Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.1
Introduction
In todays world the vehicle parking is becoming a big problem. As population is
increasing, number of vehicles is also increasing but the area to park vehicle is not increasing.
And this create big problem to vehicles like car and mini vans for parking. People end up
parking cars on roads which further leads to traffic jam. Multi-storied car parking system will
help in parking large number of cars in smaller parking land.
Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and
thus reducing the space used. Such a system is proposed and designed in this project. In
places where more than 100 cars need to be parked, this system proves to be useful in
reducing wastage of space. Here any number of cars can be parked according to the
requirement. These makes the system modernized and thus space-saving one. This idea is
developed using 8051 microcontroller. Car parking issue has some problems with how to
control the number of the car inside it, how to monitor the movement in/out side of the
parking lot, how to check whether there is a place inside for more cars or not and the safety to
park. The aim of this project is to solve these problems by designing a system to control the
parking area using a microcontroller. The microcontroller serves as a programming tool to
run the whole operation, to reduce the cost in terms of requirement such as job opportunity
and to increase security. Moreover, this system is faster, flexible and can meet market needs.
Human errors are the major source of traffic accidents, therefore building in-car
technologies for checking the parking lot, avoiding accidents and guidance to the parking
facility is turning out to be an integral area for research. The objective of such technologies is
the reduction of the burden on driver, improvement of the traffic capacity, and provision of
reliable and secure car functions [3].
Criteria for the quality multi storey car parks are:
Safety in use
Clear visibility
Parking-space marking to enable drivers to remember the location of their vehicles
Clear views to the outside
Good natural lighting and ventilation.
1.2
India has more than 40 million vehicles. But the traffic on roads and parking space has
been an area of concern in majority of Indian cities. In most of the cases, 40 per cent of the
road space is used for parking rather than for traffic movement on a normal working day.
With affordable cars launching in the market, almost every middle-class family owns a car
which adds to the vehicular population in our country. If this trend is followed, no amount of
space will be enough to accommodate stationary vehicles, which will lead to narrower lanes
for movement of public transport. Indian cities face a severe problem of congestion due to the
runaway growth of personal vehicles. Traffic management in the many cities is marked by
the introduction of a series of one-way traffic systems, which have implications on pedestrian
safety and fuel consumption.
One-way traffic is generally desirable only when complementary roads are available and
the additional traveling distance is not more than 300 meters as per IRC. This ensures that
whenever such systems are introduced, the interests of public transport modes and
pedestrians are duly addressed. Demand for parking in the CBD areas of Indian cities is
twice the supply. Acute shortage of parking supply is seen in commercial areas;
indiscriminate parking impedes the free flow of traffic and causes accidents.
The present situation in some areas of Indian cities is such that the demand for parking is
twice the supply. Shortage of parking hinders the free flow of traffic and can also lead to
accidents. It also causes air pollution, traffic jam and driver frustration. Some of the reasons
for parking problems are:
Vehicle owners are not willing to pay the parking amount and often end up parking on
the streets so building space for parking can seem like a waste.
So to avoid all these problems, researchers recently have turned to applying technologies
for efficient parking management(Joshi, Khan, & Motiwalla, 2012)
[4]
.These technologies
have helped in solving the parking problems to a great extent. Different technologies are
applied at different places according to the parking environment and the type of parking
requirement in that area.
1.3
than horizontal space. The growing population and the increase in vehicles have made the
plots expensive and hence the conventional parking has become non-feasible. Car ramps
Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System
also consume a lot of space therefore mechanized car parking systems prove to be feasible.
Multi-level car parking system (MLCPS) has a number of advantages over the conventional
parking system.
1.4
1.4.1
On street parking
On street parking means the vehicles are parked on the sides of the street itself. This will be
usually controlled by government agencies itself. Common types of on-street parking are as
listed below. As per IRC the standard dimensions of a car is taken as 5 2.5 m and that for a
truck is 3.75 7.5 m.
2.1
Literature Survey
In todays world the vehicle parking is becoming a big problem. As population is
increasing, number of vehicles is also increasing but the area to park vehicle is not increasing.
