphalerite and galena are observed from Brahmani
river bed close to Raghunathpali Conglomerate.
Mayurbhanj District
Detailed investigation for lead was carried out based
on incidence of specks of galena near Pithabata (2157:
8535) and Beradiha (2154: 8640). The occurrence
were tested by drilling but results were not encouraging.
Other reported galena occurrences include Patingia
(2201: 86 37), Champagarh (21 50: 85 35),
Shanjabani (22 04:8637) and Nandabani (2205:
8635). The mineralisation around Shanjabani is of
minor nature where specks of galena, chalcopyrite and
pyrite occur in quartz vein traversing quartz-sericite
GEOL. SURV. IND
schist. Two old pits with mine dumps marked by stains

of malachite are present in this area.
Bolangir District
Lead and copper mineralisation was observed in a
set of quartz veins and quartz breccia reefs to the east of
Saintala (2016: 8331), which has been traced
intermittently over a length of 29 km. Lead ore associated
with copper is reported from near Jalerpodar (2024:
8322) and Bodipara (2026: 8322) along shear zone
in brecciated quartz veins traversing Khondalite Group
of rocks. Galena specks occur in quartz veins over a
length of 29km between Ampali (2025: 83 26) and
Chormara (2018: 8317). Gossan cappings occur to
the east of Bisermunda (2023: 8322). Copper
mineralisation in quartz vein has been observed between
Kansar (20o22: 83o24) and Dongarmonda (20o25:
83 o 20). Small pockets, stringers, streaks and
dissemination of galena are observed in brecciated quartz
veins traversing Khondalite Group of rocks at Limpara
(2022: 8317), Norabahal (2022: 8319), Badmal
(2023: 8317) and Papsi (2024: 8316).
Kalahandi District
Specks of galena occur in brecciated quartz vein in
an old pit near Baminipada. Occurrences of galena have
been reported at Toresinga, Khairamal, Sishakhal and
Pipalpadar.
Deogarh District
Galena mineralisation is noticed within fractures of
sheared quartz vein traversing quartz-sericite schist near
Gangajal (2138: 8432). In addition to these, minor
occurrences of galena have been reported from near Junai
(2132: 8354) in Sambalpur district and Padampur
(2145: 8335) in Jharsuguda district. In Kermali (2103:
8316) area of Baragarh district galena mineralisation
has been traced in the quartz vein over a length of 450 m.
Copper
Mayurbhanj District
Copper mineralization has been located in KesarpurKusumdihi area (2207; 8541) at a number of places
in sheared metabasites. Stains of malachite, azurite and
bornite with specks of chalcopyrite are seen in the altered
basic rocks at the contact with sheared granite. Based
on the evidence of old workings and subsequent detailed

investigation, three promising sectors have been
delineated at Kesarpur, Madansahi and Dudhiasol. Out
of these, Kesarpur sector is most promising where strike
extension of the mineralised zone is more than 3 km
with nearly 1km width. The copper mineralisation occurs
in sheared metabasics belonging to the Iron Ore
Supergroup. Copper ore is found as stringers, veins,
disseminations and lenses. The ore zones occur as a
series of discontinuous lenticular bodies disposed in an
en-echelon pattern. The ore minerals include sulphides
like pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite associated with
minor amounts of nickel and cobalt. Traces of zinc in
the form of sphalerite associated with primary
chalcopyrite are often found to develop selectively along
contact of the sheared granite and the metabasic. The
mineralisation is structurally controlled. Drilling in the
area established a total reserve (both probable and
possible) of 2.16 million tonnes of copper ore with
average grade of 1.5% Cu at 0.8% cut-off and 1.27
million tonnes with 0.55% Cu. Besides disseminated
specks of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite are found near
Talpatia (21 5700": 8405) in Sundargarh District.
Sambalpur district
Copper mineralization has been located near Adash
situated at about 6km south of the contact zone between
Eastern Ghat Supergroup and Iron Ore Supergroup. The
area represents a part of the Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt
exposing quartzite, quartz-biotite-sillimanite-garnetgraphite schist/gneiss (khondalite), pyroxene granulite,
calc-granulite, amphibolite and granite. Surface
indications show a zone of oxidation and malachite stains
over a strike length of about 300m. Copper mineralization
found in form of disseminations, stringers and veinlets is
confined to silicified metabasic rocks occurring as
paleosomes within granite gneiss and migmatite. The
mineralization is stratigraphically controlled within the
pyroxene granulites, particularly along the contact with
granite gneiss. Chalcopyrite, the chief ore mineral is
associated with pyrite and pyrrhotite. Structurally a shear
zone, traceable over a strike length of over 1600m, controls
the mineralization. Three parallel lodes have been
demarcated within silicified metabasic rocks. A total
reserve of 3.51 million tonnes has been estimated out of
which 0.93 million tonnes with average grade of 1.46%
Cu is confined to only 50m strike length and up to a depth
of 125m. The locality/district wise summary of ore
reserves with other details is shown in Table-2.
33
Bauxite
Odisha continues to be the leading state accounting
for 59% of the total bauxite production of the country.
The bauxite deposits of Odisha may be broadly classified
into five different categories based on their nature of
the bedrock.
1. Relatively large cappings over khondalite/
khondalitic rocks of Eastern Ghats Supergroup in
Koraput, Kalahandi, Phulbani, Bolangir and
Sambalpur districts.
2. Cappings developed over charnockite, diorite /
dioritic gneisses of Eastern Ghats Super- group in
Koraput and Kalahandi districts.
3. Minor cappings over Chattishgarh Shale in Khariar
highlands in Nuapada District.
4. Minor cappings over mafic volcanics and shale of
Koira Group in Kendujhar and Sundargarh District.
5. Capping over Simlipal volcanic rocks in
Mayurbhanj District.
The first two categories are by far the most important
because of their large areal extent and greater thickness.
They constitute the well known East Coast Bauxite
deposits of Odisha. These cappings generally occur in
the elevation range of 900 - 1400 m.
In these deposits, the bauxite is composed entirely of
gibbsite. Petrographic studies reveal that gibbsite is
pseudomorphous after sillimanite, garnet and feldspars,
which are the chief mineral constituents of khondalite and
charnockite. The East Coast Bauxites are generally low in
silica (1-3%) and titanium (<2.5%) and high in iron (8 28%).
The alumina content varies generally between 40
and 56%. A post Mio-Pliocene age has been assigned to
these bauxite deposits. Other details of these deposits
in respect of their area, thickness, grade and reserves is
shown in Table - 3.
Apart from these major deposits, bauxite
occurrences have also been recorded in several other
areas of the state:
Kendujhar District
Bauxite with intercalated laterite cappings over
metavolcanics occurs on the flat-topped hills, near
34
Kuanr to the west of Kendujhar in the elevation range

of 727m and 848m. The reserve is estimated at 10
million tonnes with Al2O3 content up to 49%.
Phulbani District
Occurrences of bauxite have been reported from
Mandura (19 56: 83 33), Kotgod (1957: 8343),
Belagad (1956: 8336), and Guruli (1959:8346)
areas. The occurrences at Anamini Parbat accounts for
a total reserve of about 9 million tonnes with average
Al2O3 content of 40%.
Sundargarh District
Bauxite occurs as irregular pockets within
ferruginous laterite capping on the ferruginous shale and
chert of the Koira Group of rocks near Tantra (2253
:8510), Kusumdihi, Jaldihi and San Indupur. It analyses
up to 55% Al2O3 with very low iron and silica contents.
The reserves estimated are about 1 million tonne.
Mayurbhanj District
In Simlipal complex aluminous laterites are noted
over the flat-topped hill ranges west of Nawana and east
of Simlipalgarh and Bakua etc.
Nuapada District
Good quality bauxite occurs upto a depth of 1.5m
in the saddle portion of Khariar Highland at Lohdungri
(2028 : 8226). The bauxite seems to be localized
along east-west trending fault zone in the Purana
Quartzite and appears to have been derived from the
underlying Proterozoic shales.
Rayagada District
Occurrences of bauxite associated with ferruginous
laterite are found in a number of flat-topped hills around
Kashipur, Kashinguda (1915 : 8340), Manjimali
(1923 : 8304), Pasangmali (1922 : 8307) in
Rayagada district. The ore is derived from dioritic
gneisses and khondalitic rocks.
Beach Sand Minerals
The coastal tracts of Ganjam and Puri districts
contain workable concentration of heavy minerals in
GEOL. SURV. IND
the beach and dune sands, which include ilmenite,

garnet, rutile, sillimanite, zircon and monazite. The
heavy mineral concentration varies from 8.6 to 25%,
ilmenite constituting about 40% of the total heavies.
The reserves/ resources of beach sand mineral in the
coastal districts of Odisha have been estimated at 38.58
million tonnes of ilmenite, 25.39 million tonnes of
garnet, 16.15 million tonnes of sillimanite, 1.62 million
tonnes of rutile, 1.21 million tonnes of zircon and 0.87
million tonnes of monazite (IBM, 1999). A mineral
processing plant of Indian Rare Earth Limited operating
at Chhatrapur is producing 0.22 million tonnes of
ilmenite, 0.01 million tonnes of rutile, 0.03 million
tonnes sillimanite, 4000 tonnes of monazite and 2000
tonnes of zircon annually.
Cassiterite (TIN ORE)
Malkangiri District
Cassiterite occurrences located at Mundaguda,
(1830:8204) Mohapadar, (1857:8158),
Vedurpalle, (1835:8158), Dumguda (1837:8201)
and Bajirpador (1834:8206) in Malkangiri district,
Odisha, are similar to those in the adjoining Bastar
district of M.P. The mineralization is associated with
pegmatites emplaced within the Tulosidongar Formation
of the Precambrian Bengpal Group of rocks.
The Tulsidonger Formation comprises quartzite,
quartz-sericite schist, phyllite, chlorite/chloritoid
schist, and andalusite schist, ferruginous schist and
ferruginous conglomerate/breccia. The general strike
of foliation is NW-SE to ENE-WSW with moderate to
steep (25-80) southerly dip. The tin mineralization
is associated with acid pegmatites traversing along the
axial planes of folds developed in the above host rocks.
The tin mineralization appears to be genetically related
to the Darba/Paliam granites and is attributed to the
process of pneumatolysis as reflected by
greissenisation, tourmalinisation and albitisation.
Cassiterite occurs both in the primary pegmatites and
in the form of placers in the area by the action of
secondary processes.
a) Primary Occurrence : Pegmatites traversing the
metabasite of the area contain primary cassiterite as
disseminations and also as discrete crystals. The
incidence of tin in pegmatites traversing the metabasite
is seen to be maximum up to 0.45% Sn. Generally, the
thinner (2-10cm thick) pegmatite veins intruding
metabasics are richer in cassiterite content than the thick

pegmatite (30-50cm width) bands. The cassiterite rich
ore is generally hard massive and dark brown to black
in colour, the average metal content being 0.1 to 0.2%
Sn. Out of 139 pegmatite bodies initially delineated, only
39 were found to be tin bearing. However, subsequent
work helped in locating a total of 260 pegmatite bodies
in this area namely Mundaguda-Mahapadar, SirkupaMisgodi and Dammoguda-Salimi areas.
The dispersion of cassiterite in pegmatite body is
highly variable and is directly proportional to K2O/Na2O
content. The staniferous pegmatites carry rare metals
like columbium and tantalum in varying proportions.
The pegmatites emplaced into the contact of metabasite
and metasediments are exceptionally rich in tin
compared with those emplaced into either of the rocks.
Such mineralisation is in association with tourmaline,
cleavlandite and albite.
b)Secondary occurrence: Economic concentration
of tin occurs in the colluvial, eluvial and alluvial zones
surrounding the mineralized pegmatites around
Mundaguda over an area of 2 sq. km. In the placer
deposits, crystals and fine concentrate of cassiterite occur
with ilmenite, rutite, zircon, magnetite, tourmaline,
monazite and quartz.
Sonepur District
Panned heavy concentrates from pegmatites and vein
quartz emplaced in granitoid show tin value upto 0.5%.
Besides, pegmatite samples collected from the
confluence of Tel and Mahanadi rivers have indicated
1000-1500 ppm tin. Incidence of Nb and Ta analysing
40 to 800 ppm per 100kg of colluvial material has been
reported.
Boudh district
35
Clay
The state is endowed with a number of china clay
and fire clay deposits.
China Clay
Koraput District
Bedded clay occurrences have been reported from
the localities mentioned below:
Obuguda (1845; 8245), Doliambe (1830:
8252), Turia (1836: 8258), Baipariguda (1845:
8225), Santhopur ( 1844: 8224), Kallaru (1837:
8224), Saradaputti (1834: 8227), Boipariguda
(1834: 8227), Sorispadar (1903: 8216) and
Devandera (1904: 8228). The total reserve of clay
near Baipariguda, Kallaru and Ramagiri is estimated at
2800 tonnes. The beds are about 7m thick and the clay
is white to greyish-white in colour and semi-plastic. The
origin of clay is attributed to the weathering of shales.
The Obuguda clay is slightly gritty, fairly plastic and
pinkish white in colour. The linear shrinkage varies
between 10 15%. On burning, the colour of clay turns
to dirty yellow and does not fuse at 1400C. Clays
derived from kaolinised gneiss are reported from
Misoriguda (1852: 8241), Pukkili (1830: 8254),
Jodiguda (1820: 8246), Nabgam ( 1906: 8230),
Madhupur (1953 : 8328), Lafhiponga (1940:
8330), Pathibonda (1811: 8156) and Sirgarajnkonta
(1817; 8148).
Cuttack District
Plastic and gritty kaolin derived from the
decomposition of feldspars in gneisses is reported from
south-west of Banrapal (2050: 8523). Gritty kaolin
occurs at the foot of the Baideswar Hill (2028; 8534).
The material is coloured, gritty and non-plastic.
Some zoned pegmatites in areas around Ambuda,

Manmunda, Bamunda and
Dhenkanal District
Karunapalli are potential for tin as well as Nb, Ta

and Tungsten (W) mineralization.
White clay, derived from decomposition of

feldspathic gneisses intruded by pegmatites, occurs near
Sibalopose (2056 ; 8503). At places, it is yellowish
at the top but white at depth.
Malkangiri District
Recoverable reserve of 12,692 tonnes of tin ore
concentrates from this district has been estimated.
Sundergarh District
In Sundergarh District, small irregular deposits of
36
China clay/kaolin are reported from Manjapara,

Kaintora, Bhaunra and Dharuadihi. The clay is locally
used for white washing. Barakar Sandstone around
Amatpani, Laidega and Baraibera contains about 17.8%
of white clay as matrix, the rest of the bulk being made
up of good quality sand which may be used in glass and
foundry industries. White shale is also found to occur
near Kardega, Baraibera and Bangura. These shales are
reasonably free from grit. A total of 1800 tonnes of kaolin
and ball clay has been estimated in the district.
Ganjam District
Kaolin deposits derived from the weathering of
gneisses are found near Satarpally (1942: 8451) and
Jillinda (1942: 8457). The linear shrinkage is about
12.5% and the clay turns to yellow grey colour on firing
to 1400C without fusing. Other occurrences in this
district are Sarangoda (2014; 8407), east of Siringi
(2010; 8409), Dwarjam (1920; 8432) and Satrasda
(1947; 8448). Kaolin resulting from alteration of
granulitic rock is reported from SE of Barampur (1905;
8441).
Phulbani District
White clay derived from the decomposition of
gneisses is reported from Karanda (2042; 8520). The
average thickness of the clay horizon is about 3m and a
reserve of 3500 tonnes of material is estimated. Similar
clay deposit occurs at Bahanda (2043: 4526). The
material is gritty but fairly plastic. Other minor
occurrences of clay include Deogarh (2045; 8417),
Tuljeri (2041: 8359), Tatakandi (2048: 8346) and
Dundurkot (2041: 8515).
GEOL. SURV. IND
Balasore District
Highly decomposed gneisses, north of Arubandha,
contain deposits of white clay. North of Gardihi (2134:
8640), white clay deposit occurs beneath a laterite
capping. The clay is banded in appearance and is slightly
gritty.
Mayurbhanj District
China clay is found to be associated with the late
phase granitic members of the Singhbhum Granite
Complex near Karanjia (2145: 8558) and Joshipur
(2150: 8605). It occurs beneath an overburden of 3.5
to 4.5m. The material is free from grit and is of good
quality. The reserve of good clay is 0.1 million tonnes.
The material is plastic with shrinkage of 21%. On
burning it turns to faint grey colour with high vitrification
at 1450C. Clay deposit occurring near Duria (2157:
8559) contains reserve of 1.2 million tonnes. The
material is white and plastic with shrinkage of 26%. It
burns to pale cream to grey colour when fired at 1450C
with fair vitrification.
The Chachabari clay deposit (2148: 8601)
contains a reserve of 0.07 million tonnes of good quality
clay and 0.04 million tonnes of second grade clay. The
material is plastic and has shrinkage of about 20%. It
burns to cream colour at 1450C with slight
vitrification.
Sedimentary kaolin is reported near Baripada
(2158: 8647). On firing the clay becomes hard without
fusing and assumes an aggreable terracota colour.
Bolangir District:
Kendujhar District
A white clay deposit occurs about 1.6 km to the west
of Keonjhar (2134 : 8535). The deposit comprises two
patches, occurring side-by-side and separated from each
other by a band of weathered epidiorite. A total reserve of
0.17 million tonnes of crude clay or 0.07 million tonnes
of refined clay is estimated to be available. The
Taranipukuri Amvapara (2135 : 8547) deposit
contains three patches of kaolin. The Sandi Murra (2152
: 8534) deposit contains a reserve of 0.5 million tonnes
of crude clay and 0.2 million tonnes of refined clay.
Pockets of gritty white kaolin resulting from the

decomposition of pegmatites, which are intrusive into
khondalite, are reported near Sargod (2051 : 8355)
and Baludongri (2101: 8406).
Good quality clay derived from gneisses, pegmatites
and schists is reported from Khola (2140: 8340),
Ghichampra (2146: 8406), Sagupali (2135: 8404),
Ghuhukilikra (2139:8409), Barasinghari (2135:
8336) and Dangchancha (2054: 8302).
37
Fire Clay
Dhenkanal District
Bedded deposits of fire clay, mostly associated with

coal measures of Gondwana Supergroup, are found in
Cuttack, Dhenkanal, Puri, Sambalpur, Sundergarh and
Koraput districts of Odisha.
Fire clay bodies are reported from Rajharan (2057:

8458), Chhindipada (2105: 8446), Junagarh (2106:
8450) Patrapura (2105: 8446), Sibultosi (2056:
8530) and near Hingirida Ghatsi (2058: 8443).
These clays are plastic and brown to buff coloured. After
firing, they become hard and have low porosity.
The total reserve of fire clay in the state is of the

order of 175.256 million tonnes (IBM, 1993). There are
around 20 existing mines in the state which accounts
for 16% of the total production of fire clay in the country.
Sundargarh district
Good quality of fire clay, occurring within the
Gondwana rocks of Ib river coal field, is mined at
Kiripsora, Gopapali, Kathpali, Khutijharia, Kurutoi,
Juraboga, Girsuan, Jamakani etc. A good number of fire
clay beds are recorded in and around Tencligad,
Siarmai,Balinga, Benkibahal, Forkbahaj, Kiripsora,
Garjanbehi, Khuntijheria, Dulunga, Khajurdihi and
Jharpal and Girisuan areas.
A total reserve of 618,000 tonnes of fire clay has
been estimasted in the district. Salient features of the
major deposits are as follows:
Name
Jurabaga Block A
(Sundargarh District)
Jurabaga Main
(Sundargarh District)
Darlipalli
(Sambalpur District)
Darlipalli Block B
(Sambalpur District)
Al2O3%
(P)
(NP)
(P)
(NP)
(P)
(NP)
(NP)
(P)
(NP)
(NP)
28.04
20.27
25.1-27.8
22.4 32.0
44.0 64.0
53.3 62.8
41.0 50.8
49.6 62.0
40.0 62.2
38.8 52.6
Reserve (in tonnes)
525
99000
689586
141300
93300
8200
483400
774300
269700
Cuttack District
Workable deposits are located near Talbasta (2220:
8535) and Chandiprasad (2026; 8548).
Puri District
Fire clay, associated with the Gondwana rocks,
occurs east of Barthajimundia (2020: 8551). It burns
light grey with a linear shrinkage of about 7.5% and
does not fuse at 1400C. Similar occurrence of clay is
reported from Jaganathprasad (2020: 8546) and
Bharatpur (2018: 8547).
Sambalpur District
Fire clay has been reported from near Jurabaga
(2147: 8352), Darilpalli (2146 : 8351) and
Rampur (2146 :8355). The material is hard, plastic
and refractory. Similar clay is also reported from
Kuropali (2147 : 8354), Baripahar (2146 : 8347),
Lukopali (20o46 : 82o33) and Khindia (2147 : 8356).
It burns to brownish colour with a linear shrinkage of
10% but does not fuse at 1450C.
The Belpahar Refractories Limited have set up a
modern and sophisticated refractory plant in the area
primarily fed by the Jurabaga- Darilpali deposit.
Abandoned fireclay workings are present in the Pajbira
Khindia area to the east of the Ib river. At Talbira, the
fire clay deposit occurring at the upper part of the
Rampur horizon comprises two bands, grey to dark grey
in colour and 2m in thickness. The clay analyses 19.76
to 25.30% Al2O3. An occurrence of 0.75m thick dark
grey clay has been recorded in a coal quarry at Khindia.
The clay is of inferior quality, containing about 18%
Al2O3.
The Kripsira Jamkania area of Hingir field contain
high grade non-plastic fireclays with Al2O3 content
varying between 30.37 to 38%. A gross reserve of 0.63
million tonnes has been estimated (IBM inventory,
1975).
Coal
Odisha has 61999 million tonnes of coal which
accounts to 24% of the total coal resource (254230
million tonnes) of the country as on 01.01.2007. This
reserve has been estimated only in a part of the
prognosticated coal bearing area of Talchir and Ibriver coalfields. Further exploration efforts are likely
to substantially increase the reserve of coal in the
state.
38
GEOL. SURV. IND
The major coal bearing formations in both Talchir

and Ib-river coalfields are Karharbari and Barakar,
though occurrences of coal seams in Raniganj Formation
has been reported by GSI in Ib River coalfields. While
only one coal seam has been established from Karharbari
Name of the Coalfield
Formation in both the coalfields, the Barakar Formation

has yielded 12 seams in Talchir and 4 seams in Ib-River
coalfields.
Location and extent wise details of major coal fields
of Odisha are shown below:
Latitude
Longitude
Basinal area. (sq.km.)
Talchir.
2050-2115
8409-8533
1813
Dhenkanal,
Angul,
Sambalpur.
Ib River.
2131-2214
8410-8432
1460
Sambalpur,
Jharsuguda,
Sundargarh,
Talchir Coal Field

The Talchir coalfield mainly falls within Angul
District. It is characterized by east-west trending strike
faults and in the process, repetition of coal seams has
resulted quarriable increased potentiality. The basinal
structure of Talchir coalfield appears to be preserved
distinctly in south and east. Stratigraphically, eleven coal
seams occur within Karharbari and Barakar Formations.
Seam-I occurs within the Karharbari and the rest (SeamII to Seam-XI) are associated with the Barakar rocks.
A prominent and regionally persistent seam (Seam1) within the Karharbari Formation, is under exploitation
in the Deolbera, Talchir, Balanda and Nandira collieries.
The seam occurs in six split sections (IA to IF in
descending order), specially in the NW and western parts
of the coalfield, varying in thickness from 2 to 25m.
The topmost IA section is the thickest with partings of
carbonaceous and grey shales. Other sections are more
or less clean in nature interlayered with carbonaceous
shale. The lower section of seam No.I i.e. from Seam
No.ID to IP, contains 6.7 to 7.8% moisture, 7.5 to 12.8%
ash while the calorific values vary from 6460 to 6650
K.caI/Kg. The coal is non-coking type. The middle
section, i.e. seam No. IB to IC, contains 7 to 8% moisture,
11 to 17% ash and the calorific value is 5700-6490 K.cal/
Kg. The top section, i.e. seam No.IA, analyses 19-27%
ash.
Barakar coal seams are best developed in the
southern part of the basin and deteriorate westward. The
lowermost seam in this formation is the seam II
(Jagannath seam) which is about 35 to 50 m thick. SeamII in the western part of the area is not so persistent and
even deteriorates in its quality. This seam is exploited
in the Handidhua (now Talchir), Jagannath, Bharatpur
District.
and Nandira collieries. The seam analyses 5.6 to 7.8%

moisture, 26.5 to 32.6% ash and calorific values in the
range of 4485-4900 K.cal/Kg. Seam III (1.4-10m) is
highly interbanded and is of inferior quality. The coal
analyses 35.6 to 42.4% ash. Seam-IV(10m) is
interbanded with dirt bands and contains 31.7 to 37.4%
ash. Seam-V (8-33m), contains about 9% moisture and
26-32% ash. Coal seams VI (2-24.5 m), VII (21-43.5m),
VII (25-37m) and IX (12-15m) have been encountered
only in boreholes. Seam Nos. X & XI are highly
impersistent and interbanded in nature. Coal in these
seams is of much inferior quality and contains high
moisture (more than 10%) and ash (more than 30%).
Ib River Coal field
The Ib river coalfield displays excellent
development of coal seams in Sambalpur and Sundargarh
Districts. The coalfield shows westerly plunging
synclinal flexure which is like a half elliptical basin
closed towards southeast and having an axial trend in
NW-SE direction. Geological mapping of underground
mines and opencast mines indicates that the coalfield is
structurally much less disturbed. Four coal horizons,
namely Rampur, Lajkura, Parkhani and Belpahar
horizons, besides Ib seams, have been recognized in this
coalfield.
The Ib seam is the only coal seam occurring in the
Karharbari Formation of the basin. It varies in thickness
from 2.29 to 10.3m. The Ib seam is being exploited in
Orient and Rampur collieries at Belpahar by both
underground and open cast mining. The overall moisture
and ash contents vary from 6 to 7% and 18 to 50%
respectively and the calorific values being in the range
of 5410-7200 K. cal/Kg.
39
Name of the coal field Depth (m)

Ib river coal field
Total
Talchir coal field
Total
Total for Odisha
0-300
300-600
0-600
0-300
300-600
600-1200
0-1200
Reserves in million tonnes

Proved Indicated Inferred Total reserve
5153.45
7013.00
0.00
3014.33
5153.45
10027.33
12311.10
13280.02
0.00
6169.92
0.00
761.88
12311.10
20211.82
17464.55
The Rampur horizon, the lowermost coal seam in

the Barakar Formation, attains a thickness of (27-80m)
in the area and comprises coal-shale alternations. The
lowermost part of this horizon is under exploitation in
the Orient, Rampur and Belpahar area. The coal in
Rampur horizon contains 5.7 to 7.1% moisture and 27.5
to 36.9% ash. The calorific value ranges from (4655 to
4815) K.cal/Kg.
The overlying Lajkura horizon is highly interbanded
and contains a number of major and minor shale/coal
shale bands. Attaining a thickness of 50 to 88m, the
Lajkura coal horizon has coal bands with high ash
content (29 to 45%). The calorific values vary from 4323
to 4430 K. cal/Kg.
Parkhani, the next coal horizon, is 0.5-10.45m thick
and is highly interbanded with shale. The ash contents
average around 48% inclusive of intercalated bands.
The uppermost coal horizon, the Belpahar horizon,
is 24 to 30m thick and displays coal-shale laminations.
The Parkhani and Belpahar horizons have not been
developed in the Hemagiri (Hingir) sub-basin, located
in the northern part of the Ib river coalfield.
The table above shows an inventory of coal reserves
for coal seams, 0.9 m and above in thickness, in Talchir
and Ib river coal fields of Odisha as on 1.1.2007.
Chromite
Odisha holds the first place in reserve position and
production of chromite ore in the country, contributing
to over 97% (IBM, 1999) of the all India output. The
deposit yielding metallurgical, refractory and chemical
grade of ore, occurs within the chromiferous ultramafic
rocks emplaced into the Archaean Badampahar Group
of rocks. Although there are a number of ultramafic
30239.15
2131.66
5051.67
7183.33
4746.60
1903.53
462.10
7112.23
14298.11
8066.00
22364.11
30337.72
8073.45
1223.98
39635.15
14295.56
61999.26
bodies located in this arcuate mafic-ultramafic belt

stretching from Gorumahisani Badampahar via Nilgiri
Nuasahi to Sukinda and Malaygiri, only two areas,
namely Sukinda and Nuasahi covering parts of Jajpur,
Kendujhar and Dhenkanal districts contain commercially
exploitable chromite lodes. Both Sukinda and Nuasahi
areas are under exploitation by active mining for the
last 30 to 40 years and have been thoroughly investigated
by GSI and other agencies.
Jajpur District
The ultramafic field of Sukinda area falls mainly in
Jajpur and partly in Dhenkanal districts and forms an EW trending valley bounded by the Daitary hill ranges to
the north and Mahagiri hill ranges towards the south.
The valley is narrow at the eastern end and gradually
opens up towards west. The general elevation of the
valley is around 130m with several lateritic and chert
mounds rising up to a maximum of 200m.
The ultramafic rocks along with the associated
chromite ore bodies occur within the Badampahar Group
of rocks of Archaean age. The ultramafic body is a
layered complex composed of alternate bands of
chromitite, dunite and peridotite repeated in a rhythmic
manner. The dunite and peridotite rocks are almost
wholly serpentinised. Pyroxenite intrudes the earlyformed chromiferous ultramafic rocks.
The chromite ore seams of Sukinda area occur in
seven distinct subparallel stratigraphic levels. These are
thick in the southern side but gradually become thinner
towards the northern part. The ore seams vary from 200m
to as much as 7km in length, and have variable thickness
from 0.3 to 50m. These seams dip at very steep angles
(65o 75o) and become nearly vertical beyond 100120m
depths from the surface.
Different agencies exploiting chromite deposits of
40
GEOL. SURV. IND
Sukinda area are Odisha Mining Corporation Ltd., Tata

Iron and Steel Company, Ferro Alloys Corporation,
Industrial Development Corporation, Indian Metals and
Ferro Alloys, M/s. B.C. Mohanty, M/s. M.L.Jain &
Company.
The important mining centres in the belt are
described below:
1. Bhimtangar (21 02 : 85 45) The chromite
mines of Bhimtangar area are mined by TISCO and
OMC Ltd. The leasehold area is about 18 sq km.
The ore bodies occur in three distinct sub-parallel
stratigraphic levels. The lowest level bodies are
known as Grey Ore and include lensoid and
discontinuous sheets of grey, hard and massive
chromite. The ore bodies in the upper two levels
are known as Brown Ore and comprise brown
massive, fairly soft and porous chromite. The
former type is enclosed partly or completely within
ultramafics while the later type occurs surrounded
by limonitised silicified rocks. The reserve of
chromite in this block is estimated at 98 million
tonnes up to a depth of 200m.
2. Kaliapani: It is the northern extension of TISCOs
Bhimtagar block and is owned by M/s. OMC Ltd.
The estimated reserve of chromite up to a depth of
200m is 25.00 million tonnes.
3. Sukrangi (21 03 : 85 49): This block is owned
by OMC Ltd. The chromite here is coarse grained
and is of lumpy type. The ore bodies are in the
form of lenticular to tabular sheet and vary in
thickness from 3 to 7m. The estimated reserve of
chromite up to 200m depth is 7.50 million tonnes.
Saruabil (2104: 8548): The ore body in this
block is under exploitation by M.L.Jain & Co. Here
the deposits comprise a number of closely spaced
bodies occurring at different levels. The prominent
ore body is tabular and consists of grey and brown
varieties of ore extending discontinuously for strike
length of about 3km, from east of Saruabil village
up to west of Saruabil mine camp. Further along
its extension, the ore body pinches out abruptly and
reappears at places. The grey and brown ore bodies
exhibit variable thickness from 8 to 13m and 9 to
21 m respectively. They occur enclosed within
silicified and limonitised sheared ultramafic rocks.
The reserve of chromite in this block is estimated
to be 9 million tonnes up to a depth of about 200m.
Kumardah : The ore bodies of Kumardah block are

mined by M/s. B.C. Mohanty through a number of
quarries. The thickness of ore bodies varies from
0.16 to 2m and comprises grey and brown types of
ore. The shape and disposition of the ore bodies are
highly irregular. The estimated reserve is I 2 million
tonnes up to a maximum depth of 150m.
4. Kalrangi: Situated in the western part of Sukinda
valley, the Kalrangi ore body is under active
exploitation by M/s OMC Ltd. The reserve is
estimated to be 1.5 million tonnes up to a depth of
100m.
5. Talangi: This deposit occurs in the northern part of
Sukinda valley and is being mined by M/s OMC
Ltd. and IDC Ltd. The reserve is estimated to be
13 million tonnes up to a depth of 100m.
6. Gurjang (21 04; 85 47) Kuiposi (21 04: 85
49): In this area the ore bodies are lenticular, thin
and discontinuous. The ore is soft, porous and
brown type. It is sporadically distributed within
limonitised and silicified rocks. To the southwest
of Kuiposi, a chromite body comprising grey type
of ore occurs with average thickness of 10m being
surrounded by limonitised and silicified rocks. The
ore bodies are worked by M/s OMC Ltd. and
FACOR. The chromite reserve is estimated to be
2.83 million tonnes up to a depth of 100m.
7. Ostapal: It is located in northern part of the Sukinda
valley. Here the reserve of chromite is estimated at
5.55 million tonnes.
Dhenkanal District
The western part of Sukinda ultramafic complex
extends into Dhekanal District. Towards south, beyond
Mahagiri range, some chromite occurrences are also
reported from around Bhuban area.
The other chromite occurences in Dhenkanal District
are described below:
1. Katpal (21 01 : 85 43) : The ultrabasic rock
bodies covering an area of 0.4 sq.km comprises a
chrome rich serpentinised suite and an unaltered
orthopyroxenite. The chromite bodies are lenticular
(4 to 64m long and 2 to 8m wide). The ore analyses
59 61% Cr2O3 and 10-13% total iron. The mines
of these areas are owned by OMC and FACOR and
the total reserves have been estimated at 2 million
tonnes up to a depth of 60m.
41
2. Maulabhanj Parbat (2055: 8540): About 1.5km