And this create big problem to vehicles like car and mini vans for parking. People end up
parking cars on roads which further leads to traffic jam. Multi-storied car parking system will
help in parking large number of cars in smaller parking land. Automatic Car Parking System
enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and thus reducing the space used.
There are different types of Automatic Multilevel Car Parkings available in India.
allows drivers to retrieve their own vehicles, after which another car slides over to take its
place while a mechanical car lift brings up another car[6] .
two, three, or four vehicles in an area usually occupied by a single car. A trained operator
uses the Lift-Sliding Parking System to raise the vehicle on a mechanical car lift, which
creates an additional space for another vehicle to be stored below. This process is repeated
Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System
until the system reaches capacity. To retrieve a vehicle, the operator removes the vehicle
below (at grade position) in order to lower the mechanical car lift and return the stacked
vehicle requested. Fully-automatic system and semi-automatic comes under this category.
A multi-storey car park , also called a parking garage, parking structure, parking ramp, or
parking deck is a structure designed Specifically for automobile parking where there are a
number of floors or levels on which parking takes place. It is essentially a stacked car park.
The Multi-storey car parking system can either be fully automatic or semi-automatic and are
suitable for installation in basement and in open spaces outside commercial building,
residential building, shopping malls, restaurants and hotels etc. The unique feature of this
system is that it maximizes the number of cars parked in a given floor space substantially.
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[5]
which
becomes user friendly as it ensures maximum utilization of space allowing the machines to
park the car in the allocated space. Fully automated parking systems use auto car lifts. They
are designed for high density parking. These parking systems allow for virtually unlimited
stacking capacity and provide fully integrated storage and retrieval functionality. The system
allows the driver to drive up to a Park and Drive Station. After the driver exits the vehicle, a
robotic shuttle transports the vehicle onto the Vehicle Transfer Center, which then transfers
the car to a designated parking stall. Whether the retrieval of vehicles is faster in an automatic
car park or a self park car park depends on the layout and number of exits.
The term multi-level car park is used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and many
Commonwealth of Nations countries. In the western United States, the term parking structure
is used especially when it is necessary to distinguish such a structure from the garage in a
house. In some places in North America, parking garage refers only to an indoor, often
Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System
11
Parking garage-is used in the Western United States, Eastern Canada and by civil
engineers;
Parking ramp- is used in the upper Midwest, especially Minnesota and Wisconsin, and
has been observed as far east as Buffalo, New York
Architects and civil engineers in the USA are likely to call it a parking structure, since their
work is all about structures, and that term is the vernacular in some of the western United
States. When attached to a high-rise of another use, it is sometimes called a parking podium.
United States building codes use the term open parking structure to refer to a structure
designed for car storage (not repair) that has enough openings in the walls that it does not
need mechanical ventilation or fire sprinklers, as opposed to a parking garage that requires
mechanical ventilation or sprinklers but does not require openings in the walls. The openings
provide fresh air flow to disperse either car exhaust or fumes from a fire should one break out
within the structure
transportation. With rising number of vehicles and dwindling parking spaces, vehicles parked
along the road and even on sidewalks have become fairly common phenomena. With these
parked vehicles encroaching on road space and pedestrian space, traffic congestion and
accidents are inevitable. A well organized parking system which makes maximum use of
available space offers a solution to this situation.
There are two types of parking systems:
In Traditional parking systems, vehicles are parked in perpendicular or parallel fashion. With
no safety against the theft or protection against atmospheric conditions, it is not a space
efficient system either.
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India being the second most populated country with a population of 1.2 billion and
counting, the transportation sector is in an alarming position. Parking vehicles is becoming a
nuisance each passing day forcing people to park their vehicles on roads, thus becoming the
major cause of traffic jams. Automatic multi level car parking system plays a vital role in
avoiding this mess and parking of more and more vehicles is made possible in an arranged
manner. This project aims at construction and designing of the micro controller based multi
level car parking system using IR sensors. This project consists of two IR receiver and
transmitter pair that controls the automatic gates and vehicle detection as it passes through it.
LCD display is used to display no of cars present and it will display message parking full if
no space is available in parking. When a vehicle enters the parking area, the sensors are
activated which open the gate automatically if the lift is free. The second sensor placed in the
lift aligns the lift properly on each floor. The lift takes the vehicle to the assigned floor and
the vehicle is deboarded from the lift section to the assigned parking space in the bay and the
empty lift returns to the entry point for assisting other incoming vehicles. In case the lift is
busy, a buzzer alarm alerts the customer wanting him to wait till the lift returns back to the
ground floor. The seven segment display used gives us the number of vehicles that have
entered the parking area. For car retrieving, the previously generated ID is entered by the
customer that alerts the microcontroller about the vehicle location (where it was parked
earlier) and automatically operates the lift to retrieve the vehicle from there and is brought to
the ground floor where the customer can drive away his car.[7]
The application of RFID technology in parking lots makes parking effective, convenient
and safe. The RFID system is used to park the cars automatically in the multilevel parking
area. The use of RFID tags, readers and antennas makes it easier to automate the 'in and out'
privileges of parking subscribers. Personnel costs will be reduced considerably using this
technology. It will be possible in the future to make unmanned, secure and atomized parkinglots functioning with RFID technology. There are several techniques present for collection of
data and information about any object.
14
but it is slower than RFID. Compared to bar codes in RFID, LOS is not required. Bar
codes are read only where as RFID is read/write.
NFC Technique
It is a subset of RFID, it works like a conventional RFID and provide more security
than both RFID and Bar codes. Its data rate is from 106kbits/s to 424kbits/s. But NFC
has limited range of communication to within centimeters or 2-4 inches. It is also not
possible to replace the manual nature of the check out process. Staff at the checkout
would still need to swipe each NFC tag just like they are doing it with Bar codes.
RFID Technique
RFID is a radio frequency identification system. This is an ADC technology. RFID
technology has inherited the advantages of the previous magnetic card, bar code,
contactless IC card. An RFID system consists of three components: an antenna and
transceiver (often combined into one reader) and a transponder (the tag). The antenna
uses radio frequency waves to transmit a signal that activates the transponder. When
activated, the tag transmits data back to the antenna. RFID can read the tag using RF,
meaning that the RFID tag can be read from a distance, right through your clothes,
wallet, backpack or purse. Besides the RFID tag consist of unique ID for each tag.
RFID system draws our attention for this purpose due to several useful features of it
such as non-line-of-sight operation, high speed detection, good transmission range
and performance in dense sensor environment.[8]
15
vehicle with the parking owner and get the RFID tag. When the car has to be parked, the
RFID tag is placed near the RFID reader which is installed near the entry gate of the parking
lot. As soon as the RFID tag is read by the reader, the system automatically verifies the
information data then car is allowed to go inside the parking area. At the same time, the
parking counter increments by one. Similarly, at the time of exit a button at the ground floor
will be manually pressed and parking counter will be decremented at the LCD screen. In this
project necessary precautions have been taken programmatically in case of a parking lot. If
the parking space is not available than further that vehicle which is about to check-in will not
be allowed to let in, thus there wont be any time loss to look for parking space.[9]
Automatic Car Parking System, we have built a system which will automatically sense the
entry and exit of cars through the gate and then display the number of cars on the LCD. In
this paper we have taken a model of eight number of car parking system. A microcontroller
has been used to sense the movement of cars and check whether there is a capacity for cars to
park
[11]
. We use two dc motors, one is for gate and other is for lifting the lifter carrying the
car. Gate is open when motor is rotated clockwise and closed when motor rotated in
anticlockwise. It is also possible to open a gate when any car enters in the parking lot or close
the door when a car exits from it. We use 8 Infra-red sensor, which are mounted as two on
each floor. We built a project with a Parking of two floor. Simultaneously, it will display the
number of cars present in the parking lot on a LCD screen and opens the gate if there is a
space for the car to park. When all the spaces are occupied then LCD displayed NO vacant
space and the gate is not open. The sensing of entry and exit of cars is done through infrared
transmitters and receivers. The infrared transmitter is mounted on one side and the receiver is
placed directly against the transmitter [12]. When a car arrives, the infrared beam is blocked by
the car and the receiver is devoid of infrared. message is sent to the microcontroller according
to it the car is parked. The procedure for the exit of cars is much similar to that of entry. We
use RFID card[13] and RFID card reader. Whenever the car get enter in the parking area it
must show the card to the card reader and detect the card. Then the gate is open car enter into
the parking area ,gate is closed after some delay.