SSE of Maulabhanj Parbat near Bhuban, chromite
ore occurs in sack-form masses or in interbedded
chromite-chert and chromite-serpentinite bodies.
The reserves is estimated at 0.1 million tonnes.
3. Asurbandh (2053: 8547): To the NNE of
Asurbandh village, chromite occurs as
dissemination and small pockety concentrations in
chert and within ultramafic bodies.
4. Birasal (2100: 8541): About 2.5km NNE of
Birasal village, a chromite ore body, measuring
62m 14m, occurs within serpentinised dunite.
5. Ghotringa (2103: 8541): North of the Ghotringa
village, along the foot of a quartzite hill, small
occurrences of chromite ore in the form of thin
bands and layers within greenish quartzite have
been reported. This occurrence is thought to be
sedimentary type.
6. Kandragadia area: Low grade chromite ore of
irregular disposition occur in silicified and
lateritised ultramafic rocks southwest of Keshpal
and range in size from 1m 1m to 100m 5.7m.
The ore bodiesare steeply dipping.
Kendujhar District
Nuasahi Belt (2015: 8618to 2020: 8620): The
ultramafic rocks in the Nuasahi area in Kendujhar
District have intruded a sequence of metasedimentariy
lithounits of Iron Ore Supergroup. The later is folded
into an anticline plunging NNE and the stratiform
ultramafics occupy the outer part of this antiformal
structure. The ultramafic body might have intruded as a
sill and was later cofolded along with the host
metasedimentary lithounits or may be a phacolith.
The ultramafic rocks were later invaded by gabbroanorthosite rocks which disrupted the chromite seams.
The ultramafic bodies form a NNE-SSW trending
deposit and the chromite ore bodies are stretched apart
into isolated pods following the same alignment. Later
dolerite dykes cross-cut the ultramafics as well as the
associated chromite bodies.
Mine
Mining Agency
Baula
Nuasahi
Bangur
Phulijhar
FACOR
Serrajudin & Co.
OMC Ltd.
OMC Ltd
TOTAL
Two phases of ultramafic intrusives have been

identified in the area; the dunite-chromitite representing
the older phase and the peridotite pyroxenite, the
younger phase. The dunite-chromitite phase is composed
of serpentinite, talc-tremolite rock, talc schist and calcserpentinite rocks. The peridotite pyroxenite phase
includes pyroxenite, olivine-orthopyroxenite,
harzburgite, wherlite and lherzolite.
The chromite ore bodies are tabular in form and
occur in six levels interlayered with thick zones of dunite
and chromitite. The ore in general is of metallurgical grade
with Cr2O3 varying between 40 and 50% and Cr/Fe ratio
ranging between 2.5 to 3.6.
Chromite occurs both as local concentrations and
dissemination almost throughout the ultramafic body.
The ore bodies are restricted to the serpentinised and
highly altered horizons and do not form continuous
seams; instead these bodies occur in form of disjointed
bands with pronounced lateral and vertical
displacements. The ore bodies spread over a strike length
of 3km in N-S direction and often show branching. Pinch
and swell structures are common. The length of the
individual lenses varies from a couple of meters to as
much as 200m with an average width of 5m and have
NW SE to NNW SSE strike with moderate easterly
dip.
The ore commonly occurs as thin seams and also as
lenses, sack form bodies, pockets, thin stringers and as
disseminations.
Important chromite mines in the Nuasahi ultramafic
belt along with the name of the mining agencies vis a
vis their reserve of chromite are listed below:
Gobardhanpur: A narrow zone of ultramafic rocks,
occurring in between two ridges of banded chert, has
been reported from the area lying to the NE of
Gobardhanpur located at about 15 km east of the Sukinda
ultramafic belt. The area is covered by extensive laterite.
Maximum Depth
175m
100m
Reserve (in million tonnes)

4.00
2.2
2.00
0.072
8.272
42
GEOL. SURV. IND
Balasore District
Gemstones
Small outcrops of ultramafic rocks are exposed in

and around Bhalukasoni (2129: 8642) area under
Nilgiri subdivision of Balasore district. Ultramafic rocks
comprising serpentinised dunite, peridotite and
pyroxenite largely under soil and laterite cover occur
intermittently spreading over an area of 1.8m 800m.
A 100m long E-W trench has exposed two chromite ore
bodies on its either end, the dimensions being 500m
3.5m 4.5m and 5.5m 2m 3.3m. A reserve of the
order of 1550 tonnes was estimated with massive and
spotted type of chromite with Cr2O3 content ranging from
25.77 to 54.76%. These chromite occurrences along with
the associated ultramafic rocks are considered to be
xenolithic bodies lying within a plutonic mass of
gabbroic rocks.
The Eastern Ghats Granulite belt comprising mainly

khondalite-charnockite suite of rocks and their variants,
intruded locally by mafic-ultramafic suites, anorthosites,
alkaline rocks, potassic granites, pegmatites and quartz
veins host most of the gemstone of the state. Although
resource potential of gemstone in Odisha is very high,
no systematic assessment has been attempted yet in order
to arrive at a reliable reserve estimate. The following is
a distribution wise description of the gemstone
occurrences in Odisha.
Koraput District
Occurrences of low grade lumpy ferruginous
chromite ore with low silica and high alumina (suitable
for refractory industry) was reported from 3km south of
Ramagiri (1841: 8215) and adjoining areas in
Koraput District. The area is covered by soil and laterite.
Large scale mapping, pitting and sampling carried out
by GSI reveals that the chromite bearing ultramafic rocks
occur as discontinuous patches and altered to talcchlorite schist. The chromite forms neither distinct bands
nor pockets but is distributed throughout the altered
ultrabasics as disseminated grains. The main outcrop is
200m long and 1.5m wide and extends in NNW SSE
to N-S direction. The Cr2O3 content varies from 24.07%
to 27.49%.
Sundargarh District
Bhaludungri area (2151: 8450): A number of
small intrusive patches of ultrabasic rocks comprising
pyroxenite and peridotite occur as isolated mounds and
elongated hillocks within Bonai Granite around
Bhaludungri and neighboring areas in Sundargarh
district (Toposheet no. 73C/13). The rocks were tested
for its Cr and Ni contents by soil sampling and pitting.
The analytical results show chromium content to vary
from 6000 to 9500 ppm and nickel content from 2000 to
25000 ppm. A few random soil samples over these
ultrabasics have analyzed up to 2500ppm Cr and 400
ppm Ni.
Kalahandi District
The best quality gems of Odisha have so far been
recovered from several important gem tracts lying within
this district. The 25km long Jilingdhar- Hinjilibahal belt
is the most important for contributing the best quality
ruby. It occurs in the eluvial zone of altered metapyroxenite particularly at its contact with granite gneiss
marked by a zone of actinolite tremolite vermiculite
being traversed by quartz vein. This ruby prospect is
presently under active exploitation. The recovered ruby
is mostly red to blood red in colour and is of excellent
quality.
Cordierite gneiss of Orhabahal-Urharanga area
occurring in the form of discontinuous bodies of different
dimensions within migmatised khondalite is the source
area of deep blue dichroic iolite.
Alluvials overlying the contact zone of calc-granulite
and granite gneiss as well as the pegmatites traversing
the calc-granulites of Ghatspara-Singjharan areas yield
Hessonite garnet and zircon.
Simple pegmatites traversing the xenoliths of
pyroxene granulites within granites have recorded to
yield chrysoberyl and cats eye in Sirjapali-Tundla areas.
Rhodolite and almandine garnets occur associated
with meta-pelitic schists and garnet pyribolite in
Banjipadar-Sargiguda sector. Besides, occurrence of blue
opaque corundum, enstatite, cats eye, apatite and
aquamarine has also been recorded from these areas.
Bolangir District
Several important gemstone tracts occurring within
the Eastern Ghats granulite terrain of this district has

yielded many good quality gems. Occurrences of
emerald, topaz, heliodor and aquamarine associated with
low-dipping unzoned pegmatites emplacing granite
gneiss are known from Ghuchepara-Antarla sector.
Similarly, Chrysoberyl and Cats eye associated with
simple pegmatites (disintegrated and partly lateritised)
emplacing gneissic country rock are recovered from
Ghumsar-Dehli belt.
Zoned pegmatites intruding the gneisses and calcgranulites of the famous Muribahal Tentelkhunita
sector carry respectively chrysoberyl and orange, brown
and yellow zircons. Besides, occurrences of aquamarine,
topaz and amethyst have also been recorded from this
belt. Zoned pegmatites intruding meta ultramafites along
Sanaibahal- Suklimuri sector carry green beryl,
aquamarine, heliodor and amethyst.
Sonepur District
Several important gemstone tracts lie in this district,
the important ones being Badmal-Mursundi and BinikaSonepur. The former extends from Birmaharajpur in the
south up to Badmal in the north and beyond spreading
over an area of 350 sq.km. More than 200 pegmatite
bodies emplaced within the Eastern Ghats Supergroup
rocks comprising garnetiferous granite gneiss, mafic
granulite and calc-granulite have been delineated. Many
of them are gem bearing particularly greenish blue to
sea blue aquamarine. A linear belt extending from Binika
upto Sonepur on the right bank of River Mahanadi
covering an area of about 50 sq km exposes garnetiferous
granite gneiss and migmatites. Gemstones including
garnet, cats eye, topaz, smoky quartz and diamond are
recovered from the colluvial zones in this area and the
gravel beds of Mahanadi River. Excellent quality
rhodonite garnets occur at the contact of pegmatites with
garnetiferous granite gneiss and mica schist at
Naktamunda-Siali areas in this district.
Sambalpur District
Pegmatites emplaced within Khondalite suite of
rocks (Eastern Ghats Belt), yield aquamarine at CharbatiBeldihi near Rairakhol. Heliodor have also been reported
from this area. Aquamarine, gem quality garnets
(rhodolite and almandine), iolite and amethyst occur
associated with pegmatites and quartz veins intruding
the Eastern Ghats Supergroup rocks at Bagdhapa-Tablai.
43
Occurrences of garnet at the contact of quartzofeldspathic gneiss and amphibolites have also been
recorded. In the similar setting, red opaque corundum,
pyrope garnet, iolite, green tourmaline and aquamarine
occur associated with pegmatites at MeghpalRanchipada areas, the most important of these being the
rare occurrence of alexandrite in biotite schist developed
along the contact of granite pegmatite and peridotite.
Nuapada District
Transparent to light blue sapphire occurs associated
with syenite pegmatite bodies traversing the amphibolite
and meta-pyroxenites in Katamal Babebir-Amera
sector. Sapphire is mostly removed from the colluvial
zone. Occurrences of iolite and almandine garnets mostly
within the colluvial and also in association with biotite
schist developed at the contact of quartzofeldspathic
gneiss and amphibolite has also been recorded from
Damjhar-Burhpara-Mantritarai lying close to the above
sapphire belt.
Migmatised garnet pyribolite enclaves within Bastar
Gneisses of Sardhapur-Patialpada are the source of gem
quality pink and red garnets. Minor occurrences of blue
iolite and fibrolite have been recorded from these areas.
Recently, occurrences of lamproite bodies, the primary
rock for diamond have been recorded at Kalamidadar
and Amlidadar areas in this district.
Rayagada District
Pegmatite bodies emplaced within khondalites and
the colluvial zone yield chrysoberyl and cats eye in
Paikdakulguda-Hatamuniguda areas.
Besides, chrysoberyl is also reported to have
associated with the pegmatite bodies of Karla Ghatsi Karanjgurha areas in this district.
Occurrence of sillimanite, cats eye has been
recorded in weathered colluvial zone overlying the zone
of khondalite and quartzo-felspathic gneiss in IrukubadiTarhama.
Boudh District
Gem quality garnets, chrysoberyl, cats eye, topaz,
zircon, moonstone, agate and diamond are being
recovered from the gravel beds of Mahanadi River
overlying augen gneiss between Boudh and Ramagarh.
44
Similar gravel beds spread over an area of about

45sq.km along Tel River between Kantamal and
Manundo have been reported to yield garnets, topaz,
cats eye, iolite, tourmaline and diamond.
In addition, gem quality tourmaline occurs
associated with pegmatite bodies from Bargocha area
in this district.
Angul District
Good quality garnet (rhodolite) and corundum occur
in ambhibolite and quartz-mica-kyanite schist
association along Magarmuhan-Jhilli- Nuagan belt. It
has been observed that garnet is found in mica rich zone
and corundum with kyanite rich zone.
GEOL. SURV. IND
Dhenkanal District
Kolhan sandstone occurring in the Shialari Pahar
(2131: 8515) and in the hill NE of Kamparkala
(2122: 8514) appears suitable for glass making.
Kendujhar District
White, granular and friable sandstone, suitable for
glass manufacture, occurs on hill 1432 (2115: 8617).
Koraput district
A band of pure, white quartzite, suitable for glass
manufacture, occurs near Dalapur (1846: 8219).
Mayurbhanj district
Deogarh District
Occurrences of hessonite and rhodolite have been
recorded over a long belt along Budido - Palsma
Jharpost confined to the contact of amphibolite with
garnetiferous gneiss and quartz-sillimanite schist
respectively.
Jharsuguda District
A zoned pegmatite body of about 50m length
emplaced within an assemblage of porphyritic granite
gneiss, amphibolite and schists at Bagdihi hosts good
quality green tourmaline.
A large reserve of glass sand is available from the

highly friable quartzite occurring around Panijia (2203:
8641) and east of Souri (2203: 8640).
Gold
Gold occurrences of Odisha are confined to mainly
placers, though there is evidence of old mining activity
in the northern parts of Odisha, adjoining Bihar.
Occurrence of alluvial gold has been recorded in almost
all the districts of Odisha and panning of the stream
sediments in the major rivers has yielded gold.
Angul District
Phulbani District
Occurrencec of chrysoberyl and cats eye associated
with pegmatites are reported from Belghar areas.
There are also reported occurrence of diamond in
the gravel beds of Mahanadi basin. Recently primary
rocks for diamond such as lamproite has been discovered
in Kalamidadar in Nuapada District, Odisha. Although
resource potential of gemstones in Odisha is expected
to be high, it has not yet been possible to arrive at a
reliable reserve estimate in any category.
Glass Sand
Cuttack District
The Gondwana sandstones occurring around Naraj
(2028: 8546) include some fine-grained varieties of
sand suitable for manufacture of glassware.
Washing for gold has been reported from Tikiria and

Ouli rivers. River gravels near Katni, Dolia and
Gundichanali are also washed for gold. Panning activity
for gold in Ramiala and Betali streams are also on record.
Kendujhar District
Panning of the stream sediments in the 1st and 2nd
order nalas draining the laterite crust capping, the
metavolcanics of Iron Ore Group rocks in southern part
of Bonai-Kendujhar belt around Kanjipani and Salaikana
(2125 ; 8523) has shown incidence of gold. GSI
carried out investigation by drilling for primary gold in
the metavolcanics of Salaikana area near Telkoi which
revealed gold content less than 0.5 g/t in core as well as
in bulk samples. Gold content ranges from 0.1 to 0.6 g/
tonne in other samples. In one borehole gold values of
0.6 to 1.2 g/tonne were recorded in four samples of

sulphide bearing metabasite. In the southern sector,
strong gold anomaly in soil over basal quartz-pebbleconglomerate horizon resting over Singhbhum Granite
has been reported over a strike length of 10km. A total
strike length of 900m of the main quartz reef of Gopur
indicated persistent gold value of 1 g/tonne. In the
southern block, a richer auriferous lode of 60m length
with an average width of 1m was delineated with gold
value varying from 2.5 to 10g/tonne. In the central
portion a 4m wide lode indicated an average grade of
1.9 g/tonne of Au. The gravel bed near Hanumanthia
nala is reported to contain approximately 0.2gm of Au
per cu.m. Besides, extensive gold panning activity has
been reported from Sunajhar and Rangadhi areas of this
district.
Identification of palaeo-placer zone located at about
10 km north of Telkoi and 3km NNW of Salaikana
appears to be a potential block for searching gold
mineralization. Auriferous quartz veins are massive as
well as brecciated, concordant to foliation and tend to
occur in parallel sets in schistose to phyllitic host rocks
of both volcanogenic and sedimentary parentage.
Placer gold has been reported from Bangir nala
which drains the eastern and southern part of the hill
range containing epidiorite and quartz vein of Iron Ore
Group, NNW of Sonapenth (2115:8545),
Gopinathpur (2115: 85 47) and Bamnipal (2701;
85 58).
Koraput district
Gold has been reported from Dasamantapur (1840;
8225) and Kollaru(1834: 8227) areas.
Incidence of gold specks is also reported in the bed
of Kurlu nala. An auriferous tract of about 15 sq.km
occurring around Bhattigunda, Dadigunda and
Malayguda in Kolab River catchment area has been
identified. Another tract of 200 sq km was delineated
between Dasamatapur and Govindpalle (1835: 8217),
falling within the catchments areas of Garia nadi and
Jam nadi. The bedrock samples collected yield negligibly
low assay values for gold. Alluvial gold in the form of
dust and fine specks occur associated with magnetite,
ilmenite and garnet. Gold mineralisation as
dissemination has been observed both in quartz vein and
granulitic country rocks in this area. Preliminary
45
sampling in part of Koraput District indicated auriferous