Case 1: A lift mechanism is used to park the car on the first floor which is implemented using
motor. Motor is rotated clockwise it stops when it reaches on the first floor. A car is parked
on the first floor according to the priority basis.
Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System
16
17
CHAPTER 3:
18
3.1
increasing, number of vehicles is also increasing but the area to park vehicle is not increasing.
And this create big problem to vehicles like car and mini vans for parking. People end up
parking cars on roads which further leads to traffic jam. Multi-storied car parking system will
help in parking large number of cars in smaller parking land. Automatic Car Parking System
enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and thus reducing the space used.
Types of automatic multilevel car parking system:
3.1.1 STACKER SYSTEMS
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20
Features
Fully Automated Car Parking System
Various type Accessibility can be used like smart cards, Parking tickets, PIN Code,
etc.
No driving through ramp for parking.
Safe and easy to operate.
Turn Table System (optional) available to avoid reverse driving during car drive
out.
3.1.4 CART TYPE SYSTEMS
21
22
Out of all the automatic car parking systems the fully automatic car parking system is the best suited for
Indian environment because of following characteristics:
1. The car parking system should be multistoried to minimize the floor space required per car.
2. A lift has to be provided to take the car to upper stories
3. Two doors have to be provided in a car lift for entry and exit of vehicle.
4. LED and LCD display screen
[6]
and non-available parking slots and in which direction that particular slot is situated.
5. Parking of car has to be takes place according to the priority in sequence i.e. from bottom to top [6].
Car should Parked at ground floor if slot is available, if not, the other floors are considered by
micro-controller from first to top in sequence.
6. Proximity sensors, motion sensors, load cell
[6]
23
need for energy intensive ventilating systems as the cars are not being driven inside the parking lot.
Cladding can be specially selected to match the buildings facade.
Safety of vehicle:
MLCPS provide complete safety to a vehicle as parked cars are not accessible to anyone else.
Damages or a dent to the car is avoided while parking through narrow drive ways.
Environment friendly:
Environmentally, mechanized car parking has much to offer. One of the greatest benefits related to
conventional underground or open space parking, is the saving of ground space. Outdoor space
saved can be put to good use with gardens and landscaping or additional buildings. It also
significantly reduces noise and other pollutants.
Benefit to a driver:
Car driving now can become a pleasant experience. Mechanical car parking systems makes parking
easier and less stressful as the driver does not have to drive through the entire parking lot looking
for a place to park, nor do they have to attend the car when it is parked, thus saving a lot of time.
Difficulty in parking in a tight corner is also eliminated.
Benefit to builder:
By using MLCPS, floor area and the volume of the stilt/ garage can be used much more efficiently.
It reduces the space needed to park the same number of cars or allow car parking where previously
there would have been no room. This in turn means more financial gains by saving precious real
estate space.
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Diagram on next page shows the pin configuration of the 89S52, where the function of each pin is written
next to it, and, if it exists, the dual function is written between brackets. Note that the pins that have dual
functions can still be used normally as an input/output pin. Unless the program uses their dual functions,
all the 32 I/O pins of the microcontroller are configured as input/output pins.
27
RFID SECTION:
28
waves are used for transmitting data for the purpose of identifying tags attached to objects. An RFID
system consists of a transmitter (tag) and a reader.The tag is encrypted with a unique code and the
reader scans this code for the identification purpose. The tags are generally of two types: active and
passive. Active tags have a battery fitted to it and it transmits the unique code periodically or in the
proximity of the reader. Passive tags are powered using the electromagnetic induction from the signal
transmitted by the reader.[18] Typical applications of RFID are access control systems, ID cards, human
identification, animal identification, payment systems, tagging books, replacing bar codes, tagging
merchandise in stores etc . RFID tags are available in different shapes but the most common shape is in the
form of a card. The RFID readers are available in the market in the form of a module with all the
supporting hardware. This article is about interfacing RFID to 8051 microcontroller. The images of a
typical RFID card and reader are shown below.
29
Features
Serial and TTL output.
Along with two RFID cards.
Excellent read performance without an external circuit .
Compact size and cost-effective .[20]
4.1.2
modulating properties of liquid crystals. LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than
CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment.
It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals
and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color.[21]
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Pin Description:
Pin No
Function
Name
Ground (0V)
Ground
Vcc
VEE
Selects command register when low; and data register when high
Register Select
Read/write
Enable
DB0
DB1
DB2
10
DB3
8-bit data pins
11
DB4
12s
DB5
13
DB6
14
DB7
15
Led+
16
4.1.3
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Debugging program
This is simple guide on Keil uVision 4 though also applicable on previous versions also.
These are the simple steps to get off the mark your inning!
Step 1: After opening Keil uV4, Go to Project tab and
Create new uVision project
Now Select new folder and give name to Project.
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Step 4: Now go to File and create new file and save it with .C extension if you will write program
in C language or save with .asm for assembly language.
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CHAPTER 6: FLOWCHART
40
START
IF ID NO IS INVALID
AFTER SCANNING RFID
CARD
IF VALID ID NO
GATE OPENS AND VEHICLE WILL BE
ALLOWED TO ENTER INTO CAR PARKING
SLOT
END
41
START
ACCORDING TO ID NO AFTER
USER SCANS RFID CARD
IF VALID ID NO
ELEVATOR WILL BRING THE VEHICLE
FROM THE RESPECTIVE PARKING SLOT
END
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BLOCK DIAGRAM:
POWER
SUPPLY
8
0
5
1
DC
MOTOR
ELEVATOR
LCD(16X2)
RFID
CARD
READER
RFID
CARD
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46
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FOR MOTOR 1
#include <REG52.H>
#include <stdio.h>
*/
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Following are the changes that are to be made for more motors used. Code will remain the same
only ports will change
FOR MOTOR 2
//L293D Pin Defines
sbit E1 = P1^7;
sbit I1 = P1^6;
sbit I2 = P1^5;
FOR MOTOR 3
//L293D Pin Defines
sbit E1 = P3^7;
sbit I1 = P3^6;
sbit I2 = P3^5;
FOR MOTOR 4
//L293D Pin Defines
sbit E1 = P3^4;
sbit I1 = P3^3;
sbit I2 = P3^2;
FOR MOTOR 5
//L293D Pin Defines
sbit E1 = P2^7;
sbit I1 = P2^6;
sbit I2 = P2^5;
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lcd_data(disp[x]);
}}
void lcd_ini() //Function to initialize the LCD
{
lcd_command(0x38);
delay(5);
lcd_command(0x0F);
delay(5);
lcd_command(0x80);
delay(5);
}
void recieve() //Function to recieve data serialy from RS232
{
unsigned char k;
for(k=0;k<12;k++)
{
while(RI==0);
card_id[k]=SBUF;
RI=0;
}
}
void main()
{
Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System
53
int l;
TMOD=0x20; //Enable Timer 1
TH1=0XFD;
SCON=0x50;
TR1=1; // Triggering Timer 1
lcd_ini();
lcd_command(0x10);
lcd_string("welcum 2 parking:");
lcd_command(0xC0); //Place cursor to second position of first line
lcd_string("scan your card:");
delay(200);
while(1)
{
recieve();
lcd_command(0xC1); //Place cursor to second position of second line
for(l=0;l<12;l++)
{
lcd_data(card_id[l]);
}
}}
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10.1 ADVANTAGES:
NO HUMAN ERROR:
As this is purely a automated multilevel car parking human error is not involved so many
problems like accidents can be avoided by using this car parking system.