nature (around 1g/tonne) of some of quartz veins hosted
by Bengpal Group of rocks.
Mayurbhanj District
Gold mineralisation has been suspected around
Jashipur (2226: 8612), Suriagora (2225: 8615),
Gohaldongri (2224: 8620), Ruansi, Munisahi,
Bijatola and Kalimati areas where there are evidences
of old mining as well as local panning activity. A few
old pits and shafts have been reported in the area. The
area forms a part of Gorumahisani greenstone belt,
which is the southern extension of gold-hosting
Kunderkucha belt ofJharkhand. Based on gold
anomalies obtained from stream sediment heavies a
total of eight prospective blocks have been delineated
in this belt. Epigenetic shear zone types of
mineralisation with quartz stringers are quite common
in these blocks. These shear zones are parallel to the
F 3 axial surface of the schist belt rocks. Surface
exploration carried out in some of the blocks has
indicated significant geochemical anomalies in terms
of Au, Cu and As over strike length ranging from 600m
to 1.5km. Surface sampling over limited areas showed
0.1 to 2.5 g/t of Au over 1 to 2m width in bed rock.
However, scout drilling results from some of the blocks
yielded rather lean gold assay values (0.1 to 2.6 g/t of
Au over 0.5 to 0.9m ). But at the same time rich surface
shows of mineralisation in form of visible gold in quartz
vein has locally been noticed. In Sulaipet area
systematic sampling of a 2.3km long pyrite bearing and
uraniferous polymictic conglomerate horizon resting
over volcanics indicates low gold values (0.1 to 0.8 g/t
of Au), only one sample yielding 1.9 g/t. of Au.
The lithounits are mainly basic metavolcanics
associated with talc-tremolite schist, phyllite, micaceous
meta-pyroxenite and metachert. Investigation carried out
in recent years by GSI in Jashipur, Ruansi and Suriagera
areas indicated assay values of 0.1 to 0.2 g/t of gold in a
few metavolcanic and metachert samples. Panning
brought out visible gold in a few samples. Occurrences
of gold are found near Kudersai (2226: 8617) and
Sigora at the headwaters of the Borai river. Similar
occurrences are also reported in the near vicinity of
Ruansi and Gohaldungri (2204:8620) along the Godia
stream. Nuggets weighing between 23.25 to 31.1 gm
are obtained from a gravel bed in the neighbourhood of
Gohaldungri.
46
Sundargarh district
Minor occurrences of alluvial gold have been
reported from the areas near Giringkela (2208: 8350)
and Suriagera of Himgiri taluk. The gravels of rivers Ib
and Brahmani and some of their tributaries are washed
for gold by local people. The important occurrences are
near Jareikela (2219: 8506) along Koel and Brahmani
rivers and near Raghunathpalli (2214; 8448),
Sargipalli (2203: 8355), Kusumura (2218: 8402)
and Sarbahal on the Ib river. Auriferous gravel bed
consisting of pebbles of quartz and haematite quartzite
is washed for gold along the Brahmani river at Bonai
(2149: 8457), Kuljhar (2159: 8454) and
Sialkundar (2155: 8452).
Sambalpur district
Reported occurrences of gold in this district include
those from near Tahud (2136: 8402), Soramohan
(2186: 8413), Dantamure (2443: 8356) and
Hirakud (2132: 8356).
Graphite
Odisha continues to be the leading producer of
graphite accounting for 67% (IBM, 1999) of the
countrys total production. Graphite is reported to have
been produced as early as in 1937 in Lahakhan in the
then Bolangir State (now Bolangir district). Around that
time, a beneficiation plant was set up at Titlagarh by the
Patna State Graphite Mining Company. Sargipalli mine
in Sambalpur district, was developed in 1945. Today,
there are 120 subsisting mining leases in the State
covering a total area of 5705 hectares. Production-wise,
Bolangir District heads the list with about 44% of the
total production of the state followed by the districts of
Sambalpur (26%) and Phulbani (23%). The total graphite
resource of Odisha state is 2.46 million tonnes.
Almost the entire production of high grade graphite
is contributed by Sargipalli underground mine in
Baragarh District. Bulk of the production of graphite in
the state is, however, of low grade containing less than
25% fixed carbon. The run of the mill ore is amenable
to beneficiation upgrading the FC content to as high as
96%. There are as many as 24 beneficiation plants in
the state distributed in the districts of Bolangir,
Sambalpur, Kalahandi, Phulbani, Nayagarh, Puri,
Rayagada and Dhenkanal.
GEOL. SURV. IND
Graphite mineralisation is restricted to khondalite

suite and its migmatised equivalents. The graphite is
crystalline and flaky and occurs in disseminated state
with varying proportion especially in garnet-quartzsillimanite-graphite schists. Workable concentration
results through the process of remobilisation and
epigenetic enrichment in migmatised khondalite. The
deposits are in the form of bands, en-echelon veins and
lenses usually disposed conformably to the foliation
planes of the host rocks and at places, in shear zones
and hinge zones of folds suggesting both lithological
and structural controls of localisation. Usually, the band
type deposits have strike continuity of 100 500m and
persist down dip to considerable depth. The lensoid
bodies have limited extension both along and across the
strike. The graphite deposits occur invariably at shallow
depth, within 30m from the surface, just below the soil
and laterite cover. The maximum thickness recorded is
11.70m. The ore zone is often intercalated with grey
clay partings.
The graphite occurrences in state are geographically
distributed in six belts, viz, Sargipalli, Titlagarh,
Tumudibandh, Nishikal, Muniguda and Dhandatapa
belts covering an area of about 15,500 sq.km.
1. Sargipalli Belt
The belt is 65km long and 25km wide covering parts
of Baragarh and Bolangir districts. Graphite deposits
occur in association with quartz-feldspar-garnetsillimanite schist/gneiss particularly at the contact zones
of migmatite, granite gneisses and pegmatites. The
deposits appear to be epigenetic in origin and are
structurally controlled along the foliation, fracture planes
and fault zones. Concentration of graphite pockets is
more localised at the closure part of the tight isoclinal
fold (F1) near Turekela and open folds (F2) near Bagdor
and Gorgarbahal. The graphite appears to be
hydrothermal vein filling in en-echelon shear fractures.
Total reserve of graphite comes to be 1.19mt (both
probable and possible categories), with average grade
13.35% fixed carbon and 2.27 bulk density. A majority
of the graphite deposits in Sargipalli belt is distributed
at Sargipalli (2054: 8305) Danga Chancha (2054;
8303) and Temrimal of Baragarh district and RajuNagphena (203030: 8245), Baudan (203950:
824925), Gangadar R.F. (2041: 825715) and
Banjipali area of Bolangir district. They form two
prominent, more or less linear zones, namely Sargipalli
Bagmura zone and Darshamunda Jamki

(202610:824555) zone both lying parallel to the
regional foliation trend. The graphite deposits at
Dharuakhaman Jamki in Bolangir District are localized
in the closure region of a synformal fold of regional scale
forming a potential graphite bearing area. Besides, minor
clusters of graphite bodies are also noted at Manbham
in Sambalpur, Komna in Nuapada District and Salepali
in Bolangir District.
A majority of the graphite producing mines in
Bolangir District are located around Turekela
(202956: 824757") at Nagphena, Bendar R.F.,
Bonaimal, Ganjapadar (2034: 8245), Bangipal
(2029: 8248) and Dudukamal (203403;
825005).
2. Titlagarh Belt
This belt bounded by Lat 2000 to 2028N and
Long. 8300 to 8335E
covering parts of Bolangir and Kalahandi districts
is 55km long and 40km wide. Graphite occurs as bands,
lenses and pockets in garnetiferous quartzites and granite
gneiss at Chandatora (2020:8317) and Kansa (2023:
8324) and Beniabandu, west of Saintala (2026:
8321). Three prominent mineralised zones running
along WNW-ESE have also been marked between
Malisira (200025: 832510), Sialgolingi
(202245: 830920) and Pampur-Madanpur
(201200: 830100)areas. Presently, graphite is being
mined mainly at Malisira, although there are not less
than 32 abondoned quarries and pits in the belt, the
important ones being at Boroni (2022: 8311),
Sialgolingi, Fulmati (2017: 831015), Singhjharan
(2014: 8315), Dengasurgi (2011: 832515), etc.
Besides there are at least 60 occurrences of graphite
where quarrying has not yet been undertaken.
Ground geophysical survey carried out in this belt
has picked up significant anomalies in Ghusuriamunda
and Malisira areas.
3. Tumudibandh belt
This belt covers a major part of Phulbani and parts
of Rayagada, Kalahandi and Gajapati districts lying
between Lat. 1845to 2000N and Long. 8345to
8400E. Major mining activity is around Tumudibandh
47
and Belghar (1955: 8387) area of Phulbani district

and Muniguda (1937: 8330) area of Rayagada district.
Tumudibandh mines produce rich graphite (F.C. 45-60)
bodies in this belt in which they occur mostly in the
form of small lenses and veins. About 50 graphite
occurrences have so far been located in this belt, main
concentration being at Tumudibandh Belghar
Muniguda Jagdalpur (1945 : 833345), Laxmipur
(1900: 830730) and Gumma (191045: 8320)
areas.
4. Nishikal Kinchikhal Belt
This belt being the southwestern continuation of
Tumudibandh belt spreads over an area of 190 sq.km
bounded by lat. 1910 1920and long. 8308 8317.
The graphite occurrences in this belt are associated with
manganese. Both cryptocrystalline and phenocrystalline
graphite occur as dissemination in pockets, clots, veins,
lenses and bands along the foliation planes and axial
planes indicating two generation of graphite
mineralisation. The sheared contact zone of khondalite
and granite/migmatite contains richer concentration of
graphite. The frequency of distribution of graphite bodies
appears to be related to shearing and migmatisation. The
graphite bodies are mainly composed of flakes of
graphite. Their massive appearance is due to closely
spaced flakes. The grade is highly erratic even in the
same body. The F.C. content varies from 5 to 15% in the
disseminated type and to about 40% in the graphite
schist.
5. Muniguda belt
This 38km long NE-SW trending belt lies in parts
of Rayagada and Phulbani districts. The width of this
belt varies between 10km and 25km. Graphite here is
mostly flaky and amorphous in nature and commonly
found as pockety concentrations or disseminations
within migmatised khondalite and along the contacts of
khondalite with granite and/or leptynite, and along
structural weak planes such as fold closures, shears etc.
Individual graphite lenses have length varying between
few metres and 500 m and width from few cm. to 1m.
Important localities of graphite occurrence in this belt
are Berhsagaon (1953: 8330), Durhugi (1953;
8325), Karlagi (1952:8334), Katikhole (1948;
8334), Jagdalpur (1940: 8330), Turukripa (1942:
8333),Mandurpalli (1945:8334), Sunmudra (1943
: 8334), Kalupadar (1942: 8322), Talchalinala
48
GEOL. SURV. IND
(1934: 8329), Bhalipadmpur (1938 : 8332),

Maniguda (1935: 8333), Khariaguda (1936:
8341), and Saleguda (1944: 8332).
are in Bonai range viz. Khandadhar, Malangtoli,

Dandrahar Pahar, Taldih, Kalta, Basada, Baliapahar,
Badamgarh Pahar, Hitikuda, Rakmo, Daringburu and
Barsuan.
6. Dhandatapa Belt
In Mayurbhanj district, iron ore deposits are located

in Badampahar, Sulaipat and Gorumahisani areas over
a stretch of 40km.
This 40km long and 10km wide belt lies to north of

the Mahanadi river and is bounded by Lat. 2037to
2100and Long. 8415 8445. Graphite occurrences
of this belt are distributed in Akharkata (205030:
8430), Adeswar (202330: 8430), Girida (2053:
8433) and Kamalpur (202330: 8430) blocks falling
under Athamallick sub-division of Angul district.
Ground geophysical survey by S.P.method for
graphite carried out during field seasons 1964-66 helped
in picking up significant anomalies in Adeswar
Aharkata Ambasarmunda (205145: 843515) and
Girida blocks. The F.C. % of graphite in this belt ranges
between 50 to 68. In Dhandatapa area (2048: 8436)
graphite is localized at the contact of khondalite,
quartzite, calc-silicate with granite gneiss as well as
within pegmatite bodies. The graphite occurs as flakes
and dissemination within the host rock in form of
pockets, clots, veins and stringers.
In addition to the major graphite occurrences along
above six prominent belts, smaller occurrences
associated with migmatised khonda-lite are known from
Adash area of Deogarh district and Daspalla area of
Nayagarh district.
Iron Ore
Odisha has vast reserves of high grade iron-ore with
average Fe content of over 60%. The State accounts for
about 15.79% of iron ore production of the country.
Production-wise, Keonjhar district heads the list
(61.66%) in the state, followed by Sundargarh (31.37%),
Cuttack (4.22%) and Mayurbhanj (2.74%) districts.
The state has a total iron ore reserve of 3360 million
tonne of all grades varying from 55 to 66% Fe. In Keojhar
district, important iron ore bearing areas are Thakurani
Pahar, Sidhamat Parbat, Durga Parbat, Joda east and
west, Banspani Pahar, Dal Pahar, north and west of
Kurband, Jhiling Pahar, Longlota Pahar, Guali, Kiriburu,
Kalta and Gandhamardan.
In Sundargarh district, the notable iron ore deposits
Daitari hill is the only iron ore deposit in Jajpur

district.
A reserve of 2.65m.tonnes of iron ore containing
60% Fe has been estimated near Hirapur Hill, 8 km SSW
of Umarkot in Nawarangpur district.
The chief protore which gives rise to iron ore deposits
by supergene residual enrichment process is the banded
haematite jasper/ quartzite of Precambrian age. They are
found in two distinct geological associations namely (i)
with the Badampahar Group of rocks in Badampahar belt,
comprising highly metamorphosed volcanic rocks of
mafic-ultramafic composition and metachert-quartzite
and, (ii) with the less metamorphosed rocks of the KoiraNoamundi Group. The former is chiefly found in
Badampahar-Gorumahisani area in Mayurbhanj District
and Daitari area in Jajpur District. The Iron ore formations
of the Koira-Noamundi Group are associated with shales
and tuffs which are exposed as a major low north plunging
horse-shoe shaped synclinorium constituting the Bonai
Kendujhar belt.
The ore is usually massive, hard, compact and steel
grey to dark and brownish black in colour. The different
varieties include (i) hard ores (steel grey to brownish,
massive and laminated), (ii) moderately hard ore
(laminated), (iii) soft ores (flaky, friable and powdery),
and (iv) lateritic ores. There is no sharp line of division
between different ore types and any one type passes on
gradually into another type. A large part of the ore minerals
consists of haematite (martite) with subordinate amount
of magnetite and other oxides/ hydrated oxides (goethite)
of iron. The iron ore and/or the haematite bearing rocks
are weathered on the surface, giving rise to occasional
pockets of limonitic ore, but are generally lateritised
yielding large cappings of laterite and/or Kanga.
Hard ore is thinly bedded and includes lumpy as
well as laminated types. It exhibits variation in thickness
between 3 m and 4.5m as seen from the borehole data.
49
The chemical composition of hard ore shows variation

in the content of Fe2O3 from 59.60 to 69.50%, SiO2 0.13
to 3.40% and Al2O3 0.17 to 7.14%. The soft ore has two
varieties; (a) friable laminated type called friable or
biscuity ore which is laminated conspicuously and
appears to contain large percentage of admixed clays,
(b) loose granular powdery ore with greater percentage
of fresh haematite grains nearly devoid of the silica is
termed as blue dust. The flaky friable ore comprises
alternately interbanded thin laminae (less than 1mm to
5mm thick) of iron ore minerals plus considerable
amount of void space. Blue dust is composed of
unconsolidated dusty material comprising predominantly
of iron ore minerals. It shows perfect bedding and
laminations and crumples down when slightly disturbed.
Chemically, blue dust is more akin to hard ore.
Sundargarh district
Malangtoli Block: This block comprises a group of
13 deposits spread over an area of about 20 sq.km. The
deposits occupy the southeastern part of the horseshoe
synclinorium and are associated with BHJ. A total
reserve of 608 million tonne with average 63% Fe has
been estimated. The ore types include massive, hard,
soft laminated, powdery and lateritic with some localized
Kanga patches.
Barsuan Block: Barsuan along with Taldih and
Kalta blocks constitute the principal sources of chief
raw material for Rourkela Steel Plant. The ore body is
associated with BHJ/BHQ and ferruginous shale, which
strike in NE-SW direction, and are completely folded,
lateritised and irregularly enriched. The average

thickness of ore bodies is 48.8m. The ore types include
massive, laminated (hard and soft), lateritic and blue
dust. The ore consists predominantly of haematite with
goethite association. A total mineable reserve of 139
million tonnes has been estimated with an average
content of 61% Fe.
Bolani Block: Two parallel iron ore bearing BHQ
bands trending NNE-SSW with northeasterly dips at
moderate to steep angles are exposed in this block
separated by laterite and underlain by tuffaceous
material. A total of 10 ore bodies have been delineated
along these bands and a proved reserve of 292 million
tonnes and indicated reserve of 134 million tonnes have
been estimated. Bulk of the ore at Bolani has been
derived from BHQ through the process of oxidation and
supergene enrichment causing migration of silica and
enrichment of iron. The ore types are hard, soft, powdery
(blue dust), friable and lateritic and the grade varies from
58 to 65%.
Kendujhar district
Joda east block: The ore body here occurs in form
of a N-S trending hill ridge constituting a part of the
eastern limb of the Horse Shoe synclinorium. The depth
persistence of ore body has been proved up to 100 m.
The ore reserve estimated is of the order of 170 million
tonnes. Different types of ore include soft/lateritic,
friable/flaky and hard.
District
Deposit
Kendujhar
Thakurani
Mankarnacha
Katamati
Jajang (Rungta mines)
Jiling Longlata
Kalta
Khandadhar
Badamgarh Pahar
Balia Pahar
Sundargarh
Other major deposits of the State are the following:

Reserves (in million tonnes)
324
268
55
121
88
93
50
49
131
District wise Iron ore reserves in the state are as follows:

District
Jajpur
Kendujhar
Sundargarh
Mayurbhanj
Nawrangpur
Total 3360 million tonnes
Reserves in million tonnes
Grade range (% of Fe)
46
2555
742
15
2
63.65
63.66
60.64
60.67
60.62
50
GEOL. SURV. IND
Kyanite
Angul district
A small deposit of Kyanite occurring in association
with mica, tourmaline and iron ore is reported from
Toradanali (21 06:8524) area. It is low in alumina
(<45%) and high in iron (>2% Fe2O3). Other occurrences
are kyanite bearing quartz schist near Magarmuhan,
Jhilli, Golagadia and Sikheswar.
Sundergarh district
Kyanite is known to occur in association with vein
quartz at near Ghoriajhor, Kumbakerra, Bailama,
Chhota-Phiringbahal and Lolabara. Near Salijor (2212:
8421) it occurs associated with talc-tremolite schist
and near Amkhai as pockets and thin bands along the
foot hills of the conglomerate hill. It is also reported
from Kodamunda (22 23: 8432).
Mayurbhanj district
A kyanite-dumortierite deposit is reported to occur
at Panijia (2003: 8640). Other kyanite occurrences
include those near Purnapani (2218: 8618) and
Simlipal (2206: 8629).
Limestone and Dolomite
Odisha is endowed with vast resources of limestone
confined to three distinct geological settings viz;
Gangpur Group, Chattishgarh Super Group and Eastern
Ghats Super Group of rocks besides minor occurrences
associated with Iron ore Supergroup rocks in Kendujhar
district.
Sundergarhgarh district
One of the most important Precambrian limestone
and dolomite deposits of Odisha occurs associated with
Gangpur Group of rocks in this district. The limestone
band consists of an upper calcitic member and lower
dolomitic member. The general structure is described
as a synclinorium.
The major deposits are located at Biramitrapur,
Hatibari, Purnapani in the northern limbs; Lanjiberna,
Gomardiha, Khatkurbahal, Kutra in the Southern limb,
and Dubkbera in the core of the synclinorium.
The average width varies between 609 and 761 m
of which dolomite forms 364m to 457m and limestone

245m to 300m. The limestone is fine to medium grained
and grey in colour. At places it is siliceous and the bands
contain phyllitic intercalations. In mineral composition,
the rock shows all types of transition from a pure
crystalline limestone to calcareous phyllite and mica
schist. The lime content in the rock varies from 30 to
52% while the insoluble and silica show variation from
30 to 35 % and magnesia upto 15%. Alumina and iron
oxide contents never exceed 6 % and 8% respectively.
About one third of the limestone resources is suitable
for use as flux and cement manufacture. The deposit
wise details are given below.:
Biramitrapur
The Biramitrapur formation hosts important
horizons of limestone and dolomite extending over
lengths of 50 km and 96km in the northern and southern
limbs of the synclinorium respectively. The limestone
beds show a general strike varying between E-W and
ENE-WSW with an average dip of 65o due north. The
length of the deposit is 6.4 km with a width variable
between 300m and 400m.The two broad bands, the
northern and southern, are separated by a belt of
dolomitic limestone of width between 152 m and 244m.
The dolomitic limestone analyses CaO-33.58%, MgO19.55%, Al2O3-1.3%, Fe2O3-0.80%,SiO2-2.96% and
L.O.I-44.35%.
Lanjiberna
The deposit extends over a strike length of 12.50
km in an E-W direction from Langiberna to Amghats.
The limestone is medium grained, grey to dark grey in
colour. Altogether there are two bands, the northern and
southern bands. Within these bands there are patches of
high magnesia limestone which are rejected in the course
of mining.
Purnapani
The limestone band has an E-W strike length of 1.5
km with a southerly dip of 60 and an average width
varying between 300m and 365m. The northern 180 m
of this band is of good quality, owing to its low magnesia
content varying between 3.5% and 4.1 % and sometimes,
even below 2.5%. The insolubles vary from 6.5% to 10%
and the total alkali (Na2O+K2O) 0.3-0.7%. The average
content of CaO is 46%.
Hatibari
The limestone beds extend from the Purunapani
mines of Hindustan Steel limited. In Hatibari lease area
of TISCO, exposures of limestone are seen at two
places, one over an area of 200mx 120m forming a
hillock north of Bajnathpur and the other covering an
area of 400m x 42m. High content of alumina (> 0.3%)
and silica and phyllitic intercalations make it unsuitable
for industrial use and hence the mining has been
abandoned by TISCO.
51
A reserve of about 30 million tonnes of dolomite is

estimated to be available in Gomardihi (22 12:84 30).
Turmura area contains a reserve of about 12 million
tonnes of dolomite.
Other occurrences include Katang(2214: 8429),
Ludhukutoli (2215: 8425), Kandaimunda (2214:
8426) and Kukurphuka (2212: 8430)
The total estimated reserves of limestone and
dolomite for Sundargarh district are estimated at 491
million tonnes and 387 million tonnes respectively.
Pahartoli
Limestone occurs in the area under a thick
overburden. The probable reserve with less than 8%
insoluble is about 100million tones to a depth of 60m.The
deposits are under active exploitation of M/S Bisra
Cement and Lime Ltd.
Dublabera
The dolomite deposit is confined to an area of about
305m x 120 m with an assumed thickness of 2.5 m. The
reserves are estimated to be of the order of 3 million
tonnes.
Gotitanger
The limestone is exposed over a length of about 1.2
km and a width of about 410m in the area between
Tinkantoli and Kinurtoli. It is fairly low in silica (5% 8.6%) and magnesia ( 2.5% - 6.5%).
Khatukurbahal
The deposit comprises two bands, the southern band
containing good quality limestone while the northern
band is dolomitic. The limestone has a lime content
varying from 42.58% to 45.60% with silica and insoluble
contents varying from 7.58% to 13.24%. The reserve of
limestone and dolomite is 20 million tonnes and 22
million tonnes respectively upto a depth of 30m.
Purkapali
The limestone recorded within an area of 1.64 km x
1.2km. occurs as thin bands associated with phyllite and
mica schists. The lime content varies between 22.28 %
and 31.27%.
Koraput district
Crystalline limestone occurs in discontinuous
lensoidal patches associated essentially with the calcgranulites of the Khondalite suite of the Eastern Ghats
Super Group in Ampavalli(18 24: 82 58)
Gondivalasa(18 25: 82 59) area. The regional trend
of foliation is N70E-S70W with moderate dip to south.
The limestone is crystalline, white, and grades to impure
calcitic limestone. A total of 42 occurrences have been
delineated. The coarsely calcitic samples are fairly low
in magnesia (0.8%-3.2%), iron oxide (0.34-1.14%),
insoluble (2- 12%) and total alkali content (< 1%). The
general grade of limestone is somewhat impure with CaO
and insoluble contents varying from 41.16% to 50.40%
and 6.48% to 21.72% respectively. A tentative reserve
of 73 million tonnes (proved and possible) has been
estimated to be available in the area.
Malkangiri district
Good quality limestone often containing over 50%
Cao, is found near Kattameta (18 20: 81 42) and
Nandiveda(1819: 8140). It occurs interbanded with
purple shales, slates and quartzite belonging to Indravati
Group over a strike length of 5 km with average width
of 30 m. The formation strikes N-S with low westerly
dip. The limestone is light grey to cream coloured and
varies in thickness from 3m to 6m. The CaO content
varies from 53.36% to less than 2% and SiO2 content
goes upto 14 %. A total reserve of over 240 million
tonnes of blast furnace grade and cement grade has been
estimated.
Nawarangpur district
In Gupteswar-Binsuli (1849: 8210) area,
52
limestone and dolomite occur in form of linear

discontinuous bands along with shale and quartzite
belonging to the Indravati Group. The limestone is fine
grained and purple in colour. Chemical analysis indicate
its CaO content to range from 41% to 46% and MgO
content to less than 4% and insoluble to about 16%.
Baragarh district
Limestone occurs in a strip of plain country about
16 km long between Dungri(21 42: 83 34) and
Banjipali(21 38:83 30) in form of an asymmetrical
anticline plunging northwest. It is found interbedded
along with shale, sandstone and quartzite. The thickness
of limestone varies from 1.2m to 7.9m, but at south of
Badmal the band attains a maximum thickness of 30m.
The longer limb strikes NNE-SSW with low westerly
dip. The width of the band varies from 50m to 250m.
Kedunjhar district
Dolomite and dolomitic limestone, stromatolitic at
places, occur associated with manganiferous formations
near Bhadrasahi and Kasia.
Nuapada district
Crystalline limestone occurs associated with
Khondalite and quartzite of Eastern Ghats Super Group
of rocks near Khariar.
Manganese
Odisha accounts for one third of the countrys annual
production of manganese and possesses the second
largest recoverable manganese reserve in the country
i.e. 50.36 million tones of all grades, next only to that of
Karnataka (64.55 million tones). The manganese
deposits of Odisha, restricted to the Precambrian rocks,
occur chiefly in four distinct geographic belts: (i) the
Bonai Kendujhar Belt in Sundargarh and Keonjhar
districts, associated with chert-shale sequence and
laterites, (ii) Kuttinga Nishikal Ambadola Patna
belt in Koraput, Kalahandi and Bolangir districts,
associated with Khondalite suite of rocks of the Eastern
Ghats Supergroup, (iii) Ghoriajhor belt (Gangpur Group)
in Sundargarh district associated with Gonditic rocks
and (iv) Bamra subdivision of Sambalpur district
associated with laterite in the metasediments.
GEOL. SURV. IND
The grade of the ore is variable from deposit to

deposit as also from body to body within the same
deposit. High grade (above 45%Mn) and medium grade
(35 to 44.99% Mn) ore constitute roughly 20% of the
total reserve, although about 60% of the total reserve is
of marketable grade. The phosphorous content in the
low-grade ore, ranges from 0.05% to 0.09%, which is
always less than the clearance limit of 0.15%. In the
higher grade ores the phosphorous content rises up to
0.19%. In some of the deposits of the belt, the ore
contains high alumina while others contain high silica.
So, these are classed as high alumina siliceous ores.
1. Bonai Kendujhar Belt: The Bonai Kendujhar
manganese ore belt in North Odisha is well known for
its low phosphorous manganese ore, suitable for
domestic Steel Industry in Eastern India. About 60% of
the States manganese production is achieved from the
Bonai Kendujhar Belt. It is a narrow NNE-SSW
trending belt, approximately 60km long and 25 km wide
and comprises a group of slightly metamorphosed
volcano-sedimentary rock sequence of Precambrian age.
The manganese ore deposits occur scattered over an area
of 500 sq.km bounded by Barbil (22 07; 8523) in the
north; Dubna (2151; 8524) in the south and Bhutura
(2148; 8509) in the southwestern part. There are about
200 (large and small) lensoid deposits most of which
are under active exploitation.
Major manganese ore bodies occur as pockets and
lenses, and veins within lateritoid rocks and lower
lithomerge horizons in the core region of the Horse Shoe
synclinorium. Manganese mineralization occurring
within lower shale below the BIF is possibly of
syngenetic origin. However for the most part, the ore
deposits are epigenetic. The unique feature of the
manganese ore deposits of Bonai Kendujhar belt is
their very low phosphorous content.
Intensive exploration work in this belt so far has
established, a total possible reserve of 29.53 million
tonnes.
2. Kuttinga Nishikal Ambadola Patna belt:
Manganese ore deposits of southern Odisha occurring
in form of discontinuous bands within three parallel
shear zones are mostly confined to Rayagada and
Koraput districts. Nishikal deposit, presently being
worked by M/S Odisha Mining Corporation Ltd., is the
most potential of all contributing to nearly 70% of the

total reserve of southern Odisha, but the production is
low due to high phosphorous content in the ores. Most
of the other deposits are ferruginous and hence are of
lower grade (25% to 35% Mn content), excepting a few
which contain ores with more than 40% Mn.
Phosphorous content ranges from 0.1 to 0.86%.
Important deposits occur near Kutinga (1905;
8310), Nishikal (1916; 8313), Podakona, Taldoshi
(1907; 831210), Liliguma (1916; 8313), Devjolla
(1908; 831115) in Rayagada, Koraput and
Kalahandi districts.
The manganese ore deposits are confined to the
Khondalite Group of rocks belonging to Eastern Ghats
Supergroup. The deposits are scattered over a 32km long
north south belt having a width varying from 5 to 10km.
The different rock types of the area include khondalite
sensu stricto (quartz-feldspar-sillimanite-garnet +
graphite gneiss), quartzite, charnockite, calc-silicate,
variants of granite gneisses, migmatite, leptynite etc.
Manganese occurs in three stratigraphic horizons in
khondalite, i.e.
1. at the contact of khondalite with quartzite
2. at or near the junction of khondalite with calcsilicate rocks and
3. within khondalite.
The ore bodies have trends varying from NNE-SSW
to NNW-SSE with steep dip to southeast. The manganese
ore occurs as (i) massive tabular bodies, alternate bands
and lenses in manganiferous khondalite; (ii) reticulate
veins and small pockets of disseminations in brecciated
quartzite and (iii) small lenses and pockets within
laterite. The ore bodies are generally localized close to
the zones of fracturing and shearing. Different types of
ores in these deposits are hard, lumpy, streaky, cavity
filled, brecciated, friable and clayey. The high grade ores
are usually compact, massive and hard. Siliceous and
low grade ores are friable. Mamillary and botryoidal
structures are common. Occurrence of well defined ore
bodies in sharp contact with khondalite and quartzite
indicates their formation as chemical precipitates in the
depositional basin. The ores have been formed by
supergene enrichment of primary syngenetic
metamorphosed assemblage. The reserves of different
potential blocks explored so far are given below:
53
Name of Blocks
Nishikal Block (North & South)

Podakona-Taldodshi Block
Kutinga Block
Devjholla Block
Karajolla Block
Kashipur, Ranga, Gatigurha
Reserves
Status of reserve
(in million tonne)
8.532
3.991
1.156
0.062
0.15
0.27
Proved
Proved
Probable
Probable
Probable
Probable
Total of all blocks 14.161 million tonnes Proved and Probable
Bolangir district:
The reported occurrences of manganese ore in
Bolangir district are confined to a 25 km long belt
consisting of lateritised schists of Khondalitic suite. The
ore bodies occur as bands and pockets with steep dips
ranging in width up to 5m. The richest concentrations
are found at the contact with calc-granulites.
Important deposits of Bolangir district are recorded
at Dungaripalli, Bhaludungri (2046; 8321),
Godashankar (2047;8322) and Kapilabahal
(2046;8319).. The reserves of important potential
blocks explored so far are given below:
Name of the Block
Reserve(in million tones)