MORE ACCOMODATION:
As it is a multilevel car parking system more no of cars can be easily accommodated in a
small area.
ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY :
It requires less space and some amount of pollution is reduced as the user need not find the
parking area and park there instead it is done by elevator automatically.
10.2 DISADVANTAGES:
COSTLY:
As it is a multilevel car parking system the cost required to construct it would be more
than the normal car parking system.
POWER SUPPLY:
As to drive the entire multilevel car parking system more amount of power supply
required is more and if power fails then the entire system stops working.
Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System
59
COMPLEX:
It is more complex to design the infrastructure of multilevel car parking system as
compared to the normal parking system
MAINTENANCE:
Multilevel car parking system facilitates support for hundreds and thousands of vehicles
that enter the parking slot so the structure deteriorates much faster so the maintenance
required is much more in this case.
10.3 APPLICATIONS:
The multilevel car parking system find many applications in:
At industrial areas
At malls
At residential area
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12.1 CONCLUSION:
The Proposed designed in this paper has been successfully completed and tested with
integration of the features of every hardware component for its development. The main purpose of
our project is to build up a automatic car parking system demo. To face the challenge of
automation in practical, we need a vast knowledge. In this project, we worked with
Microcontroller based control system. We also tried to differentiate among different types of
automation and control systems. In here we also tried to give proper security of the vehicle. To
increase the knowledge about automation, this project will obviously be very helpful.
Nonetheless, this project can further be modified or developed any time to offer more flexibilities
and facilities. It reduces traffic and pollution problem to great extent. We can park more cars in
small space. We also reduce time and cost required for conventional parking system with high
degree of security. So we conclude by saying
DEMAND FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT, SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN SOLUTIONS.
64
The basic idea behind a solar parking lot is simply to incorporate solar panels into a
carport, which is basically an open-sided shed with a roof. Solar carports can be small enough to
fit a single car at a residence, or scaled up for commercial and institutional purposes. The main
benefit, of course, is to generate renewable energy that can be used to lower utility costs on site,
for example at a mall or office complex. Depending on the scale, the installation could also yield
excess energy in the form of electricity for sale. A solar carport can also help reduce the heat
island effect of parking lots and contribute to a cooler community, and by providing protection
from the elements it can help enhance vehicle lifespan.
Solar typically meets up to 35 per cent of a spaces total power requirements and can
typically save up to 15 per cent in energy costs. These sustainable car parks also have short pay
back periods (five to eight years) and offer multiple benefits by providing both shade and
electricity.
65
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Multilevel
Car
Parking
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Indian
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Research
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vol.1,Issue.X/Nov13
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66
13. J. Lim, S.Kim, H. Oh, and D.Kim, A Designated Query Protocol for Serverless Mobile
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TECHNOLOGY.
14. Ankit Gupta, Ankit Jaiswar, Harsh Agarwal, Chandra Shankar, Automatic Multilevel Car
Parking, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research Vol.3, Issue2, pp:
(438-441), Month: April- June 2015.
15. "The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming & Applications" by
Kenneth J Ayala.
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Mazidi & Janice Gillispie Mazidi
17. Ranger, Steve. NATO tests RFID to prevent friendly fire.Doc [Accessed: Sept 2013].
18. United States Department of Defense, "Suppliers Passive RFID Information Guide,
Version 9.0". Doc [Accessed: Sept 2013].
19. Gilbert,Alorie."US Military invests in Active RFID".Doc, Interview with Alan
Estevez. [Accessed: Sept 2013]
20. RFID Dominant Semiconductors RFID Applications,[Online] Available at: [Accessed:
Oct2013]
21. http://www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/serial-lcd.html
22. Al Williams (2002).Microcontroller projects using the Basic Stamp (2nd ed.). Focal Press.
p. 344. ISBN 978-1-57820-101-3.
23. "The Half-bridge Circuit Revealed" Tom Ribarich (2012)
24. www.MicroDigitalEd.com ,September 2003.
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