20% cut off grade
Khagsabahal Block
Birpali Block
Tabalbanjhi Block
Dungurupali Block
Dandpani Block
Rengali Block
Uchhabapali Block
Babia Block
Thakurpali Block
Tamiya Block
0.33
0.60
0.28
0.42
0.47
0.37
0.93
0.54
0.88
0.97
TOTAL
5.79 million tonnes
Sundargarh district
Manganese ore is associated with the gonditic rocks
in a 64 km long belt. The gondite occurs as impersistent
bodies in mica schist and phyllites of the Gangpur Group.
The deposits are structurally conformable with the
associated rocks and extend in length upto 300m with
thickness of over 6m. The general strike trend of the
rock formations is NE SW with low to moderate
southwesterly dip.
Important deposits are located in Manomunda
(2205; 8409), Ghoriajhor (2203; 8409) and
Kharkamunda from where a large quantity of ore has
54
GEOL. SURV. IND
been mined out earlier. The manganese content in the

ores of this belt goes upto 58%, Fe content varying from
1.70% to 16.33% and P content varying from 0.057% to
0.139%. A total reserve of 0.726 million tonnes has been
estimated in three potential blocks explored so far:
Name of the
block
Ghoriajhor Block
Manomunda Block
Kharkamunda Block
Reserve
(in million tonnes)
Average
Grade (Mn%)
0.37
0.31
0.046
27.56
23.95
22.59
Sundargarh distric
In Sundergarh district, small books of stained
muscovite mica occur at several places in association
with pegmatite veins. The important occurrences are
recorded near Ghoriajon, Tungaumunda, Diamunda,
Kadlimunda, Salijarria, Bindujharia and Phatatangar.
Nickel
Manganese ore occurs in an intensively lateritised

zone, about 25 km long, in the Bamra sub-division. The
ore is sporadically distributed in the laterite.
Nickel ore occurs associated with limonitised and

silicified ultrabasic rocks in the Sukinda area of Jajpur
district and with the weathered zone of ultramafic
differentiates of the Amjori sill emplaced in the Simlipal
Group of rocks in the Simlipal area of Mayurbhanj
district.
Mica
Jajpur district
Kalahandi district
Sukinda area: Nickel enrichment is sporadically

found in the limonitic cappings over the Sukinda
ultramafic complex. The nickel ore is of lateritic type
and the mineralisation is related to intense weathering
and limonitisation of the silicified ultramafic rocks. The
nickeliferous limonite is light, highly porous, brownish
yellow to yellow in colour and is calcareous in nature.
The ore is generally associated with chromite. The
known occurrences are divided into four sectors, namely
Kansa sector (1.8 sq.km), Kamardah Saruabil
Sukerangi sector (6.0 sq. km), Kaliapani sector (1.82
sq.km) and TISCO sector (4.30 sqkm).
Sambalpur district
Occurrences of muscovite mica in pegmatite are

reported from Komorjhori (2019: 8241), Thalkodebse
(2019: 8242) and Godal (2005: 8231).
Koraput district
Occurrences of muscovite mica in pegmatite are
reported from near Anartopalla (1752: 8135),
Garrisapalle (1719: 8132), Polleru (1752: 8139),
Dupinikuda (1751: 8137) and Erranguta. The mica
books vary from 0.5cm to 8 cm in thickness. Muscovite
mica is also reported from Tentolikuntia (1917: 8244)
and Pilibasini (1923: 8243).
Phulbani district
Occurrences of muscovite mica in pegmatitic bodies
are reported from near Gopalpur (2043: 8557),
Dharnakud (2041: 8351), Banlsing, Chichanga
(2031: 8338), Darikupa (2037:8339) and Chopura
(2031 : 8338). The mica books are stained, buckled
and fractured.
Bolangir district
Occurrences of muscovite in small pegmatite veins
are reported from around Beramal (2022; 8318),
Bhurpara (2021: 8320), Sikkar Palrapalle
(2024:8319), Banjab (2021: 8312), Godageda
(2012: 8312) and Garimal (2020:8310).
The nickel deposits of Sukinda area contain both

high and low grade ores. The ores are classified as (i.)
high grade ores containing over 0.9% Ni, (ii) medium
grade ores containing 0.7% to 0.89% Ni and iii) low
grade ores containing 0.5% to 0.69% Ni.
Detailed prospecting by drilling and exploratory
pitting was carried out in Kansa, Kamardah-SaruabilSukerangi and Kaliapani sectors. Reserve of about
194.98 million tonnes of Ni (at 0.5% Ni cut off) have
been estimated by GSI in the Kansa and SaruabilSukerangi sectors.
In Kamardah-Saruabil-Sukerangi sector (2103
210330: 8549 8550), the thick nickel ore bodies
occur in association with chromite seams which are
conformable to the regional westerly plunging
asymmetrical syncline. The nickel ore zones are localised
in the nose portions of the friable chromite seams. Two

of the nickel ore bodies occur over an area of 6 sq km.
In TISCO sector (210130 2103: 8545
8547), the ultramafics are in contact with the Iron ore
Super Group quartzite and exhibit intrusive relationship
with them. Enstatite bearing younger ultramafic rock
has intruded the older nickel chromite bearing
ultrabasic rocks and divided into two parts. Nickel is
associated with chromite, the ore following the strike of
chromite seams over 5km strike length and the width of
the ore rangeing from 400m to 600m.
Kendujhar distric
Nuasahi Ultramafic Belt: The N-S trending
Nuasahi Ultramafic Belt (2151 2119: 8618
8621) comprising dunite, peridotite and harzburgite
intrudes the metabasics, chert and quartzites belonging
to Iron Ore Supergroup. The ultramafic rocks are
intruded and surrounded on all sides by mafic suites of
rock (gabbro and dolerite dykes) occurring in the
northern part where a thick cover of laterite and alluvium
exists. Two phases of ultramafic intrusives have been
identified in the area, i.e. dunite-chromitite in the older
phase and peridotite pyroxenite in the younger phase.
In the primary dispersion pattern nickel ore occurs as
dispersed mineral in unaltered magmatic rocks and their
hydrothermally altered equivalents. The concentration
of nickel is more when associated with chrome ore body.
Nickel concentration ranges from <50ppm 400 ppm.
Secondary dispersion occurs in two ways viz. within
laterite and within soil. The reserve of nickel in this belt
has been estimated to be 7.99 million tonnes with 0.18
to 4% Ni cut off.
55
The mineralised zone varies in thickness from 7m to

12m and the content of Ni in ores varies between 0.55%
and 1.10%. Possible reserves of 9.7 million tonnes of
Ni ore with average grade of 0.9% Ni at 0.8% Ni cut off
or 16.70 million tonnes with average grade of 0.79% Ni
at 0.5% cut off have been estimated in this sector. The
total conditional reserve of nickel ore in Odisha stands
at 285 million tonnes. Resources of nickel as estimated
so far in some important sectors at different cut off grade
are shown below:
Name of sector
Kaliapani
KamardahSukerangi-Saruabil
TISCO
Kansa
Total
Reserves (in million tonnes)

Cut off
0.9 % Ni
0.7 % Ni
0.5 % Ni
31.52
43.02
64.59
10.48
46.60
37.51
128.11
13.99
63.90
54.13
175.04
18.43
73.62
156.64
million tonnes
Platinum
Presence of platinum has been reported from the
ultramafic complexes of Sukinda and Nuasahi areas
located at the trijunction of Kendujhar, Jajpur and
Dhenkanal districts. Samples were drawn from the
weathered ultramafics, limonitised/lateritic overburden
as well as from chromitite horizons, for detection of
platinum group of minerals (PGE). Layered,
differentiated ultramafic to mafic plutons emplaced in
stable cratonic blocks of Late Archaean to early
Proterozoic age are most potential for hosting
orthomagmatic PGE deposits. Such rock associates are
abundant in ultramafic complexes at Sukinda and BaulaNuasahi and also over the Amjori sill of Simlipal
Complex.
Mayurbhanj district
In Simlipal area, Nickel is concentrated within
chemically weathered ultramafic rocks of the Amjori
sill occupying an area of about 130 sq km in the central
part of Simlipal Complex. It is also found in the laterite
and soil cover. Ni occurs in the form of garnierite, a
silicate mineral phase. Two large patches of prospective
ore zones, viz. Gurguria (2152 : 8615) and Nawana
(2155 : 8615) blocks together have an areal spread
of more than 12 sq km.
Jajpur district
The Bhilapoga sector, (2153; 8615), occupying

an area of 7 sq km constitute a part of the Gurguria block.
Encouraging results have been obtained from Baula

Nuasahi chromite deposit. Highly anomalous value of
In Sukinda area, Pt value ranges between 2 and 400

ppb and that of Pd ranges between 1 and 500 ppb.
Cumulative PGE (Pt, Pd and Rb) from nickeliferous
laterite horizons range from 46 ppb to 300 ppb. Platinum
concentration (4 290ppb) of PGE is very low in this
area.
Kendujhar district
56
GEOL. SURV. IND
Pt and Pd along with Ni, Cu, Co and Au were reported

from an igneous breccia zone at the contact of the
ultramafic cumulate and overlying gabbro-anorthosite.
The PGE mineralized zone has a length of nearly 1 km
with width varying between 2m and 40m. PGE grades
between 2 g/t and 8g/t. The sulphide rich matrix shows
low Pt/Pd ratio. But it is higher with high ferrochromite
content.
Quartz / Quartzite
The quartz and quartzite occurrences are found in
almost all the districts of Odisha excepting the coastal
plains.But they could not be plotted in the map due to
limitation in scale size. Quartz occurs as a constituent
of pegmatite and in the nature of veins.
Sundargarh district
Mayurbhanj district
The pyroxenite associated with Amjori sill emplaced
in lava-quartzite sequence of early Proterozoic Simlipal
Basin recorded anomalous PGE values (Pt up to 200
ppb and Pd up to 60 ppb).
Pyrophyllite
Odisha, the second largest producer of pyrophyllite
in India is endowed with huge quantum of pyrophyllite
estimated at 8.4 million tonnes. In Odisha, pyrophyllite
occurrences are found only in Keonjhar district.
Production of pyrophyllite is continuing in 3 mines
having an estimated total reserve of 10 million tonnes.
The pyrophyllite occurrences are associated with
Singhbhum granite and Bonai granite.
Pyrophyllite occurs in the form of quartzpyrophyllite schist associated with granite and also
quartz reefs intruding the granite gneiss. Pyrophyllite
occurrences in Odisha have been recorded in a 90 km
long belt extending from Rebna Palaspal in the south
to Remuli Joda road on the north. The main deposits
are at Dhoba Kuchuda, Balabhadrapur, Anjor, Baliadihi,
Madrangajodi, Dalimpur, Nitigotha, Buriadihi,
Sidhmath, Sarasposi, Ukchabeda, Roduan, Bolianposi,
Rampakot and Rebna-Palaspal of Kendujhar District.
Occurrences are also reported near Manada, Joshipur
and foothills of Simplipal in Mayurbhanj district and
from
near
Lahunipada
in
Sundergarh
district.Occurrences could not be shown in the map
owing to the limitation in scale size(1:2 million).
Name
Reserve in million tonnes
Madrangajodi
Nitigotha
Roduan
Rampakot
Amjor
Ukchabera
4.2
0.3
0.7
1.2
1.0
1.0
TOTAL
8.4 million tonnes
Occurrences of quartz are found near Biramitrapur,

Damadapara, Gobira, Charabera, Talsara, Pansuan,
Bhalulate, Bijadihi, Soidihi, AthaGhats, Sampapaibat,
Ramhri, Nevotoli, Bhadapur, Manjmunda, Lohadar,
Danakudar, and Kolijhar. The quartzite form several hills
and are usually impure, micaceous and ferruginous. This
district alone contributes about 17% of the total annual
production of good quality quatzites in Odisha. The
recoverable reserves of quartzite in Odisha are placed
at 8.2 mt.
Bolangir district
A major quartz reef occurs by the side of the road
between Saintala (2026 :8328) and Belgaon. The
quartz is of high purity (99.98% SiO2) and is mined and
sent to ferro-silicon factory at Theruballi in Koraput
district set up by M/S IMFA Ltd. A good deposit is also
located at SW of Ghagabahl near Turekela.
Sillimanite
Sundargarh district:
Sillimanite forms about 3 5% of quartzites and
quartz-schists occurring as hills near Kahatua. Besides,
it also occurs in association with pegmatoid granites
around Tilsora. Sillimanite is also reported from
Phatsinagar (2211: 8428).
Sambalpur district
Sillimanite bearing schists are reported from the hills
occurring to the north and southeast of Golabandh (2122:
8443). The rock is dull grey to whitish pink in colour
and is composed of a fibrous aggregate of sillimanite,
crystalline aggregate of magnetite, flakes of mica and
interstitial quartz. Sillimanite-rich quartz-schist and
quartz-sillimanite schists occur near Utunia (2117:
8451), Palsoma (2117: 8453), north east of
Mumorphol (2115: 8443) and north east of Lugupoda
57
(2117: 8447). The rocks occur as discontinuous bands

and lenses within and in association with coarse crystalline
quartzites of Eastern Ghats Super Group.
Soapstone
Soapstone, steatite and talc are three terms used in
trade for the one and the same mineral. These minerals
are associated with ultramafic igneous rocks of
secondary origin by processes of low grade regional
metamorphism.
Cuttack district
A fairly large deposit of soapstone occurs around
Ballgot (2057: 8601). The material is being used for
making vessels. There are small occurrences near
Ambasar (2057: 8556), Champajhar (2104: 8556),
Garhpur (2058: 8602).
Kendujhar district
There are several extensive occurrences of talc in
the area around Keonjhargarh (2137: 8536).
Koraput district
Good quality soapstone occurs at Katpada (1841;
8220) and Kendupatti (1842: 8219). Soapstone
deposits also occur at many places in Jeypore (1851:
8364) and Malkangiri (1821: 8153) areas.
Mayurbhanj district
Extensive deposits of soapstone occur on the hillock
south of Dindarani Parbat (2141:8608). Small
deposits are reported from Dublabera (2110:8603),
Myrisahi (2228:8616), Kendumundi (2104:8607),
Diring (2131:8604), Simlipahar (2152:8627) and
Nulungi (2157: 8633).
Sundergarh district
A fairly large deposit of soapstone occurs near
Jharbera (2149: 8453) and Bhaludungri (2151:
8450).
Vanadiferous Magnetite
Deposits of vanadiferous magnetite occurring in
association with gabbro-anorthosite suite of rocks in
north Odisha are distributed in five belts viz. (I) BisoiRairangpur, (ii) Bisoi-Jasipur, (iii) Baripada-Udala in
Mayurbhanj district and (iv) Nuasahi-Baula and (v)
Rangmatia-Betai in Keonjhar and Balasore districts.
The vanadiferous and titaniferous magnetite ore,
composed essentially of magnetite and ilmenite with
minor amount of haematite, limonite, rutile, coulsonite
{(FeV)3O4} and sulphides, occurs as disseminations with
stringers, lenses and pockets. The mineral coulsonite
accounts for vanadium in the ore.
Mayurbhanj District
i) Bisoi Rangpur - Kumardubi belt: In- situ ore
bodies and float ore occupy an area of 0.25 sq.km in
Bisoi Rangpur - Kumardubi belt.
Ten ore bodies have been delineated in this area.
The pure ore band occurs interbanded with disseminated
ore or with the basic rock. Distinct gradation is also
noticed from pure band of ore to pure gabbroic rock
with all sorts of gradations. The belt extends for over
15km and important deposits are located at Kumardubi
(2217: 8620), Betjharan (2214: 8619), Amabeda
(2217: 8620), Kendua (2214: 8620), Kasipenth
(2217: 8621), Kunjakocha (2213: 8623), Batichar
(2212: 8625), Bhargapahar (2213: 8624) and
Gargari (2212: 8623).
Betjharan : This deposit lies northeast of Betjharan
village. About 16 large and small segregated
vanadiferous magnetite bodies occur in the area. The
ore bodies strike E-W and its thickness varies from 3 to
36m. An extensive float zone surrounds the main ore
body.
Hatichar : The main ore body occurs as a ridge and
extends over a length of 265m with varying width of
15-20m.
Locality
Grade (V2O5%)
Kumardubi
Betjharan
Amjabeda - Kendua
Cacogari-Kasipenth
Kunjakocha Jodia
Hatichar
0.8 1.3%
1 1.4%
0.7-1.5
0.7 1.5
0.5 0.75
0.5 1.8
1.20
0.85
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.95 1.40 (DGM)
Total
4.60 million tonnes
Category of reserves
Proved
Proved
Probable
Probable
Probable
Probable
58
GEOL. SURV. IND
ii) Bisoi Jashipur: This belt runs parallel to the western margin of Simlipal hill range. It includes the deposit of
Kesham (2202: 8614), Mayurbeka (2201 : 8612), Dhulabera (2200: 8611), Sialnoi (2200 : 8610),
Asanabari (2155: 8606) and Bariadihi (2152: 8606).
Locality
Kesham
Mayurbera
Dhublabera Sialnoi
Bariadihi -Aerobari
Grade (V2O5%)
Category of reserve
0.21-0.74
0.4-1.5
0.5-0.8
0.6-1.4
0.02
0.22
0.15
0.64
Probable
Proved
Probable
Probable
iii) Baripada Udala: The important occurrences are at Bahalda (2147 : 8633), Andipur (2143: 8632)
and Chitrabania (2135: 8628).
Locality
Bahalda
Andipur
Chitrabania
Grade (V2O5%)
1.26
2.41
0.70

0.02
0.02
0.01
Reserve category
Probable
Probable
Probable
Kendujhar and Balasore Districts

Deposits are located at Rangamatia, Batei, Godasahi and Nuasahi.
Rangamatia: These occurrences are lenticular in shape and extend in length varying from 20 to 30m. The
southern slope is covered with ferro-gabbro.
Betei: This deposit includes a total of 9 magnetite bodies located to the south of Betei village. These bodies are
of lensoid type and trend from N70oW S70oE to N50oE-S50oW. The length is up to 150m with average width of
2.5m.
Locality
Rangamatia-Batei-Godasahi
Nuasahi-Boula
Grade (V2O5%)
Up to 1.4
0.1-0.5

0.02
0.57
Reserve category
Probable
Probable
Total reserves of vanadium ore in Odisha has been placed at 6.48 million tones.
Dimension Stone-Granite
Dimension Stone Granite(DSG) refers to all type
of phanerocrystalline feldspathic igneous rocks of
granitoid texture with or without gneissose structure
ranging from granite (sensu stricto), granite-gneiss,
migmatites,
syenite,
gabbro,anorthosite,
charnockites,leptynites, pyroxene granulite,dolerite,
pyroxenite,dunite etc. Granite is resistant to weathering
and is found in a variety of pleasing colour. It is capable
of retaining its polish fresh as in the original form for a
long time. It is quite popular for use as tomb stone, paving
and architecture material.
Granite (DSG) is a colour based trade prefix. These

are classified on the basis of colour and texture and some
times has been assigned commercial trade names in
reference to the locality. The craze for DSG in the fancy
of affluent society has been a late entrant to the granite
Industry in Odisha. But Odisha has established itself
well, as out of 150 varieties of granite known from India,
more than 20 varieties of granite are available in this
state having more than hundreds of working mines. The
commercial varieties include Berhempur Blue, Koraput
Blue wave, Titlagarh green, Sawan Rose, Grey
Mahogany Grey Magic, Sira Grey, Pottangi Green, Grey/
White Porphyry, Yellow Granite, English Teak, White

Zebra, Tiger Skin etc. GSI was assigned the role of
making systematic resource assessment of DSG as per
the of Government of India policy programme which
commenced from 1992-93.G S I, Operation Odisha unit
took up the preliminary resource survey work between
1994 to 1999 covering selected target areas over 125 sq
km area in parts of 19 districts. i.e Ganjam, Nayagarh,
Khurda, Cuttack, Phulbani, Boudh, Koraput, Rayagada,
Kalahandi, Nuapada, Bolangir, Dhenkanal, Angul,
Deogarh, Sambalpur, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Balasore
and Sundergarh.
The coloured granites are found occurring within
Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt in the districts of Ganjam,
Khurda,Nayagarh, Cuttack,Baudh, Phulbani, Koraput,
Rayagada, Kalahandi, Nuapada, Bolangir, Dhenkanal,
Angul and Sambalpur as well as the cratonic segments
in the districts of Koraput, Kalahandi, Nuapada,
Sambalpur, Deogarh, Sundergarh, Kendujhar,
Mayurbhanj. Similarly black granites are identified in
Koraput, Kendujhar, Mayurbhanj and Balasore districts.
Since nomenclatures of DSG are based on colour,
texture and structural design many varieties referred
could belong to more than one rock type. So the DSG
varieties and occurrences are classified as few segments.
Ganjam-Nayagarh-Khurda-Cuttack-Phulbani-Baudh
Segment
This part of the state belongs primarily to Eastern
Ghats constituted mainly by rocks belonging to Eastern
Ghat Supergroup comprising Khondalite group,
Charnockite suite and Granitic suite and Athagarh
sandstone (mostly lateritised) of Upper Gondwana in
Khurda and Cuttack districts .The varities identified are
Berhempur blue, grey granite, Seaweed green, midnight
green, pink granite(Oriental Juparna), multi coloured
granites, Phulbani pink, rose wood, Cats Eye etc
Koraput-Rayagada Segment
This area mostly constitutes of Eastern Ghat
Supergroup comprising Charnockite suite and Granitic
suite of rocks, unclassified granites of Bastar Craton and
59
Bengpal Group of meta sediments and basic dykes of

gabbro-dolerite composition. The varieties identified are
Red Pearl, White Wave, White Porphyry Black granite,
Jeypur black and Pottangi Green etc.
Kalahandi-Bolangir-Nuapada Segment
The rocks belonging to Cratonic granite, EGSG,
Chhatishgarh Supergroup of sedimentaries and
Gondwanas, alkaline syenites of Khariar area intrusive
to EGSG and Anorthosites of Bolangir area are identified
as the source rocks for DSG. The different varieties found
are Pink Granite, Cats Eye, White Porphyry, Sea weed
green, Midnight green Tiger skin etc.
Sambalpur-Deogarh-Sundergarh segment
The area in north west occupied by cratonic granite
gneisses, green stones and sedimentaries belonging to
Gorumahisani, Singbhum, Gangpur Groups and
Gondwana Supergroup of rocks and EGSG Group of
rocks in southern part.
Sambalpur-Angul-Dhenkanal Segment:
The area forms a part of EGSG and Gondwana
Supergroup . Nepheline Syenite occurs as intrusive to
EGSG in Redhakhol area. A number of DSG namely
grey porphyry, salt and pepper, tiger skin, midnight green
occurrences are identified in the east west stretch of
this area extending from Redhakhol to Badamuktaposi.
Kendujhar-Mayurbhanja-Balasore Segment
This area is a part of Bonai-Singbhum craton
comprising of Archaean-Proterozoic older
Metamorphics, Singbhum granite with swarms of basic
dykes and occasional granophyre bodies. Badampahar
Group, Simlipal Group, Koira Group and younger
granite bodies like Mayurbhanj granite dominantly form
the geology of the region. Singbhum granite and younger
phase granite pluton along with basic and acid dykes
form important DSG rock types. In this belt varieties of
granites found are silver grey, grey porphyry, pink, black
& green.
60
GEOL. SURV. IND
Resources
District
Ganjam
Cuttack
Phulbani
Koraput
Rayagada
Kalahandi
Bolangir
Nuapara
Sundergarh
Sambalpur
Deogarh
Sambalpur
Angul
Dhenkanal
Keonjhar
Mayurbhanj
Balasore
Area in Sq km
Recoverable Resource
in Cubic Meter Upto
10 m Depth
5.537
0.413
2.29
41.10
16.449
4.785
1.47
0.91
14.08
0.282
0.735
0.32
2.505
0.945
2.668
0.465
0.1
97,91,300
19,50,000
68,00,000
307,90,000
364,65,000
1,69,80,000
3,51,08,000
22,80,000
54,80,000
5,82,000
36,60,000
3,20,000
90,39,000
10,54,000
97,14,250
15,43,000
60,000
95.054
90,39,000
Recoverable Resource
in Cubic MeterUpto
Ground level
33,706,750
17,62,000
105,60,000
476,00,000
722,15,000
2,70,50,000
9,44,05,000
40,00,000
6,25,00,000
11,64,000
51,30,000
9,60,000
1,57,24,000
26,88,000
1,88,15,800
25,14,000
2,60,000
1,57,24,000
Districtwise Occurrence of different Commercial varieties of Dimension Stone-Granite

District/Area
Lat. & Long.
T.S. No.
Berhampur blue
(Garnetiferous granite-gneiss)
Berhampur blue
Berhampur blue
Berhampur blue
Berhampur blue
Berhampur blue
Berhampur blue
Grey granite
Grey granite
Grey granite
Pink granite Oriental Japarna
Berhampur blue
Berhampur blue
Berhampur blue
191350: 8430
192325:844450
192240: 8434
192155:844318
191710:841545
192115:844430
191350:843220
200133:843835
200230:843900
194530:842600
193715:845637
191210:843710
191155: 8438
192140:844240
74 A/12
74 A/10
74 A/11
74 A/10
74 A/5
74 A/11
74 A/12
74 D/12
74 D/12
74 A/5
74 A/13
74 A/12
74 A/12
74 A/11
Dist. Nayagarh
Bhalumundia
Bedangi
Berhampur Blue
Berhampur Blue
202125:845750
201835:850852
74 D/15
73 H/3
Dist. Khurda
Banpur
Balugaon
Chilka blue granite (Anorthosite)

Chilka blue granite
194630:851005
194540:852550
73 E/1
73 E/1
Dist. Keonjhar
Baliaguda
Palaspanga
Dusty grey (Dolerite)

Keonjhar green(Gabbro)
213950: 853530
214645: 853150
73 G/10
73 G/9
District Ganjam
Sripur
Bhaduka
Digapahandi
Mahuguna
Bendalia
Lanjia
Garh-Govindpur
Dindipath
Shahanpath
Soroda
Math Berhampur
Chikiti
Ramgurha
Padripalli
Commercial
Name/Type
District/Area
61
Commercial
Name/Type
Lat. & Long.
T.S. No.
Keonjhar black(Dolerite)
Keonjhar grey/silver green
Grey granite
Pinkish grey Granite
Pinkish grey Granite
Keonjhar black
212730: 855150
202305: 854810
212830: 854805
211500: 854835
215930: 853995
215640: 853855
215545: 853720
213020: 854950
73 G/15
73 G/15
73 G/15
73 G/15
73 G/9
73 G/9
73 G/9
73 G/14
Dist: Baleswar
Kuradiaghasa
Black granite
21445: 862200
73 K/8
Dist: Sundergarh
Ekma-Timna
Kirlaga-Subdega
Grey granite
Grey granite
221830: 892000
221800: 841730
73 B/7
73 B/3
Dist: Cuttack
Mandumekha
Balisahi
Kendapath
Multi coloured granite

Garnet-granite gneiss
Seaweed green charnockite
203105: 843810
202930: 850100
202710: 850605
75 D/15
73 H/3
73 H/3
Dist: Mayurbhanj
Harsadahi
Jashipur
Andharijhar
Hathibari
Galusahi
Grey granite
Grey granite
Black granite
-do-do-
213027:863310
215615:860200
214752:854705
214810:855617
215225:855205
73K/10
73K/1
73G/13
73G/13
73G/13
Red pearl(Porphyritic Pink Granite)

Grey granite
Porphyroblastic Leucocratic Granite
Sea weed green, Basic charnockite,
Pottangi green
Black granite
Gabbro/Dolelrite composition
190100:820600
184300:825300
830100: 181500
65 I/12
65 I/14
65 N/2,3
183400: 525800
185000: 823400
184100: 822400
184900: 824300
184600: 822230
65
65
65
65
65
Dist: Rayagada
Therabali
Kashipur
White porphyry
white wave Augen gneiss
832630: 842430
191900: 831036
65 M/7
65 M/3
Dist: Kalahandi
Bhawanipatna
Grey porphyry
195730: 831030
65 M/1
Dist: Bolangir
Kutenpali
Diyatan
Shiker
Bhutiar bahal
Greasy grey Anorthosite

Titlagarh green seaweed green
Grey granite
White porphyry (Porphyroblastic Granite)
203700:
201500:
202100:
203600:
64
64
64
64
Jamuposhi
Chotraipur
Chhatia
Sunariposhi
Gamaria
Ranipur
Madhupur
Khontaghar
Dist: Koraput
Pindapadar
Marichamala
Sunki
Pottangi
Jaypur
Kotamu
Koraput
Belgaon
822700
830500
831000
832330
J/14
J/9
J/6
J/9
J/5
0/5, 9,10
P/3
P/3
P/6
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Locality Index
1432
Adash
Adeswar
Akharkata
Amabeda
Ambasar
Ambasarmunda
Amjor
Ampali
Ampavalli
Anamini Parbat
Anartopalla
Andharijhar
Andipur
Arubandha
Asanabari
Asurbandh
Athaghat
Badam Pahar
Badamgarh Pahar
Badmal
Bahalda
Bahanda
Baideswar Hill
Bailama
Baipariguda
Bajirpador
Bakua
Balabhadrapur
Baliadihi
Baliaguda
Baliapahar
Balidihi
Balinga
Balisahi
Ballgot
Baludongri
Balugaon
Bamnipal
Bangipal
Bangura
Banjab
Banjipali
Bankibahali
2115: 8617
212215: 8436
202330: 8430
205030: 8430
2217: 8620
2057: 8556
205145: 843515
213745: 8533
2025: 83 26
1824: 82 58
195445:841230
1752: 8135
214752: 854705
2143: 8632
2134: 8640
2155: 8606
2053: 8547
2209: 845140
2204: 8605
2148: 8516
2023: 8317
2147: 8633
2043: 4526
2028: 8534
2211: 8426
1845: 8225
1834: 8206
2149:862130
213615!:853630
213915!:8534
213950:853530
2105:8515
2227:86 13
220135:834535
202930:850100
2057: 8601
2101: 8406
194540:852550
2701; 85 58
2029: 8248
2159: 8512
2021: 8312
2138:8330
220220: 8425
Banpur
Banrapal
Bansapani
Baraibera
Barampur
Barasinghari
Barbil
Bariadihi
Baripada
Baripahar
Barsuan
Barthajimundia
Baudan
Baula
Bedangi
Belgaon
Belghar
Beligocha
Bendalia
Beradiha
Beramal
Berhsagaon
Betei
Betjharan
Bhadrasahi
Bhaduka
Bhalipadmpur
Bhaludungri
Bhaludungri
Bhaludungri
Bhalukasoni
Bhalulata
Bhalumundia
Bharatpur
Bharatpur
Bhargapahar
Bhaunra
Bhawanipatna
Bhimtangar
Bhurpara
Bhutiar Bahal
Bhutura
Bijadihi
Bindujharia
70
194630:851005
2050: 8523
2200: 8525
2223: 8449
1905: 8441
2135:8336
22 07: 8523
2152: 8606
2158: 8647
2146: 8347
215030:8507
2020: 8551
203950! : 824925
211730! : 861955
201835:850852
1908:821430
1955: 8387
22o00: 84o45
191710:841545
2154: 8640
2022; 8318
1953: 8330
212340: 863620
2215: 8619
220330: 852350
192325:844450
1938: 8332
2151: 8450
2046; 8321
2151: 8450
2129: 8642
2222: 8442
202125:845750
2018: 8547
2203: 8356
2213: 8624
215915: 8407
195730:831030
21 02: 85 45
2021: 8320
203600:832330
2148; 8509
2204: 8415
220745: 844530
Birasal
Birmitrapur
Bisermunda
Bisoi
Bodipara
Boipariguda
Bolianposi
Bonai
Boroni
Buriadihi
Chachabari
Champagarh
Champajhar
Chandatora
Chandiprasad
Chhatia
Chhota-Phiringbahal
Chichanga
Chikiti
Chitrabania
Chopura
Chormara
Chotraipur
Dal Pahar
Dalapur
Dalimpur
Danakudar
Dandapara
Dandrahar Pahar
Danga Chancha
Dangchancha
Dantamure
Darikupa
Darilpalli
Daringburu
Dasamantapur
Dengasurgi
Deogarh
Devandera
Devjolla
Dhandatapa area
Dharnakud
Dharuadihi
Dharuakhaman
Dhulabera
Diamunda
Digapahandi
Dindarani Parbat
Dindipath
Diring
Diyatan
Dolia
Doliambe
Dongarmonda
Dublabera
Dublabera
Dubna
71
2100: 8541
2220: 8440
2023: 8322
2210: 862415
2026: 8322
1834: 8227
213455:853245
2149: 8457
2022: 8311
211010: 853245
2148: 8601
21 50: 85 35
2104: 8556
2020:8317
2026; 8548
212830:854805
2208:843245
2031: 8338
191210:843704
2135: 8628
2031: 8338
2018: 8317
202305:854810
2158:8524
1846: 8219
214125:853135
2210:8455
222345:8444
2151:8509
2054;8303
2054:8302
2443:8356
2037:8339
2146:8351
2152:8523
1840; 8225
2011: 832515
2045; 8417
1904: 8228
1908; 831115
2048: 8436
2041: 8351
215945:841315
213630:8249
2200: 8611
230345:8353
192240:8434
2141:8608
200133:843835
2131:8604
201500:830500
2107:8529
1830: 8252
2025: 8320
2110:8603
2218: 840 38
2151; 8524
Dudhiasol
Dudukamal
Dulunga
Dumguda
Dundurkot
Dungaripalli
Dungri
Dupinikuda
Durga Parbat
Durhugi
Duria
Dwarjam
Ekma-Timna
Galusahi
Gamaria
Gandhamardan
Gangadar R.F.
Gangajal
Ganjapadar
Gardihi
Gargari
Garh-Govindapur
Garhpur
Garimal
Garjanbehi
Garrisapalle
Ghagabahl
Ghatsi
Ghichampra
Ghoriajhor
Ghotringa
Girida
Giringkela
Girsuan
Gobardhanpur
Gobira
Godageda
Godal
Godasahi
Godashankar
Gohaldongri
Gohaldungri
Golabandh
Golagadia
Gomardihi
Gondivalasa
Gopalpur
Gopapali
Gopinathpur
Gorumahisani
Gotitanger
Guali
Gumma
Gundichanali
Gupteswar-Binsuli
Gurjang
Harsadahi
220645:8641
203403; 825005
215645:834805
1837: 8201
2041: 8515
2046:8320
2142: 8334
1751: 8137
2201:8523
1953; 8325
2157: 8559
1920; 8432
221830:892000
215225:855205
215930:853995
2137:8530
2041: 825715
2138: 8432
2034: 8245
2134: 8640
2212: 8623
191350:843220
2058: 8602
2020:8310
220045!:8346
1719: 8132
202915:824630
2058: 8443
2146: 8406
2202; 840845
2103: 8541
2053:8433
2208:8350
2206:833030!
220655:860045
2219:8444
2012:8312
2005:8231
2122:862930
2047;8322
2224:8620
2204:8620
2122:8443
2103:8522
221245:843010
1825:8259
2043:8557
2204:8343
2115:8547
2220:8607
2224:8453
2159:8517
191045:8320
205820!:8532
1849:8210
21 04:8547
213027:863810
72
Hathibari
Hatibari
Hatichar
Hirakud
Hirapur Hill
Jaganathprasad
Jagdalpur
Jagdalpur
Jajang
Jaldihi
Jalerpodar
Jamakani
Jamuaposhi
Jareikela
Jashipur
Jashipur
Jashipur
Jeypore
Jharabera
Jharbera
Jharbera
Jhiling Pahar
Jhilli
Jillinda
Joda
Jodiguda
Joshipur
Junagarh
Junai
Jurabaga
Juraboga
Kadlimunda
Kaintora
Kaliapani
Kallaru
Kalrangi
Kalta
Kalupadar
Kamalpur
Kamparkala
Kanchera
Kandaimunda
Kanjipani
Kansa
Kansar
Kapilabahal
Karanda
Karanjia
Kardega
Karlagi
Karunapalli
Kashinguda
Kashipur
Kasia
Kasipenth
Katamati
Katang
GEOL. SURV. IND
214810:855617
2224:8451
2215:862530
2132:8356
1938:8206
2020:8546
1940:8330
1945:833345
2157:8526
215020!:851415
2024:8322
220630!:833430
212730:855150
2219:8506
215615:800200
215630!:8604
2226:8612
1851:8364
2122: 862930
2149:8453
2213:8429
2158:8526
210530:8524
1942:8457
2201:8526
1820:8246
2150:8605
2106:8450
2132:8354
2147:8352
214655:835212
220025:835815
2158:8402
210230!:8546
1837:8224
210110!:854415
2151:8508
1942:8322
202330!:8430
2122:8514
22o00:81o49
22o14:84026
211630:861955
2023:8324
2022:8324
2046;8319
2042;8520
2245:8558
2225:8447
1952:8334
192130:830715
1915:8340
192130:830715
2204:852225!
2217:8621
2708:8530
2214:84029
Kathpali
Katikhole
Katni
Katpada
Katpal
Kattameta
Kendapalli
Kendapath
Kendua
Kendumundi
Kendupatti
Keonjhargarh
Kermali
Kesarpur
Kesham
Khairamal
Khajurdihi
Khandadhar
Khariaguda
Khariar
Khatkurbahal
Khinda
Khola
Khontaghar
Khuntijheria
Khutijharia
Kirilega Subdega
Kiringera
Kiripsora
Kodamunda
Kollaru
Komorjhori
Koraput
Kotamu
Kotgod
Kuanr
Kudersai
Kuiposi
Kukurphuka
Kuljhar
Kumardah
Kumardubi
Kumbakerra
Kunjakocha
Kuradiaghasa
Kurband
Kuriposi
Kuropali
Kurutoi
Kusumdihi
Kusumdihi
Kusumura
Kutenpali
Kutinga
Kutra
Lafhiponga
Lahunipada
215628:834720
1948:8334
204830:853030
1841; 8220
21 01: 85 43
1820: 810 42
202710:850605
202710:850605
2214: 8620
2104:8607
1842: 8219
2137: 8536
2103: 8316
2207:8441
2202: 8614
211640:832320
215430:835030
2147:8507
1936: 8341
201710:8246
221630:8429
2147: 8356
2140: 8340
213020:854950
215528:834910
2155:8349
221800:841730
22 05: 84 25
2159:8347
22 23: 8432
1834: 8227
2019: 8241
184900:824300
184100:822400
19 57: 8343
213055: 852730
2226: 8617
21 04: 8549
2212: 8430
2159: 8451
2048:863515
221715: 861910
2229:8444
2213: 8623
21445:862200
2157:8524
204715: 862130
2147: 8354
214710:8349
215635: 8514
2207: 8541
2218: 8402
203700:822700
1905; 8310
221345:8730
1940: 8330
215245:845615
Langiberna
Lanjia
Lanjiberna
Laxmipur
Liliguma
Limpara
Lohadar
Lohdungri
Lokdega
Lolabara
Longlota Pahar
Ludhukutoli
Lugupoda
Lukopali
Madansahi
Madhupur
Madrangajodi
Magarmuhan
Mahuguna
Malangtoli
Malisira
Malkangiri
Manda
Mandumekha
Mandura
Mandurpalli
Maniguda
Manjapara
Manjimali
Mankarnacha
Manmunda
Marichamala
Math Berhampur
Maulabhanj Parbat
Mayurbeka
Misoriguda
Mohapadar
Mumorphol
Mundaguda
Muniguda
Myrisahi
Nabgam
Nandabani
Nandiveda
Naraj
Navotoli
Nawana
Nishikal
Nitigotha
Norabahal
Nuasahi
Nulungi
Obuguda
Ostapal
Padampur
Padripalli
Pahartoli
Palaspanga
73
2215:84030
192116:844430
2215:843115
1900: 830730
1916; 8313
2022: 8317
2208:8452
2028: 8226
22 03: 8350
2207:842130
2158:8526
2215:840 25
2117: 8447
2046: 8233
210430:864130
1953: 8328
214130:8531
211230:852145
192155:844318
2149:8519
200025: 832510
1821: 8153
215845!:8601
203105:843810
1956:8343
1945:8334
1935: 8333
220130: 841130
1923: 8304
2148:8514
2205; 8409
184300:825300
193715:845637
2055: 8540
2201: 8612
1852: 8241
1857: 8158
2115: 8443
1830: 8158
1937: 8330
2228:8616
1906: 8230
2205: 8635
1819:8140
2028: 8546
221130:845515
215330:862330
1916; 8313
214005:854115
2022: 8319
211630:861955
2157: 8633
1845; 8245
2104:8547
2145: 8335
192140:844240
222220:845850
214645:853150
Palsoma
Pampur-Madanpur
Panijia
Panijia
Papsi
Pasangmali
Patingia
Patrapura
Phatatangar
Phatsinagar
Pilibasini
Pindapadar
Pipalpadar
Pithabata
Podakona
Polleru
Pukkili
Purkapali
Purnapani
Purnapani
Purnapani
Raghunathpalli
Rajharan
Raju-Nagphena
Rakmo
Ramagiri
Ramagiri
Ramgurha
Ramjori
Rampakot
Rampur
Ramyori
Rangadhi
Rangamatia
Rangpur
Rangra
Ranipur
Reba-Palaspal
Roduan
Ruansi
Saintala
Saleguda
Salijarria
San Indupur
Sanaparbat
Sandi Murra
Sanibahal
Santhopur
Saradaputti
Sarangoda
Sarasposi
Sarbahal
Sargipalli (Baragarh)
Sargipalli (Sundargarh)
Sargod
Saruabil
Satarpally
2117: 8453
201200:830100
2003: 8640
2203: 8641
2024: 8316
1922: 8307
2201: 86 37
2105: 8446
2203:8433
2211: 8428
1923: 8243
190100:820600
201940:832355
2157: 8535
191230:8313
1752: 8139
1830: 8254
2217: 840 29
2230:84040
2218: 8618
2225:8453
2214; 8448
2057: 8458
203030: 8245
2149:8518
1845:8244
1841: 8215
191155:8438
2209; 8457
211830:853915
2146:8355
2209:8457
213150:8524
2129:8624
2215:8610
22 02: 85 09
215640:853855
211830:8541
213315:853545
2224:8616
2026: 8331
1944: 8332
220715:834625
2155:851845
220945:8454
2152: 8534
1926: 8251
1844: 8224
1834: 8227
2014; 8407
213615:853915
2218:8402
2055: 8305
2203: 8355
2051: 8355
2104: 8548
1942: 8451
74
Satrasda
Shahanpath
Shanjabani
Shialari Pahar
Shiker
Sialgolingi
Sialgolingi, Fulmati
Sialkundar
Sialnoi
Siarmai
Sibalopose
Sibultosi
Sidhamat Parbat
Sidhmath
Sikkar Palrapalle
Simlipahar
Simlipal
Simlipalgarh
Singhjharan
Siphripara
Sirgarajnkonta
Siringi
Sishakhal
Sonapenth
Soramohan
Sorispadar
Soroda
Souri
Sripur
Suidihi
Sukinda
Sukrangi
Sulaipat
GEOL. SURV. IND
1947; 8448
200230:843900
22 04:8637
2131: 8515
202100:831000
202245: 830920
2017: 831015
2155: 8452
2200: 8610
220255:834325
2056; 8503
2056: 8530
2200:8522
213645:853445
2024:8319
2152:8627
2206: 8629
215150:862325
2014:8315
20o07: 83o48
1817; 8148
2010; 8409
201640:832320
2115:8545
2186: 8413
1903: 8216
194530:842600
2203: 8640
191350:8430
220915:8453
2058:8555
21 03: 85 49
2209:8614
Sunajhar
Sunariposhi
Sunki
Sunmudra
Surgura
Suriagera
Talangi
Talbasta
Talchalinala
Taldoshi
Talpatia
Talpatia
Talsara
Tangarmunda
Tantra
Taresinga
Tatakandi
Telkoi
Tentolikuntia
Thakurani Pahar
Thalkodebse
Theruballi
Tinkantoli
Toradanali
Toresinga
Tuljeri
Tumudibandh
Turekela
Turekela
Turia
Turukripa
Ukchabeda
Umarkote
Utunia
Vedurpalle
213050:8524
211500:854835
181500:830100
1943: 8334
22o10: 8349
2225: 8615
210355:854835
2220: 8535
1934: 8329
1907: 831210
215700: 8405
215700: 8405
222230:8406
2205:8421
22 53:8510
202210:8316
2048: 8346
212115:8524
1917: 8244
2206:8526
2019: 8242
1920:832530!
2215:8459
21 06:8524
202210!:8316
2041: 8359
195730:8342
202956: 824757
202055:8250
1836: 8258
1942: 8333
213330:853945
1940:8213
2117: 8451
1835: 8158
Appendix
TABLE 13
ESTIMATED RESERVES OF IMPORTANT MINERAL RESOURCES OF ODISHA
Mineral
District-wise Location
Mode of occurrence
Total reserve of all

categories (in
million tones)
Grade
Recoverable
reserve (in million
tones)
Kalahandi,
Sundergarh and
Mayurbhanj districts
Metamorphosed,
sheared mafic
and ultramafic rocks
0.4
Koraput, Kalahandi,
Bolangir & Sambalpur
districts
Blanket deposit
over khondalite and
charnockitic rocks
1739
+40%Al2O3 and 5% SiO2
1395.219
Ganjam district
Limonite
Garnet
Rutile
Zircon
Sillimanite
Monazite
35.90
25.39
1.34
1.08
16.15
0.87
(Total) 80.73
38.58
25.39
1.62
1.21
16.15
0.87
(Total) 83.82
China clay
Sundergarh, Bolangir,
Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj,
Phulbani, Sambalpur
and Koraput districts
As product of
weathering of
granitic rocks
158
158
Chromite
Jajpur, Keonjhar,
Dhenkanal districts
Associated with
altered ultramafic
complexes
183.395
30-48% Cr2O3
83.6
Coal
Dhenkanal,
Angul,
Sambalpur,
Jharsuguda and
Sundergarh districts
Associated with
Lower Gondwana
sediments
(Sandstone, shale,
etc.)
47,889.83
47,889.83
as on (01.01.97)
Copper ore
Mayurbhanj and
Deogarh districts
Disseminated
sulphide ore
within sheared
metabasic rocks of
Iron Ore Supergroup
Dissemination
in basic granulite
of Eastern Ghats
Supergroup
2.91
0.55-1.54% Cu
6.44
(probable+
possible)
Dolomite
Sundergarh, Malkangiri,
Nabarangpur,
Sambalpur
and Baragarh
districts
Within Proterozoic
rocks of Gangpur,
Indravati and
Raipur Groups
1,415.667
691
Asbestos
Bauxite
Beach sand
75
76
GEOL. SURV. IND
Fire clay
Sundergarh, Cuttack,
Dhenkanal, Puri and
Sambalpur districts
Associated with
Upper Gondwana
sediments
175.256
113.338
Graphite
Bolangir, Kalahandi,
Koraput, Rayagada,
Deoghar, Sambalpur
and Angul districts
Associated with
migmatised
Khondalite
2.46
Sargipalli 13.35%
FC
Nishikhal 10-30%
FC
Muniguda 5-15%
FC
Deogarh 8-10% FC
Tumudibandh
10-54% FC
Dhandatapa
50-68% FC
2.46
Iron ore
Keonjhar, Sundargarh,
Cuttack, Dhenkanal,
Koraput, Mayurbhanj
and Sambalpur
districts
Hematite ore
associated with
banded iron
formations of
Iron Ore
Supergroup
3360
60-63% Fe
3360
Lead ore
Sundergarh district
Sulphides associated
with garnetiferous
biotite schist
(Gangpur Group)
6.54
5.75% Pb
6.54
Limestone
Koraput, Malkanagiri,
Nabarangpur,
Baragarh,
Sambalpur,
Sundergarh and
Nuapada districts
Within Proterozoic
rocks of Gangpur
and Raipur groups
1646.23
1191.04
Manganese
ore
Bolangir, Keonjhar,
Koraput, Rayagada
Sambalpur and
Associated with
(i) Metachert,
shale of Iron ore
(ii) Khondalite of
Eastern Ghat
Supergroup and
(iii) Gonditic rocks of
Gangpur Group
50.36
25.46% Mn
50.36
Jajpur and
Mayurbhanj
districts
Associated with
laterites capping
over Sukinda
ultramafic complex
and Amjori Sill
of Simlipal Complex
285 (conditional
reserve)
1.03% Ni (Sukinda)
0.93% Ni (Simlipal)
203.02
Keonjhar,
Mayurbhanj and
Associated with
Singhbhum and
Bonai Granite
10
8.6
Tin
(Cassiterite)
Malkangiri
District
Associated with
pegmatites emplaced
at the contact of
granite and
metabasic
12,692 tonnes
Vanadiferous
magnetite
Mayurbhanj,
Keonjhar and
Balasore districts
Associated with
gabbro intrusions
0.21-2.41% V2O5
6.48
Nickel ore
Pyrophyllite
6.48
(proved+probable)
77
TABLE 14
Estimated Reserve of Copper Resources in Odisha.
Locality / District
Average Grade (% of Cu)
Cut-off grade (% of Cu)
Probable and possible

reserve (in million tones)
Mayurbhanj District
Kesarpur
Didhisol
1.5
0.55
0.8
0.4
2.16
1.27
Deoghar District
Adash School Block (east)
Adash School Block (west)
Ramapalli Block
1.46
1.01
0.66
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.93
2.41
0.17
TABLE 15
Dimensional and Chemical characteristics of East Coast Bauxite deposit of Odisha
Name of Deposit
Area (in Sq km)
Reserve
(in million tones)
Average in wt. percent
Proved
Possible
Al2O3
SiO2
FeO3
TiO2
16.83
13.45
13.65
7.70
5.00
5.00
69.03
307.33
91.40
12.41
9.80
17.20
11.18
316.98
102.14
40.63
45.58
46.48
40.69
43.19
46.58
2.16
2.46
2.19
2.40
2.04
1.73
23.37
24.05
24.01
22.77
26.31
23.30
2.04
1.37
1.99
2.27
1.58
1.90
9.60
12.74
13.00
11.98
9.20
6.40
195.73
86.00
103.03
81.0
45.21
40.38
42.02
2.19
2.63
2.29
26.03
25.40
29.43
1.96
1.96
1.98
5.50
5.64
9.73
8.0
7.64
6.63
40.00
53.00
67.00
41.10
47.36
42.35
3.36
2.65
4.55
25.40
20.55
28.38
1.96
2.73
1.99
17.00
12.16
207.37
46-50 1.3-5
18-22
1-3
A. Koraput District
Pottangi (1834:8258)
Panchpat Mali (1852:8364)
Kodingamali
Ballada
Malliparbat
Kornapadi Konda
2.65
14.45
5.33
0.86
1.09
1.93
B. Rayagada District
Baphimali (1921:8259)
Sasbahumali
Sijimali
C. Kalahandi District
Kutrumali
Lanjigarh
Karlapat (1941:8309)
D. Bolangir-Bargarh District
Gandhamardan (2057:8257)
Thickness (in m)
TABLE 16
Status of Mineral Resources as on 01-01-2006
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Source: INDIAN MINERALS YEAR BOOK, 2006
Commodity/Mineral
Bauxite
Chromite
Copper
Dolomite
Fire clay
Graphite
Iron ore
Lead
Limestone
Manganese
Nickel
Tin
Vanadium
Resource/Resreve (in millon tones)

1808.27
202.95
6.05
836.079
175.486
5422.933
4760.625
1.75
1738.36
152.964
174.48
15.49
4864.795

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PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE

GENERAL GEOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY

GEOLOGY OF THE PRECAMBRIAN TECTONIC DOMAINS

PLATE : Geological and Mineral map of Odisha (1:2,000,000 scale)

MISC. PUB. NO. 30(III)

discovery of major iron ore deposits at Gorumahisani

In view of its vast mineral resources and excellently

Physiography and Drainage

Odisha is divisible into four major physiographic

and Bolangir districts. Most of this segment has a general

The Northern plateau, covering the districts of

The Coastal Plains form an extensive alluvial tract

The Central River Basin occurs between the

General Geology and Stratigraphy

The State of Odisha exposes rocks ranging in age

The Phanerozoic rocks in the state are represented

The Precambrian terrain in the state represents the

Eastern Indian Craton

GEOLOGY OF THE PRECAMBRIAN

Supracrustal sequences : Older Metamorphic

Granophyre (Mayurbhanj Granite(Ptg)

Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex (A?Ptc)

(As) SB Granite/Nilgiri Granite

Upper Bonai Group (pt1b)/

Lr. Carb. To Permain

Bengpal Group (Ab)

Granite gneisses and Granites

Alkaline & Ultramafic rocks (Pts)

Up. Permian to Lr. Triassic

Bhuasani (Pt1b)/ Tamparkola (Pt1t)/

Kolhan Group (Pt12Kh)

EAST INDIA CRATON & SINGHBHUM-GANGPUR MOBILE BELT

Lt. Pleistocene to Early Holocene

MISC. PUB. NO. 30(III)

Granitoids : Older Metamorphic Tonalitic Gneiss

sericite schist, local bands of quartz-magnetite

GEOL. SURV. IND

Designated as Older Raft Tonalite or ORT, these rocks

According to Saha et al., (1984), the granite batholith is

Singhbhum Granitic Complex: A major part of the

The Nilgiri Granite batholithic Complex covering

(i) All the isolated BIF-bearing supracrustal

MISC. PUB. NO. 30(III)

(iii) According to Prasad Rao et al., (1964) and Acharya,

arcuate belt extending from Rajnagar in Singhbhum

starts to appear near Jashipur and Raipada. The

GEOL. SURV. IND

Bonai Granitic Complex is approximately one fifth of

MISC. PUB. NO. 30(III)

Panda and Dash (1997) reported the presence of four

bearing serpentinised ultramafics (dunite-peridotite)

GEOL. SURV. IND